Lithostratigraphic and Pollen Analysis of Quaternary Deposits in the Grosuplje Polje Area

HACQUETIA 4/2 • 2005, 201–207

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC AND POLLEN ANALYSIS OF QUATERNARY DEPOSITS IN THE GROSUPLJE POLJE AREA

Stevo DOZET* and Metka CULIBERG**

Abstract In the Grosuplje polje area in the central part of Slovenia detailed geological mapping and palynological research studies were performed in the last two years. Our research has revealed, that the deposits of the Gro- suplje polje consist regularly of six lithological units (from bottom to top): 1 – dark grey greasy clay, 2 – grey and medium grey silty clay, 3 – orange-yellow sandy loam, 4 – light grey marly clay, 5 – dark brown marly clayey organic layer. At the top of the described succession there is a relatively thin layer of dark alluvial marshy soil (6). Pollen analysis showed that these deposits are all of Quaternary age.

Izvleček Na območju Grosupeljskega polja v osrednjem delu Slovenije so bili v zadnjih dveh letih opravljeni detajlno geološko kartiranje in palinološke raziskave. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da usedline Grosupeljskega polja praviloma sestavlja šest litoloških enot (od spodaj navzgor): 1 – temnosiva mastna glina, 2 – siva in srednje siva meljasta glina 3 – oranžnorumena peščena ilovica, 4 – svetlosiva laporna glina, 5 – temnorjava laporno glinena or- ganska plast. Prav na vrhu opisanega sedimentnega zaporedja so temna aluvialna barjanska tla (6). Pelodna analiza je pokazala, da so vse zgoraj naštete usedline kvartarne starosti.

Key words: central Slovenia, Quaternary deposits, Grosuplje polje, lithostratigraphy, palynology Ključne besede: osrednja Slovenija, kvartarne usedline, Grosupeljsko polje, litostratigrafija, palinologija

1. INTRODUCTION the scarce fossil contents, paleontological methods could not be taken into consideration. Strictly During the systematic regional geological mapping speaking, useful results were obtained up to present for the Geological map of Slovenia 1:50 000 on the only by pollen analysis, performed in the Institute Map Sheet Grosuplje, carried out by the Geologi- of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slov- cal Survey of Slovenia, we devote every attention to enian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Ljubljana. detailed geological mapping of the Pliocene and The samples for pollen analysis have been taken Quaternary formations. They are above all red and from limnic and marshy clays and soils in the Gro- brownish red Dolenjsko loams, as well as limnic suplje surroundings. and marshy deposits. The open question was first Geographical setting. The area in question of all that of their superposition and age. Previous comprises the Grosuplje polje lying about 30 kilo- researchers supposed that these formations origi- metres to the southeast of Ljubljana. The Gro- nated in the Upper Pliocene and Quaternary. The supolje polje is actually a composed border plain, geological investigations in the study area solved with a flat gently undulating area, having few ir- superpositional and stratigraphic relations. Due to regularities (hills, valleys) and a more or less ex-

* Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva 14, SI-1001 Ljubljana ** Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, p. b. 306, SI-1001 Ljubljana

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pressive margin. It has been developed to the south brown loam between Škofljica and Šmarje was au- of the contact of water-tight and karstic rocks. tochthonous fossil soil. She believed, that the loam The Grosuplje polje comprises about 14 square in Dolenjska and Bela Krajina is partly alluvial. kilometers of the surface, lying between the hills Hrovat (1953) considered that the brown and red Molnik (582 m) and Kucelj (748 m) in the north, loams in Dolenjska are a product of weathering of and the Turjak area in the south. Towards the west limestone and dolomite. it borders on Ljubljana Marsh, while its continua- tion towards the southeast is named Radensko polje. 2. METHODS Geological setting. The study area lies to the south of the contact between two large geotectoni- The data and results presented in the paper are ob- cal units, the Sava Folds and the Dolenjsko-Notranj- tained in the frame of the systematic regional geo- sko Mesozoic Blocks (Dolenjsko Karst). Kossmat logical investigations for the Geological map of (1905, 1906) believed that the Sava Folds are partly Slovenia 1:50 000, and research – scientific co-op- in a normal contact and in part overthrusted upon eration between the Geological Survey of Slovenia the Karst of Dolenjska. Rakovec (1955) considered, and the Institute of Biology, Scientific Research that the southern part of Litija anticlinal passes Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and gradually into the Karst of Dolenjska. Germovšek Arts Ljubljana. The geological mapping is carried didn’t conceive the Alpine-Dinaric boundary line out on topographic maps 1:10 000. The principal – in the sense of a boundary line between the Sava mapping methods are the method of all outcrops Folds and the karstic Dinarides – as a tectonic line and stratimetric profiling. Besides, in the Grosu- but rather as a transition belt of less tectonic im- plje polje area the method of mapping of water portance. Sedlar et al. (1948), Buser (1974) and trenches and construction pits is also applied. The Dozet (1985) found out that at Pleše near Ljublja- clastic rocks are classified according to Folk’s na the Sava Folds are thrusted over the Karst of (1959) and Pettijohn’s (1975) classification. The Dolenjska under an angle of 15 o to 20o. However, color of the rocks is defined according to the Rock- non-thoroughly developed and non-wholly mod- Color Chart prepared by Rock-Color Chart Com- elled, the Grosuplje polje is a karstic plain which mittee and distributed by the Geological Society of originated on the Upper Triassic dolomite. Melik America, Boulder, Colorado (1970). (1955) supposed that this plain originated in Dilu- Ten sediment samples for pollen analysis were vial or Pliocene. In our opinion, the Grosuplje collected from open profiles at two localities near polje is not a typical tectonical depression like Grosuplje (Fig. 1). They were prepared using stan- many other large Slovenian karstic plains. Actual- ly, this plain originated in the combined activity of selective erosion and tectonics. Previous investigations. The considered part of Dolenjska was first mapped by Lipold (1858). The result of the mapping was the manuscript geological map Višnja gora – Cerknica 1:75 000 (Lipold & Stache 1959). Kerčmar (1961) mapped out the surroundings of Taborska jama at Grosuplje. The Quaternary vegetation of Slovenia was described by Šercelj (1962, 1963). In the frame of the systematic regional geological mapping for the Basic Ge- ological Map of Slovenia 1:100 000, the geological map of the map sheet Ribnica with an explanation text has been printed (Buser 1969, 1974). Gregorič (1969) investigated the connection between car- Figure 1: Grosuplje polje area. The localities of palynologi- bonate rocks and red soils. The minerals deter- cal and sedimentological investigated sediments. 1. Brezje mined in the carbonate rocks and soils proved a near Grosuplje, 2. Grosuplje, 3. Ponova vas and 4. Cikava. direct connection. In her opinion, the red brown Slika 1: Grosupeljsko polje. Na označenih lokalitetah so bili soil has developed from the insoluble rest of the palinološko in sedimentološko raziskani sedimenti. 1. Brezje carbonate rocks. She has also proved that the red pri Grosupljem, 2. Grosuplje, 3. Ponova vas in 4. Cikava.

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dard laboratory procedures (Faegri & Iversen mains, 5 – dark marly clayey peaty horizon, 6 – al- 1992). The pollen key of Reille (1992) was used for luvial-marshy soils. the identification of pollen types. The above-described succession of soils, peat, Six samples were collected from an almost 7 m clays and loams lies discordantly upon the Upper deep profile of a construction pit near the settle- Triassic hauptdolomit, on the surface of which a ment of Brezje. Because of the scarce pollen con- rather expressive and various palaeorelief had been tent we examined four microscopic slides from developed even before the deposition of the above- each sample. The results are shown in Table 1 in enumerated deposits. Pollen analysis showed that absolute numbers of pollen grains. the described lithostratigraphical units (except for Included are also four samples of grey clay from the sixth) at Grosuplje are of the Pleistocene and at a depth of 120 to 140 cm which were collected from Ponova vas of the Holocene age. the profile of an archaeological test trench near the village of Ponova vas. Percentage values of indi- vidual taxa are given in Table 2. The quantity of pollen of tree and herb vegetation (AP + NAP) was taken for calculating the percentage values, and spores of ferns were taken separately. For the herb vegetation (NAP) we state only the percentage val- ue of the amount of all taxa found. The data and results of the detailed geological mapping and sedimentologic researches are a basis for lithological subdivision and explanation of sedimentary superpositional relations. The pollen analysis enabled both the biostratigraphic classification of the considered sedimentary succession, and also its chronological situation. Figure 2: 7-metres-deep profile in the Grosuplje area. The bedrock is built by the Upper Triassic hauptdolomit. Slika 2: 7 metrov globok profil na območju Grosuplja. Trdna 3. RESULTS podlaga je zgrajena iz zgornjetriasnega glavnega dolomita.

3.1 Results of stratigraphical researches As eaerlier mentioned, the Grosuplje polje was developed completely on the Upper Triassic haup- During the detailed geological mapping of the tdolomit. In the Grosuplje polje area, the bed rock Plio-Quaternary deposits of the Grosuplje polje, crops out on the bottom of construction pits. The we have not yet succeeded in separating and prov- hauptdolomit is grey, dark grey and greyish black, ing the Pliocene formations anywhere on the sur- appearing in 20 cm to 60 cm thick beds. It is char- face. Nevertheless, we suppose that the dark red acterized by an expressive fine lamination and fine and brick-red bauxitic loams in the Zagradec at stromatolitic structure. Apart from indeterminable Grosuplje, Spodnje Blato, Duplica, Brinjski hrib gastropod remains, the rock does not contain any (409 m), Perovo, Hrastje at Grosuplje, Cikava, Sela other fossil remains. Nevertheless, it is easily recog- at Grosuplje and Šmarje are chiefly of the Upper nizable according to the typical Lofer texture and Pliocene age. It is also quite possible that the structure. Pliocene sediments were deposited in some places • The hauptdolomit is discordantly overlain by on the bottom of the Grosuplje polje, but they are the dark grey, bluish grey and greenish grey at present covered with younger deposits. In this greasy clay (1). The thickness of the considered case, they belong to the Upper Pliocene or the clay varied from 2 to 2.5 metres. The dark greasy Pleistocene epoch. With regard to lithologic char- clay is relatively pure without any gravel or rock acteristics the Quaternary sedimentary succession fragments having a rather high plasticity. In the could be subdivided into six lithostratigraphic study area, the dark clay layer properly shows a units, namely (from bottom to top): 1 – dark grey fairly equable thickness. greasy clay, 2 – grey and medium grey silty to sandy • Upon the dark grey greasy clay lies a layer- about clay, 3 – orange yellow more or less sandy loam, 4 1.5 to 2.5 metres thick- of grey silty clay (2) pass- – light grey marly clay with numerous plant re- ing at some places laterally into the dark grey

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laminated, banded and thin bedded micaceous grains of spruce (Picea) and birch (Betula). There silt or fine sand. were also some spores of lesser clubmoss (Selaginel- • Upwards follows the lithostratigraphic unit of la selaginoides). In a sample from a depth of 3.5 m orange and orange yellow, more or less sandy we found some tiny fragments of charcoal for which loam, with irregular lenses and spots of greyish we could establish only that they belonged to conif- clay (3) The thickness of this unit is not con- erous wood. However there was no pollen of any stant, changing laterally from 1 to 2.5 metres. tree species in this sample, like in others above, in Likewise, its mineral composition varies, both which beside some herb pollen there were numer- laterally and vertically. ous monolete spores of ferns (Tab. 1). • The orange yellow loam is overlain by a 0.35 to We also found a similar pollen content as that 0.75 –metre- thick layer of light grey marly clay from a depth of 5.75 m at the Brezje profile, in with charred plant remains (4). In spots, it is sediment from a depth of 7.5 m at an excavation by poorly slaty. Grosuplje railway station: Pinus 36, Picea 2, Betula 1, • It follows upwards up to 0.25 –metre- thick layer Artemisia 5, Helianthemum 4, Chenopodiaceae 4, of very dark to black marly clay (5). This layer is Gramineae 20, Caryophyllaceae 5, Compositae 1, at some places more or less peaty. Cyperaceae 3, Selaginella selaginoides 137, but here • The hanging wall of the described succession of Selaginella is most characteristic. the Quaternary deposits is represented by dark The prevailing herb vegetation and trees of eu- alluvial marshy soil (6), about 0.5 metres thick. rothermic taxa of pine, birch and spruce, and espe- Its upper part is saturated with water and in the cially Selaginella reliably indicate a Pleistocene age lower part there is a clayey soil with fragments of all these sediments. Šercelj found similar vegeta- of carbonate rarely clastic rocks of different age. tion in sediment from the course of a brook by the The surface is overgrown with sedges (Magno- settlement of Cikava and placed this sediment in caricion) and reeds (Phragmition). the Pleistocene, probably at the time of the Würmi- an glaciation, but also he did not exclude its being older (1963: 392).

Table 1: Pollen in sediment from the profile at Brezje near Grosuplje (absolute pollen values). Tabela 1: Pelod v sedimentu iz profila Brezje pri Grosupljem (absolutne vrednosti peloda).

Depth 1 m 2 m 3.5 m 4.5 m 5.75 m 6.5 m Pinus – 2 – 2 24 – Picea –– – – 4 – Betula –– – – 2 – Artemisia 18 2 – 6 – Helianthemum –– – – 4 – Figure 3: The surface of the Grosuplje Quaternary sediments Chenopodiaceae – – 1 – 6 – is overgrown with sedges (Magnocaricion) and reeds (Phrag- Graminenae 1 1 – – – – mition). Slika 3: Površje Grosupeljskega kvartarnega sedimenta po- Caryophyllaceae – – – 1 – – raščajo šaši (Magnocaricion) in trstje (Phragmition). Compositae-tub. – – 2 – – – Ericaceae – – 1 – – – Plantago – 1 – – – – 3.2. Results of pollen analysis Polygonum –2 – – 1 – Selaginella sel. –– – – 3 – tril. spores 2 3 6 – 8 – There was very little pollen in all the samples of monol. spores 399 153 69 – – – sediment from the Brezje profile, and the lower sample from a depth of 6.5 m was completely free from pollen. Pollen of herb species predominated. Pollen content from the profile beside the hill Only in grey sandy clay from a depth of 5.75 m was Ježa near the village of Ponova vas, only about 2 km there also pollen of tree species, of which there was south of Brezje, showed completely different, most pine pollen (Pinus) and only a few pollen Holocene like vegetation (Šercelj & Culiberg, un-

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published), in which hazel (Corylus) dominated between two large geotectonical units, the Sava with a share of around 60 percent (Tab. 2). Other Folds and the Dolenjsko-Notranjsko Mesozoic tree species are represented much less. The only Blocks, Karst of Dolenjska respectively. Non- exception is alder (Alnus), which was a local par- completely developed and non-wholly mod- ticularity on damp ground. The sediment was not elled, the Grosuplje polje is a typical karstic radiocarbon dated, and in view of the vegetation plain which originated on the Upper Triassic found and the relatively short segment of profile, it dolomite. In our opinion, this plain is not a typ- is difficult to classify with certainty the period when ical tectonical depression like many other Slov- this sediment was deposited in the Holocene. The enian larger karstic plains originating with se- hazel phase was certainly one of the succession lective erosion and by tectonics. stages in the primary development of forests in the • The bed rock of the Quaternary deposits in the early Holocene. However, in view of the fact that whole Grosuplje polje is fine-laminated and the hazel phase in the majority of pollen diagrams fine-stromatolihtic hauptdolomit. from Slovenian territory was relatively short and • With regard to lithological composition and su- never such a pronounced phase as in this case, perposition, the Quaternary sedimentary suc- there is a greater probability of a younger anthro- cession is separated into six lithostratigraphic pozoogenic impact, and the sediment could thus units (from bottom to top): 1 – dark grey greasy also be of Middle or even Late Holocene age. clay, 2 – grey and medium grey silty clay, 3 – orange yellow more or less sandy loam, 4 – light Table 2: Pollen in sediment from the profile at grey marly clay with numerous plant remains, 5 Ponova vas (percentage pollen values). – dark brown marly clayey organic layer and 6 Tabela 2: Pelod v sedimentu iz profila pri Ponovi – alluvial marshy soils. vasi (odstotne vrednosti peloda). • On the basis of the stratigraphic position and composition we suppose that the dark red and Depth (cm) 120–123 123–126 126–130 137–139 brick-red bauxitic loams in the Zagradec at Gro- Pinus 0.8 0.9 1.8 – suplje, Spodnje Blato, Duplica, Brinjski hrib Picea – – 0.6 – (409 m), Perovo, Hrastje at Grosuplje, Cikava, Abies – – 0.6 – Sela at Grosuplje and Šmarje Sap are chiefly of Juniperus – – 0.6 – the Upper Pliocene age. The red loams were Betula 6.2 5.6 1.8 5.4 probably deposited in some places on the bot- Alnus 19.8 21.5 22.2 15.0 tom of the Grosuplje polje as well, but they are Corylus 58.5 64.5 52.2 64.5 at present covered with Quaternary deposits. Carpinus – 1.3 2.4 0.3 Quercus 0.8 5.2 3.6 2.4 Tilia – 0.9 – – 5. POVZETEK Ulmus 0.3 0.4 – – Fagus 6.8 6.9 3.6 1.5 Litostratigrafske in pelodne analize kvartarnih use- Salix –––0.3 dlin na Grosupeljskem polju Rhamnus – – 0.6 – NAP 6.0 7.7 6.0 4.5 V članku so podani rezultati geoloških in palinolo- Sporae monol. 0.7 – 6.6 1.2 Sporae tril. 5.5 0.9 1.2 0.3 ških raziskav pliocenskih in kvartarnih sedimen- tov Grosupeljskega polja. Teren, ki ga obravnava- mo, leži južno od stika dveh velikih geotektonskih enot: posavskih gub in dolenjsko – notranjskih 4. CONCLUSIONS mezozojskih grud (Dolenjski kras). Grosupeljsko polje je v bistvu sestavljeno robno polje, ki je nasta- On the basis of field investigations, pollen analysis, lo južno od stika vododržnih in kraških kamnin. correlation and results of previous researchers we Obsega okoli 15 km2 površine. Leži 30 km od Lju- arrived at the following conclusions: bljane med Molnikom (582 m) in Kucljem (748 m) • The Grosuplje polje is a composed border plain, na severu in Turjaškim ozemljem na jugu. Na za- a flat gently undulating area respectively, hav- hod se odpira v Ljubljansko barje, njegovo nadalje- ing few irregularities and a more or less expres- vanje v jugovzhodni smeri pa je Radensko polje. sive margin. It lies to the south of the contact Grosupeljsko polje je dokaj tipično kraško polje, ki

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se je v celoti izoblikovalo na zgornjetriasnem dolo- glavnem dolomitu, na katerem se je še pred odloži- mitu. To polje ni tipična udorina kot večina naših tvijo teh usedlin razvil dokaj izrazit in razgiban pa- večjih kraških polj. Nastalo je s selektivno erozijo leorelief. dolomita z drobno krojitvijo ob pomoči tektonskih Palinološka analiza je pokazala, da so opisane sil. Po mnenju Melika (1955) je nastalo v diluviju litostratigrafske enote (razen šeste) pri Grosuplju ali pliocenu. Dvignjene predele na obrobju polja pleistocenske, pri Ponovi vasi pa holocenske staro- gradi dolomit, na samem polju pa se dolomit izda- sti. nja le v redkih izkopih za gradbene objekte. Je siv, • Diskordantno na glavnem dolomitu leži temno- svetlosiv, temnosiv in sivkastočrn. Pojavlja se v obli- siva, modrikastosiva ali zelenkasto siva mastna ki 20 do 60 cm debelih plasti. Je značilno drobno glina (1). Debelina opisane gline je 2 do 2,5 me- laminiran in drobno stromatoliten. Razen nedolo- tra. Glina je sorazmerno čista. V njej ni prodni- čljivih ostankov hišic drobnih polžev ne vsebuje kov ali drobcev drugih kamnin. Temnosiva gli- drugih fosilov, vendar ga po tipičnih loferskih te- na je relativno visoko plastična. Plast gline kaže ksturah in strukturi zlahka prepoznamo. v opazovanih točkah dokaj enakomerno debe- Pri detajlnem geološkem kartiranju Grosupelj- lino. skega polja in bližnje okolice doslej nismo nikjer • Na temnosivi mastni glini leži 1,5 do 2,5 metra uspeli izdvojiti in dokazati pliocenskih formacij. debela plast sive drobnomeljaste gline (2). Ta Predpostavljamo, da so zgornjepliocenske starosti ponekod bočno prehaja v temneje siv lamini- temnordeče in opekastordeče boksitne ilovice na ran, pasnat in zelo drobnoplastnat sljudnat melj območju Zagradca pri Grosupljem, Spodnjega Bla- oziroma zelo drobnozrnat sljudnat pesek. ta, Duplice, Brinjskega hriba (409 m), Perova, Hra- • Naslednja litostratigrafska enota je oranžno in stja pri Grosupljem, Cikave in Sel pri Šmarju Sap. oranžnorumena bolj ali manj peščena ilovica Možno je tudi, da so pliocenski sedimenti bili od- (3) z nepravilnimi lečami sivkaste gline. Debeli- loženi na dnu Grosupeljskega polja, kjer pa so jih na te enote ni enakomerna, saj se bočno spre- prekrile mlajše usedline. V slednjem primeru sta- minja od 1 do 2,5 in več metrov. Tudi njena se- rostno pripadajo zgornjemu ali vrhnjemu delu pli- stava precej variira tako bočno kot v navpični ocenske dobe. Lipold (1858) je menil, da je rdeča smeri. ilovica diluvijalni sediment in da jo je naplavila vo- • Na oranžno rumeni ilovici leži 0,35 do 0,75 me- da. To je dokumentiral z najdbo molarja vrste tra debela plast svetlo sive laporne gline z drob- Equus fossilis Linné v okolici Trebnjega. Buser ci lesnega oglja (4). Ponekod je rahlo skrilava. (1974) je dal palinološko preiskati sivo glino, ki jo • Sledi do 25 cm debela plast zelo temne do črne je našel nad rdečo ilovico severozahodno od Spo- laporne gline (5). Ta plast je ponekod močno dnje Slivnice. Šercelj (1962) je ugotovil, da je ta pošotenela. glina würmske starosti. S tem je dokazano, da je • Krovnino opisanega zaporedja kvartarnih use- rdeča ilovica še starejša. Šercelj in Dozet (1982) sta dlin predstavljajo okoli 0,5 metra debela temna s pelodnimi raziskavami ter po stratigrafski legi in aluvijalna barjanska tla (6). Zgoraj so nasičena z sestavi (Dozet 1982, 1983) dokazala, da je boksitna vodo, globlje pa je bolj ali manj temna precej ilovica oziroma terra rossa na Kočevskem pliokvar- zaglinjena prst. V vrhnjem delu so v prsti drobci tarna, ilovica s prodniki kremena in železnatega karbonatnih in redkeje klastičnih kamnin raz- boksita na Kočevskem in Ribniškem polju pa kvar- lične starosti. Površje preraščata visoko šašje tarna. (Phragmition) in trstičje (Magnocaricion). Med kvartarnimi usedlinami so na raziskanem ozemlju najbolj razširjene pleistocenske tvorbe. Pri litoloških značilnostih in legi je kvartarno sedimen- 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS tno zaporedje razčlenjeno v šest litostratigrafskih enot, in sicer (od spodaj navgor): 1 – temnosiva The authors are much obliged to the Ministry of mastna glina, 2 – siva in srednjesiva meljasta glina, Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of 3 – oranžnorumena bolj ali manj peščena ilovica, Slovenia as well as to the Geological Survey of Slov- 4 – svetlosiva laporna glina z drobci lesnega oglja, enia and Institute of Biology, Scientific Research 5 – temnorjava laporno - glineno - šotasta plast in Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and 6 – aluvijalna barjanska tla. Našteto zaporedje sedi- Arts, which enabled our investigations in the field mentov: šota, glina in ilovica leži diskordantno na and laboratory.

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7. REFERENCES

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Recieved 13. 4. 2005 Revision recieved 9. 5. 2005 Accepted 7. 10. 2005

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