One Way School

SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES

TOPIC 1: LIVING TOGETHER

A. LIFE IN THE PAST

The Early People -Long ago, the land between the Zambezi and the Limpopo Rivers was occupied by the San or Khoisan people. They were very short and we call themMandionerepi people or the Bushmen. - The Bushmen were nomadic, that is, they moved from place to place in search of food. - They were hunters and gatherers, that is, the men hunted animals for meat using bows and arrows and the women gathered fruits, edible roots and leaves. - They lived in caves where they painted rock painting we see today. - They wore animal skins. - They made their tools from stones; hence they belong to theStone Age period. - Today the Bushmen are still found in Botswana especially in the Kalahari Desert.

The Iron Age As time went on, people began to settle in permanent places where they grew crops and kept domestic animals. -People later discovered iron and they then made their tools from iron. These people belonged to the Iron Age period. -the Iron Age people migrated into from the north across the Zambezi River around 200AD. - They conquered the Khoisan and assimilatedthem because they had better weapons.

The Pre-colonial States -The Shona-speaking people lived in villages with strong chiefs who made rules and kept their people together.

(a) The Great Zimbabwe -It is believed to have been made around 1100AD. -It grew into a large, powerful settlement. -It was made of stones without mortar to stick the stones together. -People there became too many; hence some migrated from Great Zimbabwe to form other states like Mutapa in the Zambezi valley and Khami in south west of Zimbabwe.

(b) The Mutapa State -One of the people of Great Zimbabwe, Nyatsimba Mutota, migrated to the north and settled in the Dande area of the Zambezi Valley. His kingdom became known as Mutapa State. -The state later became so powerful that it controlled much part of Zimbabwe and Mozambique. -The Mutapa ruler or king was called Munhumutapa. Some of the rulers were Gatsi Rusere and his two sons:Nyambo Kapararidzeand Mavhura.

Resistance against the Portuguese Colonialism -The Portuguese were the first Europeans to come to Mutapa State through Mozambique. -They wanted (i) goldand other precious minerals (ii) ivory, (iii) to spread Christianity -The blacks were given (i) cloth, (ii) beads. -The Portuguese wanted to take control of the Mutapa Empire. -The Africans were not happy with the Portuguese. They killed the Portuguese missionary or priest called Father Goncalo da Silveira. The Portuguese in Portugal (a country in Europe) were angry and they sent 1 000 soldiers who were defeated by Gatsi Rusere and the Mutapa people. -More and more Portuguese were sent and some of them were defeated. However, The Mutapa people later agreed to be ruled by the Portuguese especially King Mavhura who was converted to be a Christian. -The Portuguese were finally driven out of Zimbabwe when the Mutapa and the Rozvipeople, under Changamire Dombo, combined effort to fight them. -Heroes of the war against the Portuguese were (i) Gatsi Rusere (ii) Nyambo Kapararidze who was killed at Mt Fura (iii) Changamire Dombo of the Rozvi State

(c) The Ndebele State -The Ndebele people came from South Africa under King Mzilikazi who was the chief of the Khumalo people. They were called the maTebele by the Sotho people and they later called themselves the Amandelele or Ndebele. -They came and settled in the south west of Zimbabwe. -They arrived in Zimbabwe in 1838 and defeated the Rozvi and other tribes. -King Mzilikazi died in 1868 and his son, , became king in 1870. -Lobengula continued to expand the Ndebele Kingdom until the arrival of the whites.

Coming of the Europeans to Africa -Africa was mainly colonized by the whites who came from Britain, Germany, France and Portugal. -The whites who came to Zimbabwe wanted to: 1. spread Christianity. This was done by missionaries like da Silveira (Portuguese), Robert Moffat (British) who became Mzilikazi’s best friend and was allowed to open a mission station at Inyathi in 1859. 2. mine minerals such as gold, copper, iron, silver, etc for their industries in Europe. 3. explore Africa to find out more about its vast areas. This was done by the explorers like David Livingstone who became the first white man to see Mosi-oa-Tunya (meaning theSmoke that Thunders) which he named Victoria Falls after his British Queen Victoria. 4. open more trade markets for their products from their industries. They took raw materials from Africa, processed them in Europe and then sold finished goods in Africa. 5. hunt animals for ivory, animal skins and even meat.

The Colonisation of Zimbabwe -Zimbabwe was colonized by the British. -A British called Cecil John Rhodes led to the colonisation of Zimbabwe. He was a businessman who wanted to build a railway line from Cape Town (in South Africa) to Cairo (in Egypt) through British colonies. -Rhodes sent Charles Rudd, Francis Thompson(interpreter) and RockfordMaguire (a lawyer) to Lobengula to sign an agreement which would allow Rhodes to dig mineralsin his kingdom. -Lobengula and Charles Rudd then signed the Rudd Concession in1888 which led to the colonisation of Zimbabwe. A concession is a special right (permission) given to a person or company. -The Rudd Concession stated that: • Lobengula would give mining right to . • Lobengula would grant power to Rhodes to do all things necessary to promote his mining activities. • The British Government would give Lobengula 100 pounds per month. • The British Government would give Lobengula a gunboat to be placed on Zambezi River. • The British Government would give Lobengula 1 000 guns and 10 000 rounds of ammunition. NB. The British did not honour their promises in the Rudd Concession and Lobengula later knew that he was cheated. He tried to cancel the agreement but failed. -Rhodes had a companycalled British South African Company (BSAC). -The army which was made up of BSAC men, the police and some mercenaries, came to colonize Zimbabwe as The . There were 700 men in the Pioneer Column. -The Pioneer Column came from South Africa to Mashonaland and arrived at present day Harare on 12 September 1890 where they raised the Union Jack (British Flag) and called the place Fort Salisbury, after their British Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury. -The places where the Pioneer Column rested on their way to Mashonaland were Fort Tuli, Fort Victoria and Fort Charter. -After the colonisation of Mashonaland, other places like Manicaland and were later colonized.

Resistance to British Colonisation -When the whites colonized Zimbabwe, they drove the blacks to reserves where the soil was not good for farming. The whites also took their cattle. The blacks were not happy with the invasion of the country. They fought with the invaders because of: 1. Loss of their cattle which were taken by the settlers. 2. Loss of good and arable land. 3. Racial segregation where the laws favoured the whites and oppressed the Africans. 4. Forced labour on farms and mines. 5. Hut taxes which were introduced to force the blacks to work for the whites. 6. Natural disasters like droughts which were blamed on the whites by spirit mediums. -In 1893 the Ndebele people fought the settlers, but were defeated because of poor weapons.

The First Chimurenga of 1896-1897 -It was started in 1896. -It took place in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and Manicaland. -It was led by spirit mediums likeChaminuka, Mkwati,Mbuya Nehanda and Sekuru Kaguvi. -It ended when Mbuya Nehanda and Sekuru Kaguvi were arrested in 1897. -The Africans were defeated because they had poor weapons. -Mbuya Nehanda and Sekuru Kaguvi were killed by hanging on 27 April 1898 in Salisbury. -Heroes of the First Chimurenga included Mbuya Nehanda, Sekuru Kaguvi, Chief Makoni, Chief Mapondera, Umlugulu and Mkwati.

Colonial Rule -Zimbabwe was named Rhodesia after John Rhodes. -The Africans were not allowed to vote and they could not take part in the way the country was ruled or governed. -After the First Chimurenga, the whites made harsh laws to prevent other wars or uprisings. -In 1923. Rhodesia was named Southern Rhodesia because Zambia was called Northern Rhodesia.

The Rise of Nationalism -The blacks in Zimbabwe were not happy because they were oppressed by the British rulers. -The following table shows the early movements and political parties formed to voice the harsh living conditions faced by the blacks. Party or Movement Year Founder Reasons for forming the party or movement The Industrial & Commercial Masotsha Ndlovu, Thomas To improve workers’ conditions Workers Union (ICWU) 1927 Mazula, Job Dumbutshena, in towns Charles Mzingeli The Bantu African Voice 1940 Benjamin Burombo To organize strikes and to fight Association (BAVA) for better wages The Southern Rhodesia 1934 Thompson Samkange, To put more pressure on the African National Congress Aaron Jacha settler government to change (SRANC) racist laws The City Youth League (CYL) 1955 James Chikerema, Edson To fight for improvements in Sithole, George Nyandoro, workers’ housing conditions and Henry Hamadziripi wages. The African National 1957 Joshua Nkomo and members To oppose all racial laws and to Congress (ANC) of the CYL unite all the people of Zim in their desire to regain freedom. National Democratic Party 1960 Michael Mawema, J Nkomo, To form a new party after the (NDP) R Mugabe, L Takawira ANC was banned. To fight for one man one vote Zimbabwe African People’s 1961 J Nkomo, R Mugabe, E Nkala, To give control back to Union (ZAPU) G Silundika, S Parirenyatwa. Zimbabweans Zimbabwe African National 1963 R Mugabe, L Takawira, To fight for independence of Union (ZANU) E Nkala, Ndabaningi Sithole Zimbabwe

The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland -It was formed in 1953. -It was formed by settler governments of: (i) Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), (ii) Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and (iii) Nyasaland (Malawi)

-The Federation built Kariba Damand opened the University of Rhodesia and Nyasaland -It benefitted whites in Southern Rhodesia more than anyone else. -It ended in 1963 and the following year, 1964, Zambia and Malawi became independent. -After the end of the Federation, Southern Rhodesiawas renamed Rhodesia.

Ian Smith and Unilateral Declaration of Independence -Ian Smith became Prime Minister of Rhodesia in 1964 -Smith declared independence of Rhodesia from Britain in 1965. This declaration was known as the Unilateral Declaration of Independence.

The Second Chimurenga -It was marked by the battle of Chinhoyi in 8 April 1966. Seven freedom fighters fought and were all killed because they had no support of the povo. -It was fought by ZANU’s military wing named Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and ZAPU’smilitary wing named Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) forces. Young men and women received military training in Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique, China, Russia, Romania and other countries which supported the war of liberation. -The freedom fighters were also called comrades or guerillas. -The guerillas got support from: • povo/peasants/villagers who gave them food, clothes, information and moral support • mujibha/chimbwido who were young men and women (youths) who became the guerillas’ informers,messengers, spies, cooks and who carried ammunition -The war went on until ceasefire in 1979. The povo were taught about the war at night meetings called pungwe. -The Rhodesian Government tried to stop the war by: • putting povo in keeps/protected villages to stop the peasants from supporting the guerillas • bombing refugee and training camps such as Nyadzonia and Chimoioin Mozambique and Chikamba, Mkushi and Kwalamanja in Zambia • killing political leaders like Herbert Chitepo, Jason Moyo and Alfred Mangena • arresting and jailing political leaders

Zimbabwe – Rhodesia of 1979 -It was the government led by Abel Muzorewa in 1979 after an agreement with Smith, Ndabaningi Sithole, James Chikeremaand Chief Chirau. -Although Muzorewa was the Prime Minister, Smith was ruling the country.

Ceasefire -Ceasefire means to stop fighting in a war. -The Rhodesian Front, ZANU PF, PF ZAPU and other political parties held some talks or meeting at Lancaster House in Britain. This meeting is referred to as The Lancaster House Conference of 1979. -As a result of the Lancaster House Conference: • the war was to stop • Lord Soames was elected Governor of Rhodesia till elections • General elections were to be held • Freedom fighters were to gather in assembly points

Zimbabwe’s Independence in 1980 -In the general elections of 1980, Cde Robert Mugabe of ZANU PF won the elections and became the first black Prime Minister of independent Zimbabwe. -Cde Canaan Banana became the first black President of independent Zimbabwe. -Zimbabwe got its independence on 18 April 1980.

Heroes of the Second Chimurenga -These include fallen (those that died) and living heroes. -Fallen heroes include Herbert Chitepo (the first black lawyer), Jason Moyo, Alfred Mangena, Josiah Magama Tongogara (who died on 26 December 1979 during ceasefire), Samuel Parirenyatwa (the first medical doctor) Sally Mugabe (the first heroine to be buried at the National Heroes Acre in Harare), Joshua Nkomo, Rekayi Tangwena and many others -Living heroes include Cde RG Mugabe, Cde Enos Nkala, Cde Joyce Mujuru and many others.

Policies of the Independent Zimbabwe Government • Reconciliation – means setting aside past differences to work together peacefully. The fighting groups during the war forgave each other and started working together to develop Zimbabwe. • National unity – the first government was made up of people from ZANU PF, PF ZAPU and Rhodesian Front. • Free education and health – the government built more schools and clinics throughout Zimbabwe including the remotest areas.

Events after Independence (a) The Unity Accord of 1987 • It was signed between ZANU PF and PF ZAPU to (i) stop the unrest in Matebeleland and Midlands and (ii) bring peace to the whole of Zimbabwe. • The signing of the Unity Accord is commemorated on the Unity Day on 22 December every year. • After the signing of the unity agreement, Cde RG Mugabe became the ExecutivePresident of Zimbabwe in 1988 and the post of the Prime Minister was abolished.

(b) Land Reform of 2000 • The Zimbabweans repossessed their land from the white commercial farmers and gave it to landless Zimbabweans.

(c) The Government of National Unity of 2008 • It was signed on 15 September 2008 and the new government started work in February 2009. • It was made up of ZANU PF and MDC formations.

(d) The New Constitution of 2013 • Since independence, Zimbabwe was using the Lancaster House Constitution of 1979 although it was amended 19 times. • The new constitution’s writing was led by a parliamentary committee called COPAC and won a YES vote in a referendum held on 16 March 2013.

OUR WAY OF LIFE

WHERE WE LIVE -The map of Zimbabwe shows where we live

-People in Zimbabwe live in different communities. -Some live in rural areas and others in urban areas. Rural Areas -Most people in Zimbabwe live in the rural areas. -There are some growth points where public services are offered. -Examples of growth points are Juru, Mutoko, Kotwa, Murambinda, Mupandawana, Nkayi, Jotsholo, Magunje, etc. -The rural areas is divided into rural districts, eg, UMP, Murewa, Bikita, Hwange, Mwenezi, etc. -The district is run by the Rural District Council headed by the District Administrator.

Urban Areas -Urban areas are either towns or cities. -The cities include Harare, Bulawayo, Mutare and Gweru. -The towns include Chitungwiza, Kwekwe, Kadoma, Chivhu, Marondera, Chinhoyi and others. -The city/town is run by the city/town council or the municipality headed by the mayor.

Zimbabwe’s Provinces -Zimbabwe is divided into 10 provinces which include two metropolitan provinces.

-The provinces are: Province Provincial Capital/Status 1 Manicaland Mutare 2 Masvingo Masvingo Town 3 Midlands Gweru 4 Mashonaland East Marondera 5 Mashonaland West Chinhoyi 6 Mashonaland Central Bindura 7 Matabeleland North Lupane 8 Matabeleland South Gwanda 9 Harare Metropolitan Province 10 Bulawayo Metropolitan Province NB. The provinces are then divided into rural districts and towns/cities.

THE NATIONAL HOLIDAYS -Zimbabwe celebrates the following holidays: Date Holiday Significance 1 January New Year’s day Celebrate the beginning of the year March/April Good Friday Commemorate the day Jesus died for us March/April Easter Sunday Commemorate the day Jesus resurrected 18 April Independence Day Celebrate the day we got our independence 1 May Workers’ Day Commemorate the work done by workers 25 May Africa Day Commemorate the day the OAU was formed 2nd Monday Heroes’ Day Commemorate our fallen heroes of August 2nd Tuesday Defence Forces day Commemorate the work done by our security forces of August 22 December Unity Day Commemorate the day the Unity Accord was signed 25 December Christmas Day Commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ

ZIMBABWE AND THE WORLD COMMUNITY Zimbabwe belongs to many international organisations which include: 1. Southern African Development Community (SADC) 2. African Union (AU) 3. Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) 4. United Nations (UN) 5. Non Aligned Movement (NAM)

NB. Nations come together for economic, social, political, cultural and infrastructural cooperation and development.

Southern African Development Community (SADC)

-It was formed in 1980. -Its name at its formation was Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC). -Its headquarters are in Gaborone, Botswana.

-It has 14 member states namely: COUNTRY CAPITAL CURRENCY LOCATION LANGUAGES Angola Luanda Kwanza Coastal Portuguese Botswana Gaborone Pula Landlocked English, Setswana DRC Kinshasa Francs Coastal Swahili, Belgian Lesotho Maseru Maloti/Rand Landlocked English, Sotho Madagascar Antananarivo Island Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha Landlocked English, Mauritius Port Louis rupee Island Mozambique Maputo Metical Coastal Portuguese, Chikunda Namibia Windhoek Dollar/Rand Coastal English, Afrikaner South Africa Pretoria Rand Coastal English, Afrikaner, Zulu, Xhosa Swaziland Mbabane Lilangeni/Rand Landlocked English, Tanzania Dodoma Shilling Coastal English, Swahili Zambia Lusaka Kwacha Landlocked English, Chewa, Nyanja, Tonga Zimbabwe Harare Dollar Landlocked English, Shona, Ndebele

Aims of SADC 1. to promote cooperation and peace in Southern Africa 2. to achieve economic independence among member states. 2. to reduce dependence on other countries 3. to work together to increase development.

NB. 1) When SADCC was formed in 1980, it was aimed at achieving economic independence among member states and to reduce dependence on South Africa which was still under colonialism. 2) SADCC changed its name to SADC in 2002

AFRICA UNION (AU)

-It was formed on 25 May 1963 as Organisation of African Unity (OAU). -It changed its name to African Union (AU). -The headquarters of the AU are in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where it was formed. -It is made up of all African nations. -We commemorate the formation of the African Union on Africa Day holiday on 25 May every year.

Aims of AU 1. to develop the unity and togetherness of the African states 2. to coordinate and work hard to achieve a better life for the people of Africa 3. to defend our independence 4. to encourage cooperation among member states

NB. When the OAU was formed, it was aimed at eradicating all forms of colonialism in Africa through helping those states which were under colonial governments.

THE COMMON MARKET OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (COMESA) -It is made up of countries in the eastern and southern parts of Africa namely: Zimbabwe, Zambia, DRC, Uganda, Rwanda, Malawi, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, Libya, Eritrea, Djibouti, Swaziland, Madagascar, Mauritius, Comoros and Seychelles.

Aims of COMESA (i) To encourage member states to trade with each other. (ii) To promote co-operation and development in trade, industry, agriculture and communication among member states. NB. The member states are aimed to have a free market, where they trade free, in eastern and southern Africa.

THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION (UN) -It is the largest international organisation to which all countries of the world belong except Taiwan, Western Sahara and Kosovo. -it was formed in San Francisco (USA) in 1945 after the Second World War which began in 1939 and ended in 1945. -Its headquarters are in New York in the United States of America (USA). - When it was formed in 1945, it was called the League of Nations. The name was later changed to the United Nations. -It is headed by the Secretary General. The present Secretary General is Ban Ki-Moon. -The UN has: 1. The UN General Assembly made up of all heads of states. A General Assembly meeting is held annually at the UN Headquarters 2. The UN Security Council which is made up of 5 permanent members (UK, USA, France, China and Russia) and 15 non-permanent members elected from the 5 continents. The permanent members have veto powers ie, one member has the powers to stop/block a decision made by the whole Security Council.

Aims of the UN 1. To bring together all nations of the world to ensure peace and security. 2. To assist member states in food, education, health, children and refugees’ welfare. 3. To promote cooperation among member states. NB. To ensure that the UN achieves its aims, some branches of the UN were formed.

Branches/Arms of the UN Branches Function 1 World Health Organisation (WHO) To cater for all the people’s health 2 United Nations International Children’s It cares for the children’s welfare. Emergence Fund (UNICEF) It caters for their educational, health, etc needs. 3 United Nations Educational, Scientific It promotes educational, scientific research and and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) cultural cooperation and development. 4 United Nations High Commission for It cares for refugees Refugees (UNHCR) Branches Function 5 Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) It deals with world food production. It works to provide food to needy areas. 6 International Labour Organisation (ILO) It is concerned with all workers’ welfare. 7 International Monetary Fund (IMF) It gives financial and economic advice and funds

THE NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM) -It was formed by the smaller nations of the world who saw the confrontation between the superpowers, USA and Russia. They did not want to align to USA or Russia, but to unite so that they became a strong force. -Zimbabwe is a member of the NAM and it held the NAM conference in Harare in 1986 where Cde RG Mugabe became its leader.

Aims of the NAM 1. To maintain peace in the NAM member states. 2. To join together to become a powerful force which will work for peace in the world. 3. To improve the social and economic conditions of the member states.

OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS -There are other international organisations to which Zimbabwe is not a member -All these organisations are aimed at • Maintaining peace and security • Promoting cooperation, trade and development among member states -These organisations include

(a)European Union (EU) -It is made up of European countries such as UK, France, Germany, Spain, Finland, Netherlands, Portugal, Greece, Denmark, Switzerland, etc.

(b) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) -It is made up of West African states like Nigeria, Niger, Ghana, Benin, Togo, Liberia, Guinea, Cote D’Ivoire, Sierra Leone, Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, etc.

(c) The Commonwealth of Nations -It is made up of former British colonies such as Zambia, Malawi, Lesotho, South Africa, Tanzania, Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, Nigeria, Ghana, UK, Kenya, Uganda, etc. -It was formed on 24 May 1947. The Commonwealth Day is celebrated on 24 May every year in member states. -The Head of the Commonwealth is the Queen of the United Kingdom. -Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until 2003 and now it is not a member. -English is the main official language since all British colonies speak in English. -The Commonwealth has helped member states in many ways. For example 1. It suggested the Lancaster house Conference of 1979 in Lusaka in August 1979 to free Zimbabwe. 2. It supported the liberation struggle of Zimbabwe and sent peacekeeping forces during the ceasefire. 3. Its leaders often meet to share ideas about peace, trade, etc and discuss problems giving possible solutions. 4. Richer member states help poor nations educationally, with food and health matters. 5. It unites its members through sport, that is, member states take part in Commonwealth Games. 6. It unites youth through the Commonwealth Youth Programme. 7. It helps member states to solve some political disputes.

MIGRATION -Migration is the movement of people and even animals from one place to another. -Immigration refers to moving/coming into a country. The people who come into a country are called immigrants. -Emigration refers to moving/travelling out of a country. People who travel out of their country are emigrants. NB. 1. Refugees are people who run away from their country because of war or other disasters such as drought, earthquake, etc. 2. People may migrate from rural to urban areas or from one country to another for many reasons.

Why People Migrate 1. To seek/look for employment/jobs. 2. To seek for better living conditions. 3. To further their education and training. 4. To visit resorts as tourists 5. To take part in sport 6. To run away from disaster and economic problems

Advantages of Migration 1. It enables people to share ideas 2. It may improve living standards if migrants find jobs 3. It promotes tourism and sport development 4. It enables people to further their education and training

Disadvantages of Migration 1. It may lead to overpopulation to urban areas and migrated countries. 2. It may spread diseases. That is how AIDS and other diseases spread from one part of the world to another. 3. It may break family relationships. For example, if a husband goes abroad, he might get married there or fails to return.

OVERPOPULATION -Overpopulation means • an area does not have enough resources to meet the needs of the people living there. • Too many people living in the same place. -In Zimbabwe, there seems to be overpopulation in cities like Harare. This is causing shortage of accommodation, poor water supply, traffic jam, etc.

Causes of Overpopulation 1. migration to the overpopulated area 2. increase in population growth

Dangers of Overpopulation 1. Poor sanitation 2. Diseases spread easily 3. Poor service delivery eg, poor water supply, more accidents, etc in towns 4. Unemployment 6. Shortage of accommodation 7. Antisocial behavior, eg, prostitution, robbery/theft, etc

Solutions to Overpopulation -Overpopulation can be reversed by 1. Controlling population growth through family planning 2. Developing growth points where people in the rural areas get jobs and social services so that they do not migrate to urban areas. 3. Developing rural areas through improving the people’s living standards. Government should supply electricity, clean waterfacilities, good schools, health facilities, etc to rural people.

PREPARED BY:TINAGO KEITH

SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES

TOPIC 3: SHELTER

-Shelter is one of the people’s basic needs or necessities apart from food, water and clothes. -Shelter is (i) where people or animals live in. (ii) what people build to live in.

Why people need shelter (i) for protection against harsh weather conditions such as rain, cold and extreme heat. (ii) for protection against wild animals and criminals (iii) to secure property against theft

Animal and Other Things’ Shelter -The places where animals live or sleep have names Animal Shelter Dog kennel Pig sty Horses stable/paddock Birds /snakes nest Lion/fox/leopard/tiger den Ants/termites anthill/nest Bees hive/nest Cattle pen/kraal Sheep/goats pen Dove/pigeons dovecote Hare form Mouse hole/nest Poultry hen-run/fowl-run Grains granary/silo Books library Artifacts museum Patients hospital Corpse mortuary

Ideal Shelter A good house has • Plenty of window for ventilation • Allows plenty of light to enter the house • Clean walls and floors • No potholes and cracks • No rats, cockroaches, bed bugs, lice, etc • No rubbish in and near the house • Enough living space for each family member

Types of Shelter around the World -Traditional shelter is different in different parts of the world -Factors that affect/influence or cause the difference in types of shelter are: • Climate – refers to the weather conditions of an area. Climate of different places influences the people of those places to build different types of shelter. For example, Eskimos in very cold regions live in igloos made of snow which cannot be built in warm climate, Arabs in Sahara Desert build flat-roofed mud houses since it rarely rains and such houses can be destroyed by rain in Zimbabwe and skyscrapers cannot be built in areas where earthquakes often occurs • Building materials available – traditionally people only used locally available materials. For example, huts are built in rural Zimbabwe because of readily available grass, dagga and poles, log cabins are built by America Indians since there is a lot of wood there and Arab herdsmen who keep goats, sheep and camels in Sahara Desert use animal skins to make their tents.

-The table below shows types of shelter used in different parts of the world or by different peoples.

Type of Shelter Place People Building materials Igloo Greenland Eskimos ice blocks, snow Stilted huts Zambezi Valley Tonga, Korekore poles, dagga, grass, stilts Hut Rural Africa Africans poles, dagga, grass Wigwam/tepee America Native Americans Mats, animal skins, pole frames Tents Sahara Desert Arab herdsmen Animal skins, poles, cloth Pyramids Egypt Egyptians Large stones Houseboat Asia Asians Light materials that float Skyscrapers Most cities Concrete and steel Cabins Worldwide Builder, constructors Wood, durawall, logs, etc Shacks Shanty towns squatters Plastics, cardboard, grass, wood

Classification of Shelter -Shelter can be classified as (1) ancient or modern and (2) temporary or permanent

1. Ancient and Modern Shelter -Ancient or traditional shelter is that used long ago. Some is still used today around the world. For example, caves, pyramids, huts, mud house, log cabins, wigwam, igloos, etc. -Modern shelter is that used today, eg, houses, flats, bungalow, skyscraper, shops, hotels, hostels, hospitals, gazeboes, classrooms, etc. NB (a) Ancient shelter was different in different parts of the world because of difference in materials, climate and religious beliefs. (b) Modern shelter tends to be the same worldwide because the materials, functions and designs are the same. (c) Skyscrapers are suitable in towns and cities because they use less space/ground and accommodate many people. However, they are expensive to construct.

2. Temporary and Permanent Shelter -Temporary shelter is that used for a short period of time. However, other people use it permanently, eg, tent, cabins, shacks, houseboats, etc. -Permanent shelter is that people use for a long time, eg, huts, houses, churches, skyscrapers, etc.

Towns and Cities -A town or a city is headed by a mayor. It also has a town clerk, town planner, inspectors and directors. Areas found in a town or city includes: 1. Industrial area – industries and factories for manufacturing goods are found there 2. Commercial area – offices, supermarkets, flats, shops, etc are found there. It is also called the Central Business District (CBD) of the city. 3. Residential area – is where people live. Houses, flats and hostels are found there. It can be classified as (i) High Density Area where houses are built on small pieces of land and many people live there, eg, Budiriro, Highfields, etc, (ii) Low Density Area where houses are built on large pieces of land and few people live there, eg, Borrowdale, Mabelreign, etc. Accommodation in Towns and Cities -There is shortage of accommodation in most towns and cities around Zimbabwe because of: I. Overpopulation in towns and cities due to migration II. Shortage of land to build houses III. Too expensive building materials IV. Lack of money to buy houses

Problems caused by Inadequate Accommodation There are problems which are caused by lack of accommodation in towns and cities such as: I. People become overcrowded in very few houses II. Diseases spread easily in overcrowded areas, eg, cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, etc III. Increase in child abuse cases because children share rooms with parents and other relatives IV. Increases in anti-social behaviour like prostitution, stealing, drug abuse, etc V. Development of squatter camps and shanty towns NB. (a) A squatter is a person who builds his/her shelter where he/she is not allowed to do so. (b) Squatter camp is a place where squatters live. (c) Shanty town is a large squatter camp or a settlement with unauthorized shelter. The shelter or ‘houses’ in a shanty town are made of cardboard, asbestos, iron sheets, plastics, etc. Shanty towns are common in major cities such as Johannesburg, Nairobi, etc.

Solution to Shortage of Accommodation -The government should aim to provide decent accommodation to all its citizens. -The following are ways of alleviating accommodation problems in towns and cities: 1. Developing rural areas to prevent rural-urban migration. The government established Growth Points to: • provide social services like electricity, • create employment to rural people to stop migration. 2. People should be given loans by the government and building societies to build houses. 3. The government and municipalities/town councils should build cheap houses and sell them to people who will pay through installments 4. People should form housing cooperatives and brigades to build houses for them. 5. Government to make sure that houses are affordable. 6. Government and town councils should provide land for the construction of houses.

Ways of Owning Houses -People towns accommodation or houses in town and cities in either of the following ways: 1. Renting – that is, living in someone’s house paying some money for living in it. • The amount of money paid is called rent. • A person who rents a house is called a tenant or lodger. 2. Building houses – some people build and own houses in towns and cities 3. Buying houses – some people buy houses and own them 4. Employer’s house – some people live at their work place or in the employer’s house. Development of Towns and Cities -Long ago, there were no towns and cities. -The early people were nomads. Villages began when people started living permanently in one place. The villages then developed into large settlements and then into towns and cities due to some activities which were carried out there. -Zimbabwe’s towns and cities developed due to the following reasons:

Town/City What made it develop Hwange, Zvishavane, Bindura, Shamva, Mining Kwekwe, Kamativi, Kadoma Mutare, Betbridge, Kariba, Plumtree Border posts Harare Capital city Victoria Falls, Kariba, Nyanga, Chinhoyi Tourism Karoi, Chiredzi, Marondera, Farming

NB. Some towns and cities developed due to more than one reason, eg, • Mutare –developed due to trade, tourism, timber forests, border posts, is gateway to the sea, etc • Kariba – develop due to fishing, tourism, is border posts, etc

-Cities of other countries also developed due to several reasons such as: City Cause for Development Johannesburg (South Africa), Selebi Pikwe (Botswana, Mining Kitwe and Kabwe (Zambia) Maputo & Beira (Mozambique), Luanda & Cabinda (Angola) Trade routes as seaports Lagos (Nigeria), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Mombasa (Kenya), Durban, Cape Town (South Africa) Chimoio (Mozambique), Blantyre (Malawi) Farming Gaborone (Botswana), Lusaka (Zambia), Lilongwe (Malawi), Capital cities Dodoma (Tanzania), Maseru (Lesotho)

PREPARED BY:TINAGO KEITH

SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES

TOPIC 5: RULES AND LAWS

What are Rules and Laws? -Rules are statements of what can, should and must be done in particular situations or when playing games, eg, soccer rules, traffic rules, class rules, school rules, etc. -Laws are national rules to be obeyed by all people in the country, eg, laws on murder, voting, etc.

Why We Need Rules and Laws -We need rules to: • Govern and control members’ and participants’ behaviour • Prevent cheating in sport -We need laws to: • Maintain peace and harmony • Protect the citizens from unfair treatment by others

Types of Laws 1. Criminal laws are laws that deal with criminal cases such as murder, rape, fraud, etc. 2. Civil laws are the laws that deal with disputes between/among citizens, eg, divorce, debts, adultery, etc. 3. Customary laws are traditional laws inherited from our ancestors, eg, no marriage between close relatives, etc. These laws are not written down, but are taught to the young from the elders. 4. By laws are laws made by the local government/authority such as a town council or rural district council. By laws differ from one council to another.

Who Makes Laws -Members of Parliament or the Parliament make laws.

How are Laws Made -A minister or an MP presents a new bill in parliament. -The bill is debated or discussed in parliament. -If the bill is passed, it is further debated in the Senate. -if it is passed by the senate, the bill is taken to the president to be signed. -After the President signs, the bill becomeslaw called an Act of Parliament. NB. 1. A Bill is a proposed law presented to the parliament for discussion. 2. An Act is the law made by parliament and signed by the President.

Enforcing Laws -Laws are enforced by law courts and law officers such as the High Court and the judges with the help of the police.

Observing/Obeying Laws -Every citizen, regardless of status,must obey the laws.

The Government -The government is made up of three parts/arms namely: 1. The Legislature or Parliament 2. The Executive or Administration 3. The Judiciary NB. Each arm performs duties which are different from the other. A. The Parliament or Legislature -The parliament is made up of two houses namely: 1. The House of Assembly which is made up of 210 elected Members of Parliament (MPs) and 60 women. 2. The Senate which is made up of 80 Senators who include 18 chiefs and 2 persons representing disabled persons. -The functions or duties of the Parliament are: 1. Make, amend or repeal laws for the peace, order and good governance of Zimbabwe. 2. To protect the Constitution and promote democratic ruling of our country. NB. (a) Members of Parliament (MPS) are chosen by voting/secret ballot/elections (b) MPs represent constituencies, eg, Goromonzi West, Murewa North, Mudzi South, etc. (c) A constituency is an area of registered voters represented in parliament by an MP. (d) A person is legible or allowed to vote when he/she is 18 years and above. (e) The election of MPs and Senators is done after every 5 years. (f) The party which wins the largest number of seats in parliament becomes the ruling party and the party which wins the second largest number of seats is the opposition party.

B. The Executive or Administration -It is the arm of government responsible for the day to day running of the government. It sees that the country runs smoothly. -It is made up of the President, Cabinet of Ministers and the Civil Service • The President is the Head of State and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces. He/she is elected by the people. He/she appoints two Vice Presidents. • The Cabinet is a committee of ministers who head various ministries. The ministers are nominated by the President. • The Civil Service refers to government workers like teachers, agritex officers, doctors/nurses in clinics and public hospitals and others who work in the various ministries. -The administration is divided into ministries and departments such as: • Ministry of Agriculture and mechanization • Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture • Ministry of Health and Child Welfare • Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructural Development • Ministry of Finance • Ministry Media, Information and Publicity • Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) • Zimbabwe National Road Administration (ZINARA) • District Development Fund (DDF), etc.

B. The Judiciary -It is made up of law courts and law officers -The law courts are: • Constitutional Court • Supreme Court • High Court • Magistrate Court • Other courts, eg, community and village courts

-The law officers or officials are the people who try and pass judgments on offences. They prove whether the accused persons are guilty or innocent. The law officers include: • The Chief Justice – is the head of the Judiciary • Judges • Magistrates • Prosecutors • Prosecutor General – is the chief legal advisor of the government

The Constitution -The Constitution is the whole system of laws by which a country is governed or ruled. -From 1980 to 2013, Zimbabwe was using the Lancaster House Constitution of 1979 which was amended 19 times. -From 2013 onwards, Zimbabwe is now using the new constitution which was voted for in a referendum on 16 March 2013. -All laws and the operations of the three arms of the government must conform to the constitution.

The National Symbols -these include the National Anthem, National Flower, National Flag and the National Coat of Arms. -The National Anthem is called Ngaikomborerwe Nyika YeZimbabwe -The National Flower is the Flame Lily

The National Flag -The National Flag has the following colours and symbols and their significance: Colour/Symbol Meaning/Significance Yellow/Gold Mineral wealth Green Vegetation and agriculture Red Blood spilt during the war Black Majority rule Red Star Hope/aspirations for the future White Triangle Peace Zimbabwe Bird National emblem/heritage

The National Coat of Arms -It reminds us of our loyalty and duty/responsibility to the nation/country. -It has the following colours and symbols and their significance: Colour/Symbol Meaning/Significance Zimbabwe Bird National emblem Great Zimbabwe National heritage Red Star The people’s aspiration/hope for the future Two Kudu The different ethnic group of people of Zimbabwe, eg, Africans, Asians, Europeans, etc A Hoe and a Gun From war to peace Green Shield Vegetation and agriculture Blue and White Waves Water and agriculture Earthen Mound Zimbabwe’s fertile soils Wreath Mineral wealth and agriculture Motto: Unity Freedom Work Encourages people to be united and work and to be free Citizenship -A citizen is a person who has the right to live in a particular country -Examples of citizens are: Country Citizen Zimbabwe Zimbabweans Malawi Malawians China Chinese Japan Japanese USA Americans

-A person can be a citizen by: • Birth – born in Zimbabwe • Descent – born outside Zimbabwe by Zimbabwean parents • Registration – foreigners or aliens can register to be Zimbabweans

Rights of a Citizen -A citizen has the following rights: • Right to live/life • Right to freedom • Right to choose a religion of choice • Right to be heard • Right to vote • Right to fair trial

Duties of a good Citizen -A citizen has duties or responsibilities he/she should do that include: • To pay some taxes • To obey the laws • To defend the country • To vote • To help other citizens

Government Systems -Different countries have different systems of governments because they have different needs, resources and opinions on how to rule their countries. - Some of the government systems are: 1. Dictatorship –is a form of government which has complete power over its people. The leader who does what he wants is called a dictator. In a dictatorship: • All the power is in the hands of the ruler. • A dictator rules the country without seeking advice from parliament. • A dictator often bans political parties. • No elections are held in a dictatorship. • People who oppose the dictator are killed secretly or sent to jail without trial.

2. Democracy – is a type of government where rulers are chosen by people through an election. In a democratic state: • The ruler is chosen by people by voting. • People have a say in the way the country is governed; MPs represent them in parliament. • People have the power to remove the ruler through electing him/her out of office. • People are free to form political parties and hold meetings. • Elections are held regularly, eg, after every 5 years in Zimbabwe. • Decisions made by the courts are enforced even if the ruler does not like them.

3. One-party state – there is only one political party in that country, eg, Cuba, Venezuela and China. People vote for the people from the same party.

4. Multi-party state – there are more than one political party in that country, eg, Zimbabwe, UK, USA, Botswana, etc. People voted as the President and MPs are from different parties.

5. Capitalist government – is that whose wealth is controlled by the rich people and companies. The government does not control the wealth. Examples are USA, UK, Germany, South Korea, etc.

6. Socialist government – is one which tries to control the wealth of the country for the benefit of all people. The resources of the country belong to all people through the government they vote for. Examples are China, Cuba North Korea, etc.

7. Apartheid – is a form government in which members of different races have different rights and live, travel and spent their time apart from each other. This is racial segregation. This form of government was in South Africa before their independence.

PREPARED BY: TINAGO KEITH

SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES

TOPIC 7: CLOTHES

What are Clothes -Clothes are what people wear. -Clothes are one of the basic needs/necessities of human life.

Different Types of Clothes -People wear different types of clothes which include: • Body wear, eg, T-shirts, shorts, trousers, jerseys, shirts, dresses, skirts, blouses, etc • Footwear, eg, shoes, slippers, sandals, canvas shoes, shooters, etc • Underwear, eg, pants, bra, petticoat, bikini, vest, socks, etc • Protective clothing – refers to clothes people wear to protect themselves from danger, eg, gloves, goggles/spectacles, overalls, gumboots, helmets, masks, work suits, fireproof clothes (made from asbestos), waterproof clothes (made from plastic), etc. • Camouflage clothing – refers to clothes which are worn to disguise the person wearing them. They are worn by soldiers and game wardens. • Sportswear, eg, shooters, boxer shorts/trainers, jerseys, tekkies, etc • National dress – is a special style of clothing commonly worn by most of the people in a country, eg: ➢ Sari by Indian women ➢ Kimono by Japanese ➢ Toga by rich ancient Roman people ➢ African attire by Nigerians/Ghanaians • Clothes for special occasions, eg: ➢ Black clothes at funerals, ➢ White clothes and gowns at weddings ➢ Suits at weddings and in offices • Jewellery, eg, bracelets, necklaces, earrings, beads, bangles, brooches, rings, etc

Reasons for Wearing Clothes People wear clothes for the following reasons: 1. Protection against harsh weather, eg cold, hot, rain, etc. 2. Beautification and adornment, that is, people wear clothes to make themselves beautiful and adorable. Such clothes include jewelry, fashionable clothes, etc. 3. Identification/Uniformity, eg, school children, nurses, soldiers and the police wear uniforms to be identical. 4. To show status, eg, marital status (rings), social status ( eg, toga), etc.

Factors Influencing the Types of Clothes People Wear -People wear different clothes because of different factors such as: 1. Climate, eg, woolen clothes is worn in cold climate, cotton clothes are worn in warm climate. 2. Materials available – influence what people wear, eg, (i) cotton is grown in Zimbabwe, hence Zimbabweans wear cotton clothes, (ii) the San people wore animal skins because those were the materials available during that time. 3. Traditional and Religious beliefs – influence the type and style of clothes people wear, eg, (i) Indian women wear clothes that cover the whole body except the eyes (ii) Women of some apostolic churches do not wear trousers 4. Fashion – influences what people wear in that people want to be fashionable as they copy what others wear, especially women and girls. NB. Fashion means the kinds of clothes popular at a certain time. Sources of Clothes -Clothes are made from natural or artificial sources. -Natural sources provide us with natural fabrics and artificial sources give us man-made or synthetic fabrics.

Natural Sources and fabrics -Natural fabrics originate from either animals or plants.

Source Cloth/Fabrics Produced Suitable Climate/Reason for Wearing it Leading producers Cotton cotton Warm regions like Africa because cotton Zimbabwe, Egypt, clothes are cool. South Africa, UK, Nigeria, Argentina Merino sheep wool (wool from Angora Cold climates like Europe because woolen Australia, S. Africa, Angora goats goats is called Mohair) clothes are warm New Zealand, UK Silkworms silk -silk is soft and attractive Italy, India, France -it is expensive Flax plants linen Russia, USA, Egypt, France, Ireland Animal skins/hides leather -used for making shoes, belts, bags, jackets

NB. (i) Animal skins come from crocodiles, elephants, cattle, buffalo, etc. (ii) Animal skins are softened into leather by tanning using sap from wattle trees called tannin.

Artificial Sources and Fabrics -People managed to use non-fabric materials to make cloth and clothes. Man-made cloth/clothes are called synthetic cloth/clothes. Synthetic materials help to alleviate the shortage of natural or raw materials needed in the manufacture of clothes.

Synthetic Fabric Source Nylon Coal, (+ water and air) Rayon Wood pulp Polyester Mixture of wool and cotton Terylene Crude oil Plastic Processed industrial substances

NB. The advantages of synthetic fabrics are: a) They are strong. b) They are easy to wash. c) They dry quickly. d) They can be grease free.

Manufacture of Clothes -Clothes are made in factories and industries. -Fabrics under some processes before they become clothes

Flow Chart for Making Cotton Clothes

Farms Ginnery Cotton lint is spun into Farmers grow cotton, pick the Cotton lint is separated thread/yarn by spinning jenny. seed cotton, stash it in bales and from seed. This is ginning. This is spinning. transport it to GINNERY

Factory Cloth is dyed to produce Yarn is woven into cloth by a Clothes are made from cloth. colourful cloth. weaving loom. This is weaving.

NB. 1) Ginning is the separation of cotton lint (white fibres) from seed. The seed can be use to produce: i. animal feeds and ii. cooking oil. These two can be called by-products of cotton. 2) Spinning is the production of thread or yarn from cotton lint. 3) Weaving is the intertwining of thread to make cloth.

Flow Chart for Making Woolen Clothes

Shearing Spinning Weaving Making Clothes

NB. (i) Shearing is the removal of mohair or wool from the sheep’s body. Merino sheep are shorn once a year. (ii) The wool is packed in bales and sent to the spinning factory where the wool fibres are: • Firstly, sorted into groups of the same length, colour and fineness. • Secondly, washed in hot, soapy water to remove the natural greases and sweat • Thirdly, washed in clean water and dried. • Fourthly, dipped in some acid and passed through some rollers • Lastly, combed to remove short threads before they spun into thread or yarn.

Care of Clothes -The clothes need to be cared for so that they last long. -Clothes are cared for by (i) washing, (ii) ironing and (iii) repairing them.

(a) Washing Clothes – Clothes should be washed to remove dirt and smell. When washing clothes: 1) Sort them and separate coloured from white clothes 2) Use appropriate detergents, eg, soap, washing powder, etc 3) Read and follow the care labels on the clothes, eg:

1. Dry clean Do not dry clean

2. You may bleach Do not bleach

4. May be tumble dried Do not tumble dry

3. Cool/Hot iron Do not iron

5. 6. 40˚C Machine wash 40˚C Hand wash in warm water

(b) Ironing – People iron clothes: 1) To remove creases 2) To kill lice and bugs

(c) Repairing of clothes – Torn clothes need mending.

Designs of Clothes -This refers to the style or appearance of the clothes people wear. -The factors that affect the design of clothes are: 1) Purpose of wearing the clothes, eg, jewelry to show status, black clothes for moaning, etc. 2) Fashions at that time, ie, people tend to wear clothes being worn by celebrities or famous persons.

Cost of Clothes -The cost of clothes is influenced by: 1) Materials used to make the clothes, eg, silk clothes are more expensive than cotton clothes. 2) Production cost, ie, the cost of other things used in the making of clothes such as, electricity, heating, labour, factory rent, advertising, etc. 3) Purpose of wearing the clothes, eg, clothes for sports are more expensive than ordinary clothes 4) Fashion at that time, ie, fashionable clothes are more expensive. 5) Advertising – This refers to telling the buyers the goods the sellers are selling. Advertising is used to tell the buyers clothes (i) available, (ii) on sale or special offer, (iii) new fashion. This is done through the TV, radio, posters, magazines, newspapers, internet, etc.

Importance of Clothing Industry -The clothing industry is also called the textile industry. -Textile means cloth made by weaving. -The importance of the textile industry includes: 1) It produces clothes. 2) It provides employment to many people on farms, in factories, at ginneries, in shops, etc. 3) It brings foreign currency if raw materials like cotton and manufactured clothes are exported (sold outside the country) History of Clothes -Long ago, people wore animal skins because they were the readily available materials. -The Egyptians were the first to weave cloth from cotton. First clothes were made by the Egyptians or Chinese.

Importance Inventions in the Textile Industry -The machines we use now were invented by some people: Inventor Machine Year John Kay Flying Shuttle – weaving machine 1733 James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny – spinning machine 1764 Samuel Crompton The ‘mule’ – spinning machine (improved) 1779 Edmund Cartwright Power loom – weaving machine 1795 Singer Sewing machine SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES

TOPIC 8: WEALTH AND MONEY

What is Wealth? -Wealth is the riches of a person or community or a country. -Wealth is a measure of resources.

The Wealth of the Community/Country -A community/country’s wealth is made up of its resources such as minerals, water, soil, wildlife, buildings, roads, work force, etc. -The resources are the things the country possesses or has as its wealth.

Classification of Resources These resources are (i) natural, (ii) man-made or (iii) human resources.

(a) Natural Resources are the resources which were not made by man, eg, rivers, good soil, water, trees, animals, minerals, etc. -Natural resources can be classified as: I. Renewable resources – These can be replaced after use, eg, water, sun, trees, wind, wildlife, etc II. Non-renewable resource – These cannot be replaced after use, eg, coal, crude oil, minerals, soil, etc

(b) Artificial Resources are the resources which are man-made, eg, bridges, dams, machines, buildings, roads, schools, hospitals, railways, airports, vehicles, train engines, aeroplane, etc. Natural resources are used to make artificial resources.

(c) Human Resources are the country’s labour force, ie, all the people who do the different jobs in providing goods and services, eg, engineers, teachers, nurses, farmers, miners, soldiers, clerks, etc. -Human resources are greatest resource of a country as they work on resources to produce the country’s wealth. -Human resources use natural and artificial resources to make other artificial resource.

Other Countries’ Resources -Some countries have more resources than others. These resources make some countries be rich (wealthy) and others to be poor. -Countries can trade in resources, eg, Zimbabwe can exchange its diamonds for crude oil with Libya. -The table below shows other countries’ major natural resources: Country Natural Resources Zimbabwe Diamond, platinum, gold, coal, wildlife, livestock, tobacco, etc Mozambique sea food, rice, tea, forestry, seaports, etc Malawi Fish, rice, tea, tobacco Botswana Cattle, diamond, uranium, etc Zambia Copper, cobalt, agricultural produce, fisheries, etc South Africa Gold, diamond, fisheries, sheep, forestry, industries, seaports, etc

Forms of Money -Money is the medium of exchange. -Money exists in various forms such as; cash, cheques, money order, stamps and postal order I. Cash – banknotes and coins. This is the most common form of money used by the ordinary people. II. Stamps – these are bought at post offices, eg, postage and revue stamps. They are for paying for services such as postal services and birth certificates. III. Postal Order, Money Order and Registered Mail – are ways of sending money safely and fast. IV. Cheque – is a written order to the bank to pay a specified amount of money to a specified person from the depositor’s account. A cheque can be: • Ordinary cheque – one which can be used by any person or company to make a payment. It can be: ➢ Open Cheque – one that can be cashed at a bank right away. It is not safe as it can be stolen and cashed. ➢ Crossed Cheque – is crossed on its face and it needs to be deposited into a bank account • Bearer’s Cheque – was used as money in Zimbabwe before 2009. • Traveller’s Cheque – is issued or given to a person travelling abroad. It is safe to travel abroad with traveller’s cheque because if it gets lost or stolen, it is replaced. NB. Money can be metal (coins), paper (banknotes), plastic (credit cards), commodities, properties, etc.

Rates of Exchange -Different countries use different currencies, eg, Botswana – Pula, USA/Australia – Dollar, Nigeria – Naira, Ghana – Cedi, Mozambique – Metical, Lesotho – Rand/Maloti, Zambia – Kwacha, etc. -Foreign Currency is money from other countries. Rand, Cedi, Metical, Yen, Naira, Kwacha and other currencies are Zimbabwe’s foreign currency. -The value of one currency is not equivalent to another currency, eg $1 ≠ R1, but $1 =R9,56. This equivalence of currencies is called exchange rate or rate of exchange, eg, If $1 = R9,56, calculate the exchange rate of: • $250 - $250 x 9,576 = R2 390 • R47,80 – R47,80 ÷ 9,56 = $5 NB. The process of changing money from one currency to another is called foreign exchange.

Planned Use of Money -Money is very important; therefore it should be used wisely. -Uses of money are: 1) Buying goods, eg, food, clothes, cars, etc 2) Paying for services, eg, school fees, bus fare, hospital fees, legal fees, etc. 3) Paying bills, eg, water bills, electricity bills, rent, etc. 4) Paying taxes, eg, income tax, Value Added Tax, etc 5) Paying wages and salaries 6) Settling debts and fines

-Because of its importance, money should be budgeted for by the family, community (local government) and at national level. • Budget is the plan made before spending money. It is the planned use of money. • National Budget is the plan or statement showing the country’s income/revenue and expenditure for the following year. It is prepared and presented in Parliament and Cabinet by the Minister of Finance. • Budgeting means planning how to spend money wisely so that the expenditure does not exceed the income or revenue.

Family and Community Income or Revenue -The money made or gained or earned by a person or family or business or the nation is called Income or Revenue.

-The family income or revenue can be obtained from a) wages and salaries, b) trading goods, eg selling vegetables, running a shop or any business, c) charging services rendered, eg, being a lawyer, etc -The local government (council) income or revenue comes from a) taxing businesses, b) development levy paid by residents c) service charges, eg, refuse collection, water and electricity supply d) selling land (stands) to individuals and businesses e) running its own businesses, eg, beer holes f) renting its buildings and facilities, eg, stadiums

National Income/Revenue and Expenditure The Government gets its income/revenue/money from: 1) Taxation – This is the major source of government income. The taxes include: • Income Tax is paid by workers. It is charged as a percentage of a person’s salary (Direct tax). The higher the salary the more tax charged. Therefore, it is progressive tax. • Value Added Tax is indirectly paid by consumers as they buy goods and services (Indirect tax). It is charged on goods and services consumers buy. It was called Sales Tax before. • Corporate Tax is paid by companies. It is a percentage of the company’s profit. • Import/Customs Duty and Excise is the tax charged on imports, ie, on goods bought from other countries. 2) Profits - from government companies, parastatals and joint ventures, eg, NRZ, ZUPCO, Zimflow, Air Zimbabwe, Fidelity Printers, diamond mines in Manicaland, etc, 3) Exporting goods – selling goods abroad, eg, diamonds 4) Issuing licences, eg, mining licences, vehicle licences, etc 5) Service charges, eg, road use (through tollgates), electricity (through ZESA), maternity fees, etc.

-Government uses its income for the following expenditure: 1) Paying salaries for civil servants, ie, government workers 2) Provision of public goods. Public goods are the services provided by the government to its citizens, eg, security through the defence forces, education, health, street lighting, radio and television, etc. 3) Constructing schools, hospitals, dams, roads, etc. 4) Maintaining roads, government buildings, etc. 5) Importing goods and services, eg, grains and electricity if there is shortage. 6) Paying subscriptions to international organisations like SADC, AU and UN. NB. i. The income and expenditure of the state must be specified in the National Budget. ii. The government spends its money through the various ministries.

Past Trade -Long ago people traded. They use barter trade. -Barter trade is the exchange of goods for goods. People could exchange salt for chickens. -Barter trade was done between families and communities. -In Zimbabwe, the people traded with the Arab traders, Portuguese and the Chinese before the coming of the British who colonized us. -The traders brought cloth, salt, beads, etc and the Africans gave them gold, ivory, etc. -At one time people were traded to Europeans and Americans during slave trade. These were called slaves. Present Trade -Although barter trade is still being done, money is mostly used for trade. -Trade is between people and businesses (local trade) or nations (international trade). -Foreign currency is important to a country because it is needed to buy goods from other countries. -Zimbabwe is landlocked. It relies on Mozambican (Beira and Maputo) and South African (Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth) seaports for its trade. The most convenient seaport is Beira which is the nearest seaport.

Pricing of Goods -The price of goods is determined by: 1) cost of the materials used to make the goods 2) cost of labour used in the manufacture of the goods 3) demand of the goods, ie, the higher the demand the higher the price 4) supply (availability) of the goods 5) transport cost, ie, the cost of transporting the goods 6) the profit to be gained on the goods, ie, different businesses charge different profit percentages 7) inflation

What is Inflation? -Inflation is: • the ever rising of the prices of goods and services • the continuous increasing of the prices of goods and services • loss of value of the nation’s currency or money

Causes of Inflation -Inflation is caused by: a. the high demand for goods and services, ie, if more people need the same goods, the goods’ price goes up, hence the money loses its value b. low supply of goods, ie, when there is shortage of goods, their price increases resulting in money losing its value c. increase in prices – results in more money buying less goods, thereby money loses its value d. increases in salaries and wages – will increase the demand of goods and services pushing the prices up

Effects and Dangers of Inflation The effects and dangers of inflation are: i. money loses its value ii. prices increase iii. the cost of living goes up and people become poorer iv. It may lead to strikes, ie, when people earn less money they demand more. v. It may lead to scarcity (shortage) of goods

Controlling Inflation -Inflation can be controlled by: 1) Increasing the supply of goods and services by producing more and more goods 2) Not increasing wages and salaries 3) Price controls, ie, the government determines the maximum price of goods and services

Ways of Buying Goods People buy goods by/on: a) Cash – using banknotes, coins and cards (swiping) b) Cheques – which are used as cash c) Discount – when businesses encourage customers to buy from them by allowing them to pay less than the marked or cost price. • NB. Discount is the difference between the marked price and the amount the customer pays, eg, the Marked Price = $20, the customer pays $16, the Discount is $20 - $16 = $4 d) Lay-bye – a customer pays for the goods over a period of time before collecting the goods. e) Hire Purchase – a customer takes the goods after paying nothing or a deposit and pay for them or the balance later in installments. f) Credit – a customer takes the goods and pay for them later.

Advertising in Trade -Advertising – refers to telling the customers the goods the sellers are selling. -Advertising is used to tell the buyers (i) available goods and (ii) goods on sale or special offer. -Advertising is done through the TV, radio, posters, magazines, newspapers, internet, etc. -Persuasive language is used in advertising to entice customers to buy.

Reasons for advertising are: i. to tell (inform) the public/people the goods and services available ii. to increases sales, ie, advertised goods tend to attract more customers than those not advertised iii. to persuade people to buy advertised goods

Advantages of advertising are: i. People get to know the goods and services available ii. It helps customers to compare prices and quality of goods and services iii. It increases the number of goods sold iv. It makes newspapers and magazines cheaper because advertisers pay a lot of money to advertise in them.

Disadvantages of Advertising are: i. Advertisements may lead customers to buy things they have not planned for 9impulse buying) ii. Advertisements may be misleading, ie, what the advertisers say about the goods may be exaggerated. iii. Advertisements may fool people, eg, adverts on tobacco. iv. Some advertisements are not suitable for children, but they are shown on TV.

Imports -Imports are the goods bought from other countries. -Zimbabwe’s imports include: machinery, vehicles and vehicle parts, computers, crude oil, cell phones, foodstuff, second-hand clothes, etc. -A country needs foreign currency to buy the imports.

Exports -Exports are the goods a country sell to other countries. -Zimbabwe’s exports are minerals (diamonds, gold, platinum, etc), tobacco, meat (beef, pork and chicken), cotton, asbestos, cement. -It is very important for a nation to export because exports bring in foreign currency.

PREPARED BY: Madyangove