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The Genetics and Genomics of Virus Resistance in Maize Margaret G Agronomy Publications Agronomy 2018 The Genetics and Genomics of Virus Resistance in Maize Margaret G. Redinbaugh U.S. Department of Agriculture Thomas Lubberstedt Iowa State University, [email protected] Pengfei Leng Iowa State University Mingliang Xu China Agricultural University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/agron_pubs Part of the Agricultural Economics Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, Molecular Genetics Commons, Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ agron_pubs/539. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Agronomy at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agronomy Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Genetics and Genomics of Virus Resistance in Maize Abstract Viruses cause significant diseases on maize worldwide. Intensive agronomic practices, changes in vector distribution, and the introduction of vectors and viruses into new areas can result in emerging disease problems. Because deployment of resistant hybrids and cultivars is considered to be both economically viable and environmentally sustainable, genes and quantitative trait loci for most economically important virus diseases have been identified. Examination of multiple studies indicates the importance of regions of maize chromosomes 2, 3, 6, and 10 in virus resistance. An understanding of the molecular basis of virus resistance in maize is beginning to emerge, and two genes conferring resistance to sugarcane mosaic virus, Scmv1 and Scmv2, have been cloned and characterized. Recent studies provide hints of other pathways and genes critical to virus resistance in maize, but further work is required to determine the roles of these in virus susceptibility and resistance. This research will be facilitated by rapidly advancing technologies for functional analysis of genes in maize. Disciplines Agricultural Economics | Agronomy and Crop Sciences | Molecular Genetics | Plant Breeding and Genetics | Plant Pathology Comments This is a chapter from Redinbaugh M.G., Lübberstedt T., Leng P., Xu M. (2018) The Genetics and Genomics of Virus Resistance in Maize. In: Bennetzen J., Flint-Garcia S., Hirsch C., Tuberosa R. (eds) The aiM ze Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-97427-9_12. Rights Works produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The onc tent of this document is not copyrighted. This book chapter is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/agron_pubs/539 The Genetics and Genomics of Virus Resistance in Maize 12 Margaret G. Redinbaugh, Thomas Lübberstedt, Pengfei Leng and Mingliang Xu Abstract Scmv2, have been cloned and characterized. Viruses cause significant diseases on maize Recent studies provide hints of other path- worldwide. Intensive agronomic practices, ways and genes critical to virus resistance in changes in vector distribution, and the intro- maize, but further work is required to deter- duction of vectors and viruses into new areas mine the roles of these in virus susceptibility can result in emerging disease problems. and resistance. This research will be facilitated Because deployment of resistant hybrids and by rapidly advancing technologies for func- cultivars is considered to be both economi- tional analysis of genes in maize. cally viable and environmentally sustainable, genes and quantitative trait loci for most economically important virus diseases have 12.1 Introduction been identified. Examination of multiple stud- ies indicates the importance of regions of Viruses cause significant disease in crops maize chromosomes 2, 3, 6, and 10 in virus worldwide (Gomez et al. 2009; Kang et al. resistance. An understanding of the molecular 2005), and they account for the majority of basis of virus resistance in maize is beginning emerging diseases in plants (Anderson et al. to emerge, and two genes conferring resis- 2004). In maize, losses due to virus diseases were tance to sugarcane mosaic virus, Scmv1 and estimated at 3% (Oerke and Dehne 2004). Based on estimated production of 875 million tonnes worldwide (Ranum et al. 2014), losses would be about 26 billion tonnes of grain valued at about 4.5 billion USD. Although more than 50 virus M. G. Redinbaugh (&) species can infect maize (Lapierre and Signoret USDA-ARS Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality 2004), only about a dozen of these cause sig- Research Unit and Department of Plant Pathology, fi The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, ni cant disease problems (Stewart et al. 2016; USA Redinbaugh and Zambrano Mendoza 2014). e-mail: [email protected] In contrast to most fungal and bacterial T. Lübberstedt Á P. Leng pathogens, viruses are obligate intracellular Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, pathogens, dependent on the host cell for repli- Ames, IA 50011, USA cation (Hull 2002). Plant virus genomes may P. Leng Á M. Xu consist of double-stranded or single-stranded National Maize Improvement Center, China RNA or DNA, may have a single genome Agricultural University, Beijing, China © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 185 J. Bennetzen et al. (eds.), The Maize Genome, Compendium of Plant Genomes, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97427-9_12 186 M. G. Redinbaugh et al. segment or be multipartite, and generally encode emerged in Europe in the late 1940s (Lapierre and fewer than 20 genes. Viruses generally enter Signoret 2004). These viruses continue to cause plant cells due to mechanical disruption of the crop losses there and in China, where agronomic cell wall and membrane resulting from insect practices facilitate large populations of virulifer- feeding, abrasion, or other means of wounding. ous vectors. In South America, the related fiji- Most maize-infecting viruses are transmitted by virus, Mal de Rio Cuarto virus (MRCV) Hemipteran insects, but maize chlorotic mottle (Bonamico et al. 2010; Lapierre and Signoret virus (MCMV) and wheat mosaic virus (WMoV, 2004), also causes problems for farmers and seed the causal agent of High Plains disease) are producers. Disease caused by all of these viruses transmitted by thrips or beetles and mites, is controlled, at least to some extent, with resistant respectively (Cabanas et al. 2013; Nault et al. or tolerant maize hybrids and cultivars. 1978; Stenger et al. 2016). Some viruses can also The recent emergence of two virus diseases be transmitted through seed (Albrechtsen 2006), is currently of concern. The most important is but well-documented rates of seed transmission maize lethal necrosis (MLN), which results are low for maize-infecting viruses (Johansen from the synergistic interaction of maize et al. 1994). In general, virus diseases occur chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) with another when a source of virus and competent vectors virus, usually from the family Potyviridae occurs together with a susceptible host under (Niblett and Claflin 1978). MLN was first suitable environmental conditions. Agronomic described in the 10–70s in Kansas and Nebraska approaches to virus disease control include in the USA, where it caused significant but chemical control of insect vector populations, localized problems. Since 2011, however, MLN adjusting planting dates to avoid vectors, has rapidly emerged in sub-Saharan East Africa removal of weedy virus reservoirs and crop where it can cause up to 100% losses of maize rotation. However, strong genetic resistance to crops (Mahuku et al. 2015;Wangaietal.2012). most maize-infecting viruses has been identified, MLN has also recently emerged and spread in providing an economically sound, environmen- China, Taiwan and Ecuador (Deng et al. 2014; tally sustainable approach for disease control. Quito-Avila et al. 2016;Xieetal.2011). For the past 50 years, several viruses have Disease emergence has been closely tied to the caused, and continue to cause, significant agri- presence of the MCMV vector, maize thrips cultural problems in maize. Viruses in the family (Frankliniella williamsii Hood),andtomultiple Potyviridae, primarily maize dwarf mosaic virus annual maize crops (Cabanas et al. 2013; (MDMV) and sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Mahuku et al. 2015). High Plains disease caused cause disease on maize everywhere the crop is by WMoV was first discovered in the 1990s on grown (Stewart et al. 2016). Maize streak, caused maize in the US Midwest (Jensen et al. 1996). by the geminivirus, maize streak virus (MSV), has WMoV continues to cause important disease in been known for more than 100 years across wheat, and seed and sweet corn (Stewart et al. sub-Saharan Africa, where it continues to cause 2016). The disease causes problems for seed significant food insecurity (Martin and Shepherd companies and maize breeders due to a potential 2009). The rhabdovirus maize mosaic virus for seed transmission (Jensen et al. 1996)that (MMV) was identified as a pathogen in 1960 has led to phytosanitary restrictions to seed (Herold et al. 1960), but the disease caused by the movement. virus has been known for centuries in the tropics In model systems, we have some under- and sub-tropics where its planthopper vector is standing of the molecular and genomic interac-
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