Emergence of Social Movements

CEU eTD Collection

A comparative analysis ofanti analysis Acomparative EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS SOCIAL OF EMERGENCE Inpartial fulfillment Supervisor: Masterof Arts Public in Policy CentralEuropean University Department of PublicPolicy India and Indonesia and India Budapest,Hungary

ofthe requirements for the degreeof SaloniDahra Submittedto

Prof.Thilo Bodenstein (2012) by

- corruption movements in movements corruption

CEU eTD Collection assomekey ‘nation organiz society committ and active leadership, in unity consciousness, political of degree a identifies paper The nations. two the in movements social of emergence differential ‘nation certain of role central the conjecturing hypothesis design. research anti the explicating analysis, comparative of methodology the using done is This contexts. economic and political sociocultural, their of similitude the non and pulverization its compelcontrariwiseand nation, given a in movement a of emergence the facilitate that factors the investigates it Particularly, movements. social ‘national’ of emergence of determinants broad the examines paper This Abstract - c orruption movements in the countries of India and Indonesia, using the ‘most similar’ ‘most the using Indonesia, and India of countries the in movements orruption

ations, access to resources, and social al socialand resources, to access ations, Te an idns f h ivsiain eut n n fimto o its of affirmation an in result investigation the of findings main The . - specific’ factors.specific’

contrasting emergence of the national the of emergence contrasting liances cutting across class cleavages, class across cutting liances - - existence in existence specific’ factors fo factors specific’ another nation, despite nation, another d oe f civil of role ed r explaining the the explaining r high high CEU eTD Collection References Conclusion6. Comparative5. analysis evaluationand Deconstructing4. t Research3. design and methodology Literature2. review Introduction1. Table of Contents Abstract Table Contents of 4.2. National anti 4.1 National anti 2.3. Post 2.2. Structural paradigm strain 2.1. Social psychological paradig

......

...... - and modernFordist paradigm ......

......

- ...... - corruption movement in Indonesia corruption movement in India he emergence of social movements

......

...... m

......

...... 2 ......

......

44 41 32 22 16 13 27 22

7 3 2 1 9 8

CEU eTD Collection of methodology the the explicating using analysis, comparative done is This contexts. economic and political sociocultural, their of similitude the despite another, in pulverization their with nation one in movements contr that factors the examines also paper the investigation, this with to aims isresearch paper this question key the Essentially, movements. social of rise the explaining a generate to aims for paper theories, movement social of assortment an by the nurtured factors of ‘synthesis’ wholesome so, doing In movements. of emergence the determining addr therein strands, research varying the between linkage a establish to attempt an is paper This influencingverythe ofsocial movements.emergence factors on consensus theoretical in of lack the to due concept the of insightfulcomprehension thorough a overwhelmingly been have theorieslimited are theymovements, socialof dynamics and emergence the understanding these of contributions the While movements. social new of theory the and structure, opportunity political of theory theory, years the over movements social underpinning explanations theoretical of arraywide a of development Zald, and McCarthy McAdam, 1999; centurylast the subject over the researchofstudy inand the expansion diverse the in also but expression, political of tool a as use extensive their just not in itself phen conceptual a as movements social of effervescence The sig h ‘a’ f cmrhnie esetv fr h ietfcto o factors of identification the for perspective comprehensive a of ‘gap’ the essing – –

eminent ones constituting the theory of col of theory the constituting ones eminent

‘what are the determinants of rise of nationalmovements?’. determinantssocialthe are of of ‘what rise 1. Introduction 1. otatn emerge contrasting

1996) 3

nvtby ti hs otiue t the to contributed has this Inevitably,

lective action, resource mobiliz resource action, lective

c o te oeet i te two the in movements the of nce omenon has palpably manifest palpably has omenon (della Porta and Diani,and (della Porta ast the emergence of of emergence the ast Inconsonance

in yielding in ation ation CEU eTD Collection conse causes, its to limited being issues corruption of investigation far thus the to owing research, of worthy subject a offer anti addition, In literature. movement social comparative the to value non and repression of decades after in India same anti long decades three the co the countries Furthermore, connectliteraturebetweeninterestinganalysis two ofexistingtheon the an provides 2011). International, Transparency 1998; (Khan, corruption for control nations these of efforts onerous the and corruption of levels prevalent the anti m the of focus constricted the of light in Besides, 2011). (Ferguson, society civil of proliferation anddemocracy fragmented economies, second vast of presence policies, cultu broad of their in similitude lies countries two these between comparative a drawing for rationale The decades,forfactorsalbeit seeminglyitsthe eruption.conducive – by supported is propositions theoretical ‘anti nationalthe examining phenomenonof the the of assessment The scope. its in contained movements, social paper. this ‘nation as ascribed are and theories movement social assorted the from exported re to access consciousness, (political then is movements design.similar’research‘most the countriesusing

ovement being researched in this paper, the two countries match favourably with regard to regard with favourably match countries two the paper, this in researched being ovement contrasting

It is important to note here that the paper focuses on the phenomenon of ‘national’ ‘national’ phenomenonof the on focuses paper the herethat note to important is It

t mrec i h omrwt ispleiain nte atrfrnal four nearly for latter the in pulverization its with former the in emergence its a ad itrcl eiae sap cnmc rwh n liberalisation and growth economic sharp heritage, historical and ral n hne oa lvl rsros oeet ad piig ae not are uprisings and movements grassroots level local hence and factors contextual several of specificity the of basis the on reasoned - corruption crusade in Indonesia and the recent eruption of the the of eruption recent the and Indonesia in crusade corruption quences and remedies. The paper thus puts forth a relatively a forth puts thus paper The remedies. and quences s ucs ad ersin f movements of repression and ources, 4

- corruption movement’ in India movement’and corruption Indonesia -

existenc Precisely, the differential emergence of the differentialofPrecisely, emergencethe e. In researching so, the study adds adds studythe so, researching In e.

- corruption movements corruption , hc are which ), - specific’ in specific’ - corruption corruption mparative CEU eTD Collection research thefor implicationspropositions theseof the withconcludesand theories, movement with embarks It movements. emergence social ofthe on expatiatesliterature vast that the of criticalbuildsreview a chapter first The chapters. four into divided is paper the investigation, systematic of purpose the For ‘nation crucial determiningemergencethe anti ofthe some as identified were cleavages, class across cutting organiz society Further population. the mobilizing for facet effectivean as servedwhich country, the indemocratization forstruggle broader the o level high a in ensconced was transparency accountabilityandbureaucratic attain to latter, consciousnessdevout the In Indonesia. unlike India, in movement corruption anti national a of evolution certain the hindered of factors absence precipitating and that variables propound conditioning These findings. key its with hypothesis the validates anti of evidence empirical the Using incapacity. same the them influencing factors external and contexts structural their of similarities the of regardless emanate countries two in movements social of emergence differential the that hypothesis the builds it so, doing In variable. dependent the explores a movements’ of ‘emergence the treats thus paper The corruptionforcorruption aspirationand control. fac on focusing research, of area explored less

xlntr fcos o te ae o Ida n Idnsa ht ifr n the on differ that Indonesia and India of cases the for factors explanatory tos acs t mtra ad non and material to access ations,

a chronological assessment of the propositions of social social of propositions the of assessment chronological a ,

- nt i leadership in unity corruption movements in India and Indonesia, the paper the Indonesia, and India in movements corruption - c orruption movement inmovement orruptionIndonesia. 5 tors embarking mass unrest which result which unrest mass embarking tors fo a ary f nation of array an from s

- material resources and social alliances alliances social and resources material atv ad committ and active , s the key dependent variable and and variable dependent key the s

- - pcfc factors specific’ pcfc factors, specific ed role of civil civil of role ed political f

from -

CEU eTD Collection futurefor areasresearch. and paper the oflimitations the movements, social of emergence of assessments factorial the pulverization and emergence movement’s a for difference corruptionendeavo the of examination comparative a to devoted is chapter fourth The 2011. until India anti an into vis insights empirical builds chapter comparativ methodology elaborates researchThethe the andsecond of focuspaper. chapter thisdesign of e investigation, with a brief mention of its rationale and limitations. The third third The limitations. and rationale its of mention brief a with investigation, e - corruption movement in Indonesia, and contrastingly lead to its n itscontrastingly to leadinandmovement Indonesia, corruption rs inrs IndiaIndonesia,accountingand factors the reflecting on for prime the

- à - vis a description of the chain of events that culminate that events of chain the of description a vis 6

. Finally, the paper concludes with concludes paper the Finally, . on - emergence in emergence anti - CEU eTD Collection in indulged always have actors societal as innovation, been has movements social of emergence The for researchthe the tone sets and propositions theoretical existing the of implications the considers chapter the each, post the and paradigm, strain structural paradigm, psychological social paradigms: main three under movements. social new of theory and structure, opportunity political movementsrisesocial ofthe elucidate theoriesthat fivecore of overview chronological a of presentation the embarkswith cross a allow subsequently to literature.It movements body ofvast the to contributionsits of evaluationanand same, the comparisonof social of rise the on background theoretical the ofreview comprehensive ofobjectiveaholds connotations, the chapter this issue then, the of its delineates consciously chapter implicati this eclectic, social largely on literature is the movements that fact the of cognizance taking However, movements. social de to attempts such several of extension an is chapter This phenomenon. the theorize to attempt an in evolved has that socialmovementselementhascore beena in of bodyexploration hasvast literature that the of 1996). Zald, and McCarthy McAdam, 1999; Diani, and Porta (della research of area key a them made undoubtedly has 1960s the since ininfluencepolitics vast theirand movements socialproliferationof unprecedented The - Fordist and modernparad Fordistand ons and scope in reference to its relevance in this paper. For a coherent examination coherent a For paper. this in relevance its to reference in scope and ons questions pursued inpaper. questionspursued this ytf te oeta gons and grounds potential the mystify –

structuraltheor strain 2. 2. igm. Literaturer After evaluating the contributions and inadequacies of and contributions theevaluating After Inevitably, 7

an evolutionary process rather than a dramatic dramatic a than rather process evolutionary an

the rationalization for the emergence of of emergence the for rationalization the y, resource mobilization y,resourceof theory,theory eview

some sort of collective behavio collective of sort some

asn d'être raison These are ensconced ensconced are These

for the rise of of rise the for - national r and r CEU eTD Collection fineAmericanWarCivile are ( politicalresources or professional intellectual, little with individuals comprising extremism political in culminates Collective 1999). Diani, and Porta (della framework susceptible more individuals making therein expectations, thwarted from resulting aggression of feelings the spawns which of order, normative weakening a and fabric social the of disintegration the from resulting anomie and society modern this, to According (1959). Kornhauser William and Laswell Harold of works the in visible is as formation, its to society contributed equally theory mass the propensities, individual and ideological by characterized was paradigm o on While 1997). Tenuto, and (Garner purposes pragmatic or pathological for symbolicrepresentations, through order socialnew establisha to enterprise collective a as social by the by marked was proposed approach interactionism research symbolic the of primacy and a with paradigms, psychological theory movement social in period first The 2.1 postthe and paradigm, Marxist and strain structural paradigm, psychological social paradigms: three thefrom chieflyderived have to said be can theory movement social the of origins The history. throughout protests

Herbert Blumer (1969). The approach advanced the unde the advanced approach The (1969). Blumer Herbert .

Social psychological paradigm psychological Social - Fordistmodernand paradigm. Kornhauser, 1959; Porta and Diani, 1999). The rise of Nazism and the the and Nazism of rise The 1999). Diani, and Porta 1959; Kornhauser, influences of five major theories, which assemble under the realm of of realm the under assemble which theories, majorfive of influences xemplarsofsuch crisis behavio

to ideological appeals in an anti an in appeals ideological to 8

behavio r. r. rstanding of collective behavio collective of rstanding

is characterized by alienation alienation by characterized is r in such instances often often instances such in r - institutionalist e ad this hand, ne r CEU eTD Collection mobi and factors; (Smelser,1962). precipitating communication; and leadership actors; social of problembeliefs andgeneralized ofin growth society);spread tensionof or the strain source (a t structure social of (configuration conduciveness structural on dependent as movement a of emanation the the collective and ideology shared a hand other solidaritythe Po on (della through crisis such to response societal the and hand, one on cohesion social generate to mechanisms control social and institutions of failure the rebalanc homeostatic the of inability the as movements the tandem, In kindreferencea of deficitto (Garnerand relative 1997). group Tenuto, model,andrelativethewhich deprivation attribu ma the as such models, strain structural different with elucidated was This 1938). (Merton, goals availabl means institutionalized the and goals defined culturally between incongruity the bycaused strain a to insinuatedowing iswhich actors, its byfaced pressure a bring to imperative was movements social of instrument the through action collective that belief the on based structure, social encompassing its to analysis of unit the as individual the from The theories. mobilization resource and choice rational paradigm strain structural the to theories earlier from focus the shifted 1960s, the inidentifiable mainly theory, movement socialin period major second The 2.2 cro . Structural strain Structural . theory of collective behavio collective of theory

about institutional change (Merton, 1938). It explained the emergence of movements as movements of emergence explainedthe It 1938). (Merton, institutionalchange about - strain model, which emphasiz which model, strain

hat facilitates or constrains the constrains or facilitates hat structural

paradigm - ucinls approach functionalist r , propounded by Neil Smelser. His six His Smelser. Neil by propounded ,

rta and rta Diani,Ais1999).in prominent theory regard this ed the anger and frustration of individuals for rebellion; rebellion; for individuals of frustration and anger the ed 9

ted the emergence of a movement to a movementcertain emergenceto ofthe a ted emergence of collective behavio collective of emergence

explained the emergence of social social of emergence the explained ing mechanisms in society, depicting depicting society, in mechanisms ing s tructural paradigm tructural –

also incorporating the the incorporating also - stage model explains explains model stage e to achieve these these achieve to e

shifted attention attention shifted r); structural r); lization CEU eTD Collection co be to likely more are structures formal with organizations “large that implied This methods. of effectiveness mov and difference emergence, the explained It 1966). Ash, and (Zald goals desired the to strategies and forms organizational of matching purposive and conscious the and discourses ideologies, on fo a to individuals, concentrated theories predecessive its from transition a marked theorymobilization resource the movements, of emanation the explaining in Further, followingitsandeffectiveness. o force the determine strategies and resources ofproportions relative and types Different sustenance. and emergence successful their of determinants fundamental constitute 15), p. 1999, Diani, and (Porta consensus” external achieve and members among incen share action, of costs the reduce networks, solidarity create discontent, organize movements which in manner “the implicating strategies the Besides, 1999). Diani, and Porta sponsorship non alternatively, as such material, be could Resources mov social by adorned theory in elucidated were conditions These mobilization. to discontent of social of emergence the explainconsid to important equally is to it movements; suffice not do alone conflicts, and tensions strain, structural that grounds the on criticismmuchattracted however, theories, strainstructuralThe - pe, hra sal n cnrly otold oeet ehbt preemptive exhibit movements controlled centrally and small whereas opted, mns ae o ter usi o nro gas bracai srcue n disruptive and structure bureaucratic goals, narrow of pursuit their on based ements truh h cpcte mnfs i te custo o rsucs r h strategies the or resources of acquisition the in manifest capacities the through , , media support and favorable public opinion (McCarthy and Zald, 1977; della della 1977; Zald, and (McCarthy opinion public favorable and support media , - aeil sc as such material, cus on social movement organizations guided by means by guided organizations movement social on cus ements (McCarthy and Zald, 1977; della Porta and Diani, 1999). 1999). Diani, and Porta della 1977; Zald, and (McCarthy ements

–

tia eggmn, at, redhp atoiy elite authority, friendship, faith, engagement, ethical –

money, work, concrete benefits and services; or or services; and benefits concrete work, money, er the conditions that facilitate the transposition transposition the facilitate that conditions the er 10

the resource mobilization mobilization resource the f an emerging movement emergingfan - rationality, that is that rationality, outcomes, tives tives CEU eTD Collection this signifying variables several proffered Italy, in cycles protest of research empirical his in (1983) Tarrow Sidney 1978). (Tilly, polity the in positions pivotal occupying individuals mov of interaction the on based movement a of endurance and emergence theory structure The opportunity 1999). Diani, and Porta (della operate movements the which within milieu movements social of environment external the of cognizance insufficient taking for and protest, of origins structural the overlooking its Despite p.135).(Oberschall, 1973, under to tend hence individuals well former from usually movement a of recruits that fact the elucidates This collectivities. diverse integrating thus links, solidarity horizontal and vertical existing of strengthening the entails also mobilization that explain they Rather, 15). p. 1999, Diani, and (della marginalization” social their to surrogate “a as individuals displaced and isolated for expression an as behaviour collective of theories earlier of claims the discard theory this fo crucial deemed is that actors movement by mobilization resource to cost regard special with movements in a participation from emanate that actions organized and purposeful rational, mobi resource the of development the to contributed also (1978) Tilly Charles and (1973) Oberschall Anthony (1966), Zald Mayer Curtis1974). Zurcher, and 1966; Ash, and Zald 23, p. 1997, Tenuto, and (Garner acceptance” without benefits is, that xesv cnrbtos te eore oiiain hoy trce ciiim for criticism attracted theory mobilization resource the contributions, extensive - organized and integrated movements. “Socially isolated and uprooted uprooted and isolated “Socially movements. integrated and organized r its development. In consonance with this perception, proponents of of proponents perception, this with consonance In development. its r

s f pca mnin n hs ead wih eemns the determines which regard, this in mention special of is - represent a movement, at least until it becomes substantial” becomes it until least at movement, a represent iain hoy Te evsgd oil oeet as movements social envisaged They theory. lization –

11 more specifically the political and in and political the specifically more

opie atcpns n activists and participants comprise - benefit analysis of of analysis benefit ement actors with actors ement stitutional stitutional political Porta Porta CEU eTD Collection counter by determined thus trends, other ideological by cooperatio generating similar shaped possessing often movements are movements historical that or understand contemporaneous to useful also is theory The McCarthy1996). Zald,and (Di change a about bring to potential foresee theywhichthrough or butwithinquo,which problematic a status for responsiblehold only not affirmstructural availability,belieftheywhich liberation’about their of ‘cognitive to activist emerge, to protest a for that means This existence. objective its withitsconcurmust socialmovements,construction for social emergencetheof factor key Ber mobilizations(Mayer,political1991).and opportunity structures short their of contrary approach the unlike organizations movement of professionalization entrep to Such lead to elites. anticipated from support including actors, rational as resources as seen routinize and mobilize was to opportunities seizing thus sense, entrepreneurs, organizational comprising this in movement, The 1994). (Tarrow, factors important equally as lis were movement, the of repression and control social of level the of and elites, incumbent behaviour the society, in institutions political of forms very the Besides, 35). p. 1989, 19 (Tarrow, allies” potentialof strategicposture availabilityandinstabilitypolitical the alignments, of stability or of degree the access, political formal of closure or openness of degree “the constitute These agenda the regulating and relationship ger and Luckmann (1966) point out that for political opportunity structure to prevail as a as prevail to structure opportunity politicalfor that out point (1966) Luckmann and ger 3 p 2) ad pltcl ofit bten n wti eie” (Tarrow, elites” within and between conflicts “political and 28), p. 83, n and coalitions amongst them. In addition, their affluence may also be also may affluence their addition, In them. amongst coalitions and n - movements, which may induce competition between their parallel parallel their between competition induce may which movements, -

u oeain ihn h faeok f nieos protest indigenous of framework the within operation run - setting and setting ani, 1996; Gamson and Meyer, 1996; McAdam, McAdam, 1996; Meyer, and Gamson 1996; ani, 12

decision - making processes of movements. of processes making

s must undergo a process a undergo must s reneurship was was reneurship ted ted CEU eTD Collection po capitalism, advanced of phenomena The landscape. economic and social political, evolving and new a of face in especially society, of structure the in movements social of assimilation the for challenges new by characterized l commencing theory, movement social in period third The 2 movemen the to weight substantialattribute who theorists mobilizationresource the unlike bottom movements, and unpredictability spontaneity, of primacy the to attention ende their in rational means only considered not approachmovements Marxist the reason, very this For 1997). Tenuto, and (Garner cause the purported it not however structure existing of influence organizations, movement on thrust this reaffirmed paradigm Marxist the theories, structure opportunity political and mobilization resource the to Similar inmodernmovements thehavetimes shaptaken social which within context cultural larger the ignoring and reductionism’, ‘political towards bend strong a exhibiting for criticized been have however, theorists, opportunity Political 1997). Tenuto, of resources (Gar and endeavours control social remonstrations of intensification of simultaneous the with reduction movements, a to leading often change, political and non actors, state with time over movements these of interaction the importantly, More existences. .3. .3. - s Post tate elites, media and counter and media elites, tate - t organizations for a movement’sorganizationsafor t emergencesuccess.and Fordist and modern paradigm modern and Fordist

avo t rfr te. ie ad lwr (97 i ti cnet drew context this in (1977) Cloward and Piven them. reform to r - ainl nterrltosi oteevrnet u also but environment, the to relationship their in rational

merely as movement environments but as their underlying their as but environments movement as merely - movements generates cycles of protest, collective action action collective protest, of cycles generates movements

st 13 - ods, oent, evc ad information and service modernity, Fordism, e (Melucci,1996;1998). e Rochon,

ate 1960s and early 1970s, was was 1970s, early and 1960s ate

- up mobilization of of mobilization up

e and ner

ends - CEU eTD Collection movements.socialnew theory of the to actioncollective oftheory from the progression bythe chiefly represented is transition This strategies. organizational planned their and movements a empirical and dynamics unexpected their of study the from shift evolving an displaying particularly theories, these all of evolutionin the discernible are movementssocial emergenceof for reasons the sum up, To effective for 1999). manner rational a in entre social engage into transforming thus resources, of mobilization actors wherein action, political of forms conventional of extension an as movements social of emergence the explained theory this irrationalasan movementsearliersocial conceptions ofthe to Contrary obstaclesinsocialfor strategies their 2001). (Edelman, transformation ope formamorphousanti flexibility,and decentralized rather for theirwaypaved movements the Although class. working new the and class middle new the youth, alienated as such fixtures, occupational their from estranged be to probable more were who population of segments from support drew They 1997). Tenuto, and Garner (Edelman on so and control corruption marginalized, the of representation LGBTs, of treatment equal environment, as suchissues new around mobilized and appeals, libertarian a a and of Leftist fundamentally were movements these Europe, in observed first movements’, social ‘new the as Known movements. of variety new a of culmination the to led which control, fa push as acted further media Globalization,andtechnology 1999). Diani,and della1997;Porta Tenuto, and(Garner activism of type new a forth brought and identities collective in changes instigated economy

nti - statist nature, were loosely organized and anti and organized loosely were nature, statist ctors for the expansion of these identities and the weakening of state state of weakening the and identities these of expansion the for ctors n lss f olcie behavio collective of alysis 14

r, to the structural assessment of of assessment structural the to r, preneurs (della Porta and Diani, and Porta (della preneurs - hierarchical in structure, had structure, in hierarchical

d reactive phenomena,reactive d - statist standposed statist ration of these these of ration , 2001; 2001; ,

CEU eTD Collection appropriateafor these countries,capacious not generalization. movemen these broad the are explicate or movements, social to of pulverization) alternatively utilized (or emergence be the of determinants can Indonesia and India in movements corruption A general. in Indonesia and anti national the of emergence the in manifested been have factors these which to extent the exploring by methodology this of potential promising the theormovement ofsocialexistingseveral tenets the it into filtering and synthesising by movements’, social of ‘emergenceinvestigation of the formethodology alternativeanoffer to thenis paper thisaim ofThe in chapter. thisdiscussed movements,havein socialcausesthesetheoriestheirof owncharacteristics and conceptions, incongruent and myriad presenting In flawless. not are they movements, social Alt

og te above the hough ts intrinsicallyinsocial,economicconditions and political ts ofthe characteristic - discussed theories have made important contributions to the study of of study the to contributions important made have theories discussed t the same time, this dissertation also seeks to explore if the ifexplore to seeks also dissertation this time, same the t 15 ies. In the subsequent chapters,tests subsequentIn ies.the paper the

- corruption movements in India India in movements corruption

adequacies, as as adequacies, anti - CEU eTD Collection th uses it so, doing In movements. social of phenomenon political countries Indonesia two investigates paper the in employed method comparative The iniswhichf congruence ofthe path of significance crucial 1994), (Rucht, the movements of contexts temporal and spatial the both establishes explicate to dependence hence It 2002). Porta, (della movements countri the of characteristics historical and nationalimpactofpolitical examining insteadthe and measures,statistical descriptivebeyond go to capacity its for justified is methodology the of use The 1989). Tarrow, 1986; (Tilly, re movement social in methodology established an is which analysis, comparative of method the of use the in manifested is investigations these of resolution The insimilar nature. theirandobjective(s) to reference particular with nations, across movement a of emergence differential the explore to seeks also paper the consonance, the of investigation prudent a for synthesis th amalgamating of objective the holds paper this then, compartmentaliz highly water in emergence their for factors the perceiving than rather movements, social genericcomprehe moreand jargonsa creatingandconceptual avoiding by theories movement social existing the of shortcomings the address to intends paper This –

rfrig h sal ubr f ae t cmrhniey xmn te macro the examine comprehensively to cases of number small the preferring 3. Research 3. design and m ed theoretical frameworks. To create a more balanced perspective perspective balanced more a create To frameworks. theoretical ed

ocus ofpaper. this ocus

itnt ie eid, ept te oeet being movements the despite periods, time distinct es under analysis in explaining the emergence of of emergence the explaining in analysis under es 16 asn d'être raison

ethodology s tere, hri gnrtn a generating therein theories, ese

o rs o sca mvmns In movements. social of rise for e ‘most e search since the 1960s 1960s the since search nsive understanding of nsiveunderstanding

- similar’ research research similar’ –

India and and India ih and tight - CEU eTD Collection general164). implies two similaritiesThis1975,thep. that of control thevariables” (Lijphart, “maximiz design The ensuingchapter. the in examined is which decades, few last the in corruption mitigating in efforts onerous displayed have countries both circumstances these under Inevitably, 2011). International, 0 of scale a on 3.1 scoring and 95 ranking India with International, Transparency of 2011 Index Perceptions Corruption sociopolitical their in fram endemic corruption made has which countries, both in inefficient and frail is administration public essay, this of context the in Further, 0.547. of HDI an with comparable nationsare at 124 ranking India and 4,293 two the 2011, ofestimates Index(HDI) Development Humanthe of intermsEven 3586. US$ US$ at 118 ranking Indonesia with bracket, same the eighteenth raking and 558 706, US$ of GDP a havingIndonesia and globally,ninth rankingand 1,832,222 US$ countr two the of GDP the Bank, World the of Indicators Development World 2010 the per As society 2011). civil (Ferguson, active and culture civic growing a and interests, concealed with democracy libe for approach ardent an with line in growth economic sharp a recently more and legacy, colonial their of account on analogous are both conjunction,In Indonesia. of culture fusion the on culture Hindu the of an historicala sharecountries the Both parameters. various on similarity Indonesia’s and India considering relevant particularly is comparison anti of phenomenon the compare to design wr truh patron through ework

Te ol Bn, 00.Smlry ter e cpt income capita per their Similarly, 2010). Bank, World (The es the variance of the dependent varia dependent the of variance the es –

Indonesia ranking 124 with an HDI of 0.617, and India ranking 134 134 ranking India and 0.617, of HDI an with 124 ranking Indonesia ies strikes a comparable match, with India having a GDP of of GDP a having India with match, comparable a strikes ies ralization. Both countries are clamorous, have a fragmented fragmented a have clamorous, are countries Both ralization. - let lw (hn 19) Bt cutis ak o o the on low rank countries Both 1998). (Khan, flows client - 10, and Indonesia ranking 100 and scoring 3 (Transparency (Transparency 3 scoring and 100 ranking Indonesia and 10, - 17 orpin oeet i tee countries. these in movements corruption

d cultural heritage, with special influences influences specialwith heritage, cultural d ble and minimizes the variance of of variance the minimizes and ble ii

falls within within falls The The CEU eTD Collection multi thevariables andindependent theamount ofcopious the Anticipating variable. dependent the implies movements of emergence the and variable(s) nat independent Here, movements. of the comparing emergence in differential significance theoretical their test to necessary movements corruption anti of attributes empirical the forward puts and detail in factors these examines paper This ( comparable offer framework national they narrow a within restrictive rather being just than scale, country,broader a on indicators each to idiosyncratic as misconstrued be to not structu similar in despite absence others, their and countries, some in movements social of rise the explain to effective center organi and symbolic the of or knowledge political), unity of degree the include or ethnic (class, society the within cleavages may and alliances socialleadership, infragmentation these Further, population. the of ingrained consciousness regime expectations, and societal legitimacy regime fulfilling of in perceptions effectiveness social the to refer For may country. each these influencing instance, factors external and structural other to response societal the determine and country, exclusive each of conditions cultural and ‘nationwords, other Inmovements. emergenceof ‘nation as considered be consequently which countries, two the in historical) and economic social, (political, factors contextual various specificityto ascribe Thesevariables different. are explanatorythat variables other on hen and movement, corruption anti their of evolution differential the explaining in irrelevant are analysis under countries Nørgaard Nørgaard o pwr n a itr o pir tuge. n hs a, nation way, this In struggles. prior of history a and power of s andp.774).Sampson, 1984, ral and external variables at work. However, these factors are factors these However, work. at variables external and ral ce, to allow better understanding of this difference, focus is set set isfocus difference, this understanding of better allow to ce,

- pcfc fcos n xliig h contrasting the explaining in factors specific’ 18

- specific’ factors outline the social, political, political, social,the outlinefactors specific’ ainl resource zational ion - pcfc atr cnttt a the as constitute factors specific

in the levels of political political of levels the in i scey alternative society, in s

rcs ntr o the of nature precise - pcfc atr are factors specific - pronged nature ofnature pronged

can can - - CEU eTD Collection movemen dynamics which on based expressions mo the of character back having influence, mutual of relationship a share also they hand, other the On manifestations. its hence and movement, the of representations as stand strateg and structure, context structure, movement mobilization, movement: the of aspects key four through place takes revelation fib moral and physical the through actualized is pertin isit movements, of emergence on ishere thrust the While specificfactors. nation on focuses paper this movements, social of emergence peculiar and nature divergent of rise the alsoStructuralkeymovements.forare factorsfactors sole determinantsof externalcausal and nation on focus However, design. research ‘cause the t. - movements. But since the focus of this paper is to draw a comparative study of the the of studycomparative a draw isto paper this offocus sincethe But movements. ht enoc te vigo the reinforce that fet peoeo big e being phenomenon effect’

vement itself and its various causal factors. These, hence, are not mere not are hence, These, factors. causal various its and itself vement

a movement can be operationaliz be can movement a ascae wt te mrec ad sustenanc and emergence the with associated r qie, hs ae esnily dps n exploratory an adopts essentially paper this nquired, ies. As represented in Figure 1, these, on one hand, hand, one on these, 1, Figure in represented As ies. - specific factors does not entail that these are the are these that entail not does factors specific 19

of the movement itself. In other words, its words, other In itself. movement the of ed; rather they signify essential essential signify they rather ed; ent to note that its expositionits that note to ent - and - ot lnae wt the with linkages forth

o a of e - CEU eTD Collection most vali of comparison Third, future. incountries necessitate other between research comparativesimilar through may which hypothesis, the of generalizability of level low evolve may comparison binary Second, description. thick their losing without countries, two the research the However, variables. betweenrelationships the of control systematicallow not does compared being cases of number small the that cognizance takes paper the foremost, and First extent. limit few poses methodology the Nonetheless, factors. external and structural besides well, as countries other in applicability nation of generalizability of level correct the develops anti emergenceof the Gauging (McAdam,conferenceson and so McCarthy 1996). Zald, and Strategies bas movement the for people of support andpolitical values,consciousness the structure,which determine context the of integral parts equally are contexts cultural and social The it. of component one comprises only latter the as politic the with misconstrued be to not is however, This, the movement. constitutes essentially which environment, larger a places within takes structure movement and mobilization personal of facilitation the The leaders. meeting movement or identity collective a counterfeiting mobilization, resources movement’s of utilization for mechanisms people. influencing and information, distribute process to skills and frames knowledge, money, people, as such resources necessitates Here, - similar cases poses the risk of over of risk the poses cases similar mobilization

compo design utilizes this very same reasoning to justify the qualitative investigation of of investigation qualitative justifythe to reasoning same very this utilizes design se different actions for mobiliz for actions different se

mle te rprto ad mlmnain f rts atos which actions, protest of implementation and preparation the implies - corruption movementsth corruption ations, which have been attempted to mitigate to a certain a to mitigate to attempted been have which ations, - determination or inclusion of too many independent many too of inclusion or determination d n h srcue n ognzto o society. of organization and structure the on ed 20 Movement structure Movement

ation, such as protests, hunger strikes, press strikes, hunger protests, as such ation, rough these manifestations, the paper manifestations,the rough these – - specific factors having potential potential having factors specific

for information dissemination, dissemination, information for

otx structure context entails the organizational the entails al opportunity structure, structure, opportunity al

neet of interests

f the of dation and CEU eTD Collection analyz phenomenon. anti the investigating the sources scholarly of dearth of is there 2011), emergenceApril (dated India in recent movement the to due However, Indonesia. in movement literatu of purpose the for articles journal and books relevant of use makes paper the that note to important is It p.16). 1990, Pelassy, and (Dogan constant” kept be cannot variables “contextual any wherein study, the the on justified is This 303). p. 2002, Porta, (dellavariables e the casethe eof India.

For this reason, this paper relies on scrutiny of newspa of scrutiny on relies paper this reason, this For e eiw ad h dsrpin n assmn o te anti the of assessment and description the and review, re

basis of the exploratory nature of nature exploratory the ofbasis per articles and blogs to blogs and articles per - - corruption corruption corruption CEU eTD Collection 2006) (Quah, malfeasances grand abundant the in family Soeharto’s of role the and sector public Indonesia’s within corruption rampant the to attention public draw to was movement the of r military retired academicians, several incorporating proliferation the with concretized, outreach and mandate movement’s the corollary, a As government sporadic and lay committeeunpurposed ineffectualas the proved efforts government the Nonetheless, activists. student of number a included that committee tran a as surfaced government the by this to response shorthand A protests. and activism student inprominently culminated sections vast societywhich of amongspawned Soeharto, byrage a efforts President then the inc and miniscule the with embarked unrest The 2010). McLeod, and (Setiyono press the by criticism and demonstrations student of form in notably organiz regime mid anti national the of history The National anti 4.1 - 1960s, which emerged as a critical response to the corruption flagrant under the Soehartounder the flagrant corruptionthe criticalto a response as emergedwhich 1960s, . An organiz An .

tosadctzn rnfre it lmoatusreb h al 90, most 1970s, early the by upsurge flamboyant a into transformed citizens and ations Bt, 2011) (Butt, 4. 4.

(Setiyonoand2010) McLeod, Deconstructingthe emergence of movementssocial –

having no significant role of student activists in the operations of the the of operations the in activists student of role significant no having ed initiative in th in initiative ed - corruption movement inmovement Indonesia corruption Wa iiily mre a a ii cnen by concern timid a as emerged initially What . - corruption movement in Indonesia can be traced back to the to back traced be can Indonesia in movement corruption ulzr i te salsmn o a e anti new a of establishment the via quilizer is regard was the “Petition of Fifty” of “Petition the was regard is .

onspicuous impact of corruption control control corruption of impact onspicuous –

epresentatives and politicians. The aim aim The politicians. and epresentatives without a clear mandate, short of funds, ofshort mandate,cleara without

ha a (Petisi 50) (Petisi ndful civil society society civil ndful -

corruption corruption –

a group a –

CEU eTD Collection o cases individual or institutional particular any pinpointing in digress not did movement behavio corrupt the re movement on insistence strong a with 1990s reformasi late the in intensified movement the of actions The nepot its Indonesia in movement regard this in mention prominent of is Rais Amein Professor raising in academicians of ab awareness engagement deep a witnessed movement the Democracy), ( ( Aldera Reformasiuntuk Aksi Jaringan dan ( Pijar as such CSOs of growth thefrom Apart government. the in corruption aware wider a o involvement the with significant, became movement the of proliferation the onwards, 1990s early From the on a powers ofthe effects curtailing any have movement looming the let not to coopted successfully anti the of element Similarly, government. the from repression harsh profound faced soon however, the group, The criticizing government. petition the in corruption its through reckoned actors movement significant of oiaia Mhssa noei utk Demokrasi untuk Indonesia Mahasiswa Solidaritas isme las Dmkai Rakyat Demokrasi Aliansi , as the Asian financial crisis brought severe criticism to Soeharto. The aim of the of aim The Soeharto. to criticism severe brought crisis financial Asian the as , , corruption, collusion, nepotism)and mained steady and focused and steady mained u Seat’ bsns mnple ad novmn i butfl frauds. bountiful in involvement and monopolies business Soeharto’s out ness and political consciousness among citizens in general about the endemic the about general in citizens among consciousness political and ness organiz student (CSOs), organizations society civil numerous f uthoritarianregime ofSoeharto o pbi sco officials sector public of r - orpin oeet ee ihr upesd y h sae o were or state, the by suppressed either were movement corruption sae f rtss n pttos ht on olwd s n integral an as followed soon that petitions and protests of spate a reformasi , the Information Centre and Action Network for Reform)for Network Actionand Centre Information the ,

te epes eortc line, n SMID and Alliance), Democratic People’s the , rfr) slogan (reform) –

to bring Soeharto’s regime to an end an end an to regime Soeharto’s bring to 23

(Setiyonoand2010) McLeod, (van Klinken,2008) (van

Styn ad ced 2010) McLeod, and (Setiyono Idnsa Suet oiaiy for Solidarity Student Indonesian , –

aoih K ( KKN “abolish –

who gave the anti the gave who .

ous, oui dan kolusi korupsi, . Pusat Informaci Pusat ations, and with with and ations, Hne the Hence . - corruption corruption d to arrest to d f , CEU eTD Collection Th movement. the strengthen to quo status political anti the corruption, extensive the of confrontation the endure to and government, undemocratic an of resurgence ord In collapse. regime the followed that period the in effective rectified got soon lacking This 351). p. “fragmented, 2010, McLeod, and remained (Setiyono vision” common largely a and coordination movement the impetus, and thrust notw Moreover, 351). p. 2010, McLeod, and (Setiyono targeted the against action of course legal any preventing thus corruption”, of allegations substantiate to of downfall the evidence sufficient “lacking and“spontaneous” as literature until the in typified beenhas Soeharto movement the mobilization, and momentum growing its Despite 2008) PWI the of establishment the to led which charges, corruption to dem conducted ( Journalists Indonesian of Association the of Members press. the and citizens CSOs, involving society, of sections targeti movement, the of proliferation levelsvillage and government local and provincial, national, at held were KKN against Demonstrations publi on levies illicit and procurement, government projects, levels governance national gove and top; mayors, the as such officials on cronies business and family his Soeharto, targeting actors, an witnessed anti the by Indonesialight to brought 1998, cases corruption individual May of inundation in collapse regime the after However, corruption. .

–

onstrations demanding the resignation of their own head and secretary owing secretary and head own their of resignation the demanding onstrations at state owned enterprises, state institutions and professional associations. The institutions professionalandassociations. state enterprises, stateowned at - corruption movement actors seized the opportunity provided by the the by provided opportunity the seized actors movement corruption Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia Wartawan Persatuan bupatis –

to demand ju demand to

(district heads) and members of parliament at the local and local the at parliament of members and heads) (district ng corruption of all kinds and at all levels infiltrated all infiltrated levels all at and kinds all of corruption ng stice for their corrupt behaviocorrupt their for stice 24

is was realized through the consolidation the through realized was is ), for instance, signed a petition and petition a signed instance, for ), c services c r o rvn te possible the prevent to er reformasi ithstanding its mounting its ithstanding -

orpin movement corruption r in local government localin r (van Klinken, 2008) Klinken, (van

(Hamilton rnment rnment - Hart, Hart, .

CEU eTD Collection 2010; Setiyono Hart, and2010; Klinken,McLeod, van 2008) resea and forums, discussion public criticism, media, the public through campaigns demonstrations, street vigorous constituted movement the of The strategies control. corruption and w accountability guaranteeing framework, Constitution legal the in and amendments institutional robust a establish to government bottom the using networks, ( StFront(IndonesianFPPIYouth the such asinfluential networks formed together These Watch). Corruption (Bali BCW and Sumatra), West of Forum Concerned Hukum Bantuan an Collusion Corruption, of Eradication and Investigation KP2KKN Watch), ( Procurement (Indonesia IPW Transparency), for Society Indonesian ( MTI Watch), Corruption (Indonesia includedICW ones 2010) McLeod, asspecializ movement, anti the to character systematicmore a assigned This support. moral and logistical a policy and watchdog as serving research; and solidarity; inform sharing promoting and awareness generating for individuals and organizations expert of networks and alliancescreating movement, the shaped formalstructure concrete a wherein constitu This citizens. ordinary and associations informal academics, lawyers, organizations, professional organizations, civil several of absorption fresh and eaa Rka At Korupsi Anti Rakyat Gerakan Nepotisme dan Kolusi Korupsi, Pemberantasan dan Penyelidikan Komite ation, experiences, strategies; undertaking anti undertaking strategies; experiences, ation, . Approximately 500 CSOs bloomed across the country, and the prominent prominent the and country, the across bloomed CSOs 500 Approximately . Lgl i Fudto) FS ( FPSB Foundation), Aid Legal , ed knowledge helped it maintain a more concerted focusmaintain moreithelpedconcerted knowledgeaed - up approach created a strong pressure from below for the the for below from pressure strong a created approach up ted a crucial phase of the national anti national the of phase crucial a ted , People’s Movement Against Corruption). These CSOs and and CSOs These Corruption). Against Movement People’s ,

oit cos nldn labo including actors, society 25

vcc organiz dvocacy ou Pdl Smtr Barat Sumatera Peduli Forum Masyarakat Transparansi Indonesia TransparansiMasyarakat .

- Npts) LH ( LBH Nepotism), d corruption training, workshops workshops training, corruption tos ad o providing for and ations; r organizations, women’s organizations, r c activities rch - corruption movement, movement, corruption ruggle), and GeRAKandruggle), Cmite for Committee , t appropriate ith

(Setiyonoand

- (Hamilton c orru Lembaga the , ption - , CEU eTD Collection instilledmovememechanisms.What this partia least movement anti Indonesian the of efforts unified and organized persistent, the up, sum To againstcorruption fight governm Indonesian the for responsibility ethical an induce to (UNCAC), Corruption Against Convention Nations United the ratify to government the persuaded also movement Commission.actorsIn2006, the General’s and IndonesianPolice theCommission, At the Commission, Judicial the Commission, Ombudsman’s National the Analysis, institutions control corruption other establish five getting in succeeded movement the 2009, By control corruption for authority comprehensive most far thus the as hand,evolved other the onAKAK The research. and evidencesystematic T ( AKAK called CSOs of alliance an through 2003, September in Commission) Eradication Ma in Indonesia) in Reform Governance for (Partnership PGRI of formation the with force into stepping Prominent supported they whereby movement’sinstitutionalizationofthe activities mandate, governance good their of part as agencies donor anti The Advokasi untuk Komisi Anti Komisi untuk Advokasi he PGRI funded the movement’s projects for exposition of corruption cases through through cases corruption of exposition for projects movement’s the funded PGRI he y 2001, with the support of UNDP; and KPK (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, Corruption Korupsi, Pemberantasan(KomisiKPK and UNDP;of support the with y 2001, - ed by the government government the by ed orpin oeeti noei lorcie ufcetassac fo foreign from assistance sufficient received also Indonesia in movement corruption – lly so, in compelling its government to adopt effective corruption control control corruption effective adopt to government its compelling in so, lly

manifestedinlongdecadesfouritsbattlecorruption against - stones in the movement’s persistent drive for institutionalization came came institutionalization for drive persistent movement’s the in stones

(Butt, 2011) (Butt, - Korupsi –

h Cent the , Advocacy for a Corruption Eradication Commission). Eradication Corruption a for Advocacy , nt and itsand isnt persistence analyz 26 e r

(McGibbon, 2006) (McGibbon,

– o Fnnil rnatos eotn and Reporting Transactions Financial for

oeig netgtos n prosec and investigations covering .

ed in the next chapter.innext ed the –

were successful, at successful,were at n i te global the in ent - corruption corruption utions. utions. torney torney the

CEU eTD Collection uaai Siln, iwl n mn mr (O, 01) Te oeet udr the under movement, The 2011a). (TOI, more many and Aizwal Shillong, Guwahati, nation a into BengalurAmdavad, Chennai, proliferated Kolkatta, Mumbai, on citiesin protests extending movement, soon Delhi New of capital national the in strike hunger non leaders, spiritual govern celebrities, attracted activists, it social notable Besides, other 2011). of support (Chavan, unwarranted media social and print through communicating public in part active taking bymovement, the for support their demonstrated people of thousands of Hundreds countlesssupporters. drew media and the of instantattention caught movement The approvalcontrol or Telegraph,2011). (Pande,2011; The gov of exclusive prosecutions and investigations make and whistleblowers, protect in Ombudsman the of proposes Bill Office the countries, Scandinavian the Kon and Hong Corruption, by Against Inspired Commission n.d.). Independent Corruption, Against (India Kejriwal Arvind founder its and Corruption’, Against ‘India namely movement, this leading organization society civil 2011 political the as widespreadenvisaged was This 2011). Telegraph, the (The country the in corruption tackle to representatives) society civil prominent (comprising investigationagency independent an of institution the advocating Hazare, Anna activist social by strike hunger indefinite an the with commenced on pressure exert to 2011, Aprilf government starting country the across demonstrations and anti national The 4.2. Nationalanti iii , drafted and proposed by Hazare to the Indian government, in collaboration with the the with collaboration in government, Indian the to Hazare by proposed and drafted , ment organizations and student organizations (Joshi, 2011). What sparked off as a a as off sparked What 2011). (Joshi, organizations student and organizations ment protests and demonstrations, joining Hazare in his fast, and networking and and networking and fast, his in Hazare joining demonstrations, and protests or the enactment of a stringent anti stringent a of enactment the or - corruption movement in India became discernible with a series of protests protests of series a with discernible became India in movement corruption - corruption mov corruption ement in Indiain ement suo motu suo 27 -

corruption law (Joshi, 2011). The movement The 2011). (Joshi,law corruption –

the action to redress grievances of citizens, of grievances redress to action

Jan Lokpal Jan

or Citizens’Ombud or Jan Lokpal Jan ernment - sman sman wide

Bill g’s g’s u, u, - CEU eTD Collection the to note alarming an gave 1993 of Report Vohra the by light to brought kleptocracy andParliament) agenciesthe or government level state localinelection/ subsequent theirand the Moreover, 2007). pol of criminalization Knowledge@Wharton, 2012; (Khalid, functioning sector public contro pov socialist by dominated was India of governance 1980s, until 1947 in independence Since years. these corrup of issue The representatives(Pande,2011). society civil of panelconstituting a government, the of independent Ombudsmanan proposed anti larger the and team Hazare’s by opposition massive Pa Having the in 2008. resurfaced and Bill the 2005, attempt, each 2001, in 1998, failed successfully 1996, 1989, 1985, 1977, 1971, in reintroduced was it which post 1969, in Parliament the ofHouse Lower the of dissolution the with lapsed Th 1968. in Bhushan Shanti lawyer and activist by Bill Ombudsman the or the of introduction the was events of chain historical this in occurrence incipient The po never significance own their despite which activists, by efforts piecemeal and events brief note hereisyearhasbreedingthismovement that oldlong It key of hadcultivated to ground a protests (IndiaAgainstthe Corruption, n.d.). willingnes their despite movement the with politicians selective of affiliation permit the not didhence and any allegiances, politicalencourage not did Hazare leadershipof ssessed the momentum to culminate into a unifieda into anti culminatelevelnational ssessed momentumto the ry OC, 07. hs copne b a ytm of system a by accompanied This 2007). (OECD, erty b te oenet rd favo a bred government the by l - inspired economic policies, which led to slow economic growth, unemployment and unemployment growth, economic slow to led which policies, economic inspired tion had been building up as a significant concern in the country during during country the in concern significant a as up building been had tion itics (implicating criminals benefiting from the patronage of politicians, of patronage thefrom benefiting criminals (implicating itics

al gon fr orpin roig t ep n the in deep it rooting corruption, for ground rable

- orpin oeetta instead that movement corruption ies Raj License laet n 01 facing 2011, in rliament - corruption movement. movement. corruption iv e Bill, however, however, Bill, e

s to take part in part take to s r bureaucratic or Lokpal

CEU eTD Collection transparent ofthe and speedy deterring been long hadin government central the by control Investigation of Bureau anti t to due momentum and mobilization “Cash and scam spectrum scam Games Commonwealth the included These 2011. and 2008 between nation the of scams biggest five the of revelations of events precipitating through control corruption around revolved movement the Although corruption. towards society civil the Hazareresumed Inaim2011, someinfragmented his struggle persistenceactivismto at the of passRTIActMaharashtra to the (Mander, 1991). the on pressure exert to Maharashtra of state the in movement grassroots the led nationalinstates,aAnna eventually governmentsAct. Hazare several to other RTI rise giving Sangat organization the and Roy Aruna activist by led Rajasthan of state the governance.emanatedin frommovement accountabilityThis,however, grassroots agood and fre promoting Act broughtgrowingInformationof partialthe2005 Theby to (RTI) Right problems, relief to in act to officials conformance1993). withneeds thecitizensof the (Vohra, public of reluctance inundating an and tape red corruption, mounting vestigations and prosecutions, which the movement sought to resolve through the institutionresolve the through to sought movement which theprosecutions, and vestigations - corruption mechanisms, such as the Central Vigilance Commission and the Central Central the and Commission Vigilance Central the as such mechanisms, corruption Jan Lokpal Jan han Atr ucsfl doay n lgsain hr, h At a itoue by introduced was Act the there, legislation and advocacy successful After . - for ad pn ces o nomto, hri gaaten transparency, guaranteeing therein information, to access open and e vii - oe” scandal votes”

n h icoueo hslboe uofEmrs“lc mny list money” “black Elmer’s Rudolf whistleblower of disclosure the and , the (TheTelegraph, 2011). a Lokpal Jan x . The gross lack of anti of lack gross The . ix

, its focus and fortitude primarily emerged from the the from emerged primarily fortitude and focus its , y iiek (hld 21) Te oeet gained movement The 2012). (Khalid, Wikileaks by he sheer lack of faith of the citizens in the existing state state existing the in citizens the offaith of lack sheer he

corruption staff in these agencies these in staff corruption v te ai tps controversy tapes Radia the ,

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Kisan Mazdoor government xi

and their their and vi , 2G 2G , viii

CEU eTD Collection to jails, violent up The 2011). (Dhawan, filling movement the and of perseverance arrests and solidarity incommemorate participated voluntarily actors movement wherein ‘ the by followed was This orders. prohibitionary against protesting movement 16 the On of 2012). hub (Venkatesan, the as served which capital, national the outside Ramdev Swami deportati the with ending means, undemocratic and violent through government the by repressed was protest The 2011). News, (BBC banks foreign other and Bank Swiss the from generati strike, hunger another started Ramdev Swami leader spiritual this, Following 2011b). (TOI, 13 Corruptionon Against Convention Nations United the ratificationof complete b to proved attempts repetitive the and concur not did sides two the However, 2012). (IBNLive, representatives society civil and government of representation equal with Bill the for committee drafting a in but demands movement w heldfashion. were Talks staggered the to responded government the masses, the appease To CommunistParty India(Khalid, (Marxist) of 2012). movement the Nevertheless, agenda. gathere their of politicization prevent to parties political with affiliations resisted and citizens of support active comprised It network. communication strikes, hunger rallies, the adopted essentially non of strategy Gandhian movement the compatriots, prominent other several with along Hazare’ legacyofhistorical the Following d massive support from the political parties such as the as such parties political the from support massive d ng a nation a ng - wide protest on June 2011 for advocating the repatriation of black money black of repatriation the advocatingfor 2011 June on protest wide ftl. h ol poiet tp ae b te oenet a the was government the by taken step prominent only The futile. e

and the active use of social media for generating awareness and a a and awareness generating for media social of use active the and - violent civil resistance. This incorporated demonstrations, marches,demonstrations, incorporated This civil resistance. violent th

uut 01 Hzr ws retd y h gvrmn for government the by arrested was Hazare 2011, August ith Hazare and the movement leaders to constitute a newconstitute a leadersmovementto the and ithHazare s contribution in the independence struggle of India India independenceofstruggle in the contribution s 30

Bhartiya Janta Bhartiya al bharo jail

Party th agit ’

May 2011 2011 May

and the the and ation, ation, on of of on CEU eTD Collection inducespontaneity. that reasons in other with wavering coupled factors, precipitating still and mobilization is of stages it its between as yet determined be cannot however, movement, the of fate The its2012).steadymovement aims with 2012; (IBNLive, NDTV, the keeping 2012, and 2011 throughout followed strikes hunger and protests similar of spate a Hazare, of release the after Soon 2011). (Dhawan, nation the over all parties political and b condemned heavilywas peacefulprotestors on government the by repressionused

y citizens citizens y CEU eTD Collection subset ofathree researchthe problememergencecontrastingof andthe into socialpulverizationmovements of ‘nation the of analysis holistic a develop to Further, phenomenon. the of understanding comprehensive a forth presenting thus movements, of emergence of theories key the of representation amalgamative an arenevertheless they countries, two the in be determineexhaustive not emergencepulverizationto andthe of anti primaryWhilediscussedin factorsoffollowingobjective chapter. maythis paragraphsthe the acrosstemporal movements, ‘nation of However, movements. rise the of explanation generic a extending in integral are corruption) curb to pressure influencesexternalas(suchcorruption) as aswell society, control to will political civil of lack and affairs, of state of political the with people of dissatisfaction proliferation as (such countries the both in analogous factors structural to movements social on perspectives theoretical anti emergenceof the deconstruct various the on dwells chapter This (ii) (i)

What factors hindered the development of a national anti national a of development the hindered factors What Indonesia? national the of emergence the to contributed factors What anti anti prominent the to (prior

- corruption movementcorruption inIndonesia since the 1970s? - questions.Theseare: 5. Comparative 5. analysis evaluationand

and spatial dimensions. A detailed analysis of these factors isfactorsthe thesedetailedA of analysis spatial and dimensions. - specific’ factors ascertain the differential emergence of these these of emergence differential the ascertain factors specific’ - corruption movements in India and Indonesia. U Indonesia. and Indiain movements corruption - corruption crusade of 2011), in contrast with the burgeoning the with contrast in 2011), of crusade corruption

the impact of Asian crisis, and internationalimpactof Asianand crisis, the - specifi c’ factors, this chapter bifurcates chapter this factors, c’

- corruption movement in India India in movement corruption - ni orpin movemen corruption anti - corruption movements corruption

ndeniably, ndeniably, t in in t CEU eTD Collection violation rights human and authoritarianism of problems pressing of the Soeharto, of cooptation opponents political and criminalization of devoid not was politics Indonesian Although them. Soeharto’s under societal between liberties conflict civil sheer a with of society, in discontent a instilled have to perceived suppression be hence can administration and centralization enormous The achieve. democ a ofexhibited latteronly complexities the anti the gave hence change regime The accountability. and transparency for struggle the of facet one only the in fraud other of promotion and wealth of amassment illegitimate movementoverarchingdemocratization,for anti the this within Encompassed 1998. May in collapse regime Soeharto’s to led which country, the democracy for struggle and movement forceful increasingly an cultivated regime Order’ ‘New his under liberties civil of suppression and nepotism collusion, corruption, endemic authoritar pol Indonesian the that history its from deciphered be well very can it case, Indonesian the of examination an with begin To withduetheir each other to conjunction in as well as independently, examined hereby are questions these to Responses (iii)

ian regime of President Soeharto for nearly three decades from 1967 to 1998. The 1998. to 1967 from decades three nearly for Soeharto President of regime ian effectively forged a ground for several protests, uprisings from all sections of of sections all from uprisings protests, several for ground a forged effectively factors similarfactorsto the observedones inIndonesia? anti the instigated have factors What - corruption movement in Indonesia a more explosive character than in India, as as India, in than character explosive more a Indonesia in movement corruption

expectations and the inability of Soeharto’s government in meeting in government Soeharto’s of inability the and expectations closeaffiliation,justifications. andas reverseoperation tcl adcp ws hrceie b centraliz by characterized was landscape itical 33 - orpin oeet n ni nw Ae these Are now? India in movement corruption

ratic order order ratic - corruption protests corruptionprotests

–

a goal Indonesia was aspiring to aspiringwasgoala Indonesia

– country

targeting Soeharto’s to ad the and ation –

constituted

in CEU eTD Collection nationala into anti gr the hand one On movement. the of leadership and system political the of views conflicting the to due demise own their faced which successfully but management, project and governancelocal in inclusionvia their opted whereinas inpotentialIndia, disparate situationwas This government. new the by adopted strategies control corruption several byfollowed 1998, in resignation his al an gained legitimacy performance Soeharto’s about Skepticism interests. vested Soeharto’s and systems management financial poor capitalism, crony its to due countries Asian all among provided was struggle anti the for factor precipitating The emergenceenduranceanti ofandthe This regime. the atti against struggle common a into homogenized were society in factions and differences ideological the that overwhelming so was state and society between conflict which population, ‘anti concrete a of development the itcan political inthe discerned Hence,withillegitimacybethat led regime to unrest Indonesia dissatisfactionofsocietal expectations. structuralparadigmtha strainbroader absorbedwithinthe collectiveaction, of theory the and theory society mass the of tenets the with conformance in stands This society. ue f h mse twrs h pltcl ytm n noei hl a rca rl i the in role crucial a held Indonesia in system political the towards masses the of tude l - time high, which strengthened the anti the strengthened which high, time

- coalesced them despite differences of ethnicity, religion and region. The The region. and religion ethnicity, of differences despite them coalesced corruption movement shared similar distaste for the status quo politicalquostatus for set the distaste sharedsimilar movement corruption by the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, which hit Indonesia the hardest the Indonesia hit which 1997, in Crisis Financial Asian the by assroots movement having the potentiality of converging of potentiality the having movement assroots - corruption movement.corruption - orpin oeet n te ie democratization wider the and movement corruption

- orpin ad eortc dooy mn its among ideology democratic and corruption’ - 34 corruption movement and led it to contribute to contribute to it led and movement corruption

sociational threats were not only conotonly were threats sociational

t propounds the propounds t - CEU eTD Collection as systems, rebalancing structuralistbythe explained homeostatic the of inability the that deduction the to leads This political of levels reduced the in manifested itsconsciousnessamong was which foundation, social unified a lacked severely India result, a As people. between mistrust also but ideology, incoherent sp around lot a revolved mobilization latter, the In India. in overtone national a oflack contrasting the and Indonesia, in movement anti the of character resonating the for factor crucial a indeed was mobilization ‘anti their forward intellectuals segmentsput citizens,and other ofandordinary mediate students experiencesthe of helped to wherein Indonesia to opposed as 2012), (Khalid, India in commitment little intellectuals anti the and made viewpoints class) oppositional demonstrating middle (mainly of protagonists lack movement the Also, between completely. collaboration it d obscuring thus eventually and masses, mobilization of of coalescence momentum the prevented which control, corruption of interest national the superseded leaders ofinterests Vested efforts. individualistic on relied activities movement and weak and incompetent fragmented, also was leadership Similarly, movements,andprevented but subalternanti national around cohesion grassroots micro of emergence the to contributed undoubtedly This diversity. enormous its languagedimensi classregion,andreligion, ethnic, alongfactions cleavages and nurtured historicallyhad India conjunction,In 1990). (Kothari, patronage party and strategies for support popular generated that forms associational by counteracted was this hand, other the On up.

the existing political system and party leadership, on the thrust of criminal criminal of thrust the on leadership, party and system political existing the - corruption’ demands in the broader contex broader the in demands corruption’ population,unlike Indonesia. - functionalist approach, held only partial truth in the Indian case, inthe truth partialonlyheld approach, functionalist oradic collaboration, which is indicative of not only an an only not of indicative is which collaboration, oradic 35

- orpin oeet app movement corruption t of democracy. This unity of of unity This democracy. of t - corruption issues.corruption sutn the isrupting ons, owing to owing to ons, - a having ear corruption corruption

CEU eTD Collection the to due occurred this First, reasons. several to due failed grossly which movement, the mand and exhibited stake that nationalformation sheer alack the society character clear of to aofcivil a anti national a of absence the addition, In ch nation a into societycivil of integration the inhibit this did only Not 1998). (Khan, entities two the between relationships s the on organizations society state being upon character ‘compromised’ a assumeand actors recruit to fail often these However, mobilizati massfor imperative formationsare society Civil well. as case Indian the in truth much holds this and China, of evidence empirical the using society civilof character democratic the of ennoblement the about scepticismexpresses state of unpredictability the and society anti cruc A opportunity political of theory structure. the and theory mobilization resource the in manifested non and material most in capacitated was Indonesia in movement fos in evident thus was which conditions Indonesia, these of Concurrence ideology. shared a on based solidarity collective a by accompanied not was it cohesion, social generate to failed up set institutional its of emergence the hindered which aracter wherever itwherevershowed bleak aracter signs ofemergence. - corruption movement history can also be attributed to the ambiguous nature of its civil its of nature ambiguous the to attributed be also can history movement corruption - fostered or state or fostered ial aspect of the enduring vacuum all throughout the last forty years in Indian national Indian in years forty last the throughout all vacuum enduring the of aspect ial

ate of an anti an of ate - dependent for funds (Jenkins and Goetz, 1999). This reliance of civil of reliance This 1999). Goetz, and (Jenkins funds for dependent - corruption struggle. This chiefly concerns the mobilisation aspect of of aspect mobilisation the concerns chiefly This struggle. corruption - ee a tog anti strong a tered wide movement, it also assigned the movement a ‘dysfunctional’amovement assignedalsothe it movement, wide tate was a common feature in India, giving rise to patron to rise giving India, in feature common a was tate

anti - - corruption movement in India can also be ascribed ascribed be also can India in movement corruption ii scey neatos Gord interactions. society civil - 36 orpin oeet Atog te existing the Although movement. corruption

- orpin oeet hr. ute, the Further, there. movement corruption on around the anti the around on

- material resources that are that resources material - corruption movement. corruption n ht (1996) White on - client CEU eTD Collection suppresse the are here concern special Of masses. the of interests the promote to it sustain and movement a of tone mobiliz of lack sheer anti national transparent a of emergence The individual these by marred interests. not were ideology and objectives movement the institutionalization. Indonesia, subsequent its and movement a into concern public well their to conducive is that corruption of system a endure to citizens of interests the as well as funding, government uninterrupted ensuring International of organisationssociety civilinterestsof vested Transparencythe to due preciselyis this reveals that (1998) by affirmed conviction, (1991) Klitgaard’s government. the inadequate their for reason third fr the stems commitment corruption, fighting in record track poor their to due true be maypartiallyonlyactors movement potential or organizations the inexperienceof confront to scams and frauds sector public of evidence substantive gathering in and corruption, endemic the about awareness organiz society civil of nature precl got movement the Second, 1984). (Kothari, corruption of crises national the counter to wellas states other in emerged movements micro of form in responses local Similarly, 2006). Venkatesu, 1991; Joshi, and (Mander Rajasthan Information to Right MKSS’ the by exemplified prominently is short or scale small several anti grassroots of emergence the in resulted This 1999). Goetz, anti of response fragmented

- corruption movements, preventing their convergence at the national level. This preventingmovements, level. theirnationalThis convergencethe corruption at ation, especially concerning key concerning especially ation, om their unwillingness and reluctance to engage in confrontation with confrontation in engage to reluctance and unwillingness their om suet soitos n labo and associations student d - corruption activists and civil society organizations society civil and activists corruption ations, which have been inept in generating public support and support public generating in inept been have which ations,

the authorities (Jenkins and Goetz, 1999). While the the While 1999). Goetz, and (Jenkins authorities the - 37 corruption movement also faltered ow faltered also movement corruption

dd agl o acut f h amateur the of account on largely uded - of convergence the hinders This being. associational forms that usually set the set usually that forms associational uin, hc piaiy prtd in operated primarily which unions, r movement in the state of of state the in movement In the case of of case the In

(Jenkins and and (Jenkins ing to the to ing - duration

CEU eTD Collection advocating movements these While ethnicity. or class region, state, of provenances r mobilization level local of influences reigning with identity, an ascriptive by presided strongly were level grassroots the at emerge did that movements Further, anti strong anti emerging an as political levels of The movement. constructing been have could that events in participate to people of unwillingness the aggravated which general, in movements from dissatisfaction contr The social uprisings. unjust any preventing such thus of media, ramifications the by made revelations the of repression ‘ 1 the in corruption grand of cases in exemplified was crime and corruption such of manifestation The 2012). Kumar, 1990; (Kothari, power money muscleand on dependent system mechanicalelectoral merea into essence democratic politics of criminalisation to ledonly not which violence, and crimeby corruption, ruptured was politics ( control social of means as repression massive used instances,anti where other In resources. l its 1999), (Jenkins movement potential any of marginalization economic and social the for building towards anti an private tycoo state, the including oligopoly tripartite a as governed less or more country 1999). The inmafia,(JenkinsGoetz, patronageseriousand hadpolitical gangs which and turn quarter last the during India Hawala s n mafia and ns, ’, and ‘Fodder’ scam (Kothari, 1990). However, the cases were submerged with the with submerged were cases the However, 1990). (Kothari, scam ‘Fodder’ and ’, xii - eaders and civil society organiz society civil and eaders corruption ideology.corruption

(Chisti, 2004; Vohra Committee Report, 1993), but 1993), Report, Committee Vohra 2004; (Chisti, - linked syndicates, encumbering the efforts of civil society actors aimed actors society civil of efforts the encumbering syndicates, linked - corruption movemecorruption of the twenty first century under the direct control of criminal criminal of control direct the under century first twenty the of

consciousness were hence too immature to transform into a into transform immatureto hencetoo were consciousness - corruption issues assumed an evolving tone, the state the tone, evolving anissuesassumed corruption ations nt. This indeed provided a favoThisprovided indeeda nt. l nldd h dfuin f rsrto and frustration of diffusion the included ol 38

– 980s and 1990s, such as the ‘Bofors’ scam, scam, ‘Bofors’ the as such 1990s, and 980s

both in terms of material and non and material of termsin both Kothari, 1990). The ethical space of of space ethical The 1990). Kothari, also the transformation of its its of transformation the also rableenvironment evolving around around evolving

- and Goetz, and corruption corruption - material - sector CEU eTD Collection centraliz ecothe entering for government the masseson the of dependencegreater into participationtranslated resor state the which calledisThis turn participation. and populism in belief greater implied despair and dissatisfaction growing the First, politics. creati thus masses, the of intimidation ag democracy and order social of dualism This advantages. sectional and interest functional of pattern a through government the by bay at kept being movement transformed parti both ofinterests vested catalyzedassociations civickey developmentof fostered state and patronage government rather control, corruption of objective focused the around thu can It point. publicof Allotment issues.corruption around action collective national of threat the offwarded also but them, conciliated only not entities disguise the in kleptocracy and politicselectoral into electoral as potential their to due state the by appeased and nurtured got movements these Moreover, identities. prevented they populism, and nationala into anti fromthemselves transforming patronage endorse did accountability and transparency

nomic and political processes, leading to a leadingsyst nomic to processes, political and ed governance disguised in the set up ingovernance Kumar,2012).disguiseded of 1984;democracyset (Kothari, the s be discerned that collective action did not encourage mobilization concerted concerted mobilization encourage not did action collective that discerned be s

constituencies e t rpeso ad criminaliz and repression to ted - e atgnss no cin o ‘hceig cvl oit, h latter the society, civil ‘thickening’ of actions into antagonisms led

for gr for . The subsumption of these groups and movement actors movement and groups these of subsumption The . eater social order to marginalizedsocialto organiz eaterorder ng paradoxes of movement mobiliz movement of paradoxes ng 39 - works projects to ascriptive entities is a case in case a is entitiesascriptive to projects works

- corruption movement duecorruptionmovement grandi

of legal provisions to their associational their to legal provisions of em of ‘clienthood’ and legitimizationand ‘clienthood’ em of of e cruto, criminaliz corruption, zed ation of politics. Eventually, this this Eventually, politics. of ation ation and populist populist and ation to theirascriptive to ed entities, forentities, ed to and ation es. This es.

- CEU eTD Collection informappearsmasquerade the in ofplacatinga of democracy India. regime of exception the with Indonesia, in movement corruption anti the of rise the for responsible factors the with converge less or more emergence this for anti national a of emergence the to led and media, social pre the of tools the through support and awareness mass instigated inevitably This dollars. of billions worth funds public of embezzlement involving 2011 and 2007 between Against ‘India organization society Corruption civil level national the by massive the conducted by mobilization facilitated was links weak these of addressal effective the Nevertheless, Sampson,1984) of internalization strong the to due at strikes protests, consumer corruption towards complaining,attitude persistent workplaces,control overall andreluctant a sporadic included These expression. of d forms of alternative forms passive into transformed expectations years, socialunsatisfactoryschizophrenia.Consequently,the ofthe societal acquiescence over and apathy social of environment an perpetrated which control, under brought rapidly were extra and constitutional several to resorting by character, national a into transforming from prevented and successfully pulverized were movements these India in that is contradistinction key The protests. above The ’, using the precipitating factor of the revelation of the grand scams in the country country the in scams grand the of revelation the of factor precipitating the using ’, - etoe raos o o idct ta Ida i nt ins ay o any witness not did India that indicate not do reasons mentioned .

- osiuinl ehnss Mmes ee d were Members mechanisms. constitutional orpin n h ssei fntoig ( functioning systemic the in corruption 40

saifcin wih aietd in manifested which issatisfaction, - corruption movement. The factors The movement. corruption illegitimacy. This however, however, This illegitimacy.

ispersed and protests protests and ispersed Nørgaard Nørgaard rganized ss and and ss and - CEU eTD Collection a by validated was This capacity. same the in them influencing factors external and contexts nation of array an from posited which paper, this of hypothesis working the confirmed methodology this on based countries two ‘nation as deemed been have paper the in which variables, operative other of peculiarity the to owing rationalized were variable dependent the on effects diverging the and variables, independent operative t between characteristics common the Herein design. research comparative similar’ ‘most a of adoption the through explicated was movements’ social of ‘emergence of variable dependent the on factors these of effect differing the Simultaneously, moveme social distinguished the of synthesis a constructing by movements social of determinants factorial the of understanding comprehensive a to sought paper the therein, shapingth well a building In seemingly the despite India, in movement nations.conducive two similaritiesofthe parallel a of lack the resonate to examined full a of rise India, the for factors causal and the wherein Indonesia of evidences empirical contrasting the by backed was research The non and pulverization itscompel contrariwiseand nation, given a movem a of emergence the facilitate that factors investigatethe to setout It framework. anti national by of movements, phenomenon social the national investigating of emergence of determinants the examined paper This 6. Conclusion e social movement literature. However, to avoidliterature. However,socialecolossalmovement to the eclecticism discernible that the differential emergence of social movements in two countries emanates countriesemanates two in movements social of emergence differential the that

- cogitated study, the paper examined the diverse theoretical positions positions theoretical diverse the examined paper the study, cogitated - specific’. The inves The specific’. - spe ii fcos rgrls o te iiaiis f hi structural their of similarities the of regardless factors, cific

tigation of the anti the of tigation 41 - fledged national fledged

- corruption movements in a comparative comparative a in movements corruption he two nations were omitted as omitted were nations two he - corruption movements in the the in movements corruption movement in Indonesia were Indonesia in movement - existence in another nation. another inexistence nt theories. nt ent in ent CEU eTD Collection o rise the for responsible factors the ascertaining for paper the by offered generalizationcapacious of scope the despite bet wavering sustai and emergence its about assertions positive more make to future the in analysis deeper a for call maymovement The nature. contemporaneous anti the of pulverization abou findings its in conclusive considered be cannot paper the Further, of nationalanti a forceofrise thefor needmovementspreventingthe grassroots aggregated the (iv) and nation; a in movements social prior of history dominant mobiliz and momentum the ef the (i) include ‘nation broad these explore been constituting not have which determinants, explanations alternative several exist may there that fact the of cognizance takes paper The countries. two in movements of emergence ‘nation of list exhaustive an of claimpresenting any make it does capacity no In limitations. without not is however, paper, The classidentifiedacross cleavages, wereas some of the nation crucial non society and civil material of to access role organisations, committed and active leadership, of in degree high unity a consciousness, Hereby, political Indonesia. in momentum gain to started it after decades four inIndiaemergedmovement why the for basesrationalizedalsothe paper the this, to Parallel India. in movement the restraining factors inhibiting the through second, and capacitat anti the of analysis twofold ing and trigger variables determining the eruption of these movements in Indonesia; Indonesia; in movements these of eruption the determining variables trigger and ing ween the short cycles of mobiliz cycles of short weenthe fects of communaliz of fects - orpin oeet n ni cnieig t rcn euto and eruption recent its considering India in movement corruption mvmns hs cno b cniee uiesl n my need may and universal considered be cannot these movements, f - to o mvmns (i) ah eedne idctv of indicative dependence, path (iii) movements; of ation orpin movements corruption ation of politics; (ii) urban (ii) politics; of ation d herein, due to its limited scope. Some of these these of Some scope. limited its to due herein, d - - specific’ aeil eore and resources material ation and state repression. Last but not the least, the not but Last repression. state and ation 42

– atr ta epan h differential the explain that factors

nability, which currently seems to be to seems currently which nability, is, hog a assmn o the of assessment an through first, - rural dichotomy infl dichotomy rural - specific factors. factors. specific

social alliances cutting cutting alliances social - corruption movement. corruption t the emergence and emergence the t in2011 -

specific’ specific’ – uencing uencing

nearly a CEU eTD Collection representativesstate in assemblieshadanalleged "criminal background" (Source: Chisti, 2004). xii corruptionstaff CVC in tocheck corruption of 5,700,000 employees The(Source: Telegraph, 2011). xi endtheof (Source:2010 The Telegraph, 2011). co 9,927 Further,penalties. minor imposing bygo let werecent per 94 and cases, the ofcent per six only in prosecution criminalsanctioned(CVC) Commission Vigilance Central the that And 2010.of end the atgovernment central x asia ix TOP viii http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/02/02/idINIndia vii intelligence vi http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/corruption v cx_kw_0814whartonindia.html iv http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/media/Lokpal/DraftJanLokpalBill.pdf iii ii i providesstartingforpaper good a that. point the Nonetheless, cases. country other using research comparative similar through validation

For details,more see

66 per cent of the requests for prosecution sanctions related to public sector corru sector public to relatedsanctionsprosecution for requests the ofcent per 66 For details,more see

For information on Radia tapes controversy, refer to refer controversy, tapes Radia on information For The CVC has a staff strength of 200 to 250 to 200 of strength staff a has CVC The oe inform More to refer Raj, License on information For

In 1996, the country's Election Commission found that over 70 parliamentarians and more than 100 elected 100 than more and parliamentarians 70 over that found Commission Election country's the 1996, In oe nomto o te bak oe” cna cn e band at obtained be can scandal money” “black the on information More

- More information on the Commonwealth Games scam, can be obtained from from obtained be can scam, Games Commonwealth the on information More 12769214 -

swiss

oe nomto o the on information More More information on the 2G spectrum scam can be obtained at at obtained be can scam spectrum 2G the on information More rruptioncasesinvestigated byCentraltheBureau Investigation of (CBI)werewithpending courtsthe at - - connection agencies

to o ‘Cash on ation

- says http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries - http://databank.worldbank.org/ will -

govt - the -

- - for

black affidavit/1/122879.html - votes’ scandal can be obtained at at obtained be can scandal votes’

- money - - debate scandal http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/15/wipro

employees. By international standards, India needs 28,500 anti 28,500 needs India standards, international Byemployees. a Lokpal Jan - 54593820110202 - finally - ddp/home.do?Step=12&id=4&CNO=2 hits 43

http://indiatoday.i

2010 - lead - games - to -

action

il a b otie from obtained be can Bill - organis http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world ntoday.in/story/radia - http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT 1783255.html ers - deny ption were pending with the with pending wereption

- - charges

tata

corr - agent

- 40991 uption

- of

- - ent foreign - south - law - - - - - CEU eTD Collection Ma on fast to Hazare “Anna (2012). IBNLive Movements, 2006.pdf Social at of Avaiable GTZ. Consequences the on Studies Minneapolis:University of Comparative (1999). (eds). and C. Tilly, Theoretical and D. McAdam, M., Giugni, Bibliogra (1997). J. Tenuto, and R. Garner, Framings Cultural Cambridge York: University Press. and Structures, Mobilizing Opportunities, Political Movements: N. M. Zald, and D. J. McCarthy, 274 D., Pp. McAdam, Opportunity" Political "Framing (1996). S. D. Meyer, and A. W. Gamson, MovementsSocial Ma Movements How 1980s the Italy to 1960s inthe from Germany Discourse and Public Policing: Protest and Protesters, “Protest, (1999). D. Porta, della 27/india/30561301_1_battle at Available 2011. December Times 27 The campaign”. India. bharo jail Anna’s join lakh 1.3 cry: “Battle of (2011). H. Exploration Dhawan, Analytical An Movements: Social : (1974. Organizational Forms”. L. Zurcher, and R. Curtis, Available at politicians”. ‘tainted’ with affair love “India’s (2004). S. Chisti, movement 2011 April Facebook”. website, on movement join“300,000 (2011). P. Chavan, Studies Economic “Anti (2011). S. Butt, ofCalifornia Press. (1969). H. Blumer, April,[Accessed28 2011]. Asia. anti vows Ramdev Baba guru yoga “India (2001). News BBC

2 June 2011. Available at at Available 2011. June 2

[Accessed 15 May[Accessed15 2012]. phical Guide phical - on . Available at at Available . http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3527710.stm - website . 47pp.381 (3), . . Minneapolis: . Press.UniversityMinnesota of

Symbolic interactionism: perspective and method. and perspective interactionism: Symbolic http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en tr Tertcl n Cmaaie tde o te osqecs of Consequences the on Studies Comparative and Theoretical tter: - - .Mcgill Scarecrow The Bibliographies, corruption reform in Indonesia: an obituary?”. obituary?”. an Indonesia: in reform corruption Facebook/Article1 Social ProblemsSocial

http://www.hindustantimes.com/India Minnesota Press.Minnesota - cry - ja - 394. il

- oil oeet hoy n Rsac: n Annotated An Research: and Theory Movement Social bharo http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world

References . 21 (3),21 pp.356 . http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011 - 682206.aspx - ” campaign

in Giugni, M., McAdam, D. and Tilly, C. (eds). (eds). C. Tilly, and D. McAdam, M., Giugni, in 44 c 2 i Delhi”. in 25 rch

(eds). - court

[Access - Comparative Perspectives on Social on Perspectives Comparative - gtz 370. - How arrest - report

... -

ed 22 April22 ed 2012]. graft fast”. BBC News South South News BBC fast”. graft

[Accessed 22 April[Accessed22 2012].

BBC News. BBC Social news/Mumbai/30 [AccessedApril,28 2012]. IBNLive - on The Hindustan Times Hindustan The - Bulletin of Indonesian of Bulletin the

- ekly Univer Berkeley: south Movements Matter: Matter: Movements - appraisal 1 Mrh 2012. March 14 . 2 August 2004. August 2 - asia

- - 13624741 - 000 mission - 9 in 290 New . - join - sity sity 12

. 7 . of of - - -

CEU eTD Collection Available at anti “On (2011). P. Manohar at %20on%20RTI%20by%20Harsh%20Mander.pdf http://www.rtigateway.org.in/Documents/References/English/Reports/12.%20An%20article Africa in Governance Pan on Conference initiative 3 Corrupti of Control the for Power People’s India:in Information to Struggle. Right for Movement “The (1991) A. Joshi,and H. Mander, and http://www.pragoti.in/node/4520 “Anti Pragoti:Progress (2011). Maidul http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2781180.ece roost”. the rule corrupt “The (2012). A. Kumar, W. (1959). Kornhauser, cx_kw_0814whart Availableat 2007. August Gro “Will (2007). Knowledge@Wharton. pp.86 (4), Reform”. for Strategies Corruption:“Political (1991). R. Klitgaard, and B. (2002).Klandermans,S.Staggenborg, at April22 on 2012]. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/01/2012119124547503400.html Available Available Khalid, April2011]. at (n.d.) Available Curb to Capacity Joshi, Society’s Civil on “Constraints (1999). A. Corruption”. Goetz, Corruption and R. Jenkins, perspectivesstatessocialmovements.on and Against Jenkins http://www.indiaagainstcorruption.org/events.html India 64.html Availableat S. (2011). “Support pours in for Hazare’s movement”. The Hindu. 7 April 2011. 2011. April 7 Hindu. The movement”. Hazare’s for in pours “Support (2011). S. J C and C. J. ,

[Accessed on 28 [Accessedon . 21) “Anti (2012). S. - 100.

http://www.theurbanvision.com/blogs/?p=866 http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna IDS IDS Bulletin http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1606249.ece

onindia.html Klandermans The politics ofpolitics massThe society. 21 .

- April2012]. - .pp.30 39 (4), corruption movement and limits of Indian democracy”. democracy”. Indian of limits and movement corruption orpin eae iie Ida. India”. divides debate corruption http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/15/wipro - st Good and Peace Rights, Human for Advocacy Commonwealth - orpin oeet. h Ubn iin 2 Ags 2011. August 26 Vision. Urban The movement”. corruption

[Accessed on 25 April25 [Accessedon 2012].

o 24 to [AccessedApril25 2012]. , B. (1995). (1995). B. , on”. on”.

Paper presented at the Commonwealth Human Rights Rights Human Commonwealth the at presented Paper th -

49. t So Cruto i Ida” Fre.o. 15 Forbes.com. India?”. in Corruption Slow wth January 1991. Harare, Africa. Available at at Available Africa. Harare, 1991. January -

hazare Minneapolis:Press ofUniversityMinnesota 45 Methodsofsocial researchmovement 0 August 2011. Available at at Available 2011. August 0 h politics The

[Accessed 22 April[Accessed22 2012].

h Hindu The [AccessedApril22 2012]. - to Glencoe, FreeIII: Press. - fast

- [AccessedApril22 2012]. [ AccessedApril 25 [ 2012]. on

f oil protest social of 7 aur 21. vial at Available 2012. January 7 . - march AlJazeera Journal of Democracy of Journal - - tata 25 - - . 23 January 2012. 2012. January 23 . in

corruption - Acse o 25 on [Accessed delhi/239201

comparative :

[Accessed [Accessed

- ent

- law - . 37

. 2 . - - CEU eTD Collection Cambridge York: University (1998). S. Tarrow, Cambridge:UniversityCambridge Press. (1994). S. Tarrow, OxfordOxford:Un (1989). S. Tarrow, Protest Cyclesof (1983). S. Tarrow, 347 Indonesia”. in movement corruption anti the contributionto “Civilorganisations'H.(2010).societyR. McLeod, andB. Setiyono, pp.176 (690), 105 “C (2006) T. S. J. Quah, 37 Parliament”. at in times eight Available fails Bill “Lokpal (2011). S. Pande, Cambridge:University Harvard Press. (1965). M. Olson, 2007”. India EconomicOrganisationfor of Coop Survey “Economic (2007). OECD 64.html Availableat 3”. June on fast to RamdevBaba “AnnaHazare, (2012). NDTV (2002) B. Robnett, and N. Whittier, S., D. Meyer, newcentury (1997). S. Tarrow, and D.S. Meyer, 672 pp. Anomie”. and Structure “Social(1938). K. R. Merton, April2012]. http://tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ws22062011Revolution.asp overrated trifle a is “Revolution (2011). M.G. Mehta, CambridgeUniversity Press. framings cultural structures,and mobilizing opportunities, political movements: McAdam - 64.html?from=hp - 370. -

[Accessed on 7 May7 [Accessedon 2012]. 682.

, D., McCarthy, J. D. and Zald, M. N. (1996). N. M. Zald, and D. J. McCarthy, D., , . Lanham:Rowman and. Littlefield.

http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lokpal . Ithaca: Cornell. University. - The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups of Theory the and Goods Public Action: Collective of Logic The 179. iversityPress. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. and Action Collective Movements, Social Movement: in Power Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Politics. Contentious and Movements Social Movement: in Power

Struggling to Reform: Social Movements and Policy Change during during Change Policy and Movements Social Reform: to Struggling eorc ad iodr Poet n Pltc i Iay 1965 Italy, in Politics and Protest Disorder: and Democracy [Accessed 25 April[Accessed25 2012].

urbing Asian Corruption: An Impossible Dream?”. Current History. Current Dream?”. Impossible An Corruption: Asian urbing

Press. erationDevelopment.and

The social movement society : contentious politics for a for politics contentious : society movement social The

ultn f noein cnmc Studie Economic Indonesian of Bulletin

hazare 46

- bill - Social movements: identity, culture, and culture, identity, movements: Social to - fails ”. Tehelka. 22 June 2011. Available at at Available 2011. June 22 Tehelka. ”. - fast American Sociological Review. Sociological American oiy Brief Policy Comparative perspectives on social on perspectives Comparative - - eight on - march - times NDTV News NDTV IBNLive. Otbr 07 Paris: 2007. October . - 25 - in - - in parliament/148630 -

delhi/239201 [Accessed on 25 25 on [Accessed . 20 April 2012. April2012. 20 .

8 April 2011. 2011. April 8 s . Cambridge:. 4 () pp. (3), 46 . - 1975 3 (5), 3 New - 37 - - - . .

CEU eTD Collection ForcesSocial change”. andDecay Growth, Organizations: Movement “Social(1966) R. Ash, and M. Zald, at Social (1996). X. Shang, and J. AvailableHowell, G., White Government ofIndia. 2012. (1993). N. Vohra, February DrEVenkatesuNIRD.pdf at Available http://www.rtigateway.org.in/Documents/Articles/RTIMov Hyderabad. 23 Hyderabad, of University Science, Political of Department Globalization”. 2006. of Era the in Rights “Human on India”. Seminar Hindu. inNational Movement Information to “Right (2006). E. Venkatesu, The http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2923539.ece Court”. Spreme values: democratic basic on assault an crackdown “Ramlila (2012). J. Venkatesan, Online arrived/ Workshop http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/indias History Anti “India’s (2011). A. Varshney, Frameworkthe Applying (1998). International. Transparency at Littlefield. (2003). C. Available Tilly, 2011. 13/india/29539746_1_convention at 13 India. May of Times The Corruption”. Against Convention UN ratifies “India (2011b). TOI 09/guwahati/29400372_1_anna Available supp “Northeast (2011a). TOI April201 (2011). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110413/jsp/opinion/story_13847795.jsp Telegraph The Change in ContemporaryChangein China

[AccessedApril25 2012]. 2].

. 44 (3), pp.327 (3), 44 . tre, Identities, Stories, or Cmite Report Committee Vohra

. Berlin: Transparency. International. Chapter [Accessed 22 April[Accessed22 2012]. Corruption Conundrum. Conundrum. Corruption - o 341. - rt to Hazare’s to rt hazare - fight

. 29 August 2011. Available at at Available 2011. August 29 . - Corruption - . Oxford: ClarendonOxford: . Press. National Integrity Systems Source Book, Part B: B: Part Book, Source Systems Integrity National - lokpal corruption n Pltcl Change Political and http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011 http://articles.timesofind - anti

In Search of Civil Society: Market Reform and Reform Market Society: Civil of Search In 47 - movement bill - corruption Nw eh: iity f oe Affairs, Home of Ministry Delhi: New .

- - corruption oeet Hs ra Ida Arrived?”. India Urban Has Movement: assets

”

[AccessedApril28 2012]. . - at Available 2011. April 13

ementinIndia mo The Times of India of Times The

[AccessedApril28 on 2012].

[Accessed 28 April[Accessed28 2012]. vement Lna, d omn & Rowman Md Lanham, .

ia.indiatimes.com/2011 - -

has 6. ae peetd at presented Paper 3 -

urban Acse o 22 on [Accessed n 4 and . 9 April 2011. 2011. April9 . - th india

November

- -

05 04 in - -