1.0 :; ""'2.8 ""'2.5 Ww Illi~ "" 1.0 ~ I~ ~ ~ I~ 1.1 I 1.1 ~,,:: 1­

""'1.25 ""'1.4 I"" 1.6 ""'1.25 111111.4 111111.6

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANOAROS-1963-A NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDAROS·1963·A ':~"7:' ~. ,,=.===~ ...i'ilcH:m= BtJt.I.l!"!IN' No. 270 ~. NOVl!Wll!R, 1931 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D~ c:

THE CHEMOTROPIC RESPONSES OF THE HOUSE . FLY, THE GREEN-BOTTLE FLIES, AND THE BLACK BLOWFLY

By E. W. L4TcE, Associate Entomologist, D. C. PARMAN, Assoczate Entomologist, and F. C. BXSHOFF, PrincipaZ EntomoZogist, in Charge, Division of Insects Affecting Man and Animals, Bureau of E'fJ,tomology, and R. C. ROARK, Principal Chemist, in Charge, Insecticide Division, Chemical and Technological Research, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils

CONTENTS

Introductlon_.______p~ IDlsCllS5iO.n of the results______pag~ Procednre______2 Attractants______8 Materials nsed______2 Suggestions afpraetieaJ Import.______9 Results of the tests______2 SIlIlllllllrY ______~______10

INTRODUCTION Chemotropic tests with the screw-worm fly, Oochliomyia macellaria Fab" have been carried on fOI; a number of years by the writers.l This work was done principilly for the purpose of finding suitable repellents with which to dress wounds on animals to prevent themfrom becoming infested with the screw worm, or to prevent reinfestations after an infestation of worms has been killed out. During these tests observations were made on the behavior of other species of flies toward the materials used. The results of these observations are here presented with the thought that they might be of value in further studies of the chemotropism of Minsects, paIticularly flies, in devising repellents to protect man and C")arumals from blood-sucking or annoying species, to keep flies away - from food and out of camps and unscreened buildings, and to give ooinformation that might be of value in developing baits for trapping ~or poisomng the adult flies or for preventing the breeding of larvae Qn baits. LLJ o tBISBOfl', 1<'. C, COOK, F. C., l'ARMAN, D. C., and LU.KE, E. W. PROGRESS REPOR'r OF 1NVE6'rI­ G.A.TIONS REUTING TO REPEUE.'1TS, ATTRACTANTS AND LARVICIDES FOR THE SCREW-WORM AND OTHER FLIES. Jour. Eean. Rnt.III: 222-2"..4. 1923. -- ROARK, R. C., PARM..\N, D C., and LUKE, E. tV. REPELLENTS AND LAXVlCIDES FOR THE SCREWWORM AND OTH]!;R FLIES. lour. Eean. Ent. 18: 776-778. 1925. LAAKE, E. W., l'ARMAl'f, D. C., BISHOP!', F. C., and ROARK, R. O. EIEU> TESTS WlT.II BEPi"LLENTS FOR THE SCREW-WORM FLY, COCHLlOMYLl. MACELLAlUA FAB., UPON DOllESTIC ANIMALS. Jour. Eean. Ent_ 19: 53tJ-lj3\}. 1926. F'-JU[AN, D. C., LA-\KE, E. W., COOK, F. C., and ROARK, R. C. CHlUlOTRO!'lCTESTS WlTHTHE SCRJrW­ WORU FLY. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul.. 14;2, 32 p. 1927. &0,\1\1(, .R. C., l'AIUIAl'f, D. C., BrsHOl'p, F. C., and LAAKE, E. W. REPELLENTS FOR lILOWl'LIES. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 19: 942-943. 1927. l'ARUAN, D. C., LAAKE, E. W., BISHOPf, F. C., and ROARK, R. C. TESTS OF BLOWFLY BAlTS AND REPELLENTS DURING 1926. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 80, 15 p., lIlus. 1928. 68870--31 f:(.~:"\':>" ':' ""~.:" "< ~~. , TEOHNICAL BULLETIN 270, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

PROCEDURE In these tests pint Mason jars were used as containers for the baits. Enough sand to make a layer 1 inch in depth was put in each jar, and on this 4 ounces of fresh meat was laid. A measured quantity of the material to be tesfed (5 grams of the solids and 5 cubic centi­ meters of the liquids) was then scattered over the surface of the meat. These amounts were sufficient to cover the surface of the meat rather thoroughly. Fresh beGf liver was employed in most of the tests, but rabbit meat was used in some of them. III most instances a number of materials were tested simultaneously, and each material was exposed in two jars, and from two to five other jars were left ,. untreated to serve as checks. Some of these experiments were con­ ducted at Dallas, Tex., and others at Uvalde, Tex., the tests being ,'" made at different times of the year and during several seasons. Since these factors caused considerable variation in results, and an insuffi­ cient number of tests were made to weigh the variabilities, it has been thought best to combine all the data seeured. In Dallas the jars were exposed under a shed at a packing plant, and their positions were interchanged after each observation. In the early tests at Uvalde the jars were set out on the ground in the shade of mesquite trees, but in the later ones they were e:h-posed in a shed with all sides open, and the check and treated jars were placed in alternate posi­ tions. The distance between the jarf' ranged in different tests from 4 to 6 feet. ! Most of the tests were begun about midday. Two observations 1 were made on the first day; four on the second, thu'd, and fourth daysj and two on the fifth day, the tests being discontinued about noon of that da:.y. This made the daily observations a,bout two hours apart. At each observation the nU:{llber of flies of each species in eaeh jar was counted, and the presence of eggs or larvae was noted.

MATERIALS USED The selection of materials to be tested was made from a wide range 'Of organic and inorganic compounds, with the hope of gaining some information as to the reaction of the different species of flies to differ­ ent groups or types of materials. The chemical compounds used were mainly chemically pllre, and the essential oils and crude drugs werr of the best commercial grade obtainable. The lubricating oil used as a diluent was automobile motor oil, specific grn.vity 0.930, yiscosity at 104° F. 495 seconds Saybolt, manufactured from crude oils of different bases. The mineral oil used was a spindle oil with a specific gravity at 60° of about 0.88, and a boiling. range from 569° to 750°. The petrolatum used was U. S. P. The pme products were made by except where otherwise noted.

'j RESULTS OF TESTS In the following tables the a.ttractiyeness of the trellted meat baits is compared with that of the check, or untreated baits, for the hOllse fly (Musca domestica L.), the green-bottle flies (Lueilia spp.), and the black blowfly (Phormia regina Meig.). As the flied entering the jars were not killed it was not possible to determine the species of Lucilia with accuracy. In these tests Lucilia sen:cata Meig. nnd L. CHE1\WTlWPIC RESPONSES OF DIFFERENT FLIES 3 cuprina W d. were the predominant species found. In the following tables the number of flies of each species entering the jars with treated bait is compared with the number entering those with the untreated meat, the results being expressed as the percentage ratio or coefficient of efficacy. A percentage mtio of zero indicates perfect repellent ac­ tion, a ratio of 100 no repellent effect, and more than 100 shows that the material makes the bait more attractive to the flies. Similar data were presented for the screw-worm J1y, Cuchliomyiamacellaria Fab., in Department Bulletin No. 14722 and Technical Bulletin No. 80.2 Table 1 covers the complete list of the materials tested, and the tables following summarize the more outstanding results.

TABLE I.-Results oj chemotropic tesis with l~[usca domestica, Lucilia spp., and Phomria regina, Dallas and Uvalde, Tea;.

Musca domestica I Lucilis spp. I Pbormia regina

Number of ~ \1 Number of ~ INumber of ~ =?'l fiies. a in- .~ flies II jo-- .9- II flies (l in- oS Compounds ,,;; - - I ~ ~~::: ! ~ i ~ ! ~ f ::: ~ ~ CO --:: :; ~1.sf:;.E,'- ""i"'l'- 5:;.:;.s,. - _ ~ .!C §I~I!~ § .!: .!C § .oS § ~'t § E ~ t § ~ f::: ~18 ::: ~'8 c: ~tf: G ~ RYdrocar~::-·--··-···- ~- - --1-- --,--!--,-----1--,-- Benzene______~ 20:! 283 72.1 I 87 I 91 ~5. 6 1------1-----­ p-Cymene______1 41 136 34.6 17 1 30 06.7 I----·-i·----- Mineral oiL______4 < 13. 3 < 26 51.2 < 160 '. < 93 172. 0 ------j------Napbthalene and kaolin, 1 to 9_ 21 143 143 JOO.O j 133 I 105 126.7 ______------Petrolatum______._ 6 87 369 23.6 90 I 108 83.3 ------­ a.Pin'lne______•_____ o______5 4 123 3.3 14 28 50.0 ------­ o-Xylene..______~ 1 66 123' 53.7 17 I 46 37.0 ------____ oJ -----­ Bromides: Bromoform______7 i1,018 482 211.2 233 209 111.5 30 132 22.1 a-Bromonaphthaleno______5 I 90 448 20.1 271152 U; 8 8 123 6.5 Cbl:;;~~r bromide______4 i 0 73; 0 0 III 0 1------____ oJ -----­

~~b~~Chloroform~~~~~~t~oridii:==:=::===:..______~!1 I 156~~ lU:109 ~ 143.1~~: g 43,~g III44 :fJ97.7 ::=:=:- ____ _ p-Dicblorohenzene______._ ~_I 325 353 I 92.1 56 I 92 60.9 I 48 104, . 46. 2 Hexachloroetbane______9 104 1 8.7 1 6 I 53 11.3 1·------Hexachloroethane and kaolin, 1 2 ! 2 ' . I . Iii

P~~e~i;jiiuSbY(ij.cj~biori(;iicid: 03- (, 21 ! it~ 4:1i ~,1~~ I· 201: ~ (=_-_-=_-_-=_-_" ==-_-_=-_-=.1======Pmene bydrochlorIde_.______48! 182, 26. ~ l. 0, 16 Pinene hydrochloride and kao· 1 I , I lin, 1 to 9 __ .______2 I 2 143 I 1.4; 5' 105 364•. 89 ------li--~~------l'.------= P-Xylyl chloride______<\ i 8 73 I 11.0; 41' 111 --­ 1 lodi¥~~forlIL ______.41 1.1 179 522' 34.3· 105 211 40.8 191 130; 13.7 Iodoform and kaolin, 1 to 4 __ .__ 49 107 i 45.8' 23 36 r.3.9 -_-_-_-_-_-_'.-_-_-_-_-_-_1"_-_-_-_-_-_ Iodoform and kaolin, 1 to 9 ____ • 2' 15 143 \ 10.5' 8 105 7.6 .Jdcohols:Iodoform and petrolatum, lto 2. 1; 0 107 I 0 30 :J6 83.3 -----.'1------;-----­ , 37.2 ______;_____ -' ______d-BorncoL______•. _._. __ •• 3 102 , 277, 36.8 32 86 GeranioL ______•__ • __ ._ -_._ 461 ' 351; 131.3 ' 84.3 160 t 159 i 100.6 a-TerplnroL ______4 21 38 J 104' 36.5: 9~! 11~ I 15. 1 34; 102! 33.3 Pbenols: , Carvacrol ______. _. ______-.-- 150 3(),~ ; 48.7 : 41: 105\ 39.0 29· 135 21.5 EngenoL______. ___ • _____ •• _ 11(1 290' 40.0 : 261' 115 22.6 70; 184 I 38.0 ResorcinoL ______•••__ •• ___ _ 95 107 I 83.8 I 18 36 ,SafroL •• _. __ •_____ • ______268 848 : 31.6 I 82 288 ~: g ·--ii5-:-·274r23~7 Aldebydes: 76 123.7 ______:______f.. ___ _ Butyraldehyde____ ._.______---- 434 315 ' 137.8 I 94 Clnnamaldehyd

I Sec footnote I. 4 TECHNIOAL BULLETIN 270, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE 1.-Results. oj chemotrq.pic tests with Musca domestica, Lucilia spp., and Phormia regina, Dallas and Uvalde, Tex.-Continue~

Musca domestica Luciliaspp. Phormia regiue ----.--1---.----1·----­ ~ Number of Nnmber of Nnmhcr of : tr.. flies in- 0 flies in- :3 flies in- ~ Compounds 0'" _____ ~... ~ l~~ ~ ~ ~-a ~ ~r~--i

------1-----i J ~ ------1--J ! ~ I !li ! Aldehydes-Oontlnued.Furfural.______151 818 18.5 106 305 34.8 231 291 7. " Furfural and kaolin, I to 4____ _ HcptaldehydeFurfural and petrolatum,______I to 5_ _ 5~ m 3g: ~ ~ ~A ~. 7\==::::1:=:::: :::::= Salicylaldehyde______18§ ~~ ~: ~ g~ 1~~ g~: g1----5-/--168- ---3~O Ketones: Acetone.______•• _•• _••..______Chlorine substituted ketoues: 135 134 IOU. 7 37 58 63.8 r---T----- Cbloroaeetone______6 8 76 10.5 231139 16.5 ______Chloroacetophenone.______._ 3 16 458 3.5 9 164 5.5 1 2 102 2.0 Cbloroacetophenone1 to L ______• ______and kaolin, _ 3 2 290 .7 10 7U 12.7 ______Chloroacetophenone1 to 9______• ___ • aUd ______kaOlin, _ 4 143 2.8 18 113°65 17.1 ______Cbloroacetophenone and pe­ 2.8 ,______1______trolatum, 1 to 2. ______107 1 1 Esters: Methyl salicylate_. ______._ ° ° 1 I 37 243 15.2 27 i 124 21.8 i 15/ 184 8.2 Halogen substituted esters: Il-Chloroethyl aeetate ______16 73 2t.9 Il·Bromoethyl acetate._._ •• ___ _ 13 81 16.0 1::=:::1:::::::=:::: Ethers: ~~! m ~U Il·Naphthylethyl etper______. 701 5.7 45 216 20.8! 5\100 5.0 NitroNitrobenzene compounds:______•______652 27.3 68 240 Nitrobenzene and kaolin, I to 4_ 149 5.4 7 I 81 2J: ~ Il ____ ~_' __ ~~:_ ---~~~ Nitrobenzene1 to 5. ______and petrolatum, _ 115 1 .9 NltrocYmene_ •• ____.•______711 48.1 Mixed nitro compounds: 1 ll:~ I---;;-hiifii.-i Chloropicrin and lubricating oil, 1 to 9______8 7 471 14.0 81 388 Chloropicrin and lubricating f 20.0 I.-----!-----T----- oil, 1 to 49._. ___ . ______25.2 _____ .1 ______Picric acid ______4 9 12.3 28 111 3 19 7.8 32 130 Amines: ~~I Dimethylaniline______:::: ----;t-~;;- ---~~; y 7 83 482 17.2 70 198 Miscellaneous nitrogenous com­ 1 pounds:Pyridine______•__ _ 10 228 732 ! 31.1 164 255 64. 3 I 21 J7l I . 1. 2 Pyridine1 to 9______and lubricnting oil, _ 6 13 37 35.1 257 358 Sulphur compounds: Allylisothiocyaoato______o 713 16.5 52 288 :~:: I----~r~~~-'----~; Allyl1 to isothiocyannlo3______..______nnd kaolin, _ 4 1 171 22.2 5 84 6. 1_____ Allyl isothiocyanate and petro­ 1~: ° .1. ____"------latum, 1 to 2______10.n 1______1______Butyl mercaptan____ •______4 18 138 13.0 6 60 Carbon disulphldc ______3 189 458 41. 3 ~6 164 Ethyl mercaptan______1 01 109 83.5 37 44 95.3~~J I______~~_I __ :~:_ --~~~~ _ 2 315 183 172.1 41 43 Selenium compounds: j , Rthylsolenidc. ______..______59 109 04.1 22 44 50.0 ______' ______Inorganic compounds: Antimony trichloride ______2 75 183 41.0 23 43 5.1.5 Arsenical solution (2 per cont 1 127 109 116.5 63.6 Bg;f~:::::::::::::::=::::::::::Copper carbonato ______2 111 283 39.2 83.5 6 20 306 6.5 20.0 :::=+===:= ------Oopper1 to 9. carbollJte ______and kaolin, _ ~~ IJ! Copper sulphnto ______2 4 J.\3 2.8 5 105 4.8 ---- .. -1------Kaolin______3 62 179 34.6 36.2 4 382 HI 02. U 69.4 :=::::C::: .----- Lead /It'etate ______! ______1_____- ______Potassinm sulphlde ______1 77 109 70.6 i~ I t~l 68.2 ·1 49 35.1 13.9 61 174 35.1 CHE1\{oTROPIO RESPONSES OF DIFFERENT FLIES 5

TABLE I.-Results of chemotropic tests witli Musca domestica, Lucilia spp., and Phormia. regina, Dallas and Uvalde; Tex.-Continued , Musca domestica Lucilfa spp. I Phormia regina

~umberof Number of ; Number tliesin- or! '" t flies in- _,:' flies in Compounds ~ _ 1 - f ~ .8~ 1--....--;\--1 ~ ....) e.... I ~ ~ .:; t;: ;r .E. a ~ oS. a ~ <> §c::: I':;;..... g0 ~c::: ~01 old~ 7;/g0: ~ E-oe'~ fOp.. z E--=~I~u '- E--e~0 a -1------'-1-1­~ Essential Anise,oilsstar of ______botanical origin: _ Bergamot-______11 84 691 12. 2 M 326 19.6, 41 1391 29.5 1 I Bergamot1 to 9 ______and lubricating oil, _ Cade______2 j 11 ~ 1: :~; : 1:: :::: ~~~~~t~J~~~~~~ 7 j 6 ~~ ~og ~g ~~ 2~ Iro: !=::~:I:::::=\:::::: ,g~~~~r~:::=:::=:::::::::=: white speciaL ______Camphor by-product______9 1O~ j M1 2~: ~ J 1~~ !g: g'.--~-'--::~.L:::: 18 26.1 • 1,214 21. 7 111 503 22.1, 46 I 289 i 15. 9 CamphormM1,1 tooy-product=d 3 ______bone _ Camphor by-product and kao­ , 107 9 0 36/ 0 ______------:-----­ lin,l to 3______8 1~! ::: ~: 0 1~1' 0. :------;-----­ CassiaC~p.!'~~rpor~~~~:-~~_~::_1______4 I 7 241~1 I 2:~ 90. 6 42 108, 38. 9 : ---42-I--i2O-: --35~O CaSSia,ing oil, redistilled. 1 to 9______and lubricat­ _ Cedar leaL______2 -~ 45.8 115 198/ 58.1 -----T-----:-----­ Cedar wood______2 ~~ [ ~ 18.0 100 91, 109.9 ______, ______Cinnamon ______5 12 81 718 i~J ~~ g~ I ~: ~ ----2-1--139-;---1:4 CinnamonI to ll______and lubricating oil, _ !' I Citronella______2 o j 24 0 93 198! 47.0 1____ ._ • _____L.__ __ 13 17! 211 ~ 8.1 18 104 I 17.3 Citronella1 to 9______and lubricating . _____ oil, _ :.-----1'------;-----­ Clove______.. ______ti 1 37 1 2. 7 170 35S 47.5: ______:______10 il !ila I 138 49 206 2;1.8 9 132 i U.8 andbud lubricating______oil, 1 to 9. _ 8 11 47 j 2.14 185 3SS 47.7 '.______1._____ 5 59 376 15.7 16 120 13.3 .,. ___ • ______'______Cloveto L ______bud and petrolatum, 3_ 1 1 107 _9 o 12 CorianderClove bud______and kaolin, 1 to 3 __ _ 1 2 107 1.9 o 12 Cumin..______. 661 8.8 12 23t, Eucalyptus___•______•_. ___ _ 10 132 130 .1 r,o FenneL______.______4 2H 128 ~0.3 57 6S 16 1)11~I ;;30 12.5 84 1117 Fennel and lubricating oil, 1 to 9 Ii 3 3, S.l 3:;'~ Geranium, rose ...... ___ ... ______#~ __ 62 63;' 2~f-" j 98 o 'j 221 Geranium,oil, 1 to 9 rose,______and luhricating ._. __ __ 1 24 4.2 47 Lavend~r, garden (artificial) . __ _ I La,ender, spike______._ 2S 174 10.1 2.1 j Nutmeg______. _____ . __ 47 1,9 26.3 471 2 3 1O-t 2.9 17 f and luhricating oil, 1 I to 9______.....__ _ 1 I Origanum__ ..______...___ . __ __ 2 24 4.2 70. 7 .. ___ ... ;. ___ ~_I. ____ _ 6 41 147 27.9 ItZ t l~~ Pennyroyal, American_. __ • ___ _ I 34.0 11 204 8.8 35 i 96 31i.5 '---5-;--jOO·,"·5:ii Pennyroyal, American, and lull­ IS I ricatingoiJ, 1 to 9... ____ • __ ... PepperminL______. ____ ._. __ ' ._' 24 8.3 65 198 Sandalwood__ • ____ •______•. _•••: 10:\ 14.6 41' 25 ~~ g::::::;::::::1:::::: _____ . _____ •______•.•. ' •6 l)11~ I 6fi6 12.4 99, 22ft S 54 Sassafras, artificiaL ______440 12.3 62 ~ 200 ~U :___ ~:.i._l~~.L~~_~ .; 37 391 9.3 13 , 139 9.4 1. _____ : __ •___ /______Sassafras,1 to 3. ___ artificial, •______and kaolin. • ' 1 o 107 o 5 12 41. 7 r-- ..-J------_. __ __ 9 120 544 14.2 70 279 !!5.1 l 5" 2'20 2.3 10 75 679 11.0 125 $!~1~~;::=:::=::::::::::::::i U 41 130 31." 5 2:3046 I Miscellaneous vegetable materials: i ~~j !____ ~ ___ J~~·I-·--:~ Angelica ______: 29.8 :______'______Cinnamon powder______.! 1 ao 174 17.2 14 47\ Clove powder______, 4. a13 315 09.4 51 76 67.1 t. ______••______12 i I 12.> 846 47 348 f 13. 5' 2; 200 1.0 Clove powder and petrolatum, f 14.81 I 8.9 t______t'______1: to 2.------\ 2 o 1121 4 45 ' OJovepowdernnd kaolin, 1 to 4_, 1 24 o '_____ -' ______107 2Lj o 36 47.6 ' ______Clove p()wder and kaolin,l to 9 I 2 20 143 I 50 105 ! Deer's-tonguo leaves ______L 73 14.0 I 51.1 ,______,______Dorris powder _• ___ •______1 1741 42.0 24 47 5 18 167 10.8, 38 95 40,0 '._____' ___ •__ 20.0 i ______• ______• Derris powder and kaolin. 1 to OJ 2 9 143 6.3 ! 21 105 1 TECHNICAL BULL~TIN 270, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE I.-Results of chemotropic tests with Musca domestica, LuC'ilia spp., and Phormia 7'egina, Dallas and Uvalde, Tex.-Continued

Musca domesti~a Lu~i1iaspp. Pbormia regina

'0 Number of Nnmb~r of Number of ,... In nics in- 1:3 flies in- :3 flies in- 0 Compounds .8.~ 1---"---1' f E -'-;--- ~ ~ ~ .~ I E ~ .~ j ~ .~ sa & i g ~ ~~ ~ ~1 ~ 8 --\------_._-~ (3 I ~ ~ 5 ~ E= 5 f. Miscellaneous vegetable mate­ rials-Continued. LupuJin______- ______21 47 44.7 ______-----­ 1 43 IH l 24.7 53.2 _....______---__ _ Pennyroyal leaves______1 165 174! 94,8 25 47 Peppermint leayes______1 87 174 50,0 25 47 PYretbrum powder______6 103 345 29.9 37 128 ~: ~ ------'99- -"i~ii PYrethrum1 to 9______powder and kaolin,_ 73,3 ______-----­ 13 77 105 Sassafras bark______1431' 9.1 59.6 1______101 174 58.0 28 47 5.7 ______·Wormseed, American______~ I 33 118 28.0 3 53 Products: I Pinap______--_------4 5 195 2.6 18! 95 18.9 Plnap and mineral oil, 1 to 9 ___ _ 6 o 37 197: 358 55.0 Pinap and pine oil, 1 to L_ 2 47 167 2LI 29· 59 40.2 Pine oil, crude______2 59 349 16.9 5B I 120 48.~ Pine oil, relined______S 5 369 1.4 37 219 16.9 PlneoB, puresteam-distilled___ _ 10 31 211 14.7 Pine oil, pure amber steam­ distilled______1~ -----~t· ---iii·I---~~i- 33 130 25.4 Pine oil No. 4______50', 265 18.9 Pine oil NO.4 and relined tar oil, 1 to L __ •______2 6 167 I a.6 38 59 04.4 Pine1 to oil L ______No.4 and pine tar oil,_ 2 15 1671 9.0 28 59 47.5 Pine1 to oil 9 ______No.4 and mineral ._. oil,___ _ 2 3 24 12.5 I 106 198 53.5 Pine tnr.______16 116 983 11.8 122 380 32.1 Pine tar, beavy______. 4 11 195 5.6 46 95 48.4 Pine tar and borax 1 to L.___ __ 3 1-13833.7 134 157 85.4 :Pine tar, borax, lind kaolin, I-J-2 1 2 107 1.9 14 30 38.9 Pine tar, borax,fmd petrolatum, 1-1-2______-_ ------1 107 o 1· 36 2.8 Pine tar, medium.______. ____ _ 4 HIS 1.5 J6 I 95 16.8 Pine tar, medium, and mineral ! oil, J to 9______2 8.3 114' 198 Plne-tnr, thln ______4 195241 3.1 22: 95 ~: gI:::::: ------­ Pine-tar oiL______16 ,ll 5Q3 2.8 '>4' 200 27.0 4 118 3.4 f'. Pine-tar oil, commerciaL______10 11 591 1.0 22: 268 R.2 0 125 0 Pine-tar oil, reflned ______9 43 716 6.0 98! 284 34.5 0 113 0 Pine-tar oil and kaolin, 1 to 3___ 1 5 107 4.7 o 36 o ______-----­ Pine-tar oil and mineral oil, 4 5 , ~4 14.7 108 228 47.4 1------­ PiH~t~~~~~I::~~~~~~t~~~~~:~~:1 2 o l' 71 1.4 , crudc______! 7 Ji, 296112! 7.8 70: 164 42.7 20 119 --iii~8 Turpentine, crude, and minerai I ______.. ___ 1.. ___ oil, 1 to 9______..______.1 2 24 20.8 56 I IUR 28.~ -tar oiL______•______6 U8' 3.4 2' 38 5.3 Wood creosotc ______7 2091 9.1 17! 88, 19.3 I~ll I Woodto L crcosote______and glycerin, __1 2 100 183 04.0 49 43 ' 114.0 Mixtures wltb commercial pine-tar I oil: Pine-tar all and furfural, I to L 2 o 167 5.4 6 59 10.2 Pine-tar oil and furfural, 3 to L_ 4 8 180 4.2 8 lOS 7.4 ------1------.. ------­ -----­ Pine-taroil and furfural, 10 to 1._ 2 7 175 4.0 lj 41 12.2 ------1------­ Pine-tar oil and furfnral, 20 to L 2 7 175 4.0 5 41 12.2 Pine-tar oil, furfural, nnd cam­ pbor sassy, 3-1-1..______2 175 3.4 2 41 4.9 Pine·tar oil, furfural, and creo­ sote dip, 3-I-L______2 175 .0 3 41 7.3 Pine-tar 011, furfural, nnd fennel oil, 3-1-1._ ..... ___ . ______. 2 175 1.1 10 41 24.4 Pine·tar oil, Curfural. and saCral ------1------'--._ .. 3-1-1 ______• ___ ._..____ _ 2 2 175 1.1 41 2.4 Pine-tar oil, furfural, and arU. tidal ea5safras oil, 3-1-1..____ _ 2 175 .6 o 41 o -·----1------.. ---.- -- ...... '" -----­ Pine-tar 011, Curfural, and star­ anise Oil! 3-1-1.___..______2 2 175 1.1 o 41 o -_ .. _-- --_ .... - ---- .. ­ Pine-tar a I an,} safrol, 1 to 1___ _ 2 22 107 13.2 II 59 18.6 ",,""". - .. - ...... - -_ .. --­ CHEMOTROPIC RES}?ONSES OF DIFFERENT FLIES 7

TABLE I.-Results of chemotropic tests with Musca domestica, Lucilia, spp., and Phormia regina, Dallas and Uvalde, Tex.-Continued

't:l ..,"' Musca domestics LuciIia spp. Phormb regina tl

~ Numhcrot Numhcrof Numherot 0 lliesin- fiicsin- llicsin­ ... ", .9 :3 Compounds .,... ."E e i~ ,g, g, ... ., ... .s. d .~ "' 't:l .~ £< .s. '" '0 .s. £<'" " ~ -'" Oi creosotes: Coal·tar ______. _____ i ' : f 57 523 1 10.9 15 IJ7 9.0 i------'.------­ ('oal·tar creosote nnd knolin, I 36' 0 1______• _____ 1 to 3------\ 1 ! 0 107 o 0 -----­ Coal·tnr creosote and petrol· I 1 atum, 1 to 5______1 0 112 o , 3 Miscellaneous: Uone meaL __ ._.____ i 63 101 58.9 1._____ i I I .-- ~~ -l·-·~:~- \::::::t:::::: In summarizing these tests, those in which fcwer than 100 flies of the species in question werc found in Lhe check jars have been dis­ regarded, as the munber of flies present was considercd to be so small that chance entered too largely as a factor. Tests of mi:"tures aloe also not considered because these yielded etTa tic results. In many cases a chemical diluted with kaolin showed. a higher repellent value than when used undiluted. ~101'e tests at times when flies are abundant would probably eliminate these inconsis tencies. With this elimination made of the inconclusive tests, Tables 2, 3, and 4 show the primary repellents having a coefficient of 10 or less.

TABLE 2.-Best repellents for use against Musca domestica (summarized from Table 1)

l\Iaterial ; Percent· lI.Iaterlal ageperc~nt'll ratio I I age ratio

-Pi-ne-O-J1,-r-efi-m~ed-.-.~.•______.-_-__-_-.-_-_-__-.~_I---1-.4-: P·Naphthylcthyl ether____ ••------..! 5.7 Pine t(ir, medlum______1.0 i I'ine·tnr oil. relined. ___ •______.~ ______• 6.0 Pine-tar oil, commerclaL______1. 9 ICopper carbonate ______•__ •______• 0.5 Pine all No. 4.__ "" __ . _____ .______2. 3 Turpentine, crude______7.8 Pplinnae-Pt.B-r-o.-II-.-••••••••••• -_ •• _.:__••• :-_::-.' . __ ••.•.-.-.:-_ .•• _:-._--_ 2.62.8 CltrouellaPicric nei(L oiL ______.______. 8.17.8 Nutmeg oil______2.9 Hexachloroothane.______._._.______8.7 Pine tar, thln______3.1 Coriander 011. ______.______8.8 a·Pinene______-_____ 3.3 American pennyroyal oiL______8. S CflOmOdP.btaOrr oOlill_••• ~ •• _-=.-_-.-.-...-.--._.... -~ 3.4 Wood creosoto ______•____ .______9.1 W _ _ --.=_._.:._ _ __..-... _ 3.4 I Artlficlnl sassafras oIL______0.3 Cbloroaeetophenone______.-_____ 3.5 ! Pine oil, pure amher, steam dlstillc(l.___ 9.6 Pine tar, heavy______._.______5.6 I Rose geranium oIL••____ .______9.8 I 8 TEORNIOAL BULLETIN 270, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRIOULTURE

TABLE 3.-Best repellents for use against Lucilia spp. (summarized from Table 1)

Percent­ Percent­ Material age ratio Material age ratio

p-Xy}y} bromide_. ______Cor/ander 011. ______o Plne·tar oil, commerciaL...____...... 8.2 5.1 Coal-tar t'reosote _____..__..______9.0 CWoroacetophenone.______Ii. 5 Artificial sassafras oiL. ______9.4

TABLE 4.-Best 'repellents for use against Phormia regina. (Summarized from Table 1)

Percent· Percent- Material age ratio I Material age ratio ------1----1---....----,,-_..------­ ~}~:~:~ ~il: ~~'!'J~:~a_l::::::::::::::::: g I ~l~~~~n;i~~_:~===::::::::=::=:=::::::::: ~: 2 Allyllsothlocyllnate______0.7 ' AlnerIcan pennyroyal oIL.______5.0' Thyme oiL ______..______.7 b·Napbtbylcthyl ether___ ..______0.0 1 Cp!!!,VjdCIPnOeW•• __d_e_r__--_-_-_-_-_••-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-___ -_-__--_-_-_-__--_ 1.2.1.0 i Dimetbyla!1illne~------Rose·geranlUm OIL______5.85.3 Clnuamon 011. ______.._....__ ..____ 1.4 i a.-Bromonaphthalenc______....__ 6.5 Chloroacetophenone__ ..______2.0 Clove oil..______6.8 Coriander 011.______..______2.2 I FurfuraL ___....______..______7. 9 Spearmint 01L. ______..______2.3 ' Methyl salicylate______8.2 Salicylaldehyde______._____ 3.0: Pine tar______.______8.1 i

DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS A close comparison of the reaction. of the flies to the various ma­ terials is not possible on account of the very great difference in the relative abundance of the different species at the times the tests were made. Table 1 shows that of 192 tests there were only 167 in which as many as 100 of llt[u.sca domestica were found in the check jars; similarly, in only 93 tests wete 100 or more of Lucilia spp. found in the check jars, and in only 40 tests were that number of Phormia regina found in the check jars. In studying Table 1 it is noted that Lu.cilia spp. has a higher per­ centage ratio with the materials that are listed as best repellents for M. domestica and P. regina than do these flies. The materials that made the baits more attractive to M. domestica did not increase the attractiveness to Lucilia spp. to so great an extent as to M. domestica. This probably indicates that Lu.cilia spp. is not so chemotropical1y sensitive as the other Riel1. One species may be repelled to a great extent by It material added to the baits while another is attracted. In this series of tests bromoform had a repellent ratio of 22.7 for P. regina, while the ratio for Lucilia spp. was 111.5 and for lYI. domestica 211.2. Bromoform had a repellent ratio of 51.0 for Oocltliomyia macellaria. (See Department Bulletin 1472, page 8.)

ATTRACTANTS If those materials in the tests in which less than 100 flies of the species under observation were found in the check jars (Table 1) are omitted, only geraniol increased the attractiveness of the bnit for Phormia regina, and that only slightly. Only one, bromoform, made the bait more l3.ttractive for Lu.cilia spp. As shown separately in Table 5, however, at least seven of the materials when added to the bait increased the attractiveness for MU8ca domestica. ":'f:'l";:'Y:\""~:'::',.,' "" ..... ,"<"0>.' ."

" .

CHEMOTROPIC RESPONSES OF DIFFERENT FLIES 9

TABLE 5.-Material which increased the attracli1Jeness of the baits to MU8ca domestica

Material l<>ercc'!tuge . .i.Vlaterial Percent· , ______1 ratio ,______I_a_Ke_ra_t_io Bromoform·.__ · _____ · ____ · ______..·rI 2!1.2 i' For~Idehyde. --.--.------.------.- 136.. 6 Ethyl mercaptan______._•••__ ._.£ 112. 1 : Oeranlol.______.____ •___ . ____ •.••___•• 131.3 Ohloroform.____•••••..______•____) 113437•• 18 t Ar.;enic solution______•______116.5 Butyraidehyde______I l Although the data here recorded might vary to a considerable ex­ tent from those of another series of like tests !"lID at a different time and place, it is felt that they are indicative of what may be e~"Pected in further work along this line. They have been found useful in tests of field treatments for screw worms, and in work in trapping Hippelates, which will be reported in other .

SUGGESTIONS OF PRACTICAL IMPORT Clove oil and clove powder are repellent to all four species of flies. These have been rnLxed with vegetable oils and used with good results in protecting fresh meats at camps. The mixtures were mopped oyer the meat and the excess wiped off when the meat was used. Other uses may be suggested by consulting the tables in this bulletin and in Department Bulletin 1472. Ey studying the ratios of flies visiting jars each day and the daily ratios of infestations, as shown in Table 1 of Bulletin 1472, some idea can be gained as to the most desir&ble material to use. These ratios show that some of the materials repelled all flies during the first or the first and second days of e:\.-posure, but were less effective later, and in consequence are indicated as rather poor repellents for the entire period. These results show that pine­ tar oils are strongl:r repellent to the species of flies dealt '''ith, and there­ fore lend force to the recommendations contained in Farmers' Bulletin 857, in which commercial pine-tar oil is advised as a dressing for the protection of wounds on animals from scre"'~'-worm and other blowflies. Several of the essential oils, pine oils, pine-tar oils, and a few of the pure chemicals have been found to be fairly effective when lightly sprayed on vegetation or other objects and into the air about the camp site while meals were being prepared and served or while the occupants of the camp were at rest. The steam-distilled pine oils have been found to be effective in destroying the adults of some species of flies when sprayed as a mist over the flies or in closed rooms or barns containing them. These oils are probably somewhat toxic to man, as on some occasions severe headaches have developed after prolonged use of such oil sprays. Some of the materials may be found useful in pl'eservjng bodies after catastrophes or in war times by preventing flies from breeding in them, and in treating carcasses harboring infectious diseases, to prevent the spread of such diseases by flies. The ratios of emergence from infested jars presented in Bulletin 1472 indicate the larvicidal values of the matel'ials many of which are the same as those tested in the present work. The results of the present work indicate that some materials may be added to baits to make them more efl'ective in traps or as poisons. 10 TEOHNICAL BULLETIN 270, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

SUMMARY Oontinuing the studies on repellents which have been carried on by the writers for some years, the results of which have been published from time to time, tests were made in Texas at Dallas and Uvalde to determine the chemotropic responses of ~1usca domestica, Lucilia spp., and Phormia regina to a number of organic .and inorganic materials, alone and in combinations. One hundred and ninety two of the tests have been presented in tabular form and briefly discussed. Lucilia spp. apparently are not so chemotropically sensitive as the other flies. It was noted that one speeies might be attracted by a material added to the bait whereas another is repelled by it. Pine-tar oils rank high in repellent value against all of the flies dis­ cussed herein. Only geraniol was found to increase the attractiveness of the bait for Phormia regina, bromoform made the bait more attractive for Lucilia spp., and sev~n other materials made it more attractive for Musca domestica. .~ Olove oil and clove powder are used for protecting fresh meat at ~ camps. Some of the matel'ials have been used for repelling or de­ stroying flies that were annoying at camps or in buildings. Other materials tested might be used in protecting bodies from fli~s in times of war or catastl'onhe. ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHEN TIDS PUBLICATION WAS LAST PRINTED

Secretary of Agriculture ______ARTHUR M. HYDE. Assistant Secretary ______• ______R. W. DUNLAl'. Director of Scientific Work ______, A. F. . .~ Director of Regulatory Work ______WALTER G. CAMPBELL• DiTutor of Extension Work ______C. W. WARBURTON. Director oj Personnel and B!!siness Adminis- -W. W. STOCKBERGER. tration. Director of Information ______M. S. EISENHOWER. Solicitor______E. L. MARSHALL. Weather Bureau ______CHARLES F. lVL\.Rvm, Chiej. Bureau of Animal Industl·y ______.JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief. Bureau oj Dairy Industry ______O. E. REED, Chiej. Bureau of Plant [ndll_stry ______WrLLI.Ur A. TAYLOR, Chief. Forest Service ______R. Y. STUART, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry and .'lo-Us ______H. G. K_'HGHT, Chief. Bureau of Entomology ______C. L. MARLATT, Chief. Bureau of Biological S1J,rvey ______PAUL G. REDINGTON, Chief. Bureau of Public Roads ______THOMAS H. MACDONALD, Chief. Bureau of AgriCllUuTal Engineering ______S. H. MCCRORY, Chief. Bureau of Agricultural Economics ______X ILS A. OLSEN, Chiej. Bureau of Home Economics ______LOUISE STANLEY, Chief· Plcmt Quarantine and Control Adminisiration_ LEE A. STRONG, Chief. Gmin Futures Admini.stration ______J. W. T. DOYEL, Chief. Foo,d and Drug Administration ______IVALTER G. CAMPBELL, Director oj Regulatory lVork, in Charge. Offit:e of Ezpc1'iment Station;; ______JAMES T..JARDINE, Chief. Office of Cooper(J/iI'e E.Lten.~i01l. Work ______c. B. S~llTn, Chief. L-ibrary ______CLARIBEL R. B.~R~ETT, Librarian.

This bulletin is 3. c·)ntrihutiou from

Bureau of Entomology______C. L. iYLmLATT, Chief. Dil}"is-ion 0/ [n.~ect.~ AjJec/1:11(J :1faf· a-r;ri F. C. BlSHOPP, Principal Entomolo­ Animals. gist, -in Charge. Bureau of Chem1:.slry (J.nrl SotlH ______H. G. KNIGHT, Chief. Insecticide Di"'ision ____ , ______• __ R. C. ROARK, Principal ChemUlt, ill Charge. 11

-----...... ~.-. ---.~ . ~-~------...... ---.--"".~ ~.~----~-- Forsale by tbe SuperintendenL or Document", Wlslungttln. D_ C. ------Price 5 cents