Biosystematic Index

Abies, 97 Arthuriomyces peckianus, 93 Brachyelytrum, 194 - alba, 137, 139 Arundinoideae, 195 - erectum, 191, 193, 194 - balsamea, 139 Ascomycotina, 185 Brachypodium sylvaticum, 189, 191, - grandis, 130 Aspergillus, 112, 114,219 192, 194, 200 Absidia glauca, 210, 217, 219 - nidulans, 27, 35, 50, 51,102,107, Brassica Acacia, 127 110, 111, 210, 216, 218, 237 - napus, 206,214,215,217 - pulchella, 118, 128 niger, 215, 217 - nigra, 215 Acau/ospora - {errus, 52 Brassicaceae, 18, 179 - elegans, 175 Atkinsonella, 185, 189-193, 195,201, Bremia lactucae, 18,25-27,34,274 - gerdemannii, 175 224,226-228,232,237 Bromus Acaulosporaceae, 117 - hypoxylon, 191, 192, 194, 195, - benekenii, 191, 192 Achlya ambisexualis, 27 200-202,224-228,230,232, - erectus, 191 Aeremoniurn, 185-202,221,231, 236-238 - ramosus, 191, 192 236-238 - texensis, 201, 225, 232, 237 - coenophialum, 192, 195,200-202, Avena sativa, 92 Cajanus cajan, 127 231,237 Avocado, 159,162,166,167 Calamagrostis villosa, 191 - implicatum, 88 Calocedrus, 127 - lolii, 187,202,223,230,231,233, Bacillus, 88 Candida 235 - subtilis, 60, 92 - albicans, 26 Actinomycetes, 122,127,128 Bacteria, 119, 122, 124, 126-128 - parapsilopsis, 217 Aecidium, 81 Badger, 172, 176 Cantharel/us, III - herberidis, 90 Balansia, 185, 189, 190, 195-197, Capsicum, 81, 90, 91 Aeschynomene, 159, 161 200,224-226,228,236-238 Carica papaya, 166 - virginica, 159, 161 - eyper;, 200-202, 225 Carthamus tinctorius, 88 Agaricales, 97, 113 - epichloi!, 201, 202, 229, 230 Carya,179 Agrobaeterium, 216, 219 - henningsiana, 200, 236 Castanea sativa, 97 - rhizogenes,214 - obteela, 188, 196,224-226,230, Casuarina equisetifolia, 138 - tume/aeiens, 214 235,237 Cenangium ferruginosum, 131 Agropyron can inurn, 191, 192 - pilulae/ormis, 200, 236 Cenchrus echinatus, 188, 196,226,237 Agrostis, 185, 191, 196 - strangulans, 230 Cenococcum geophilum, 107 - hiemalis, 191,202 Balansieae, 185, 222, 224, 225, Centaurea - perennans, 191 228-230,232,233,237,238 - difJusa, 88, 92 - tenuis, 189, 200 Balansiopsis, 224, 225 -- maculosa, 88 Alhuginaceae, 18 Bambusoideae, 195 Cercospora, 145 Albugo, 18 Banana, 144,161,164, 168 - nicotianae, 261 - candida, 18 Banksia, 127 Cereals, 241 Alfalfa, 151,152,155 Barberry (see also Ribes), 80, 87, 92 Cerotelium, 81, 92 Allium, 274 Barley (sec also Hordeum), 4,11,15, Chamaecyparis thyoides, 138 Almond, 164,166 16,55-78 Chlorella, 221, 237 Alnus, 136, 139, 172, 179 Basidiobolus ranarum, 208, 218 Chondrilla juncea, 88, 93 Alpova,l72 Beech (see also Fagus), 132, 133, Chrysolepis sempervirens, 175 American chestnut, 144 135-140 Cicada, 173 Ammophila, 169, 175 Bell pepper, 149,156 Cicer arietinum, 276 Angiosperms, 131 Belula,97 Citrus, 163-167 Antelope, 173 - pendula, 115 - jambhiri, 153 Anthomyiid fly, 187 Birch (see also Betula), 132, 139 - sinensis, 163 Anthoxanthum odoratum, 191,236 Birds, 118 Cladosporium, 12 Apiognomonia errabunda, 132, 139, Blackberry (see also Ruhus), 88 - /ulvum, 3- 16,26,33,35,36, 58,75, 140 Blumeria graminis, 55 207,212,216,218,219,262,276 Apple, 160-163,165-168 Boletus, 98, III Claviceps, 224-226, 229, 233, 238 Arabidopsis, 34, 76, 91 Botrytis, 145, 155 - fusiformis, 229 - thaliana, 18, 34 - cinerea, 145, 147 - purpurea, 225, 226 Artemesia tridentata, 182 Bouteloua gracilis, 125, 126, 182 Clavicipitaceae, 129, 221 -226, 228, Arthrosporiella, 210, 216 Brachiaria, 48 229,236-238,270 278 Biosystematic Index

Clavieipitales, 229, 238 Diaporthales, 37 Festuca, 188, 191, 194,201,202,222, Clover (see also Trifolium), 149, 153, Dictyostelium diseoideum, 32 223,225,228,231,237 156 Digitaria, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49 - altissima, 191 Coastal redwood (sec also Sequoia), - sanguinaUs, 38 - arizonica, 200, 236 133, 138, 139 Diseula - arundinaeea, 189~~198, 200, 201, Coehliobolus, 265 - quereina, 140 228, 231, 236, 237 - carhonum, 265 - umbrinella, 132-136, 139, 140 - gigantea, 191, 192 Coffea arabiea, 82 Douglas fir, 133-136, 139, 140, 172, - glauca, 191 Coffee, 144 182 - heterophylla, 191 Coleosporium tussilaginis, 269, 274 Drosophila melanogaster, 235 - longifolia, 191 Colletutrichum, 157-168 Dryas - obtusa, 191 - acutatum, 163, 164, 166, 167 - integr(folia, 97, 114 - ovina, 191 aurantifolia, 163 octopetala, 97, 10 I, 113 - pratensis, 191, 195,200,231,236 - capsici, 157, 164 - pulchella, 191 - caudatum, 164 Earthworm, 118 - ruhra, 188, 191, 195 - cingulata, 160 Eehinodothis, 224 - valesiaca, 191 - eoecodes, 164 - tuberiformis, 225, 238 - versuta, 202 dematium, 157, 164, 166,269 Eleusine, 41, 42, 47, 48, 51 Festueae, 222, 223 - destructivum, 159, 164, 167 - coracana, 38 Finger millet (see also Eleusine), 38, - jalcatum, 159 Elk, 173, 174 47,54 - Jragariae, 163, 164 Elm, 144 Fireweed, 176 - gloeosporioides, 157, 159-165, Elymus, 193, 194 Flax (see also Linum), 4 210,211,216,218 - europaeus, 191, 192 Fraxinus, 97 - gloeosporioides aeschynomene, 158, - villosus, 191, 194 Fucus, 36 159,161 - virginicus, 187, 191, 194 Fulviajitlva, IS, 16,217 - gossypii, 159 Endocronartium harknessii, 91 Funaria hygometrica, 127 - graminicola, 157, 159-161, 164, Endogonales, 179, 183 Fusarium, 145, 146,210,212,213, 166-168 Endophyllum, 81 216-219 - lagenarium, 166, 168 - euphorbiae-sylvaticae, 81 - eu/morum, 91 - lindemuthianum, 159, 161, 164, 165 - pampeanum, 90, 91 - moniliforme, 212 - magna, 164, 167 Endothia eugeniae, 139 - oxysporum, 167,210,217, 50 - ma/varum, 164 Eocronartium muscico/a, 84, 89 - oxysporum lycopersici, 216, 217, - musae, 134, 159, 161, 164, 167, 168 Ephelis, 185, 228 274 - orbiculare, 159, 164, 163, 166-168 Epichloe, 140, 185 -197, 200-202, - oxysporum pisi, 219 - trifolii, 164, 167 221-238 - oxysporum vasinjixtum, 148 - truncatum, 164 - amarillan.\·, 229 - sambucinum, 229 Conifer, 81, 130, 172 - bacon ii, 229 - solani pisi, 26 Coprinus cinereus, 99, 111,211,216 clarkii, 187,229 - subglutinans pini, 216 Coral,221 - Jestucae, 223, 225, 228, 229, 231, Fusieoccum amygdali, 11 Cortinariaceae, 97 233,234 Cotton, 148, 155 - lyphina, 139, 185, 187-189, Garden cress, 151 Crahgrass, 38 192-194,196,200-202,221, Gasterophysa viridula, 274 Cronartium ribicola, 83, 148, 154 223,228-231,235,238 Gihherella Jujikuroi, 212, 217, 219 Cronartium, 84 Eragrostis curvula, 38 Gigaspora Cryptosphaeria cubensis, 139 Erwinia, 88 - gigantea, 126, 127 Cryptosporiopsis, 137-139 - herbicola, 91 - margarita, 119, 128, 175, 180 Cucurbits, 164, 166 Erysiphe Gigasporaceae, 117 Cyclaneusma minus, 13 1 - fischeri, 269, 273, 274 Gloeosporium, 165 Cylindrocladium crotalariae, 149, 155 - grarninis, 55-78 Glornaceae, 117, 127 Cyperaceae, 185, 195 graminis agropyri, 58 Glomales, 117, 178, 183 Cyperus, 48, 225, 237 - graminis avenae, 58 Glomerella, 157, 159-161, 165-168 - eseulentus, 88, 89, 93 - graminis bromi, 58 - cingulata, 158-168 - rotundus, 196, 200, 202 - graminis hordei, 56-78 - glycines, 161, 167 - virens, 196, 200 - graminis poae, 58 - graminico/a, 168 Cytospora eucalypticola, 138 - graminis secalis, 58 - Undemuthianum, 161 - graminis trifici, 56, 58 -- lycopersici, 166 Dactylis glomerata, 188, 189, 191,202 - pisi, 65, 75, 77 - magna, 166 Danlhonia, 189-194,200-202, Escherichia coli, 111, 114,214 - musae, 161, 167 223-228,232,236,238 Eucalyptus, 110, 113, 127, 173 - lucumanensis, 167 compressa, 190 193, 194,232 - nitens, 138 Glomus, 128, 175, 176, 274, 276 - epilis, 190, 191, 193, 194,232 Euphorbia lathyris, 150, 151 - albidum, 175 - sericea, 190, 191, 193, 194,232 Euterpe oleracea, 139 - deserticola, 175 - spicata, 190, 191, 193-195,200, - epigaeum, 126 227,232,236 Fagus, 97 - jasciculatum, 119, 127 Daucus carota, 120 - sylvatica, 102, 113, 132, 133, - inlraradices, 118, 120 Deer mouse, 173 137-140 - mosseae, 126, 127, 169,276 Deer, 173 Fern, 81 - occultum, 175 Biosystematic Index 279

versijiJrme, 118, 127 Lepidium sativum, 154 Oak (see also Quercus), 175 Glyceria striata, 191, 193 Leptmphaeria, 212, 213 Onion (sec also Allium), 169 Glycine argyrea, 275 - maculan", 206, 207, 211, 213, Oomycota, 18,20,257 Gopher, 171,172,176,179,182 215-219 Ophiostoma ulmi, 210, 216 Grape, 18,144,145,147,155 - nodorum, 210 Orchid, 151,155 Grass, 55,58,71,74,77,171-174, Leplostrama, 136, 139 Oryza sativa, 37, 41, 53 182,221-228,230,233,236-238 Lettuce (see also Laetuca), 18,34 Oryzoideae, 195 Grasshoppers, 173, 183 Lichen, 221 Oxalis pes-caprae, 127 Grizzly bear, 173 Lilium longijlorwn, 36 Gymnosperm, 131 Linam Panicoideae, 195 Gymnosporangium - marginale, 268, 273, 275 Panicum, 48 - juscum, 92 - usitatissimum, 207, 92 - agrostoides, 200, 236 - juniperi-virginianae, 92 Lolium, 188, 194, 202 Papaya (see also Carica), 162 -- perenne, 187, 189-191, 195, 196, Paramecium, 221 Hansenula polymorpha, 218 200,201,228,231,236,237 Parasitellaparasitica, 210, 211, 213, Harvester ant, 172, 182 Lophodermium 215,216 Hebeloma, 97, 98, 102-105, 113-115 - piceae, 131 Parsley, 28, 32, 34, 35 - alpinum, 97,101,113 -- pinastri, 136, 140 Paspalum, 48 - circinans, 107 seditiosum, 131 Paxillus involutus, 111, 112,274 - cylindrosporum, 95-112, 183 Lotus carniculatus, 155 Pea (see also Pisum), 65, 75, 260, 272, - edurum, 107, 112 Lupine, 176 276 - hiemale, 113, 115 Lycopersicon esculentum, 17,207,5 Peanut, 145, 149, 155 - marginatulum, 97, 10 1, 113 Pecan, 158,160-162,165 - sinapizans, 107 Macrophominaphaseolina, 150, 151, Pennisetum, 41, 42, 48, 49 Hedysarum, 173 156 Perameles, 183 Hemileia vastatrix, 82 Madrone, 172, 182 Perennial ryegrass (sec also Latium), Heterobasidion annosum, 276 Magnaporthe, 51 223,228,230,231,234-236,238 Holcus lanatas, 187, 191 - grisea, 4, 26, 29, 33, 37-54, 131, Peronospora Hordeum 133,140,168,209,211,218, - parasitica, 18, 26, 28, 34 - murinum, 58, 73 219,266,276 - tabacina, 149 - spontaneum, 74 Maize (see also Zeal, 144, 152, 156, Peronosporaceae, 18 vulgare, 73-76 161,164,168,260,265,266, Peronosporales, 18,35,270 Hormonema dematiodes, 139 275,276 Pezicula, 139 Hydra, 221, 237 Mango, 162, 165 Phakopsora, 81-84, 92 Hyphochytridiomycota, 18 Medicago truncatula, 274 - pachyrhizi, 83, 91, 92, 275 Hypocreales, 229, 238 Melampsora lini, 4, 15, 79, 84, 85, 89, Phalaris tuberosa, 238 Hyponectria, 51 92,207,216,254,268,273,275 Phaseolus, 90, 270, 274 Hypoxylon, 133, 137 Melanconium, 136, 139 - vulgaris, 84, 92, 274 - Fagiforme, 133, 134, 137, 138 - apiocarpum, 139 Phoma lingam, 206, 211, 216-218 Hystrix, 193, 194 - marginale, 132, 139 Phomopsis suhordinaria, 254 - patula, 191, 194 Melica ciliata, 191, 193 Phorbia, 200 Meloidogyne, 12,201 - phrenione, 187,233 Inocybe,175 Meria, 134, 135 Phragmidium violaceum, 88 Ipomoea purpurea, 269, 276 laricis, 134, 139 Phyllosticta, 136, 139 Moose, 173 - abietis, 130 Jack rabbit, 174 Morchella, 183 Phylloxera, 144 Johnsongrass, 164 Mucor, 210, 215 Physopella, 81, 92 Juncus, 138 circinelloides, 210, 218 Phytophthora, 17, 18,20,21,25-28, - buJonius, 135 Mycosphaerella 32-36,154-156 - effusus, 135 - graminicola, 212 - cactorum, 149 - pinodes, 276 - capsici, 26, 28, 149 Knapweed (see also Centaurea), 88 Myriogenospora, 185, 189, 190, 195, - cinnamomi, 18, 26, 128 196,224,228,237 - citrico/a, 26 Labyrinthulomycota, 18 - atramentosa, 202, 225, 230, 238 - in(eslans, 17-36, 143, 148, 155, Laccaria, 98, 102, 113 208,216,217,219,273 altaica, 101 Naemacyclus minor, 131, 138 - megasperma glycinea, 18 - bicolor,97, 101, 104-107, Nectria haematococca, 133, 140,209, - megasperma medicaginis, 151 113-115,179,183 260,276 - nicotianae, 149 - laccata, 97, 98, 101, 107, 111-113 Neottiella, 219 - palmivora, 153, 156 Lactarius hysginus, 114 - ruti/ans, 208 - parasitica, 153, 156 Lactuca Neurospora, 211, 216, 218 - sojae, 18,27,28,145,156 - sativa, 274 - crassa, 9, 15, 27, 39,102,107,110, Picea, 139,97 - serriola, 274 164,208,211,218 - abies, 131, 139 Larix, 134 Nicotiana - excelsa, 113, 114 - laricina, 97 - sylvestris, 276 - mariana, 139 Leersia, 48 - tabacum, 276 Pichia angusta, 218 Legume, 159,161, 167,173 Northernjnintvetch, 161,162,166 Pinaceae, 179, 182 280 Biosystematic Index

Pine, 87, 132, 139, 172, 173, 175 - sorghi, 84, 89,92, 152 Sinapis alba, 214 Red pine, 136 - xanthii, 92 Skeleton weed (see also Chondrilla), Pineapple, 149 Pyrenomycete, 37 88 Pinus, 97, 98, 113, 115 Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, 153, 154 Solanaceae, 17, 34, 91 - banksiana, 97, 114 Pyricularia, 51, 54 Solanum, 22, 35 - monticola, 154 - grisea, 37, 38, 51-54 - demissum, 34 - pinaster, 95-99,101-104,108, - oryzae, 37,51-54,217 - tuberosum tuberosum, 22 109, 112-115 Pythiaceae, 18 - tuberosum, 17, 208 - resinosa, 140 Pythium, 18,25, 145, 152, 155 Sordariaceae, 207, 217 - sylvestris, 98, 131, 138, 139 - irregulare, 151, 154 Sorghum, 164, 167, 168,259,274 - taeda,200 Soyhean (see also Glycine), 18,28,32, - virginiana, 97 Quercus, 97 145 Pisolithus, 102, 110, 113 - englemannii, 175 Sphacelia, 221 - arhizus, 98, 114 garryana, 140 Sphenopholis tinctorius, 107, 112, 175, 176, 178, - petraea, 139 - nitida, 191 183 - robur, 138 - pallens, 191 Pisum,274 Sphenospora saphena, lSI, 155 - sativum, 107, 113, 274 Rattus, 183 Spinach, 164, 166 Plantago lanceolata, 254 Rhabdoclineparkeri, 130, 133-136, Spiny cocklebur (see also Xanthium), Plasmodiophora, 146,214 140 164 - brassicae, 214, 216 Rhizobium, 69, 107, 138 Spodopterafrugiperda,236 Plasmopara vitieola, 18 Rhizoctonia, 145, 146, 155,201 Sporotrichiella, 210, 216 Pleurophomopsis, 137 - solani, 140,276 Squirrels, 173, 175, 182 Pleuroplaconema, 138 - zeae, 228, 237 Stachybotrys chartarum, 128 Poa Rhizopogon, 114 Stagonospora innumerosa, 135 - autumnalis, 191 - luteolus, 98 Stemphylium loti, 155 - sylvestris, 191 Rhynchosporium secalis, 5, 11, 15, 16, Stipa, 189, 190 - trivialis, 191 274,276 - leucotricha, 190, 191,225,232,237 - wolfli, 191 Ribes - robusta, 191 Poaceae, 37, 129, 186, 195,201,202 - lacustre, 154 Stramenopila, 18 Podophyllum peltalum, 276 - viscosissimus, 154 Strawberry, 149, 163-167 Pooideae, 189,190,195,227 Rice (see also Oryza), 4, 37-54,59, Streptomyces, 128 Populus, 97, 179 131, 140, 144, 145, 153, 156 Stylosanthes, 162, 165, 167,216 Potato (see also Solanum), 17 - 36, Rodents, 118, 173, 182 Suillus, 98, 101, !o2, 115 143,144,147,148,154,155, Rubus, 88 - bellinii, 107 208,216 Rumex, 274 - bovinus, 113 Powdery mildew fungi (see also Russula, 98 - collinitus, 98 Erysiphe), 55-78, 266, 267 - emetica, 175 - granulatus, !OS, 112, 113 Prochimys, 173, 182 Rustfungi, 79-93,258-262,266, - luteus, 113 Protista, 27 270, 274, 275 - tomentosus, 115 Pseudocercosporella, 238 Pseudomonas syringae, 14 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 27, 52, 160, Talaromycesjlavus, 147, 155 Pseudotsuga menziesii, 106, 114, 113 165,209,211,216,217 Tall fescue (see also Festuca), 228, Puccinia, 81, 90 Safflower (see also Carthamnus), 88 230,231,234--238 - acroptili, 92 Sagebrush, 171,175,179,181 Telimenella, 51 - arachidis, 81 Salix, 79, 97 Thelephora, 175 - asarina, 79 - reticuiata, 97 - terrestris, 98 - canaliculata, 88, 89, 93 - refusa, 97 Thomomys talpoides, 182 - carthami, 92 Salsola kali, 179, 182,273 Thuja,l27 - centaureae, 92 Schizachyrium scoparium, 183 Til/elia - chondril/ina, 88 Schizophyllum commune, 99, 115 - caries, 218 - coronata, 88, 92 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 39, 52, - controversa, 218 - coronala avenae, 91 210,216 Tilletiopsis pallescens, 75 - gram in is, 16,79,80,87-91,93, Sclerospora graminicola, 254 Tobacco (see also Nicotiana), 10, 13, 202,211,216 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 212, 216 28,32, 144, 149, 154,261,275, -- graminis avenae, 93 Sclerotium cepivorum, 139 276 - graminis tritid, 85, 91, 93, 148, Sedge, 221, 224-226, 237 Tolumnia variegata, 151, 155 274 Senecio vulgaris, 92, 269, 273, 274 Tomato (see also Lycopersicon), 3-16, - hordei, 84 Septoria 17,20,25,35,36,160,165 - jaceae, 88, 92 - nodorum, 153, 154,210,216 Trichachne insu/aris, 238 - lagenophorae, 92 -- trifiei, 210, 212, 218 Trichoderma, 88 - melanicephala, 82 Sequoia, 127 - harzianum, 147, 155,90 - menthae,91 - sempervirens, 133, 135 - longibrachiatum, 210, 217 - pampeana, 81, 90, 91 Sequoiadendron, 127 - reesei,218 - poarum, 93, 274 Setaria, 48 Trifolium - recondita, 84, 91, 93, 156 Silene,254 - pratense, 155 - recondita trittei, 275 - alba, 200, 256 - repens, 127 Biosystematic Index 281

Triticeae, 59 Ustilago, 254 Wheat (see also Triticum), 41, 42, 48, Triticum aestivum, 76 - hordei, 209, 218 53,57-59,73-78,148, 153, 154, Trypanosoma brucei, 219 - maydis, 26, 27, 52, 209, 217 156,263,272,275 Trypanosomes, 207 - violacea, 200, 256 Wheatgrass (see also Elymus), 58 Tuber, 111 - maculatum, 98 Vaccinium myrtillus, 138 Xanthium occidentale, 92 Tussilago farfara, 93, 269, 274 Venturia inaequalis, 146 - Verticillium, 88 - spinosum, 164 Uromyces,80,82,83,86,89-91,93 - lecanii, 90 Xunthomonas campestris - appendiculatus, 83-85, 89-93, - psalliotae, 92 - campestris malvacearum, 274 273 Vicia faba, 80, 82, 113 - campestris vesicatoria, 276 - phaseoli, 92 Vigna, 270, 274 )(vlaria, 136, 137-139 - phaseoli typica, 91 - sinensis, 84, 90, 93 - cubensis, 136, 139 - phaseoli vignae, 91, 275 Vertebrates, 197, 199 Xyiariaceae, 133, 137, 139, 140 - rumicis, 274 Yarrowia lipolytica, 218 - viciae-jabae, 80, 82, 83, 86, 89-91 Wapati, 173, 176 - vignae, 81, 84, 93 Weeping love-grass, 38 Zygomycotina, 117,210,211 Subject Index

Aegricorpus, 86, 87 Separate generations, 241 Seedling disease, 228, 237 Amino acids Survival, 146-148 Soft rot, 18,210 Arginine, 11 0 Disease, 241, 242, 244-246, 250, 252, Southern leaf blight of maize, 144 Cysteine, 7, 8 254-256 Stem rot, 28 Glutamine/Glutamate, 102 -lOS, Avoidance, 242, 258 Sugar cane nlst, 82 109, 113, 115 Contagiousness, 148 Wheat blast, 42 Histidine, 11 0 Disease cycle, 146 Wheat stem rust, 79, 91,148 Methionine, 110 Distribution in host population, 148 Disease-tolerance, 241, 253-255 Tryptophane, 108, III Effects on host plant, 69-79, Disturbances to habitats, 169- I 74, Tyrosine, 8 143-147 179, 182, 183 Avirulence, 5-10,55,58,73,79,81, Etiology, 146 DNA elements, 89,246 Foci, 149 Dissoeiator (Ds) elements, 13 Functional types, 145 Fosbury or MAGGY, 50 Biological pest control, 146-148 Infection chain, 146 Gene promoters, 26, 27 Biological weed contTOI, 88, 157 Phases of development, 151, 158 Grasshopper, 50, 51 Progress curves, 147, 149, ISS Gypsy family of retrotransposons, Chromosomes, 260, 261 Severity, 246 50 Aneuploidy, 207, 209, 230 Transmission, 146, lSI Hexanucleotide sequence TAGATA, B chromosomes, 38, 49, 209 Diseases 9 Chromatin structure, 30 Anthracnoses, 157 Interspersed repetitive DNA Deletions, 49, 50, 209, 210 Apple scab, 146, 155 segments, 211 Insertions, 209 Banana leaf spot, 144 Introns,26 Foldback structures, 211 Bitter-rot of apple, 163 Intron sequences, 230, 231 Karyotypc patterns, 21 I Black shank, 28 ITSI region of the ribsomal DNA, Length polymorphisms, 38, 209, Blue mold, 144, 149, 155 131 216-218 Chestnut blight, 144 ITSI, 162, 167 Maps, 40, 57 Choke disease, 188, 20 I, 202 ITS2,164 Minichromosomes, 38, 39, 162,209 Clubroot disease, 214 Maize acti vator, 12 Molecular karyotype, 208, 216 Coffee leaf rust, 82, 144 Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA), Nucleosomc structure of chromo- Corn smut, 209 162-166,190,192,194,21 somal DNA, 214 Cotton wilt, 148 Polymorphic DNA markers, 21 Pachytene centromeres, 84 Cowpea rust, 84, 93 Pot2 family of inverted repeat Translocations,209-211 Crown gall, 214 transposons, 50 Transpositions, 207 Downy mildew pathogens, 18, 144 Promoters, 26, 27 Competition, Dry rot, 29 Repeat units for ribosomal DNA, 214 Competitive ahility, 124, 196, 198 Dutch elm disease, 144,210 Repetitive DNA, 57, 58, 211 Competitive exclusion, 245 Ergot disease, 144, 225 Retroelement, 50, 51 Population displacement, 24-25 Flax rust, 4,15,79,85,87,90-92, Retrotransposons, 50, 57 Compatibility, 20, 29, 33 262,263,273-275 RFLP and ITS sequences, 41 Basic, 4,5 Foliar blight, 18 RFLPs, 12, 15,21,39,41,50,56, Non-reciprocal, 194 Grape bunch rot, 145, 147 57, 59, 73, 74, 76, 78, 84, 89, Leaf spot necrosis, 145 132,136,162-164,192,209 Demography, 197,200,248,251 Leather rot of strawberry, 149 RIP-like phenomena, 211 Birth rates, 244 Panama disease of bananas, 144 Rrn internal transcribed spacers Death rates, 244, 245, 248, 249 Pea wilt, 209 (ITS), 230 Extinction, 240, 243, 250-252, 255, Peanut rust, 81, 93 Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements 256 Pineapple heart rot, 149 (SINE),57 Continuous growth, 222 Potato late blight, 17, 19,21,33,35, Small subunit rRNA sequences, 229 Population growth, 241 143, 144, 147, 148,208,216 Telomerie 1,5 kb DNA fragment, 48 Generation times, 241 Rice blast, 37, 38, 41, 42, 46, 47, Transposable elements, 49, 50 Fecundity, 227, 267 51-54,144,209,219 Ectomycorhizins, 110 Life expectancy, 245 Root rot, 18 Ectomycorrhizae, 95-115 Overlap of generations, 240, 241 Rusts, 80-81, 87, 148 Enzymatic solnbilization of Residual survival, 170, 173 Seedling damping-off, 18 nutrients, 96 284 Subject Index

Ectomycorhizins, H20,-catalases, 10 Focal, 25 Hartig net, 96,101,102,108, 109, HC-toxin reductase enzyme, 265 Source areas, 173, 176 112 Hygromycin phospho transferase Mantle, 102, 112 gene, 111 Functional groups of fungi Nitrogen nutrition, 96, 102-106 Housekeeping enzymes, 26 Biotrophs, 263, 270 Water uptake, 95 Invertases, 5 Endophytes, 129-140, 185-202, Elicitors, 17,20,26-29,33-35, 58, Isopenicillin synthase, 214 221-238 62,75,87,91, 130,258,263, Lipoxygenases, 10 Epigeous fungi, 174, 175 268,276 Neutral zinc metallopeptidases, 48 Epiphytes, 129, 137, 185, 186, 190, Arachidonic acid (AA), 28, 35 Nitrate reductase, 102-106, 110, 200,201,224,227,236,237 AVR4 protein, 7-9 113,115 Hemibiotrophs, 17, 25 AVR9 elicitor, 6-8, 10, 12, 13 Pectin methyl esterase, 84 Hyperparasites, 88, 120 Capsicein, 28 Pectin-cstcrascs, 29 Latent pathogens, 129, 130, 136, Elicitins, 28, 35 Pectinase, 132 137 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 28 Perm eases, 65 Mycoparasites, 211, 213 NIP I protein, 11 Peroxidase, 60, 65, 71, 73, 76, 77, Necrotrophs, 270 Oligoglucoside elicitor, 28 86 Pioneer species, 98 Parasiticein, 28, 35 Phosphatase, 102 Saprophytes, 258, 260, 265 Race-specific, 4, 6, 9-11, 13, Phospholipase A2, 28 Seral mycorrhizal fungi, 179 15,28 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, 68, Soilborne pathogenic fungi, 149, Endophytes, 129-140, 185-202, 70,71,73,77 150 221-238 Phytase, 102 Symbionts, 169, 177, 183, 185, 186, Bark endophytes, 129 Polygalacturonases, 29 200 Effect on host drought tolerance, Polygalacturonate lyase, 84, 90 Wood decomposers, 129 233 Protease, 48 Wound pathogens, 258, 260 E-endophytes, 221, 222, 224, 225, Protein kinase, 11, 16 Fungal attachment, 133, 134, 139, 140, 228-232,234,235 Rubisco,70 158,167 Evolution, 221-238 Jl-glucosidases, 29 Adhesion pad, 83 Grass endophytes, 185-202, Tryptophane synthase, 108 Adhesives, 258, 260 221-238 Xanthine oxidase, 87, 92 Glucose/mannose-specific lectins, Hybrid, 222, 230, 234, 235, 238 Evolution, 205-276 133 Host incompatibility, 232 Coevolutionary arms races, 268, 269 Hydrophobicity, 45, 46, 52 On perennial plants, 130, 138, 185 Coevolution, 240, 242, 245, 247, IPI proteins (suspcctcd role in P-cndophytes, 130 253--256 adhesion), 31-33 Substrate utilization by, 136, 139 Convergent evolution, 42 Mucilage, 122, 133, 159, 167 Symptomless, 186 Co speciation, 230 Spore tip mucilagc, 43 Endophyte phylogenies, 190 Evolution of virulence, 245, 255 Fungal dispersal and establishment, Xylotropic, 129 Gene-far-gene coevolution, 268, 143156, 169, 170, 173, Enzymes 269,275,276 176-183,251,252,255 1,3-Jl-glucanases, 6,15,16,29 Host-parasite evolution, 270 Abiotic factors, 146-150, 155,221, a-glucosidase, 65, 73 Epidemiological parameters 232,233, 259, 264 Acidic cellulases, 84 Density dependent host growth, 244 Aerial dissemination, 18, 19, 82, Adenosine deaminase, 65 Density of susceptible hosts, 244 150,151,174-176,182,244 Amylase, 132 Disease-caused immunity, 244 Animal dispersal of spores (VAM), Alternative oxidase, 69, 74 Germination efficiency, 147 172,176 Anthranilate synthetase, 108 Infectivity, 103, 104, 106 Artificial inoculation, 173, 176 ATPase, 11, 12, 16 Inoculum potential, 118, 123 Cyclic dispersal, 148 Jl-glucanase, 70, 71 Pathogen aggressiveness, 240, 241, Contagious sprcad (endophytes), CAMP-dependent protein kinase, 255 187-190,192,193,195,197-199 46,53 Pathogen death ratc, 244 Dispersal by humans, 82 Chitinase, 6, 15, 16, 60, 65, 70, 71, Pathogen transmission, 244 Entrainment (wind), 174, 181 77, 195,201,265,274,276 Persistence, 170, 183, 194 Environmental heterogeneity, 1 80 Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, Rates of reinfection, 245 Genetic constraints, 178 68 Spore density, 148 Horizontal transmission, 187, 190 Cutinase, 29, 36, 45, 53, 61, 76, 83, Epidemics (epiphytotics), 143-156, Root colonization, 118, 123, 126, 134,159,166-168 169-183, 242 272 Cytochrome oxidase, 69 Analysis, 149 Seed transmission, 186, 190-195, Endocellulases, 29 - Multivariate statistical 198, 199, 202, 224 Endoxylanase, 46 approaches, 147 Spatial constraints, 179, 180 Esterases, 61, 62, 83 - Temporal analysis, 149 Spore deposition, 158, 170, Extracellular enzymes, 136 - Two-dimensional distance 174-177, 179, 180 Galactanases, 29 analysis, 149 Vectors, 169, 173 -176, 179, 182, Gennin-like oxalate oxidase, 70, 78 - Spatial-temporal autocorrelation, 183 Glutamate dehydrogenase, 102-105, 149 Vertical (maternal) transmission, 115 Boom and boost cycles, 249 185, 188, 189,221,227,228 Glutathione-S-transferase, 70 Development, 19,25,143,144,146, Fungal fruiting bodies, 174 H+-ATPasc, 11 148,151154,246,247 Acervuli, 159, 168 Subject Index 285

Aecia, 80, 81 Primary germ tube, 56, 61, 62, 64, Nar genes (signal transduction, Basidioearps, 98, 101 67,71,76,78 barley), 59, 74 Cleistothecia, 56, 57 Proline rich proteins, 159 Nia genes (nitrate reductase, Conidiomata, 157 Role of CO2 , !l9, 120, 122, 126 Phytophthora, Aspergillus, Pycnia, 79, 80, 81 Self-inhibiting dormancy factors, (26,50) Sori, 80, 81, 88 120 NPTI!(rcsistance to GAI8, Spermogonia, 79, 80 Root exudates, 118-120, 125, 126 bacteria), 26 Sporangia, 18, 19, 35 Volatile compounds, 119, 125 Pathogenicity genes, 26, 29, 30, 33, Telia,80 Fungal toxins, 29, 258, 260, 261, 275 35, 152 Uredia,80 Pusicoccin, 11, 16 Pathotype-specific resistance genes, Fungal infection, 131-135, 139, 146, Host selectivc toxins, 265 268,269 147, 150, 151, 155, 158, 159, 166 Peptide phytotoxins, 11, 16, 260 PhI, (Phytophthora resistance, 168,258,260,261 Sirodesmins, 206, 216 Tomato), 20 Appressoriurn, 18,29,31,61,75, Tenuazonic acid, 46, 52 Pm genes (Erysiphe resistance, 39,44-46,51-54,82-84, Fungicides, 250 wheat), 58 91,-93,121,134,135,158, 159 Anilide group, 107 PWL genes (host specificity genes, Dikaryotic infection, 85, 86 Azole fungicides, 87 Magnaporthe), 47-51,53 Infection fans, 120 Benomyl, 107, 108,49 Pyr genes (orotidine-5'-mono• Monokaryotic infection, 85 Benodanil, 107 phosphate decarboxylase, Mycorrhizal infection, 171, 178, Carboxine, 107 Epichloe), 231, 236 182 Dithiocarbmnates, 87 Recessive housekeeping genes, 210 Penetration hyphae, 18, 84, 86, 121, Ethirimol, 65, 74 Resistance genes, 56, 58-60, 69, 134, 135 Ergosterol inhibitors, 87 72-74 Penetration pegs, 44, 46, 62, 64, Indar,87 R3 (resistance to Phytophthora, 121 Meta1axyl, 24, 25, 34 potato), 20 Quiescent infection, 129, 157 Oxycarboxine, 107 rRNA genes (ribosomal RNA, Running hyphae, 85 universal), 229 Systemic infection, 224, 232, 245 Gene cloning, 12-13 SMO 1 (appressoria differentiation, Fungal intersterility groups, 266 Map-based cloning, 12 Magnaporthe), 45, 49 Fungal/plant interface Transposon tagging, 12-13 Sr genes (rust resistance, wheat), 88 Arbuscules, 117-121, 125,214 Gene expression Symbiosis genes, 272 Extracellular matrix, 133 Differential, 9-10, 29-33 iJ-mbulin genes (Neurospora, Extracellular proteins, 5 Genes Aspergillus), 107, 108 Extracellular sheath, 134, 140 14-3-3 (defense-related gene, TrpJ (tryptophane biosynthesis, Extrahaustorial matrix, 32, 33, 62, barley), 71 Phytophthora), 26, 35 65-68,78,86 Avirulenee genes, 4,5,7,15,18,20, tub2 (8-tubulin gene, Epichloe), Extrahaustorial membrane, 62, 65, 26, 28, 36, 38, 55-59, 72, 75, 230,231 67,69,78 207,210 Ubi3R (ubiqnitin, Phytophthora), Haustoria, 18,56,61,64-68, AVR2-YAMO (Magnaporthe 30,31 73-77,80,85,87,90,91,93, resistance, rice), 43, 48-51 Unnecessary resistance genes, 247 135,260 BUF1 (melanin biosynthesis, Unneeded virulence genes, 268 Hartig net, 96,101,102,108,109, Magnaporthe), 49 Genetic instability, 49-51 112 ColA (calmodulin synthesis, Gene-transfer systems, 110 Intercellular hyphae, 121 Phytophthora), 27, 30, 31 Autolytic processes, 214 Fungal spores CPKA (protein kinase subunit, DNA transformation, 26 Aeciospores, 80-85 Magnaporthe), 46 Extrachromosomal inheritance, 21 Ascospores, 147,223-227,232 CUTl (cutinase, Magnaporthe), 45 Horizontal, 213, 214, 217 Basidiospores, 80-84, 90, 92, 93 Defense genes, 4, 12, 14 Parasexnal,49, 159, 165, 193, 199, Conidia, 192 ecp genes (extracellular proteins, 208 Chlamydosporcs, !I 8, 126 Cladosporium), 5, 6 Sexual reproduction, 25, 268, 274 Oospores, 19-21,24,25,34 Fungal avirulence genes, 262 Genomic organization (see also Pycniospores, 80, 84, 85 HPG (hygromycin resistance, chromosomes) Spermatia, 80, 186, 187, 192, 200, bacteria), 26 Hetcrokaryosis, 159, 166, 168, 193, 223,227 HSP90 (defense-related gene, 215 Teliosporcs, 79-81, 86, 87, 92 barley), 71 Heterozygosis, 246 Urcdiospores, 80,-87, 89, 93 INF genes (infection structures, Homozygosis, 243, 246, 248 Zoospores, 18, 214 rusts), 85, 93 Linkage groups, 39, 209 Zygospores, 179 Ipi genes (cell wall proteins?, Glycoproteins, 84, 86, 89, 93, 132, Fungal spore germination, 118-121, Phytophthora), 27, 31-33, 35 134,159, 167 130, 132-135, 138, 139, 158, L6 (resistance to rust, flax) , 87 Green islands, 87 159,167,168 Lineage-specific resistance genes, Group species, 157, 162, 167 Eclosion, 133, 138 43 Germ pore, 79 Mati (mating type, many fungi), 37 Habitats for flmgal colonization Germ tubes, 79, 83 MI genes (resistance to Erysiphe, Agricultural systems, 143, 144, 153, Iterative germination of ascospores, barley), 59 154,170,239,240,246,247 187 MPG1 (hydrophobin, Alder thickets, 175 Maternal supressor, 61 Magnaporthe), 46, 53 Alpine, 97 286 Subject Index

Habitats for fungal colonization Active oxygen species, 10, 258 Host/parasite, 243, 244 Ant mounds, 172 Mitochondrial degeneration, 68 Logistic, 149 Arid ecosystems, 179 Nccrosis, 10, 13-16,65,68,69,87, Multiline, 247 Badger mounds, 172, 176 130 Non-equilibrium, 243 Beach fronts, 175 Oxidative burst, 10 Monomolecular model, 149 Canopy edge, 175 Superoxide, 10 Old-field model of succession, 181 Chaparral, 172 Tonoplast breakdown, 68 Plant/pathogen, 240-242, 253 Dunes, 98,169,175,183 Predator/prey, 240, 248, 249 Endemic plants, 245, 253 Induced susceptibility, 60, 75 Predictive, 147,239 Exotic habitats, 178 Interactions, Single locus, 241 Forest edges, 181 Antagonistic, 240, 243 Spatial, 176 Forests, 171, 173 Compatible, 6, 7 Strategic, 239 Gaps, 175 Incompatible, 20, Tactical, 239, 242 Glacial moraine, 171 Gene-for-gene, 3, 4, 18, 20, 55, 58, Molecular genetic markers Glaciers, 175 59,79,90, 161,207,240,254 Allozymes, 21, 36, 229, 230, 232, Gopher mounds, 172, 176, 182 259,261-263,266,268,272, 235 Grapevine canopies, 147 273,275 Amplified fragment length poly• Mt. St. Helens, 171 Genotype/environment, 103, 105 morphism (AFLP), 12 Mycorrhizosphere, 122, 124, 125, Genotypic, 240 DNA fingerprints, 21, 22, 23, 25, 127 Plant/parasite, 259, 269, 270 34,162-164,212-219 Native ecosystems, 171 Plant/pathogen, 240, 241, 244, 253 DNA sequences, 162 Native plant communities, 169, 170, Insect hcrbivory, 129, 137, 199,200 Electrophoretic karyotyping, 162 173,181 Electrophoretic profiles, 136 Plant canopy, 176 Karyotypes (see also chromosomes), Isozymes, 132, 136 Plant communities, 266, 273, 274, 208-211 Heterologous transposon tagging, 12 276 Mitochondrial DNA po1y- Plant patches, 176, 180 Life cycles morphisms, 41, 232 Potato refuse piles, 25 Autoecious, 79, 80, 90 Random amplified polymorphic Refuges, 244 Colletotrichum, 157-158 DNAs (RAPDs), 12,57,78, 132, Rhizosphere, 150, 155 Demicyclic, 80 136,139,162-164,212,217,218 Savannas, 175 Dikaryons, 81-83, 85, 86, 91, 99, Restriction fragmcnt length poly• Shrub rhizosphere, 176 101, 102, 104-108, 110, Ill, 114 morphism (RFLP)s, 8, 12,212, Shrub-steppe, 173-175, 179, 182 Erysiphe, 56 217 Shrublands, 171 Epichloe, 186, 223 Mutants Strip mines, 172, 173 Hebeloma, 98-101 Nitrate non-utilizing 111utants Subalpine and alpine meadows, 173 Heteroecious, 79-82, 90 (Hebeloma), 11 ° Tropical scasonal forests, 172 Karyogamy, 179 Nitrate non-utilizing mutants Unstable ecological systems, 242, Magnaporthe, 39 (Colletotrichum), 159 248 Macrocyclic, 80, 81 Buf- (melanin biosynthesis, Woody hosts, 130 Meiosis, 179 Magnaporthe),49 Herbicides, 171, 250 Microcyclic, 80 Con mutants (conidiation-defective, Herbivores, 172, 196, 197,200-222, Monokaryons, 82, 85, 86, 91, Magnaporthe), 46 226,228,233,259,264,274,275 99-102, 105, 107, 108, 110, 114, Fluorindo1e resistant (FIR) Herbivory, 171, 172, 197,222,226, 115,179 mutants(Hebeioma), 108, 113 234,236 Neotyphodium, 223 Fungicide resistant mutant, 107 Host plant defenses (see also Phytophthora, 18-20 IAA -overproducer mutants Hypersensitive response, Rusts, 79-81 (Hebeioma), 108, 109 Pathogenesis-relatcd proteins, VAM,118 Mpgr (appressorial development, Phytoalcxins, 10, 249, 258 Magnaporthe),46 Callose deposition, 6, 62, 64, 74, 76 Mannitol,5 Smo-, (abnormal spore morphology, Cell wall lignification, 10 Mating systems, 17, 19-25,34,240 Magnaporthe),45-47 Papilla formation, 60, 62, 69, 71, Bifactorial, 10 1, 160 Mutation, 8, 13,58,59,74,77,193, 74-78,87 Female-sterile strains, 38 242,243,248,252-255 Halos, 135 Hermaphrodites, 37, 38 Mutational load, 24, 234, 235 Inducible defenses, 258-261, 264, Heterothallic, 79,160,161, 187, Muller's ratchet, 234, 235 272 192,207,225,227 Somatic, 210 Mechanisms of defense, 205-207, Homothallic (self) mating, 160, 161, Mulualistic symbioses, 169,221-225, 215,258 225 227,228,230,232-238 Silicon compounds, 61, 62, 64, 75, Migration, 21, 34, 36, 173, 174, 176, Benign parasitism, 222 86 177,180,182,248,250-252, Costs, 222, 225, 234 Wound plugs, 62 255,268,269 Endophytes, 129-140, 185-202, Host specificity, 192-195,201,257, Models and modeling, 151,239-256 221-238 258,261-263,266,270,272, Coevolutionary, 242, 244, 247, 248 Mycorrhizal dependence, 272, 273, 275,276 Ecological, 242, 243-245 275 Hydrophobins, 46 Epidemiological, 243, 244 Mycorrhizae, 95-128,169-183 Hypersensitive response (HR), 4, 20, Equilibrinm, 240, 242, 243 Protective, 129 36, 195 Genetic, 248 Zooxanthellate algae, 221 Subject Index 287

Mycorrhizae, 95-128,169-183 Apoplast, 5, 6, 9, 15 Leaf essential oils, 133 Colonization, 272 Basal leaf meristems, 186 Lignin, 265 Formation, 272 Bulbi!, 196 Monolignol glucosides, 133, 138 Mycorrhization helpcr bacteria, 96 Caryopsis, 259, 274 Phenylpropanoids, 261 Mycorrhizal propagu1es, 172 Casparian strip, 86, 91 Polyphenols, 62, 68, 159 Cleistogamous flowers, 190,227,236 Wax, 159, 167 Nitrogen metabolism,S, 9, 15, 16,70, Cleistogamous seeds, 224, 227 Polysaccharides, 86, 132, 133 76,77,95,96, 102, 110, 114, Cotyledons, 10, 12, 28 3-J>-glucans, 6 117, 123, 126, 127 Crop seed, 247 Glucans, 65, 84 Ammonium assimilation, 102 Crotches oftrees, 175 Pectin, 84, 86, 90 Glutamate dehydrogenase, 102, Culms, 186, 187, 189, 190 Chitin, 133,6,12,15,46,65,84, 105-106 Cuticle, 131, 134,259 90,260 Nitrate uptake, 70 Epidermis, 60, 61, 65 Starch, 70, 74 Nitrogen fixation, 124,221 Epidermal cells, 18, 134, 135 Populations, 185 - 202, 240-256 Nitrate reductase, 96, 102 -106, 109, Endodermis, 109 Population genetics, 17, 21 110,112-115 Flowers, 187 Constant fitncsse" 241, 248 Organic nitrogenous molecules, 109 Guard cells, 18, 83 Density-dependent selection, 241 Hypocotyls, 145 Diploid genetics, 87, 246 Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRP), 6, Inflorescences, 196, 223, 224, Diffuse selection, 264 60, 70, 76 226-228 Epistasis, 103 Chitinase, 6,15,16,60,65,70,71, Leaves, 186, 187, 196,200 Frequency dependent fitness, 241, 77, 195,201,265,274,276 Evergreen foliage, 130 244 Thaumatin-like protein, 70 Leafaxils, 224, 227 Frequency dependent selection, 241 Thionins, 71, 73 Leaf mesophyll, 5 Gene flow, 136 Pathogenicity factors, 4, 15, 33, Leaf primordia, 224 Genetic differentiation, 190, 193, 258-266,270,273 Petioles, 206 200 Peptides, 6-9, 11, 13, 15, 16 Lenticels, 19 Genetic drift, 252, 256, 268 Amino terminal signal peptide, 31, Mcsophyll, 5, 9,10,18,206 Genetic hitchhiking, 269 32 Nodules, 124 Group-selection, 245 AVR9 elicitor peptide, 7 Nucellus tissues, 186 Immigration (see also migration), GRGDSP hexapeptide, 32 Outer cortex, 109 170,173 Peptide phytotoxins, 260 Ovule, 32, 186, 188 Host-specialized populations, 157, RGD tripeptide motif, 32 Phloem, 5, 9 158 Pesticides, 171 Pollen, 32 Mating populations, 229-231 Pests, 196, 199,200 Rhizomes, 169, 189, 190 Multidimensional selection pressures, Phosphorus metabolism and nutrition Root cortex, 117, 118 241 Phosphate, 60, 65, 70, 77, 78, 106, Root endodermal cells, 86 Overdominance, 246 96,123-124 Root systems, 172 Plant genotype, 241, 242, 246 Phospholipid, 122 Seed, 185-190, 192-202 Plant reproductive fitness, 151 Phosphorus, 122, 123, 126-128 Seed chambers, 172 Polymorphism, 246, 266, 268 Polyphosphate metabolism, 70, Seed heads, 226 Sexual reproduction, 25 102 Seedlings, 145, 151, 154, 155 Virulence diversity, 23, 24 Phylogeny, 229-232 Seedling radicles, 145 Population structure Phytoalexins, 86, 87, 92, 123, 258, Sheaths, 186, 190 Aggregation, 149, 151,244,255 260,261,265,276 Shoot meristems, 186, 189 Asynchronous density, 251 Phenylpropanoids, 261 Stems, 186 Clonal structure, 244 Diterpenoid rice phytoalexins, 46 Stigmata, 188 Cultivar mixes, 246, 247, 253 Pisatin, 209 Stolons, 186, 20 Density, 240-244, 247, 248, 251 Plant developmental and physiological Stomata, 5, IS, 261 Metapopulations, 243, 250-252, processes Subterranean plant parts, 272 254, 268, 273 Apoplastic flow, 86 Tillers, 186, 188, 189, 194, 195, Local extinction, 181, 269 CN-insensitive respiration, 69 224,227,228 Pathogen density, 243 Dark respiration, 69 Tropical fruits, 157-159, 162, Patches, 169-172, 180, 182,243, Lignification, 87, 124, 125, 195 165-167 250,252 Ripening (offiuit), 129 Tubers,IS9 Panmixis, 252 Suberization, 121 Viviparous p1antlets, 189, 190, 196 Plant density, 243 Transpiration, 123 Xylem vessels, 206 Safe sites, 181 Plant growth regulators, 123, 196 Xylem, 5, 9 Within-subpopulation patchiness, Auxins, 87, 92, 96, 108, 112, 113 Plant toxins and other products 252 Cytokinins, 87, 90, 96 (see also plant growth regulators, Seed bank, 151 Ethylene, 10, 87, 92, 96 phytoalexins, and polysaccharides Gibberellins, 96 Alkaloids, 197,226,228-230 Quantitative genetics, 98 -108, 240, Indolacetic Acid (IAA), 103-105, Anti-herbivore metabolites, 222, 233 249,252,254,255 108,109,111-113 Ergot alkaloids, 226, 236, 238 Heritability, 103 Jasmonic acid, 28, 71, 76 flatty alcohols, 159 Genetic correlations, 241 Plant morphology - organs, tissues Flavonoids, 119 Genotype/environment interactions, and cells Gramine, 71, 77 103,105 288 Subject Index

Receptors and binding-proteins Amino tenninal signal peptide, Pleiotropic, 222 (see also signals), 11, 13, 30, 32, 31,32 Symbiotic continuum, 221, 222, 58,72 Calcium ion fluxes, 30, 31 225, 228, 233 Na+-sensitive receptor, 133 Calmodulin, 30, 31, 35 Guanine nucleotide (GDP or GTP)• Cutin monomers, 61, 134 Variance binding regulatory proteins, 11 Cyclic AMP (CAMP), 46, 52, 53 Additive variance, 103 Integrins, 32, 34 CAMP-dependent protein kinase, Genotypic variance (VG), 103 NIT2 protein (transcriptional factor), 46,53 Enviromnental variance, 103, 105 9 Dephosphorylation, II, 16 Phenotypic, 103 Ubiquitin (regulator of gene Elicitor perception, 4, 10, 11 Within-island equilibrium variance, expression) , 30, 31, 35 Endogenous signal, 10 252 Recombination, 25, 159, 162 G proteins, II, 15 Variation Activators of, 210 H'-ATPase, 11 Continuous, 240 Parasexual, 49,159,165,193,199, H20 2 ,1O Genetic, 23-25, 207-208, 266 208 Linolenic acid, 28 Glutamate dehydrogenase activity, Resistance, 240-249, 252-256 Lipid peroxidation, 10, 16 105-106 Basic, 195 Lipoxygenases, 10 IAA-synthesizing activity, 105, 106 Correlational, 242 Peroxidases, 60, 65, 71, 73, 76, 77, 86 Intraspecific, 106 Costs of, 243, 246-248 Protein kinase, 11, 16 Major-locus, 240 Field, 259, 267 Salicylic aci(~ 10, 14, 15 Vegetative compatibility groups, 159, Fungicide, 21 Serine/threonine protein kinases, 14 164 Host genotypes, 152 Stromata, 186, 187,189, 190, 194, Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae Host genotype-specific, 195 196,202,223-227,229,234,238 (VAM), 107, 117-127, 171-183 Hygromycin,215 Succession, 132, 169-172, 175, 177, Auxiliary celis, 118 Local induced, 60 181, 182 Arbuscules, 117-121, 125,214 Nonhost, 259, 261, 262, 265, 273 Bootstrapping, 172, 183 Role in host drought tolerance, 123, One-locus, 239 Sugars 124, 127 Papilla-based, 60 Fructose, 5 Host osmoregulation, 123, 125 Quantitative, 240, 254, 255 Glucose, 5 Hyphal coils, 118,121,214 Race-specific, 18,20 Sucrose, 5, 65, 70, 74 Hypha1 exudates, 122 Systemic, 222 Suppression of host defense gene Interplant nutrient transfer, 123 Temperature-dependent, 269 expression, 20, 60, 70, 75, 87, 270 Role in host mineral nutrition, 123 Symbiosis, 169, 177, 183, 185, 186, Role in host seedling establishment, Sclerotia, 157,224-226 200 123 Signals and signal transduction, 4, Commensalisms, 222 Soil aggregation, 122, 123 10-12, 14,59,61, 159,262,265 Multipartner, 96 Vesicles, 117-121, 125, 126,214 14-3-3 protein kinase regulator-like Mutualistic, 169,221-225,227, Virulence, 20-25, 33, 35, 36, 130, protein, 70 228,230,232-238 241-249,253-256