International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) ISSN 0976-2612, Online ISSN 2278–599X, Vol-7, Special Issue3-April, 2016, pp560-569 http://www.bipublication.com

Research Article

Morphometric measurement of the faults in province and its relation with earthquake magnitude in Richter scale

Mostafa khabazi1*, Mohammad Javad Nazari2, S.Ali Almodaresi3 and Amir Hosin Abotalb4 1*Assistant professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of literature, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, [email protected] 1M.A student, Department of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Larestan Branch, Islamic Azad University. 2Associate Professor, 3GIS&RS Department Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University. 4M.A .GIS&RS Department Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University.

ABSTRACT Iran is geographically one of the most prone regions to natural disasters especially earthquake in the world such that it is in the seventh place in Asia and the 13th place in the world regarding annual mean of the highest number of population at risk of earthquake. On the other hand, 32% of the area, 70% of the population, and 67% of the gross production of the country are located in regions prone to earthquake. Iran with its several faults is always prone to this terrible natural disaster and it is one of high risk regions regarding the earthquake. There is a mutual relation between fault and earthquake. It means that the number of faults in the region is effective on earthquake occurrence. On the other hand, every earthquake will cause creation of new faults. In present research, the faults in the region will be positioned using satellite images and their dimensions have been measured by GIS advanced techniques. Then, the relationship between fault length and earthquake magnitude will be studied and the amount of human and inhuman losses of earthquake have been estimated. Therefore, the potential and allometric power of a fault such as length, width, and depth of a fault has been estimated in occurrence of earthquake. Then the extension of ruptures resulted from earthquake has been determined in the area of fault and finally the region has been zoned into non-risky, low risk and high risk categories. Results show that there is a direct relationship between fault length and its magnitude in Richter scale. The longer the length of the fault, the earthquake will be more intensive. The highest frequency of earthquake associates to the west and northwest of the region under study meaning where faults are longer and denser.

Keywords: earthquake, allometry, morpho-tectonic, Kerman

INTRODUCTION Faulting like earthquake has financial and in the world regarding annual mean of the physical risks for human being and if it occurs, highest number of population at risk of it will be a potential risk for vital facilities of earthquake. Iran is among those countries which human being. For this reason, having has high vulnerability against seismic risks information about possible losses of earthquake (Bargi 2000:103, Vazin, 2007, Jafari and Saeidi for being prepared for more suitable crisis 1994) such that 32% of the area, 70% of the management after earthquake occurrence is one population, and 67% of the gross production of of challenges faced by today human beings. One the country are located in regions prone to the other hand, geographically Iran is one of the earthquake (WDI, 2004). Therefore, studying most prone regions to natural disasters the length of rupture resulted from earthquake is (especially earthquake) in the world such that it the least contribution to reduction of losses after is in the seventh place in Asia and the 13th place earthquake. So by knowing the extension of fault destroyed by earthquake, urban Research background development and construction can be limited in Several researches have been done on order to minimize the losses after earthquake earthquake and morphometric effect of fault on occurrence. Also, zoning the region into low risk earthquake magnitude and some of them have and high risk ones can be effective in direction been summarized in table 1. of preventing urban development in high risk regions. Table 1: research background on the subject under study Surname Name year Research title Zaliapin Ilya 2013 Earthquake clusters in southern California Geology and stratigraphy (oligomiocene row and miopaleocene row), Conrad George 1970 Lout tectonic Motamed Ahamd 1974 Research design of Lout Mirzaei et al Nourbakhsh 2002 Basic parameters of Iranian earthquakes The role of remote measurement and field studies on morpho-tectonic Alavipanah et al Kazem 2007 analyses Azizizadeh et al Mehran 2011 Techniques of remote measurement of Izeh fault structure Rajabi Masoumeh 2013 Neo-tectonic and geo-morphological effects of the main fault of Tabriz

Geographical location of the region under study Iran is located in south west of Asia and Middle East region with 1648195 Km2 areas. It extends to Caspian Sea from the north and to Persian Gulf and Oman Sea from the south. (the widest province in Iran) is located in south east of Iran. The population of the province was 2938988 people in 2011 based on census of statistical center of Iran. Its capital is Kerman. Kerman is the largest province in Iran regarding earthy expansion (11% of Iranian expansion) and regarding the maritime boundary, it is the second widest province in Iran after Sistan & Baluchistan (Fig. No: 1).

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Fig.1: geographical location of the region under study Research methodology - preparing maps required for the region with appropriate scale (125000 and 150000 maps in this research) - taking satellite images from the region with appropriate scales - preparing geological maps from important faults in the region - positioning and identifying faults in satellite images by ENVI software - visiting the region and adapting fault maps with geological realities of the region - adapting faults derived from satellite images with topographic maps of the region by ArcGIS software - measuring dimensions of the faults of the region under study - preparing statistical information from earthquakes occurred in recent years in faults of the region under study - studying the amount of earthquake magnitude occurred in identified faults and also expansion of the rupture resulted from the earthquake - calculating the possible relationship between fault dimensions and earthquake magnitudes of the fault, expansion of rupture and the destruction - summarizing and analyzing results and final conclusion

The main discussion

The distribution and mechanism of faults in Kerman province

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Faults of Kerman are towards north west-south east and to some extent to north-south and they are long faults that incline towards the west. The movement of these faults is right handed strike-slip and results from Katanga orogeny in the late Precambrian. Their trends agree with seismotectonic trends related to Katanga folding. These faults usually form the border between structural-sedimentary units in the region such that they cause changes in stone faces, thickness of sediments and seismotectonic alterations such as magmatism, deformation, and folding during geological periods. The faults in this region form weak points of the crust so that energy centralized in the earth can be released from these points. Therefore, these faults are effective on seismicity of the region. In addition to main faults, small and subsidiary faults are seismic as well and they can create great earthquakes depending on the direction and type of pressures present in the earth. Therefore, regarding the placement of recent earthquake centers on these faults (main and subsidiary), most of the faults in this region are active and high risk. Concerning the studies done in this regard, most of old faults of the region have right handed movement while current active faults are left handed strike-slip depending on the pressures. In addition, the amount of displacement is not similar in the fault and it may be compressive or tensile. New movements of young faults are destroyed by erosion or vegetative coverage (buried faults). So the importance of these faults should not be ignored. However, such movements can be tracked by the signs appeared on the earth.

Classification of the faults in the region under study based on density and direction By looking carefully at size & tectonic map of Kerman and studying the trend and direction of faults in macro view, The region under study can be investigated in three profiles based on fig.///. Each profile with morphometric features will be analyzed allometrically.

Fig. /// profile and faults plotted on the region under study A) Profile of northwest- northeast (A-B) This profile (with the direction shown in fig.///) crosses cities and villages in north west and north east. The most important fault in this region is Kouhbanan fault with 300 kilometers long and it has extended from north of Kerman to northwest of Bahabad. This fault was firstly identified by Huckriede et al and its name was originated from the city of Kouhbanan. The fault divides into several parts in its passage (table) Fig:A-B section, overlay of fault layers on satellite images of Google earth

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Fig./// faults and domain of the profile A-B Table: specifications of different parts of Kouhbanan fault Name of fault Length in Km Distance from Kerman (in Km) Kouhbanan 1 27 30 Kouhbanan 2 19 56 Kouhbanan 3 30 69 Kouhbanan 4 31 92 Kouhbanan 5 9 125 Kouhbanan 6 25 135 Kouhbanan 7 54 151 Kouhbanan 8 33 14 Kouhbanan 9 85 34 Kouhbanan fault displaces clearly young sediments in some points and it is observable in Gisak village in the boundary of mountain and desert (Shahpasand Zadeh & Heidari: 1996). This fault inclines to the northeast end and continues irregularly. In eastern part of Zarand, this fault has caused thrust of Precambrian formation on younger formations towards the western end (Triassic and Jurassic). This active fault is determined by great earthquakes with tensile faults. It is accounted as an active fault in Quaternary due to cuts in contemporary sediments and destructive earthquake at present time. Generally, the movements of this fault system are reverse and right handed strike-slip

Fig./// 3D model, overlay of digital terrain model with fault system of profile A-B - Calculating fault density in profile (A-B) One of important parameters in allometry of faults is calculation of their density in unit area. For this purpose, at first all fault lines of profile (A-B) are added and divided by the area of the region via following formula

Mostafa khabazi, et al. 564 In above relation, D is density, is total length of faults, A is the area

Table 1: specifications of faults of profile A-B Number of main, subsidiary, Total length The minimum The maximum The average hidden, active of faults in length of the length of the length of the Total area in M and inactive Km fault in Km fault in Km fault in Km faults 630 348194 0.000013 8046 552 46621430000

B) western-eastern fault (C-D) There are three main faults of Golbaft, Bam, and in this region and each of them will be illustrated as follows - Gouk fault (Golbaft): this fault extends from south west of Bam desert to west of with a north-south trend and it divides into two parts. Northern Golbaft is 49 km long with 44 km distance from Kerman. Southern Golbaft is 49 km long with 77 km distance from Kerman Golbaft fault was mapped by Yugoslavian geologist in 1972 and is known as Sarvestan fault. Concerning that it is the center of several historical earthquakes and those of the contemporary age, it is one of the most active ad seismic faults in the province (Abbasnejad, Dastanpour, 1999). Several tectonic holes are seen along with this fault suggesting it is an active fault. The movement of these faults is reverse and right handed strike-slip.

Fig. ///: faults and the area of profile C-D - Bam fault: this fault locates at 168 km from Kerman with 83 km long and it crosses Bam with north- northwest and south-southwest trends. This fault displaced Neogene sediments in the center of Bam desert and created a fault valley, the earthquake occurred in 2003 shows its seismicity. - Rafsanjan fault: this fault locates at south of the city in the boundary of mountain and desert and extended with northwest-southeast trend and divided into several parts in the passage (table …) Table: parts of Rafsanjan fault Name of fault Length in km Distance from Kerman Rafsanjan 1 51 148 Rafsanjan 2 73 95 Rafsanjan 3 67 86

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Fig./// C-D section, overlay of fault layers on satellite images of Google earth

Fig.: 3D model, overlay of digital terrain model with fault system of profile C-D - Calculation of fault density in profile C-D Based on formula 1, fault density in the profile is 4.36. table … shows other specifications of faults

Table 2: specifications of faults of profile C-D Number of main, Total length The minimum The maximum The average subsidiary, hidden, of faults in length of the length of the fault length of the Total area in M active and inactive Km fault in Km in Km fault in Km faults of profile C-D 1093 650129 0.000013 8046 594 489114140000

C) Southwest-southeast profile (E-F) In this area, fault densities are low and the most important fault may be Bashagard. The dispersal and 3D position of faults has been shown in figures …

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Fig.: faults and areas of profile A-B

Fig….: section E-F, overlay of fault layers on satellite images of Google earth

Fig:3D model, overlay of digital terrain model with fault system of profile E-F - Calculation of fault density in profile C-D

Mostafa khabazi, et al. 567 Fault density was obtained for this fault as follows

Table 3: specifications of faults of profile E-F Number of main, Total length The minimum The maximum The average subsidiary, hidden, Total area in of faults in length of the length of the length of the active and inactive M Km fault in Km fault in Km fault in Km faults of profile E-F 254 2484 0.001 82 977 25374881000

CONCLUSION Concerning extraction of faults available in Kerman province and their morphometric studies, each part of fault was calculated in GIS setting and its relation with earthquake magnitude was measured. Results in table 2 showed that there is a significant relationship between fault length and earthquake magnitude in regions under study. The longer the fault, the earthquake will be more intensive. Table 2: earthquake magnitude due to possible movement in site of faults Length of the The distance from Earthquake magnitude Row Name of fault fault epicenter (km) (Richter) 1 Dehshir- 1 151 165 7.7 2 Southern Nayband 134 49 6.6 3 Sarvestan 126 116 7.6 4 North of Shahr-Babak 115 123 7.5 5 Hashtadan-Hormak 93 58 7.4 6 Shahdad 92 53 7.4 7 Davaran 5 86 91 7.4 8 Kouhbanan 9 86 34 7.3 9 Bam 84 168 7.3 10 Dehshir-Baft 2 83 142 7.3 11 Lakar Kouh 3 82 67 7.3 12 Rasak - Chahar Tagh 80 84 7.3 13 Dehshir- Baft 3 79 129 7.3 14 West of Bahreman 1 77 111 7.3 15 South of Lout 75 124 7.3 16 South of Darzin 75 119 7.3 17 Dalfard 74 144 7.3 18 West of 74 167 7.3 19 Rafsanjan 2 73 96 7.3 20 Northern Nayband 71 132 7.2 21 East of Darzin 71 146 7.2 22 Lakar Kouh 4 71 50 7.2 23 Rafsanjan 3 68 86 7.2 24 68 100 7.2 25 Baba Negbini-Goudar 67 31 7.2 26 East of Mahan desert 65 42 7.2 27 North of Jiroft 64 128 7.2 28 East of Kouhbanan 59 151 7.2 29 Baghin 59 22 7.1 30 Lakar Kouh 1 58 143 7.1 31 Bardsir 2 57 63 7.1 32 1 56 46 7.1 33 Jabalbarez-Abaregh 56 140 7.1 34 Bardsir desert 54 62 7.1 35 Baft 53 93 7.1 36 Bababini-Anbaroutak 53 91 7.1 37 Bahabad 5 52 135 7.1

Mostafa khabazi, et al. 568 38 Askar castle- Kouh Panj 52 83 7.1 39 Joupar 52 29 7.1 40 Rafsanjan 1 51 148 7.1 41 Kouhbanan 7 50 152 7.1 42 Bahabad 4 50 57 7.1 43 Northern Golbaft- 50 44 7.1 44 Gour- Hasanali castle 50 100 7.1 45 Southern Golbaft 49 78 7.1 46 Lakar Kouh 7 48 64 7 47 South of Baghin desert 48 38 7 48 Baghin 2 46 69 7 49 Ekhtiarabad (Alghadir) 45 16 7 50 Golousalar-Aliabad 45 43 7 51 Rafsanjan 3 45 79 7 52 Davaran 4 45 113 7 53 Mahan 1 44 16 7 54 42 136 7 55 Hosseinabad-Jiroft 42 170 7 56 Gouykan-Hasanali castle 41 107 7 57 Sharif village 41 166 7 58 Lakar kouh 2 40 135 6.9 59 Ahmadabad-Ghodratabad 40 137 6.9 60 Bahabad 1 39 166 6.9 61 Ghataroyeh 39 60 6.9 62 Bahabad 3 39 97 6.9 63 Kenarouyeh 38 151 6.9 64 Davaran 1 37 25 6.9 65 Sardouyeh 37 117 6.9 66 Sarasiab-Andar 36 138 6.9 67 Dahouyeh 36 106 6.9 68 Bahabad 2 35 128 6.9 69 Gharyatol Arab 35 68 6.9 70 Kouhbanan 8 34 15 6.9 failure zone and vertical displacement of the REFERENCES earth (case study: Silakhor desert), space 1. Alavipanah, Kazem, 2007, the role of remote logistics and planning, 15th period, No 2, measurement and field studies on morpho- 2011 tectonic analyses, case study: Bam 5. Vazin, Nargis, 2007, Local and Modern earthquake, geographical researches, No.60, Knowledg Roles in Reducing Environmental Pp 15-29, 2007 Hazards in Rural Areas. Case: Khoresh 2. Rajabi, Masoumeh, Soleimani Abolfazl, Rostam District- Khalkhal, M.A. Thesis analysis, and evaluation of morpho-tectonic presented in, Tarbiat Modares University. and neo-tectonic features of southern hill of 6. Jaafari, M.K. and Saeedi, M., 1993, Public Sabalan mountain, urban planning and Education Planning for Earthquake Risk geography, 17th period, No.45, 2013. Reduction, 1rd International Conference on 3. Aziz zadeh Mehran, Molamehr Alizadeh Natural Hazard in Urban Area, 21 Fatemeh, structural analysis of Izeh fault in central part of Zagros using remote measuring techniques, researches of natural geography, 75th period, Pp 1-18, 2011 4. Shayan Siavash, Sokvand Habib, Sharifi kia Mohammad, measuring the relationship between fault length, earthquake magnitude,

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