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Migrants and Their Vulnerability to Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery and Forced Labour

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Migrants and Their Vulnerability to Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery and Forced Labour MIGRANTS AND THEIR VULNERABILITY TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING, MODERN SLAVERY AND FORCED LABOUR Publication authors: Fiona David, Katharine Bryant and Jacqueline Joudo Larsen Contributors: The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of John Latham, Gareth Larsen and Asha McNeill, who conducted: the initial literature searches and prepared document reviews including an annotated bibliography, provided writing assistance and technical editing. The authors would also like to thank Andria Kenney and Mathieu Luciano from IOM who enabled expert discussions on a draft of the report and also provided input as the research developed. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This publication was made possible through the funding provided by UK aid from the UK government, under the terms of HQS/FGBR/ME0034.2018 DFID. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the UK government or its official policies. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.iom.int This report has been issued without formal editing by IOM. © 2019 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Front cover image: Venezuelans load cars with goods and food on the irregular migration routes connecting Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Pacaraima, Brazil. Migrants who use irregular migration routes are vulnerable to exploitation due to high-risk situations including the profit motives of smuggling networks and the presence of organized crime. Credit: Victor Moriyama/Getty Images Contents CONTENTS FAST FACTS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 Where are migrants most vulnerable? .............................................................................................................. 10 Which migrants are most vulnerable? .............................................................................................................. 10 What enables migrants to be abused and exploited? ............................................................................... 10 What about existing government protections for migrants? ...................................................................11 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................................12 Recommendation 1: Increase protections for victims and vulnerable migrants ....................12 Recommendation 2: Reduce capacity and opportunity for potential offenders ...................13 Recommendation 3: Increase capacity and focus of guardians and first responders .......13 Recommendation 4: Focus research efforts on filling critical gaps in knowledge ................14 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................................16 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................................... 20 KEY FEATURES OF THE KNOWLEDGE BASE ...............................................................................................................21 Methods of studies ......................................................................................................................................................21 Thematic coverage .....................................................................................................................................................21 Geographic focus .......................................................................................................................................................22 Economic sector or purpose of exploitation .................................................................................................24 Sites of vulnerability ..................................................................................................................................................25 SITES OF VULNERABILITY IN THE MIGRATION PROCESS ..................................................................................26 Areas beyond the reach of state protection ..................................................................................................27 Private dwellings ..........................................................................................................................................................28 Private businesses .....................................................................................................................................................28 Border crossings .........................................................................................................................................................29 Irregular migration routes ...................................................................................................................................... 30 Displacement sites and refugee camps.......................................................................................................... 30 Conflict zones ................................................................................................................................................................31 Natural disasters ..........................................................................................................................................................31 Ships ..................................................................................................................................................................................31 Rural areas .....................................................................................................................................................................32 Commercial sex establishments .........................................................................................................................32 Migrants and their vulnerability to human trafficking, modern slavery and forced labour 1 Contents VICTIM CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................................................................... 34 Children and youth .....................................................................................................................................................35 Gender .............................................................................................................................................................................37 Visa status ......................................................................................................................................................................38 Knowledge and attitude toward migration ......................................................................................................38 Secondary displacement ....................................................................................................................................... 39 Repeat exploitation ................................................................................................................................................... 39 Length of travel ........................................................................................................................................................... 39 Sexual orientation and identity ........................................................................................................................... 39 Language ability .........................................................................................................................................................40 Drug or alcohol addiction .......................................................................................................................................40 Health ..............................................................................................................................................................................40
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