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The Official Magazine of The OceTHE OFFICIALa MAGAZINEnog OF THE OCEANOGRAPHYra SOCIETYphy CITATION Karl, D.M. 2014. The contemporary challenge of the sea: Science, society, and sustainability. Oceanography 27(2):208–225, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.57. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.57 COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 27, Number 2, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2014 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. DOWNLOADED FROM HTTP://WWW.TOS.ORG/OCEANOGRAPHY ROGER REVELLE COMMEMORATIVE LECTURE The Contemporary Challenge of the Sea SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND SUSTAINABILITY BY DAVID M. KARL 208 Oceanography | Vol. 27, No. 2 The Roger Revelle Commemorative Lecture Series was created by the Ocean Studies Board of the National Academies in honor of Roger Revelle to highlight the important links between ocean sciences and public policy. David Karl, the fifteenth annual lecturer, spoke on March 13, 2014, at the Baird Auditorium, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History. INTRODUCTION The ocean covers nearly 71% of the surface of our planet, but it is still largely unexplored despite its fundamental roles in global food production and climate regulation. The most expansive ocean regions, termed subtropical gyres (Figure 1), are the largest ecosystems on Earth, yet we know little about how they are structured, how they function, or how they may respond to stresses imposed on them by human activities. Figure 1. Global distribution of terrestrial vegetation and oceanic plant life as deter- The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre mined by satellite detection of chlorophyll showing a range of habitats from forests (e.g., Amazon basin in green) to deserts (e.g., oceanic subtropical gyres in dark blue). (NPSG) is the largest of these gyres, and From NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE it is isolated from other ocean regions by permanent, clockwise-rotating boundary currents. The NPSG is also very old, ocean fluxes of carbon and oxygen and Geophysics in 1958, a graduate degree with present boundaries having been therefore sustain planetary habitability. program in oceanography in 1962, and a established at least 10 million years ago But like many open ocean regions, the School of Ocean and Earth Science and (McGowan and Walker, 1985). These NPSG ecosystem is poorly sampled and Technology in 1988, all at the University conditions of great age and isolation not well understood. of Hawaii at Manoa (Karl, 2012). The create a habitat that is nutrient starved Roger Revelle made pioneering establishment of the Hawaii Ocean (e.g., nitrate and phosphate) and contributions to our understanding of Time-series (HOT) program in 1988 and relatively devoid of photosynthetic the NPSG. In 1950, he organized and led the Center for Microbial Oceanography: microbes called phytoplankton that the Mid-Pacific Expedition, the first of Research and Education (C-MORE) harvest sunlight and serve as the base many interdisciplinary research cruises in 2006 helped to promote the marine of the marine food chain. Although around the Hawaiian Islands. Just as in microbial molecular revolution that led these regions have been termed “oceanic the retail sales industry, location matters, to new discoveries regarding the diversity deserts” by analogy to the deserts on and Hawaii soon became a major of life in the sea and the pathways and land, because of their vast expanse, center for mid-Pacific research with the dynamics of matter and energy flow in regions such as the NPSG control global establishment of the Hawaii Institute of the NPSG. To best understand these and Oceanography | June 2014 209 Modern manModern man (23 hr, 59 min,(23 59 hr ,sec) 59 min, 59 sec) other recent achievements, a brief history Homo (23 hr,Homo 59 min) (23 hr, 59 min) Formation ofFormation Earth (0 hr of, 0 Earth min) (0 hr, 0 min) lesson is in order to review the evolution of life on Earth from its origin in marine First First 23 24 231 24 1 Formation ofFormation ocean of ocean 2 and2 continentsand continents 22 22 (2 hr, 54 min)(2 hr, 54 min) microorganisms to the ascent of man. macroscopicmacroscopic life life dinosaurs dinosaurs 3 3 (20 hr, 49(20 min) hr, 49 min)21 21 4.6 BYA 4.6 BYA 20 20 4 4 THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON NeoproterozicNeoproterozic Oldest Oldest EARTH AND THE IMPRINTS Sexual Sexual19 19 5 bacterial5 bacterial fossils fossils reproductionreproduction (18 hr, 27 min)(18 hr, 27 min) (5 hr, 16 (5min) hr, 16 min) OF MICROBES AND MEN 18 1.15 BY18A 1.15 BYA 3.45 BYA 3.456 BYA 6 Planet Earth, our home, has been more 17 17 7 7 than 4.6 billion years in the making. If 16 16 8 8 we view Earth’s history in the form of a 24-hour nautical clock, we see several 15 15 2.3 BYA 2.3 BYA 9 9 First eucaryotesFirst eucaryotes PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis common common important benchmarks (Figure 2). (15 hr, 17 min)(15 hr, 17 min)14 14 10 10(8 hr, 25 min)(8 hr, 25 min) 13 12 1311 12 11 An initial cooling phase, lasting more O2 revolutionO2 revolution (14 hr, 30 min)(14 hr, 30 min) than 500 million years, created the Ocean rustingOcean rusting (12 hr, 0 min)(12 hr, 0 min) continents and the ocean. Then, more 4 4 Figure 2. The Earth than 3.5 billion years ago life arose in clock showing signifi- an ancient ocean at about 0500 hr on cant benchmarks in the 3 3 our Earth history clock, just before evolutionary history of life, emphasizing the dawn. Energy in the form of radiogenic 2 2 extended period of time heating coupled with high-temperature since microorganisms sea water-rock interactions at alkaline 1 1 first appeared on our planet. deep-sea vents may have provided the Length of time on Earth (Byr) Length of time on Earth (Byr) 0 0 chemical gradients necessary for electron Modern LandModernMulti-LandOxygenMulti-Single-Oxygen TheSingle- The man plantsmancellularplants cellularcelled oceancelled ocean transfer to occur (Russell et al., 2013). life lifemicrobes microbes BOX 1. ABOUT THE TITLE— THE CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGE OF THE SEA: SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND SUSTAINABILITY Both the title and the inspiration for this Revelle lecture derive from IENC Arthur C. Clarke, brilliant author and futurist. In his forward-looking SC E book, The Challenge of the Sea (1960; Holt, Rinehart, and Winston), Clarke told the story of our new underwater frontier and speculated about the tremendous impact it will have on our lives in the future. At the influential age of 10 years old, I was captivated by the great potential for future scientific discovery and motivated by Clarke’s challenge of the sea. I knew right then and there that I wanted to be an oceanographer and now, more than 50 years later, I am still pursuing my dream. Like Clarke, Roger Revelle was also a visionary. His pioneering research Y on the role of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system on global climate, T I S L and the impact of human societies, helped to raise awareness of the O I state of our planet and its vulnerabilities. These inextricably linked C B I A themes of science, society, and sustainability are among the most E N T I Y A urgent contemporary challenges of the sea. S T S U — David Karl 210 Oceanography | Vol. 27, No. 2 The first life forms—simple, single-celled information available at that time, they which future change could be measured. microorganisms—evolved in an early concluded that “the average lifetime of a To accomplish this goal, Revelle—who ocean that was sulfide- and iron-rich and CO2 molecule before dissolution into the was at that time also Director of free of oxygen. These conditions persisted sea is on order of 10 years” (Revelle and Scripps Institution of Oceanography for hundreds of millions of years until Suess, 1957). Revelle and Suess warned (SIO)—hired Charles David Keeling, the process of oxygenic photosynthesis that “human beings are now carrying out then a postdoctoral fellow at Caltech. transformed the planet, starting at a large-scale geophysical experiment of a Initial measurements obtained in 1958 about 0820 hr. This was one of the most kind that could not have happened in the atop Mauna Loa established a baseline fundamental benchmarks in our planet’s past, nor be reproduced in the future.” CO2 concentration of approximately history. Among other consequences, This experiment, one of humankind’s 315 parts per million (ppm). The the advent of oxygen on Earth enabled doing, was an opportunity to learn more concentration has risen, year after year, the evolution of the first eukaryotes, about the coupled ocean-atmosphere to current levels of ~ 400 ppm (Figure 4). also single-celled microorganisms, just system, and Revelle set out to do just after 1500 hr. However, it was not until that during the 1957–1958 International David M. Karl ([email protected]) is much later, nearly 2100 hr, or 4 billion Geophysical Year (IGY; Box 3). Victor and Peggy Brandstrom Pavel years after Earth’s formation, that simple Revelle, who chaired the US National Chair in Ocean Science and Professor eukaryotes evolved into larger, more Committee for IGY, and other scientists of Oceanography, University of Hawaii complex life forms and moved onto the made a strong case to the committee at Manoa, Center for Microbial land.
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