URR7306 VOL. 2 TliE WORLD BANK

DEVEL.OPMENT ECONOMICS DEPARTIMENT

URBAN AND REGIONAL ECONO,MICS DIVISION Public Disclosure Authorized

URBAN AND REGIONAL REPORT No. 73-6

REPORT ON BOMIBAY

AINNEX I:

Public Disclosure Authorized MAPS AND STATISTICAL TABLES

B. B. KING and Others

March 31, 1971 Public Disclosure Authorized

These materials are for internal use only and are circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment. Views are those of the author and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the World Bank. References in publications to Reports should

Public Disclosure Authorized be cleared with the author to protect the tentative character of these papers. This annex is based on the findings of a mission that visited Bombay from November 10 to December 5, 1970. The mission consisted of the following members:

King, Benjamin B. - Chief of mission

Bahl, Roy W. (Consultant) - Fiscal Affairs

Bargholtz, Percy B. - Public Utilities

Berrie, Thomas - Public Utilities

Kraft, G. (Consultant) - Transportation

Mera, Koichi - Urban Economics

Strombc., Donald A. - Transportation LIST OF MAPS NIND STATISTICAL TABLES

Map No.

1 Bombay Metropolitan Region : Transportation 2 Bombay City * Transportation 3 Bombay Metro,olitan Region Public Utilities

Table No.

1.1 Bombay Metropolitan Region Area and Population, 1961 1.2 Greater Bombay : Area, Population and Housing by District, 1968

2.1 and Greater Bombay : Population, 1901-1961 2.2 Sex Ratio in the Largest Indian Cities 2.3 Greater Bombay and Rest of : Age Composition, 1961 2.4 Birthplace of Population of Greater Bombay, 1961 2.5 Metropolitan Region : Proposed Population Distribution

3.1 Regional Income and Occupation, 1961 : Maharashtra and Bombay 3.2 Greater Bombay and the Rest of Maharashtra : Occupational Categories and Age Grouns, 1561 3.3 Greater Bombay : Employment in the Organized Sector 3.4 Greater Bombay : Jobs, Workers and Students by District, 1968

4.1 Industry in Maharashtra, 1961 4.2 Greater Bombay, Thana and Poona Districts : Factory Employment, 1.923-1969 4.3 Greater Bombay, Thana and Rest of Maharashtra: Factory Employment by Subsector, 1966

5.1 India : Fourth Five Year Plan Expenditure. 1969-74 5.2 Maharashtra : Fourth Five Year Plan,91969-74 5.3 Bombay Municipal Corporation : Revenue and Expenditure, 1965-70

6.1 Growth of Suburban Rail Traffic 6.2 Growth of Bus Traffic 6.3 Greater Bombay : Distribution of Trips by Mechanical Mode, 1968 6.4 Daily Rail Commuter Traffic from North to South, 1967/68 6.5 G:eater Bombay : Screen Crossings and Total Trips (Mass Transportation Only), 1968 and 1981 6.6 Greater Bombay : Daily Trips by Hour of Day, 1968 6.i Greater Bombay : Rail Trips by Hour of Day, 1968 6.8 Bombay Port : Foreign and Coastal Traffic 1950/51-1969/70 \E~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ' : ;

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BOMBAY METROPOLIT.AN REGION : "-REA AND POPULATION, 1961

Area Population (sq km) (thousands)

Bombay City 68 2,7?2

Suburbs 369 1,38l

Greater Bombay 437 4,152

Rest of Region (urban) ( ) 490 (3,528) Rest of Region (rural) ( ) 639

Bombay Metrop.oiitan Region 3,965 5,281

Note: The definition of "urban" covars places with -,me sort of municipal administration, whatever their size. Apart from this, a place qualifies as a "town" or urban area if it has a population over 5,000 and certain urban character- istics, including a density of 1,000 per sq mile and three fourths of the working population outside agriculture (see Urbaniz.-tion in India, Ashish Bose, 1970, p.113). In the Bombay 2'tropolitaa Region there was one town under 5,000 (, pop. 2,842) and a population of some 36,000 in villages of over 5,000.

Sources: Report on the Draft Regional Plan of Bombay Metropolitan Region 1970/91, Vol.I, pp.15, 32, 40. S:atistical Abstract of Maharashtra State for 1966/67, p. 2 3 . Table 1.2

GREATER BOMBAY : AREA, POPULATION ANt HIOUSING BY DISTRICT, 1968

District_' Population Area Density Dwellings-/ Occuoancv (000) (sq km) (OOO/sq km) (000) (Persons/ Dwelling)

1. 89 6.0 15 19 4.6 2. 113 4.5 25 24 4. 6 3. Bazaar-Docks 722 6.6 109 135 5.3 4. Malabar & Cumbala Hill 99 3.1 31 16 6.0 558 7.8 72 105 5.3 6. W4orli-- 787 15.1 52 147 5.4 7a -Wadala 419 10.3 41 74 5.7 7b -Sion 410 14.2 29 74 5.5

Bombay City 3,196 67.6 47 594 5.4

8. 211 49.5 4 44 4.8 9. 514 51.7 10 95 5.4 10. 164 59.7 3 31 5.2

East Suburbs 889 160.9 5 U7Q Li

11. -Santa Cruz 437 27.5 16 86 5.1 12. 508 /5.0 7 109 4.7 13. Borivli 353 106.3 3 64 5.6

I-JesL Suburbs 1,299 208.8 6 259 5.0

Greater Bombaw- 5,384 437.3 12 1,023 5.3

1/ Including hutments. 2/ For description of location, see next page.

Source: Mass Transpor:stion Study of Bombay, Final Report, Vol.I, 1969, Table 4.4.5(B) with some correcti:nts.

Continued ... Table 1.2, Continued

District Location

1 South of screen line 1.

2 Between screen lines 1 and 2.

3 Between screen lines 2 and 3 except for a small area in District 4.

4 Western shore strip from tip of penitsula to screen line 4.

5 Between screen lines 3 and 4 except for a small area in District 4.

6 Between screen lines 4 and 5.

7a Between screer. lines 5 and 6.

7b Between screen lines 6 and 7.

8 - 10 from south to north.

11 - 13 from south to north. Table 2.1

INDIA AND GREAT'ER BO'iBAY : POPULATION, 1901-1961

Greater Bomboav India Bonbav City Suburbs

A. Pooulation (millions) (OOOJ (000) (000)

1901 233 923 776 152 Q1l4 252 1,149 979 169 1921 251 1,330 1,176 204 1931. 279 1,398 1,161 237 1941 319 1,801 1,490 311 1951 361 2,994 2,329 665 1961 439 4,152 2,772 1,380

B. Decennial Growth Rate ------(Percent) ------

1901/11 5.7 23.3 26.1 11.2 1911/21 -0.3 20.1 20.1 20.7 1921/31 11.0 1.3 -1.3 16.2 1931/41 14.2 28.8 2S.3 31.2 1941/51 13.3 66.2 56.3 113.8 1951/61 21.5 3S.7 19.0 107.5

Sources: India: Statistical Outline oF India, 1970 (TECS) p.13. Bombay: K. C. Zachariah, Migrants in Greater Bombay. Table 2.2

SEX R-TI0 IN THE LARGEST INDIAN CITIES

JFemales per 1,000 males)

1901 1931 1951 1961

Greater Bombay 652 592 603 663

Greater Calcutta 566 505 604 612

Delhi 827 705 770 778

Madras 954 897 921 901

Sources: 1901-1951. D. T. Lakdawala and others, Work, Wages and Well- Being in an Indian Metropolis, 1963, p. 21.

1961. K. C. Zachariah, MiSran-xi in Greater Bcmbay, 1968, Tahle 2.3. Table 2.3

GREATER BOMBAY AND REST OF MAH.ARASHTRA AGE COMPOSITION, 1961

Greater Bombay ReFt of Maharashtra (millions) (%) (mTlions) (%)

0 - 14 (both sexes) 1.31 (31.6) 15.20 (43.0)

15 - 59 (males) 1.74 (41.9) 9.03 (25.5)

15 - 59 (females) 0.96 (23.1) 9.14 (25.8)

Over 60 (both sexes) 0.14 ( 3.4) 2.03 ( 5.7)

4.15 (100.0) 35.40 (100.0)

Source: Derived from K.C. Zachariah, Migrants in Greater Bombay, 1968, Tables 5.1 and 5.2. Table 2.4

BIRTHPLACE OF POPULATION OF GREATER BOMBAY, 1961 (thousands)

Total Male Female

Bor;i n Greater Bombay 1,485 778 707

Born Elsewhere in Maharashtra

Rat'qgiri District 494 325 169 Satara " 140 99 41 Poona " 118 68 50 Kolaba 109 69 40 Thana 45 23 22 Other Districts 205 117 88

1,111 701 410

Born in Other InJian States

Gujarat 451 257 194 Uttar Pradesh 320 272 48 Mysore 172 106 66 Andhra Pradesh 90 58 32 Madras 85 53 32 Goa 83 44 39 K%erala 74 54 20 Other States 140 93 47

1,415 937 478

Born Abroad 141 80 61

Total Born Elsewhere 2,667 1,718 949

TOI XL POPULATION 4,152 2,496 1,656

Source: Report on the Draft Regional Plan of Bombe-" Metropolitan Region 1970/91, Vol.I, Appendix Tables 3 and 4. Table 2.5

'ETROPOLITAN REGION : PROPOSED POPULATION DISTRIBUTION (thousands)

1951 1961 1991 Projection Existing New (Census) (Census) Total Tow-.s Development Greater Bombay

Bombay City 2,329 2,772 3,000 3,000 - Suburbs 665 1,380 4,000 -

Subtotal 2,994 4,152 7,000 7,000 -

Twin City Area (Urban)

Trans-Thana 6 8 665 15 650 }-anvel-Urai 24 28 1,620 120 1,500

Subtotal 30 36 2,285 135 2,150

Other Urban

North of Bombayl/ (38) 44 190 130 60 Thana 62 101 450 250 200 26 48 260 90 170 -Uhlasnagar!' (175) 247 820 430 390 Southeast Area3/ - 14 295 235 60

Subtotal (300) 454 2,015 1,135 880

Rural n.a. 639 1,160 _ ...

TOTAL .. a. 5,281 12,460 ......

IT , Bassein, Sandor, . 2/ Kalyan., Uhlasnagar, Ambernath, , Katemanvili, Mohone, , . 3/ Neral, , Matheran, , .

Note: Without the proposed developments, the Planning Board estimated that the urban population would be 9.8 million in Greater Bombay and 1.5 million outside it.

Source: Report on the Draft Regional Plan of Bombav Metropolitan Region 1970/91, .'ol.I, Table 1; Vol.II, p.35; Summary, p.1 4 . Table 3.1

REGIONAL INCO>E AND OCCUPATION, 1961 : LAHARASHTRA AND BOMBAY

Rest of Rest Bombay Bombay of Creater Metrop. Metrop. Mahar- Mahar- Bombay Region Region ashtra ashtra

income (Rs. million)

Agriculture, Mining 49 179 228 6,040 6,268 Manufacturing, incl. Construction 2,128 166 2,294 1,274 3,568 Trade an" Commerce 844 94 937 1,407 2,344 Transport, Storage and Communications 448 30 477 310 787 Other Services 780 82 862 1,499 2,361

Total 4,249 550 4,799 10,529 15,328

I'orking Population (000)

Agriculture, Mining 32 254 286 13,370 13,656 Manufacturing, incl. Construction 733 101 834 1,538 2,372 Trade and Commerce 304 3' 339 517 856 Transport, Storage and Communications 189 29 218 229 447 Other Services 428 54 482 1,135 1,617

Total 1,687 472 2,159 16,739 18,948

Income per Worker (Rs. 000)

Agriculture, Mining 1.54 0.70 0.80 0.45 0.46 Manufacturing, incl. Construction 2.90 1.64 2.75 0.83 1.50 Trade and Commerce 2.78 2.70 2.77 2.72 2.74 Transport, Storage and Communications 2.37 1.04 2.19 1.35 1.76 Other Services 1.82 1.54 1.79 1.32 1.46

Total 2.52 1.17 2.22 0.63 0.81

Population (million) 4,152 1,129 5,281 34,273 39,554

Income per Head (Rs. 000) 1.02 0.49 0.91 0.31 0.39

Notes and Sources on next page ... Table 3.1, Continued

Notes: (i) "Manufacturing" is divided as follows by occupation (000):

Greater Rest of Regionl Bombay & of Maharashtra Maharashtra

Manufacturing 665 669 1,304 Household Industry 23 809 832 Construction 45 191 236 733 1,639 2,372

This goes some way to explain tbe disparity in income per worker.

(ii) The figures for income per worker in trade and commerce appear very uniform across the state, possibly for statistical reasons.

Sources: Report on the Draft Regional Plan of Bombay Metropolitan Region 1970/91, Vol.1, pp. 47 and 51.

Statistice2 Abstract of Maharashtra State for 1966/67, pp.220 and 352. Table 3.2

GREATER BOMBAY AND THE REST OF A'MARASHTRA OCCUPATIONAAL CATEGORIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1961

(% of population)

Greater Bombay Rest of Maharashtra

Census Classification

Dependents 19.6 29.5 Students 18.2 11.1 Household Duties 18.2 9.9 Other Non-workers 1.5 0.5 Seeking Work 1.9 0.3 Employed 40.61/ 48.7 Total 100.0 100.0

Age-groups

Dependent Group Young 16.6 23.7 Old 3.4 5.7 Subtotal 20.0 29.4

Student Group Younger 10.3 13.5 Older 9.1 9.7 Subtotal 19.4 23.2

Working Age Women 21.4 23.0 Men 39.2 23.9 Subtotal 60.C 47.4

Total 100.0 100.0

1/ Of which 3.5 women.

Nite snd Sources on next pag.... Table 3.2, Continued

Note:

The age-groups are chosen in a rough and ready way for the purpose of comparison. It is not pretended that there is anything scientific about tneir choice. Tney do, however, offer a serviceable crude explanation of the difference in employment struc-ure. They are:

Dependents , young All 0 - 4 and half 5 - 9 Dependents , old Over 60 Students , younger Half 5 - 9 and half 10 - 14 Student. , older half 10 - 14 and half 15 - 19 Working age Half 15 - 19 and all 20 - 59

The correspondence between the dependent groups is very close in both cases. The number of students in Bombay is almost as great as the "younger" and "older" groups together; in the rest of Maharashtra it is less than the "younger".

In Bombay, where the number of women working is known and is quite small, women "of working age" correspond closely to those working and those engaged in household duties, the great majority. In the rest of Yaharashtra, women eng.ged in household duties are less than half those "ef working age". In Bombay, men of working age make up most of the labor force; in the rest of Maharashtra, less than half.

Sources: Census - Statistical Abstract of Maharashtra Stare for 1966/67, p.2 42.

Age-groups - K. C. Zachariah, Migrants in Greater Bombay, Tables 5.1 and 5.2. Tabl e 3.3

GREATER BOMBAY EMTLOYMENT IN THE ORGANIZED SECTOR

(thousands)

19511J 1961 1966

Public Sector

Union Gcvernment 55 67 88 State Government 2b 41 57 Bombay Municipal Corporation 52 70 89 Banks 3 6 10 Railw3ys 51 91 96 Port Trust 18 25 27 Life Insurance Corporation n.a. 6 8 Other Quasi-Government n.a. 24 38 207 330 413

Private Sector

Factories 358 497 541 Trade and Commerce n.a. 37 49 Services n.a. 35 47 Other n.a. 14 20 358 583 657

Total (Organized Sector) 565(650)- 913 1,070

Others 759(674)2/ 774 n.a.

Total Workers (census) 1,324 1,687 n.a.

1/ Greater Bombay before the second extension in 1957.

2/ Figures in parentheses include adjustment for missing categories.

Notes and Sources or. next 2 pazes Table 3.3, Continued

Notes and Sources:

Employment statistics are as unsatistactory in Bombay as -V are I any other places. The above table suffers froii a variety of ,ingle figure in it should be Laken at face value, the princl G;jectb of the table being to give general orders of magnitude. The principal source of employment statistics is the quarterly employment report of the Directorate of Employment, which covers establishments with 25 cm- plovees or more in Bombay (10 or more in the rest of the state), buz apparently varies in coverage. For 'f96land 1966 this :ource has been used as quoted in the CIDCO publication "New Bombay - The N-v;n C:;ty", except for industry. The figures in Table 4.2 have been used for industry with a deduction for goverrnment-o-ed industry.

Somewhat similar figures to those in the table are quoted ½l Table 1 of %'ol.I of the Regional Planning Board's repoit. However, there are .Zub- stantial discrepancies. For example, the figures quoted CDr local gG'.'- ernment are 88,000 and 112,000 respectively; there are smaller differ- ences in some of the other figures. Figures quoted in this table for the Port Trust and LIC have been used to provide a breakdown of "quasi- government", which does not exist in the CIDCO table.

The figures for 1951 are taken from Lakdawala, op. cit., Chapter V'III. As noted, they cover a somewhat smaller definition of Greater Bombay. Moreover, it is not certain that the other definitions are the same. The "adjusted" total is little more than a guess to prcvlde some sorL of comparability. It at least suggests that, with an aajustmant such as this, the organized sector is more or less half the total number of workers enumerated in the census.

In addition to the 565,000 workers listed under the headings in the table, Lakdawaia included another 388,00(2 under the heading "Shops and Establishments"; the latter are registerea under a separate Act from industry and, in fact, include small industries. The information pro- vided on the shops and establishments suggests that ,hey do not conform to the usual concept of organized sector In round figures, they include 200,000 people employed in shops with an average erployment of little more than three: 120,000 people employed in commercial estab- lishments with an average employment of about eight; and 50,000 Deople employed in restaurants and eating houses with an a,erage employrent of about eleven. The Lakdawala study provides a great dee; of information on the location within the city of various types of emptoynent, bit it is rather striking that the tavle 3n wardwise dis.ribution includes estimates for virtually every category except that of the union government.

Continued ... Table 3.3, Continued

The mass transrortacion study (in T,:bles 5.2.2 B to D) givrs so.- s1gireS for emDluN=ent in 1968 as follcws, in rhousands:

Creater ombay Cit, Su'5urbs

Facto.y 54& 375 173 Trade and Cormnercial 738 616 122 Public Sector 359 290 bQ 1,645 1,2 81 364

They appear to be similar in coverage tc those in the Lakdawala studv, but no details are giver.. Those for '.ctory employm:ent look about r4ght, but those for thie public sector are much less than the figures in Table 3.3 for 1966. Since there is no information abcLt coverage, it is impossible to say whether some categories have just been 'eft ouc. Besides these figures, which are used for projectior purposes, there are estime--- for jobs or job opportur:ities, based on the destination zones of work trips undercaken by members of households in a household survey. For rreater Bomnbay, the figuce, quoted in che first column of Table 3.4 in chis annex, is J,869. TMis figure presumably refers in sDme scnse to the number of reguiar jobs, perhaps excluding those like aomestic servants who do not u.iake a crip to work. If the-eti:.a1.ed population in 1968 of .-bout 5.4 million is correct, then tne numner of people ha:ing some sort of occupation would be considerably in excess of this figure, parhaps of the order of 2 ro 28 riillion.

Altogether, it would appear that there is in Bombay a fair amount of information which needs scrutiny, careful definition and organization. The problem at the moment dces not seen to be that the information does not exist. Ta.Ble 3.4

GREATER BO'BAY : JOBS, WORKERS A-ND STUDENTS BY DISTRICT, 1968 (thousands)

Resident Workers Going Workers Students Elsewhere from Using Dis- 1 Jobs WDr'k ing Mech. Going Other Resi- ',ech. crict- T tal Surplus Total Locall% Mode Foot t,o CED Distr-. dent Mlode (') (2) T3T (- -T"K.TJ -C7 TTh - 19Th (1U;

1 39 19 20 7 12 1 8 32 12 - 2 298 260 38 9 19 10 7 289 23 9 3 310 35 275 112 121 42 40 193 179 38 4 13 -14 27 6 20 1 7) 18 12 206 18 188 '7 94 47 (2) 159 128 23 6 347 4, 302 S0 118 124 22 287 170 31 7(.,-,' 146 -21 167 30 72 65 28 116 87 11 7(b) 65 -64 '29 22 98 9 21 43 98 21

City 1,424 zL8 1,i46 293 55 279 153 1,131 725 150

8 45 -18 63 1.' 40 6 28 43 9 9 117 -50 167 52 107 8 65 114 18 10 53 -.1 _ 54 21 32 1 32 35 6

E.Sub. 215 -69 284 90 179 15 C ) 125 192 33 <1l5)

11 65 -68 133 29 97 7 C ) 36 98 21 12 102 -68 170 40 121 9 62 105 28 13 63 -40 103 33 66 4 30 86 12

W.Sub. 230 -176 406 102 284 20 128 289 61

From Outside ... -33 ...... ?5......

8 4 Total 1,869 0 1,836 485 1,017 334 303 1_2 1,l16 244

1/ Districts as in Tab'e 1.2.

Notes: (i) Cols (1) = (2)+(3) = (4)+(8): (3) - (4'+(5)+(6). (ii) Those "working locally" in Col (4) conventionally assumed to go on foot. If some do not, thac many more go outside district on foot. (iii) Students are those atrend.ng higher secondary school or colleges. Those using mechanical mode may do so in district or outside it.

Source: Mass Transportaticn Study of Bombay, Final Report, Vol.I, 1969, Tables 4.3.2 and 4.4.5(C), (E) and (F) with correctioILs. Table 4.1

INDUSTRY IN 'AJIARASHTRA, 1961

Greater Thana Poona Nagpur Other Total Bombay District District District Districts

Registered Factories 8,312 3,914 492 712 352 2,842

"roductive Capital (Rs. crores) 622 422 45 37 10 108

Employment (thousand) 776 512 27 36 31 170

Output (Rs. crores) 1,068 777 49 43 26 173

Value Added (Rs. cr-ores) 303 234 14 12 7 36

Notes: (i) Most industry in Thana district is in the BL 'qy Metropolitan Regior..

(ii) These figures are based on the Annual Survey of Industries (census for factories with 50 employees with power and 100 without; sample for factcries with 10 employees with power and 20 without). The number of factories is based on data from the Chief Inspector of Factories.

Source: Maharashtra Quarterly Bulletin of Economics ard Statistics, Jan-Mar 1967, p.36. Table 4.2

GREATER BO3BAY, THANA AND POONA DISTRICTS FACTORY K'TLOYMEINT, 1923-1969

(thousands) Thana Poona Greater Bombay District District Metals Printing 5 Engi- Chem- and Pub- Total Textiles neering icals lishing Food Other Total Total

1923(a) 203 152 30 1 5 1 14 n.a. n.a.

1931(a) 178 132 24 5 6 2 9 n.a. n.a.

1941(a) 314 204 47 5 9 6 43 n.a. n.a.

1951(a) 385 235 73 13 14 8 42 n.a. n.a.

1956(a) 421 247 86 15 15 10 48 n.a. n.a. (b) 430 249 83 16 16 11 50 23 25

1961(b) 505 246 133 22 17 14 73 35 35

1966(b) 553 23 164 33 18 16 86 66 56

1969(b) 530 ...... 79 n.a.

Sources and Notes:

The figures marked (a) are taken from Work, Wages and Well-being in an Indian Metropolis, D. T. Lakdawala and others, 1963. They exclude non- reporting factories and they refer only to Greater Bombay before the extension in 1957 (the latter probably makes little difference).

The figures marked (b) are those issued by the Bureau of Economics and Statistics on the basis of returns to the Chief Inspector of Factories for establishments with at least 10 employees with power or 20 without power (they apparently include some with less). They irclude an allow- ance for non-reporting establishments; this, in fact, accounts for the difference between (a) and (b) in 1956. Thlese figures differ from those derived from the source for ThDle 4.1. The discrepancy is particularly large in Thana district, which illustrates the unreliability of using national sample data in such a small district; this fact was stressed strongly in the source document. There are sLmilar large discrepancies in industrial subsectors *n Greater Bombay between the two sources.

Metals and engineering here inclu.es manufacture of base metals, machinery and other metal products including transport equipment and the repair of the latter (categories 34 through 38 as in Table 4.3). Chemicals are narrowly defined (category 31 in Table 4.3); they do not include rubber products nor petroleum and coal products. Table 4.3

GREATER BOMBAY, THANA AND REST OF MAHARASHTRA FACTORY EMPLOYMENT BY SUBSECTOR, 1.966 (thousands)

Greater Thana Rest of Bombay District Maharashtra

Ginning and Baling (01) 0.5 - 31.5

Food (20) 16.0 2.5 37.0

Beverages and Tobacco (21/22) 3.3 - 33.0

Textiles (23) 236.1 18.4 56.0

Apparel & Leather Products (24 & 29) 4.7 0.7 0.5

W,'ood, Furniture, Paper (25/27) 11.6 2.0 7.0

Printing and Publishing (28) 18.5 0.2 14.2

Rubber (30) 9.9 0.8 1.8

Chemicals (31) 33.2 10.4 6.3

Petroleum & Coal Products (32) 4.0 0.1 0.2

Other Non-metallic Products (33) 17.7 4.4 11.2

Base Metals (34) 16.2 4.2 3.8

Metal Products (except Machinery) (35) 38.1 4.4 4.1

'iachinery (except elect.) (36) 31.6 6.9 26.6

'.lectr'cal Machinery (37) 26.4 4.5 6.7

Transportation Equipment (incl. Repair) (38) 51.6 2.8 13.4

Miscellaneous (39 & 83/84) 29.4 2.3 2.2

Public Utilities (51/52) 3.9 1.7 4.8

TOTAL 552.7 66.3 260.3

Note: Figures in parentheses are the industrial categories conventionally used in India.

Source: Statistical Abstract of Maharashtra State for 1966/67, p. 186. Table 5.1

INDIA FOUiRTH FIVE YEAR PLAN EXPENDITURE, 1969-74

(Rs crores)

Centrally Union Capital Current Total Centre Sponsored Terr. States Overall Allocation

Agric./Irrig. 3,191 624 3,815 1,128 127 84 2,476 Power z,448 - 2,448 425 22 82 1,919 Industry 3,484 147 3,631 3,300 5 14 312 Transp. & Commun. 3,197 40 3,237 2,622 42 91 483 Educ. & Sc. Research 373 590 963 381 30 52 500 Health & Family Planning 185 565 750 54 491 19 186 Water Supply '04 2 406 4 2 43 357 Housing 235 2 237 49 - 21 167 Welfare 21 203 224 38 62 9 114 Other 118 74 192 91 - 9 93

13,655 2,247 l1,902 8,090 781 425 6,606

Transportation and Communications

Rail ...... 1,050 1,050Q/ - - - Roads ...... 876 393 25 72 386 Ports ...... 195 167 13 3 12 Air ...... 203 202 - - 1 Communications ...... 520 520 - - - Other ...... 401 290 4 17 90

... 3,245 2,622 42 92 489

1/ Of which Rs.50 crores for metropoli:an transport projects.

Source: Fourth Five Year Plan 1969-74, Planning Commission, Government of India, pp. 52, 57, 339. Table 5.2

MA,HAfR.ASHTRA: FOURTH FIX'E YEAR PLAŽN, 1969-74

(Rs crores)

Draft Plan Final Plan

Agriculture/Irrigation 375 ... Power 300 ... Industry and Mining 25 ... Roads 60 Other Transport 26 ... Water Supply 85 ... Housing and Urban Development 24 ... Social Services and Miscellaneous 105

1,000 898

Own Resources 5021/ 653 Central As?istance 498 245

1/ Including:

Open-market Loans 85 Life Insurance Corporation Lcans 25 Bombay Municipal Corporation (for wa.er supply) 35 Statc Agencies 54 Other 303

502

Sources: Draft Fourth Five Year Plan, Maharashtra State, Part I-Outline, Government of Maharashtra, pp. 2 5 and 33, & "Statements", p.6.

Fourth Five Year Plan 1969-74, Planning Commission, Government of India, p.6. Table 5.3

BOMBAY MUNICIPAL CORPORATION : REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1965-70

(Rs crores)

1/ 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Revenues-

Current Sources 25.8 32.3 38.3 38.9 43.0 48.3 Borrowing (internal) 3.4 6.7 8.1 9.6 5.4 0.4 Borrowing (external) 3.0 3.5 3.8 5.3 8.0 14.1

Total 32.2 42.5 50.2 53.8 56.4 62.8

Eypenditures

Cl rrrer.- Debt Charges 6.4 7.1 6.8 7.5 8.7 9.8 Other 19.0 23.8 27.7 32.5 33.3 38.8 Subtotal 25.4 30.9 34.5 40.0 42.0 48.6

Capital Water Supply 2.3 6.1 7.9 9.0 4.6 4.2 Other 5.2 4.2 5.4 8.2 6.7 5.3 Subtotal 7.5 10.3 13.3 17.2 11.3 9.5

Total 32.9 41.2 47.8 57.1 53.3 58.0

1/ Current sources include grants from the state government for education varying between 72 and 85 lakhs.

Internal borrowing means mainly borrowing from sinking funds set up in connection with external loans. The latter include loans from the market and in 1968 to 1970 loans from the Life Insurance Corporation (Rs.2, 3 and 6 crores respectively). "External" does not mean foreign.

Source: Accounts of the Bombay Municipal Corporation. Table 6.1

GROWTH OF SUBURBAN RAIL TRAFFIC

Daily Passengers Trains Run Daily (million) (thousand)

1950/51 0.83 0.74 1960/61 1.25 0.96 1961/62 1.44 0.99 1'62/63 1.53 1.04 1963/64 1.76 1.06 1964/65 1.86 1.12 1965/66 1.99 1.13 1966/57 2.131/ 1.16

1/ This figure is considerably In excess of other figures given elsewhere in the Mass Transportation Study, especially if they are daily averages as opposed to weekday averages.

Source: Mass Transportation Study of Bombay, Final Report, Vol.1, 1969, Tables 2.3.1 and 2.3.2. Table 6.2

GROIWTIl OF BUS TRAFFIC

Daily Passengers Bus Capacit% (million) (thousanl)

1947 0.24 0.242/ 1961/62 1.59 1.53 1962/63 1.81 1.62 1963/643/ 1.78 1.75 1964/65 1.91 1.73 1965/662/ 1.84 1.74 1966/67 1.77(1.81, 1.81 1967/68 1.81(1.84) 1.64 1968/69 ... (2.04) ... 1969/70 ... (2.22) ...

1/ Based on single-decker equivalent (double-decker = 1.54 single-decker). This is not entirely satisfacrui: as not all single-decker or double-decker buses have the 3ame capacity, but it gives a somewhat better indication than adding the numbers of the two together without adjustment.

2/ Number of buses; single-decker equivalent may well be more.

3/ Fare increase in this year.

Note and Sources:

The principal figures are from the Mass Transportation Study of Bombay, Final Report, Vol.I, 1969, Tables 2.4.1 and 2.4.2. Figures in parentheses are from BEST Administration Reports. Estimates, which are based on ticket sales, are biased by the way in which the tickets are issued. As a result of fare increases, the nature cf this bias may have changed. Sfable 6.3

GREATER BOMBAY : DISTRIBIJTION OF TRIPS BY MECLANICAL MODE, 1968 (million per w.ekday)

Total Rail Bus Other 1ork and School r-iDs

M-Iain Mode - 0ne-;ay 1.26 0.75 0.38 0.13 Subsidiary Mode - One-way 0i54 0.13 0.33 0.03

Subtotal - One-way i.80 0.88 0.71 0.21

Return Trips 1.80 0.88 0.71 0.21

Total -ork'/School TrIps 3.60 I.,'6 1.42 0.42

Remaining Trips 1.12 0.09 0.42 0.61

To ta 4.72 1.85' 1.84 1.031/

1/ Including 0.50 by car, 0.44 by taxi, 0.07 by school bus.

Sources and Notes:

The figures in this table must be considered only as broadly illustrative. ,y were compiled from two sets of figures in the Mass Transportation Study. One set gives the number of worker and student trips each day (as in Table 3.4 of this appendix). The modal split of these trips (although some of the figures are slightly different) is given in Tables 4.4.10(A) and (B). This split is based on the mode "mainly" used. These figures, from which it is assumed that subsidiary mcdes (e.g., bus to railhead) are omitted, are shown on the first line.

Another set on pages IV-40 to 44 gives total trips, counting subsidiary modal trips separately. They are divided into seven categories, four minor ones and three main ones: home, work and school. Modal splits are given for each of .he main categories and for the total of the minor ones. For work and school combined, the split is shown on the third line: "Subtotal - One- way". The second line is a residual.

It is assumed on the next line ("Return Trips") that every work or school trip has a corresponding return trip home; hence the total for Work & School. The "Remaining Trips" then would consist of trips made for various other purposes (personal or employer's business, social, recreational, sl:.-ving) and whatever remaining home trips are associated with them.

There is a flaw in all this, not observable in the table. The number o' work and school tr-ps by rail is about 880,000, but the number of "home' trips in all by rail is only about 830,000. As it is unlikely that many people regularly travel by one mode one way and by another mode in the other direction, there is somewhere a statistical flaw. Possibly the questions about "home" and "work" trips were not consistently answered. Table 6.4

DAILY RAIL CO'DUTER T.RAFFIC FROM NORTH TO SOUTH, 1967/68

(cnousands per weel'rLv

Western Central Total (main) (harbor)

Arr. Borivli-Thana 36 73 - 109 Dep. 87 120 - 207

Arr. Bandra-Kurla 350 2621/ - 612 Dep. " 375 240 822/ 697

Arr. Dadar-Wadala 390 257 88 735 Dep. " 345 225 90 660

Arr. - MAsjid (265) (200) ("0) (545)

Arr. -Victoria Term. 195 137 60 392

1/ Including 40,000 fron the spur to Mankurd. 2/ Of which 50,000 from Bandra and 32,000 from Kurla.

Note: Pairs of staticns at roughly the same North-South level have been chosen on the Western and Central Railways. The first-named station is on the Western Railway except that Dadar is on both railways, while Wadala is on the harbor line. Marine Lines and Masjid are the last stations before the terminals, the latter being on both Central lines. Data for these stations are rough approximations based on the relation between passengers getting out at theie stations and the two terminals between 6 a.m. and 2 p.m. in a different source, Mass Transportaticn Study of Bombay, Table 3.7.1(A). The figures are inserted only to illustrate the substantial movement south from Dadar and Wadala; they should not be taken too seriously.

Source: Chart prepared by Metropolitan Transport Project, except for Marine Lines-Masjid (see note). Table 6.5

GREATER BOMBAY : SCREEN CROS51NGS AND TOTAL TRIPS (MASS TRANSPORTATION ONLY), 1968 and 1981

(million each weekday)

1968 1981 Increment

Screen Crossings

Line 1 0.13 0.87 0.74 2 0.88 1.68 0.80 3 1.18 2.44 1.26 4 1.19 2.77 1.53 5 1.26 2.98 1.72 6 1.16 3.05 1.89 7 0.98 2.97 1.99 8 0.54 1.78 1.24

7.32 18.54 11.22

Total Trips Generated

City 2.57 3.35 0.78 Suburbs 1.07 2.15 1.08 External 0.12 0.58 0.46

3.76 6.08 2.32

Crossing/Trip Ratio 1.8 3.1 4.8

Source: Mass Transportation Study of Bombay, Fir.al Report, Vol.I, 1969, Tables 6.4.2 and 6.5.8(A). Table 6.6

GREATER BOMBAY DAILY TRIPS BY HOUR OF DAY, 1968 (;eekdays)

By Mcde By Purpose Total Rail Bus Other Wo'.c Home Other Hourly Rate (000)

Midnight - 6 a.m. 17 9 7 1 4 12 1

6 - 7 a.m. 114 60 46 8 84 14 16

7 - d a,M. 332 173 136 23 238 1 83

8 - 9 a.m. 397 170 162 65 273 24 100

9 - 10 a.m. 4'46 155 1'3 128 25) 12 175

10 - 11 a.m. 461 186 176 99 287 13 161

11 a.m. - 2 p.m. 168 46 70 52 44 53 71

2 - , p.m. 149 46 55 48 46 54 49

4 - 5 p.m. 265 100 104 61 17 211 J7

5 - 6 p.m. 378 137 165 76 9 326 43

6 - 7 p.m. 572 236 234 102 6 530 36

7 - 8 p.m. 322 138 110 74 6 300 16

8 - 10 p.m. 192 71 61 60 11 162 19

10 p.m. - Midnighr. 71 32 30 9 3 45 23

Total (000)

Midnij'IiL - 2 p.m. 2,359 939 933 487 1,296 306 757 2 p.m. - Midnight 2,363 907 908 548 156 1,888 319

4,722 1,846 1,841 1,035 1,452 2,194 1,076

So-.rce: Mass Transportation Study of Bombay, Final Report, Vol.I, 1969 Tables 4.4.6(A) and (B). Table 6.7

GPEATER B0CLBAY : RAIL TRIPS BY HOUR OF DAY, 1968 (weekdays)

Churchgate & Victoria Terminals Hourlv Rate t000) Total Arrival Departure Other

Midnight - 6 a.m. 9 n.a. n.a.. n.a.

6 - 7 a.m. 60 4 4g

7 - 8 a.m. 173 16 7 150

8 - 9 a.m. 170 28 6 136

9 - 10 a.m. 155 77 8 70

10- 11 a.m. 186 62 7 117

11 a.m. - 2 p.m. 46 16 10 20

2 - 4 p.m. 46 11 14 21

4 - 5 p.m. )10 11 25 64

5 - 6 p.m. 137 19 74 44

6 - 7 p.m. 236 14 51 171

7 - 8 p.m. 138 7 27 104

8 - 10 p.m. 71 4 11 56

10 - Midnight 32 n.a. n.a. n.a.

Total (000)

Midnign'. - Z p.m. 939 1555L/ 88.!/ 596 2 p.m. - Midnight 907 661/ 2431/ 598 1,846 3211/ 331!/ 1,194

1/ lucludiuig smiall allowance for missing hours.

Sources and Notes: The figures for the total and the movements at the two terminals both come from the Mass Trdnsportation Stady (Tables 4.4.6 & 4.1.3). However, the total is based on a household survey, and the figures for the two CBD terminals oi a commuter survey. Clearly, if nothing else, there is plenty of room fot error in determining the hour of the day, especially for trips which straddle two or even three hourly periods. The "other" figure 'or any individual hour is obviously nct to be taken seriously. The table does how- ever illustrate the large volume of traffic at the peak hours not going to or Loming from the Fort area. Table 6.8

BOMB..Y PORT :-OREIGN AND COASTAL TRAFFIC 1950151-19C9/70

(millio.. metric tons)

1950/51 1960/61 1965/66 1966/67 1967/68 1968/69 1969/70 Dry Cargo ImDorts

-ement C!inker n.a. - 0.13 0.09 O.> 0.07 0.14 Cement n.a. .30 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.29 0.23 Foodgrairs 1.G2 1.97 2.73 3.18 2.35 1.36 1.15 Fertilizers and mate7ials 1/ O.290..a. 0.58 0.87 1.25 1.17 ) 5 Other n.a. 2.06 1.93 1.76 1.68 1.46 )* *

Total imports n.a. 4.62 5.61 6.19 5.73 4.35 4.03

Dr- ^ argo E':ports

Iron & Manganese Ores 3.01 0.77 0.51 0.38 0.20 0.15 0.10 Oil 'ake n.a. 0.19 0.37 0.34 0.27 0.31 ).23 Sug.,r n.a. 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.22 0.09 0.07 Cch-,er n.a. 1.03 1.08 0.98 1.06 1.23 1.27

Total Exports n.. 2.03 2.09 1.83 1.75 1.78 1.72

Petrcleum, Oil, Luibr1cants

!;nports n.a. n.a. 6.6- 6.37 6.04 7.09 6.78 Exports n.a. rn.a. 2.81 3.00 2.41 2.34 1.73

1.75 6.89 9.46 9.37 8.45 9.43 8.51

Bunc:er Traffi^-2/ n.a. 1.18 0.96 0.88 0.83 0.84 0.78

T,TAL 7.00 14.72 18.11 18 97 16.76 16.41 15.03

I/ Includes rock phosphate and sulphur. 2! Local cou.'tcy boat and coastal traffic.

Sources: (i) ,.vnbav Port Trust informaticti submitted to IDA in connection with Credit 27T ;.

(ii) Bombay Port Master C'lan Studies, Report on Economic Investi- gaLion for 1950/31, for L6tal in 1960/61, and for details on fertilizers.