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One Way School SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES TOPIC 1: LIVING TOGETHER

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One Way School SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES TOPIC 1: LIVING TOGETHER One Way School SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES TOPIC 1: LIVING TOGETHER A. LIFE IN THE PAST The Early People -Long ago, the land between the Zambezi and the Limpopo Rivers was occupied by the San or Khoisan people. They were very short and we call themMandionerepi people or the Bushmen. - The Bushmen were nomadic, that is, they moved from place to place in search of food. - They were hunters and gatherers, that is, the men hunted animals for meat using bows and arrows and the women gathered fruits, edible roots and leaves. - They lived in caves where they painted rock painting we see today. - They wore animal skins. - They made their tools from stones; hence they belong to theStone Age period. - Today the Bushmen are still found in Botswana especially in the Kalahari Desert. The Iron Age As time went on, people began to settle in permanent places where they grew crops and kept domestic animals. -People later discovered iron and they then made their tools from iron. These people belonged to the Iron Age period. -the Iron Age people migrated into Zimbabwe from the north across the Zambezi River around 200AD. - They conquered the Khoisan and assimilatedthem because they had better weapons. The Pre-colonial States -The Shona-speaking people lived in villages with strong chiefs who made rules and kept their people together. (a) The Great Zimbabwe -It is believed to have been made around 1100AD. -It grew into a large, powerful settlement. -It was made of stones without mortar to stick the stones together. -People there became too many; hence some migrated from Great Zimbabwe to form other states like Mutapa in the Zambezi valley and Khami in south west of Zimbabwe. (b) The Mutapa State -One of the people of Great Zimbabwe, Nyatsimba Mutota, migrated to the north and settled in the Dande area of the Zambezi Valley. His kingdom became known as Mutapa State. -The state later became so powerful that it controlled much part of Zimbabwe and Mozambique. -The Mutapa ruler or king was called Munhumutapa. Some of the rulers were Gatsi Rusere and his two sons:Nyambo Kapararidzeand Mavhura. Resistance against the Portuguese Colonialism -The Portuguese were the first Europeans to come to Mutapa State through Mozambique. -They wanted (i) goldand other precious minerals (ii) ivory, (iii) to spread Christianity -The blacks were given (i) cloth, (ii) beads. -The Portuguese wanted to take control of the Mutapa Empire. -The Africans were not happy with the Portuguese. They killed the Portuguese missionary or priest called Father Goncalo da Silveira. The Portuguese in Portugal (a country in Europe) were angry and they sent 1 000 soldiers who were defeated by Gatsi Rusere and the Mutapa people. -More and more Portuguese were sent and some of them were defeated. However, The Mutapa people later agreed to be ruled by the Portuguese especially King Mavhura who was converted to be a Christian. -The Portuguese were finally driven out of Zimbabwe when the Mutapa and the Rozvipeople, under Changamire Dombo, combined effort to fight them. -Heroes of the war against the Portuguese were (i) Gatsi Rusere (ii) Nyambo Kapararidze who was killed at Mt Fura (iii) Changamire Dombo of the Rozvi State (c) The Ndebele State -The Ndebele people came from South Africa under King Mzilikazi who was the chief of the Khumalo people. They were called the maTebele by the Sotho people and they later called themselves the Amandelele or Ndebele. -They came and settled in the south west of Zimbabwe. -They arrived in Zimbabwe in 1838 and defeated the Rozvi and other tribes. -King Mzilikazi died in 1868 and his son, Lobengula, became king in 1870. -Lobengula continued to expand the Ndebele Kingdom until the arrival of the whites. Coming of the Europeans to Africa -Africa was mainly colonized by the whites who came from Britain, Germany, France and Portugal. -The whites who came to Zimbabwe wanted to: 1. spread Christianity. This was done by missionaries like da Silveira (Portuguese), Robert Moffat (British) who became Mzilikazi’s best friend and was allowed to open a mission station at Inyathi in 1859. 2. mine minerals such as gold, copper, iron, silver, etc for their industries in Europe. 3. explore Africa to find out more about its vast areas. This was done by the explorers like David Livingstone who became the first white man to see Mosi-oa-Tunya (meaning theSmoke that Thunders) which he named Victoria Falls after his British Queen Victoria. 4. open more trade markets for their products from their industries. They took raw materials from Africa, processed them in Europe and then sold finished goods in Africa. 5. hunt animals for ivory, animal skins and even meat. The Colonisation of Zimbabwe -Zimbabwe was colonized by the British. -A British called Cecil John Rhodes led to the colonisation of Zimbabwe. He was a businessman who wanted to build a railway line from Cape Town (in South Africa) to Cairo (in Egypt) through British colonies. -Rhodes sent Charles Rudd, Francis Thompson(interpreter) and RockfordMaguire (a lawyer) to Lobengula to sign an agreement which would allow Rhodes to dig mineralsin his kingdom. -Lobengula and Charles Rudd then signed the Rudd Concession in1888 which led to the colonisation of Zimbabwe. A concession is a special right (permission) given to a person or company. -The Rudd Concession stated that: • Lobengula would give mining right to Cecil Rhodes. • Lobengula would grant power to Rhodes to do all things necessary to promote his mining activities. • The British Government would give Lobengula 100 pounds per month. • The British Government would give Lobengula a gunboat to be placed on Zambezi River. • The British Government would give Lobengula 1 000 guns and 10 000 rounds of ammunition. NB. The British did not honour their promises in the Rudd Concession and Lobengula later knew that he was cheated. He tried to cancel the agreement but failed. -Rhodes had a companycalled British South African Company (BSAC). -The army which was made up of BSAC men, the police and some mercenaries, came to colonize Zimbabwe as The Pioneer Column. There were 700 men in the Pioneer Column. -The Pioneer Column came from South Africa to Mashonaland and arrived at present day Harare on 12 September 1890 where they raised the Union Jack (British Flag) and called the place Fort Salisbury, after their British Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury. -The places where the Pioneer Column rested on their way to Mashonaland were Fort Tuli, Fort Victoria and Fort Charter. -After the colonisation of Mashonaland, other places like Manicaland and Matabeleland were later colonized. Resistance to British Colonisation -When the whites colonized Zimbabwe, they drove the blacks to reserves where the soil was not good for farming. The whites also took their cattle. The blacks were not happy with the invasion of the country. They fought with the invaders because of: 1. Loss of their cattle which were taken by the settlers. 2. Loss of good and arable land. 3. Racial segregation where the laws favoured the whites and oppressed the Africans. 4. Forced labour on farms and mines. 5. Hut taxes which were introduced to force the blacks to work for the whites. 6. Natural disasters like droughts which were blamed on the whites by spirit mediums. -In 1893 the Ndebele people fought the settlers, but were defeated because of poor weapons. The First Chimurenga of 1896-1897 -It was started in 1896. -It took place in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and Manicaland. -It was led by spirit mediums likeChaminuka, Mkwati,Mbuya Nehanda and Sekuru Kaguvi. -It ended when Mbuya Nehanda and Sekuru Kaguvi were arrested in 1897. -The Africans were defeated because they had poor weapons. -Mbuya Nehanda and Sekuru Kaguvi were killed by hanging on 27 April 1898 in Salisbury. -Heroes of the First Chimurenga included Mbuya Nehanda, Sekuru Kaguvi, Chief Makoni, Chief Mapondera, Umlugulu and Mkwati. Colonial Rule -Zimbabwe was named Rhodesia after John Rhodes. -The Africans were not allowed to vote and they could not take part in the way the country was ruled or governed. -After the First Chimurenga, the whites made harsh laws to prevent other wars or uprisings. -In 1923. Rhodesia was named Southern Rhodesia because Zambia was called Northern Rhodesia. The Rise of Nationalism -The blacks in Zimbabwe were not happy because they were oppressed by the British rulers. -The following table shows the early movements and political parties formed to voice the harsh living conditions faced by the blacks. Party or Movement Year Founder Reasons for forming the party or movement The Industrial & Commercial Masotsha Ndlovu, Thomas To improve workers’ conditions Workers Union (ICWU) 1927 Mazula, Job Dumbutshena, in towns Charles Mzingeli The Bantu African Voice 1940 Benjamin Burombo To organize strikes and to fight Association (BAVA) for better wages The Southern Rhodesia 1934 Thompson Samkange, To put more pressure on the African National Congress Aaron Jacha settler government to change (SRANC) racist laws The City Youth League (CYL) 1955 James Chikerema, Edson To fight for improvements in Sithole, George Nyandoro, workers’ housing conditions and Henry Hamadziripi wages. The African National 1957 Joshua Nkomo and members To oppose all racial laws and to Congress (ANC) of the CYL unite all the people of Zim in their desire to regain freedom. National Democratic Party 1960 Michael Mawema, J Nkomo, To form a new party after the (NDP) R Mugabe, L Takawira ANC was banned. To fight for one man one vote Zimbabwe African People’s 1961 J Nkomo, R Mugabe, E Nkala, To give control back to Union (ZAPU) G Silundika, S Parirenyatwa. Zimbabweans Zimbabwe African National 1963 R Mugabe, L Takawira, To fight for independence of Union (ZANU) E Nkala, Ndabaningi Sithole Zimbabwe The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland -It was formed in 1953.
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