Th rough Foreign Eyes: in World Literature

EDITORS

Erol Ülgen M. Metin Karaörs Emin ÖzbaÓ

REPUBLIC OF MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM PUBLICATIONS Th rough Foreign Eyes: Istanbul in World Literature

Maiden's Tower Preface

stanbul is invariably referred to as a bridge between continents or civilisations. At the same time, though, it is a particularly vibrant example of a city where successive generations have combined to yield a striking Ilegacy, making Istanbul truly a capital of culture, art and architecture. In the course of time, artists of every kind working in Istanbul have blended together the traditions and styles of diff erent civilisations, helping to forge a remarkably rich aesthetic.

When the European Council declared Istanbul the ‘European Capital of Culture’ for 2010, this was an important step in helping the city to present its culture to the world and to deepen its links with other cultures. Receiving this accolade was positive in another way: it demonstrated what could be achieved through cooperation between the public sector and civil society.

Cities are where global culture emerges and develops. Th is is why it is vital that, in this new millennium, which could be termed ‘the age of cities’, we assign urban culture the importance it merits and try to enrich urban life in whatever ways we can.

All cities have their spirits; Istanbul, however, is one of very few cities to possess a spirit that is both enchanting and eternal. It has not only become part of the common heritage of humanity but also engendered a spirit of serenity and simplicity. For centuries, these features have been a source of inspiration for writers and travellers. While some poets, novelists, travellers and researchers have used Istanbul as a backdrop for their works, others have made it their protagonist.

In our day and age, it is extremely rare to hear a city being described in similar terms to Istanbul, that is, as a place so magnificent that it could serve as the object of a work of world literature. Th is alone should suff ice to demonstrate the importance and uniqueness of Istanbul. What makes this city diff erent from other cities is its undying spirit, the dynamism of which pervades and nurtures every aspect of life in Istanbul.

Th e Turkish people have embraced and enriched the heritage handed down to them by the Anatolian civilisations that preceded them. With their future artistic creations, they will reshape the spirit of Istanbul, rendering it even more attractive than it is today. Th ese endeavours, in turn, can only serve to heighten Istanbul’s literary appeal.

Th rough Foreign Eyes: Istanbul in World Literature was prepared as a lasting memento of the important aca- demic and artistic events that took place within the framework of Istanbul’s year as the European Capital of Culture. Th e book is a collection of articles by foreign and local writers which shed light on Istanbul’s special place within world literature by means of scholarly discussion and selected quotations from, and analysis of, literary works on Istanbul from across the centuries.

It is a great pleasure for me to see the publication of the English translation of this work, which reveals so much of Istanbul’s unending story, thanks not least to the book’s delightful photographs and images. Th is publication was made possible by an agreement signed in 2011 between the Ministry and the Banks Association of Turkey, and I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to all those who have contributed to this valuable work.

Ertuğrul GÜNAY Minister of Culture and Tourism Th rough Foreign Eyes: Istanbul in World Literature

Hagia Sophia, Sultanahmet Publisher's Foreword

t the Banks Association of Turkey, we believe that we have an important responsibility not just to develop the country’s financial sector and banking system but also to ensure that Turkey becomes Aan increasingly recognised, indeed familiar, name on the international stage. Th is is why every year, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, we sponsor the publication of a book in English that highlights the cultural, artistic and historical wealth of our country, thereby helping to present Turkey to the world. Having so far published Istanbul and the Grand Bazaar, World Heritage in Turkey and Ottoman Painting, we are very happy now in 2011 to present Th rough Foreign Eyes: Istanbul in World Literature.

Th e history and culture of Istanbul go back to the earliest years of humanity, and in every phase of its history Istanbul has managed to remain a world city in various respects. It served as the capital of three empires, as well as of the Caliphate, which came under Ottoman control in 1517 before eventually being abolished in 1924. Istanbul was also the centre of the Islamic world. Th is rich history, together with Istanbul’s unique geographical location, architecture and a cultural heritage that can be traced back thousands of years, was celebrated in 2010, when Istanbul was designated the European Capital of Culture.

Istanbul is a centre of attraction for the whole world not only because of the cultural heritage to which it can lay claim but also because of its production and financial power, its young and dynamic population. Nowa- days, Istanbul really is the engine that pushes Turkey forward: while its contribution to the economy is inva- luable, it is a constant hive of social and cultural activity.

Th anks to its manifold qualities and attractions, Istanbul has never ceased to inspire poets and writers and has been a central figure in a good many poems, stories, novels and other works of art. Just as literature and art have enriched Istanbul, Istanbul has given much to these two fields, with numerous poets, writers, travellers and architects producing their finest works in this city.

Th rough Foreign Eyes: Istanbul in World Literature combines images depicting the historical gems and natu- ral beauties of this unrivalled city with articles examining the works of poets, prose-authors, travellers and researchers who have chosen to write about Istanbul. I strongly believe that Th rough Foreign Eyes: Istanbul in World Literature will play a major role in introducing people to this world city Istanbul, as it has appeared in the eyes of artists. I would like to thank the researchers who have contributed to this work as well as the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, who have collaborated with us in bringing out the English translation of this special publication.

Hüseyin Aydın Chairman of the Board Th e Banks Association of Turkey Th rough Foreign Eyes: Istanbul in World Literature

Th e Bosphorus Introduction

ince time immemorial, Istanbul has been a focus of attention. It served as the capital of three major em- pires and is certainly one of the few truly unique cities on earth. In spite of having experienced no end of Snatural disasters, wars and intrigues, it has remained calm and stoic. Due to Istanbul’s location, individu- als, peoples and armies have had no choice but to pass through it, and the fact that the city has been home to so many diff erent races, religions and cultures has made it all the more attractive. A major centre of trade, art and learning, it is a place where many cultures have left their mark; precisely because of this, though, peoples have found it diff icult to share Istanbul.

It is impossible not to be enchanted by the beauty of Istanbul—the view towards Europe or Asia from Çamlıca Hill, or the panorama one enjoys when travelling from the Sea of Marmara to the Bosphorus or sailing from the Black Sea into the Bosphorus and on to the Sea of Marmara or . People who actually set foot in Istanbul are charmed by it, sometimes falling hopelessly in love with it, sometimes becoming jealous of its beauty. For those who have not seen it themselves or know little about it, Istanbul becomes the stuff of dreams. No wonder that it has been dubbed ‘the sultan of all cities.’ No wonder too that it was selected by the Council of Europe to be the 2010 European Capital of Culture.

Literary representations of Istanbul appear in various genres within Turkish and world literature. Th is is why, within the framework of the 2010 European Capital of Culture, we decided to prepare the first ever collection of articles on the subject of Istanbul in World Literature. Our criteria when selecting articles were that they had to be related to diverse countries and deal with diff erent writers and subjects, and we believe that the texts included in this book do fulfil this aim.

When compiling the original Turkish version of this book, the only changes we made to the articles were to assure consistency in spelling. (In the English translation, however, the citation format has been standardised.) Rather than arranging the articles in certain categories, we chose simply to present them in alphabetical order. With the aim of making the book a more accessible source for readers and researchers, we have also created an index of places and people referred to in the texts.

While a handful of the illustrations and photographs in this book were supplied by the authors of the articles, most were the work of the photographer Berica Nevin Berberoğlu, who dedicated much of her precious time to this project. When deciding on the positions of the visual images, we tried to bear in mind the content of the articles.

We would like to thank the various esteemed scholars who have contributed their articles on this important sub- ject. We are also extremely grateful to our colleagues in the Ministry of Culture and Tourism for supporting us with their enthusiasm throughout the preparation of this book.

Th e Editors PREFACE ...... 5 PUBLISHER'S FOREWORD...... 7 INTRODUCTION ...... 9

ISTANBUL IN WORLD LITERATURE: A FEW WORDS ...... 17 Erol Ülgen

ISTANBUL IN THE MEMOIRS OF THE POLISH HISTORIAN EDWARD RACZYNSKI ...... 23 Sabire Arç k

HAMIDIAN ISTANBUL THROUGH THE EYES OF A PIANIST, AN ARTIST AND A JOURNALIST ...... 37 Yasemin Mumcu Ay

REFERENCES TO ISTANBUL IN THE DIARY OF THE FRENCH ORIENTALIST ANTOINE GALLAND ...... 49 Onur Aykaç

ISTANBUL IN BALKAN POETRY ...... 61 Ethem Baymak

ISTANBUL IN SOME ENGLISH NOVELS ...... 71 Zübeyde Biktagirova

THE IMAGE OF ISTANBUL IN JASON GOODWIN’S NOVEL THE BELLINI CARD IN RELATION TO THE OBSERVATIONS OF CONTEMPORARY WRITERS ...... 79 Durrin Alpakin Martinez Caro

THE PANORAMA OF ISTANBUL IN GUSTAV RASCH’S DIE TÜRKEN IN EUROPA [THE TURKS IN EUROPE] ...... 93 Filiz æ lknur Cuma

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ISTANBUL THROUGH THE EYES OF AN ALBANIAN POET ...... 105 Bünyamin Çaå layan

THE PERCEPTION OF ISTANBUL IN MRS. MAX MÜLLER’s LETTERS FROM CONSTANTINOPLE ...... 118 Nurullah Çetin Contents

ISTANBUL IN THE WORKS OF DOSTOYEVSKY ...... 133 Selahattin Çitçi

SOCIAL LIFE IN ISTANBUL IN JOURNEY TO TURKEY AND IN THE WORKS OF ERNEST HEMINGWAY ...... 145 Özlem Fedai

ISTANBUL AS DEPICTED IN BARBARA NADEL’S NOVELS ...... 157 è afak Güneé Gökduman Eyes: Foreign rough

Th ISTANBUL IN CHATEAUBRIAND’S L’ITINÉRAIRE DE PARIS À JÉRUSALEM [ITINERARY FROM PARIS TO JERUSALEM] ...... 171 Türkan Gözütok

ISTANBUL IN THE WORKS OF ALEKSEY TOLSTOY ...... 183 Rezeda Hairetdinova

THE VIEW OF ISTANBUL IN BARBARA FRISCHMUTH’S NOVEL DAS VERSCHWINDEN DES SCHATTENS IN DER SONNE [THE SHADOW DISAPPEARS IN THE SUN] AND IN HER DIARIES FROM 2008 ...... 189 Ömer Lütfi æ spirli

ISTANBUL IN JOURNEYS IN TURKEY BY ISMAIL GASPIRALI OF BAKHCHISARAY AND IN THE TRAVEL MEMOIRS OF MAHMUD HODJA BEHBÜDÎ OF SAMARKAND ...... 201 Tahir Kahhar

ISTANBUL IN THE LETTERS OF OGIER GHISLAIN DE BUSBECQ ...... 213

SeyfullahIstanbul Kara

10 JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN AND AN ECHO FROM IRELAND TO ISTANBUL ...... 225 Nesrin Taå ç zade Karaca

PANAIT ISTRATI AND ISTANBUL ...... 241 Istanbul æ dris Güven Kaya

ISTANBUL IN THE ERA OF SULTAN ABDULHAMID AS VIEWED BY DORINA L. NEAVE, THE QUEEN OF THE BOSPHORUS ...... 251 Perihan Kaya

FOLK BELIEFS IN ISTANBUL IN THE EYES OF WESTERN TRAVELLERS ...... 263 Aynur Koçak

A POLISH POET IN A FRIENDLY LAND ...... 275 Seda Köycü

ISTANBUL THROUGH THE EYES OF DIFFERENT AUTHORS...... 285 Nilüfer Kuruyazç c ç

ISTANBUL IN THE POEMS OF PUSHKIN ...... 301 Th Gatibe Mahmudova rough Foreign Eyes:

THE IMAGE OF ISTANBUL IN SERBIAN LITERATURE – BETWEEN A LEGEND AND A MODERN MYTH ...... 311 Natasa Mandic

ISTANBUL THROUGH THE EYES OF TWO LADIES FROM DIFFERENT CENTURIES: JULIA PARDOE & LADY MONTAGU ...... 323 Ayten Nur Özdipi & Zeliha Nazik Contents

A SWEDISH NOVEL BY MICHAEL LION: HOME TO ISTANBUL ...... 335 Turkay Rahimova

ISTANBUL IN URDU LITERATURE ...... 343 Rizwanur Rahman

ISTANBUL IN THE WORKS OF JULIA PARDOE ...... 351 Ömer Savran & Mustafa Aksar

THE WOMEN OF ISTANBUL AS SEEN THROUGH THE EYES OF EDMONDO DE AMICIS ...... 363 Fadime Tikbaé

THE MOMENT ISTANBUL’S STAR SHONE: THE PLACE OF HISTORICAL FACT IN STEFAN ZWEIG’S “THE CONQUEST OF BYZANTIUM ...... 379 æ brahim Tüzer

ISTANBUL AS REFLECTED IN THE MEMOIRS AND PAINTINGS OF COURT PAINTER FAUSTO ZONARO ...... 389 Erol Ülgen & Aygün Ülgen

ISTANBUL IN TURKMENISTAN ...... 411 Orazdurdç Yaå murov

UBICINI’S MEMORIES OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE IN ISTANBUL DURING THE TANZIMAT PERIOD, AS REFLECTED IN LA TURQUIE ACTUELLE ...... 421 Ali Yakç c ç

THE WRITINGS ON ISTANBUL OF MUHAMMED ES-SENÛSÎ FROM TUNISIA: ER-R¿HLETU’L-H¿CÂZ¿YYE ...... 437 Hüseyin Yazç c ç

ISTANBUL IN BULGARIAN LITERATURE ...... 449 Hayriye Süleymanoå lu Yenisoy

INDEX

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