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COVID-19 NA ÁFRICA Levantamento Das Políticas Públicas, Impacto E Concertação Regional Agosto– Dezembro De 2020

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COVID-19 NA ÁFRICA Levantamento Das Políticas Públicas, Impacto E Concertação Regional Agosto– Dezembro De 2020 SÉRIE AFRICANA COVID-19 NA ÁFRICA Levantamento das políticas públicas, impacto e concertação regional Agosto– Dezembro de 2020 Organização Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira Camila Castro Kowalski SÉRIE AFRICANA COVID-19 NA ÁFRICA Levantamento das políticas públicas, impacto e concertação regional Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira e Camila Castro Kowalski (Org.) Porto Alegre Agosto/Dezembro 2020 Direitos reservados desta edição: CEBRAFRICA - UFRGS [email protected] | ufrgs.br/cebrafrica Capa: Eduardo Marquezin Faustini Imagem da capa: UNICEF, DRC, Mulala Editoração: Amabilly Bonacina Revisão Técnica: Camila Santos Andrade, Camila Castro Kowalski e Amabilly Bonacina Organizadoras: Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira (coordenadora do CEBRAFRICA) Camila Castro Kowalski Equipe do CEBRAFRICA: Amabilly Bonacina (Mestranda/Université de Montréal) Artur Holzschuh Frantz (Estudante de Graduação/UFRGS) 1 Camila Ayala (Bolsista de Iniciação Científica/UFRGS) Camila Castro Kowalski (Doutoranda/UFRGS) Camila Santos Andrade (Doutoranda/UFRGS) VOLUME 1 Cecília Maieron Pereira (Doutoranda/UFRGS) Eduardo Marquezin Faustini (Mestrando/UFRGS) Gabriela Ribeiro Santos (Estudante de Graduação/UFRGS) Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Guilherme Geremias da Conceição (Estudante de Graduação/UFRGS) Igor Estima Sardo (Bolsista de Iniciação Científica/UFRGS) Isabella Cruzichi de Oliveira Silva (Mestranda/UFRGS) C873 COVID-19 na África : levantamento das políticas públicas, impacto e Larissa Teixeira (Bolsista de Iniciaçãoconcertação Científica/UFRGS) regional : volume 1 (jan./jul.) / Organizadoras Lucca Medeiros da Silva (BolsistaAnalúcia de Iniciação Danilevicz Científica/UFRGS) Pereira, Camila Castro Kowalski. – Porto Alegre, Luiza Ferreira Flores (Bolsista de RS,Iniciação 2020. Científica/UFRGS) 138 f. : il. color. – (Série Africana). Mariana Vitola (Bolsista de Iniciação Científica/UFRGS) Rafaela Pinto Serpa (Doutoranda/UFRGS)Modo de acesso: internet. ISBN: 978-65-86232-58-5 (e-book) Série Africana Conselho editorial 1. África. 2. COVID-19. 3. Políticas públicas. 4. Organizações Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira (UFRGS)regionais. - coordenadora 5. Cooperação do I.CEBRAFRICA Pereira, Analúcia Danilevicz, organizadora. II. Kowalski, Camila Castro, organizadora. III. Paulo Fagundes Visentini (UFRGS)Universidade - coordenador Federal do do NERINT Rio Grande do Sul. Centro Brasileiro de José Carlos dos Anjos (UFRGS - UniCV)Estudos Africanos. IV. Título. Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro (UFRGS) CDU 614.4(6) Marco Cepik (UFRGS) Alfa Diallo (UFDG) Elaborada pelo Núcleo de Publicações da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas – UFRGS Pio Penna Filho (UnB) [email protected] Mamoudou Gazibo (Univ. de Montréal - Canada) Gladys Lechini (U.N. Rosário - Argentina) Gerhard Seibert (UFBA) Hilário Cau (ISRI - Maputo, Moçambique) VOLUME 2 Loft Kaabi (ITES - Cartago, Tunísia) Chris Landsberg (Univ. de Joanesburgo - África do Sul) Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) C873 COVID-19 na África : levantamento das políticas públicas, impacto e concertação regional : volume 2 (ago./dez.) / Organizadoras Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira, Camila Castro Kowalski. – Porto Alegre, RS, 2020. 206 f. : il. color. – (Série Africana). Modo de acesso: internet. ISBN: 978-65-5973-010-0 (e-book) 1. África. 2. COVID-19. 3. Políticas públicas. 4. Organizações regionais. 5. Cooperação I. Pereira, Analúcia Danilevicz, organizadora. II. Kowalski, Camila Castro, organizadora. III. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Centro Brasileiro de Estudos Africanos. IV. Título. CDU 614.4(6) Elaborada pelo Núcleo de Publicações da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas – UFRGS [email protected] SUMÁRIO 7•APRESENTAÇÃO 15•NORTE DA ÁFRICA 20•NORTE DA ÁFRICA: PRINCIPAIS MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS ADOTADAS E DURAÇÃO 21•NORTE DA ÁFRICA: EVOLUÇÃO DOS CASOS DE COVID-19 DE AGOSTO A DEZEMBRO 22•COVID-19 NO NORTE DA ÁFRICA: SITUAÇÃO PAÍS POR PAÍS 22•ARGÉLIA 23•EGITO 25•LÍBIA 28•MARROCOS 30•SAARA OCIDENTAL 32•TUNÍSIA 34•NOTAS NORTE DA ÁFRICA 39•ÁFRICA OCIDENTAL E CENTRAL 42•ÁFRICA OCIDENTAL E CENTRAL: PRINCIPAIS MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS ADOTADAS E DURAÇÃO 46•ÁFRICA OCIDENTAL E CENTRAL: EVOLUÇÃO DOS CASOS DE COVID-19 DE AGOSTO A DEZEMBRO 47•COVID-19 NA ÁFRICA OCIDENTAL E CENTRAL: SITUAÇÃO PAÍS POR PAÍS 47•BENIN 48•BURKINA FASO 50•CABO VERDE 52•CAMARÕES 54•CHADE 55•CONGO 56•COSTA DO MARFIM 4 59•GABÃO 61•GÂMBIA 62•GANA 65•GUINÉ 67•GUINÉ EQUATORIAL 69•GUINÉ-BISSAU 71•LIBÉRIA 73•MALI 76•MAURITÂNIA 78•NÍGER 79•NIGÉRIA 81•REPÚBLICA CENTRO-AFRICANA 83•REPÚBLICA DEMOCRÁTICA DO CONGO 84•SENEGAL 85•SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE 87•SERRA LEOA 89•TOGO 91•NOTAS ÁFRICA OCIDENTAL E CENTRAL 108•ÁFRICA ORIENTAL 110•ÁFRICA ORIENTAL: PRINCIPAIS MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS ADOTADAS E DURAÇÃO 111•ÁFRICA ORIENTAL: EVOLUÇÃO DOS CASOS DE COVID-19 DE AGOSTO A DEZEMBRO 112•COVID-19 NA ÁFRICA ORIENTAL: SITUAÇÃO PAÍS POR PAÍS 112•BURUNDI 114•DJIBUTI 115•ERITREIA 116•ETIÓPIA 118•QUÊNIA 120•RUANDA 122•SOMÁLIA 123•SUDÃO 125•SUDÃO DO SUL 126•TANZÂNIA 127•UGANDA 5 130•NOTAS ÁFRICA ORIENTAL 136•ÁFRICA AUSTRAL 139•ÁFRICA AUSTRAL: PRINCIPAIS MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS ADOTADAS E DURAÇÃO 142•ÁFRICA AUSTRAL: EVOLUÇÃO DOS CASOS DE COVID-19 DE AGOSTO A DEZEMBRO 144•COVID-19 NA ÁFRICA AUSTRAL: SITUAÇÃO PAÍS POR PAÍS 144•ÁFRICA DO SUL 148•ANGOLA 153•BOTSUANA 154•COMORES 155•ILHAS MAURÍCIO 157•LESOTO 158•MADAGASCAR 160•MALAWI 161•MOÇAMBIQUE 164•NAMÍBIA 165•SEYCHELLES 167•SUAZILÂNDIA 168•ZÂMBIA 170•ZIMBÁBUE 173•NOTAS ÁFRICA AUSTRAL 183•ORGANIZAÇÕES REGIONAIS 185•UNIÃO AFRICANA (UA) 188•COMUNIDADE PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA ÁFRICA AUSTRAL (SADC) 190•MERCADO COMUM DA ÁFRICA ORIENTAL E AUSTRAL (COMESA) 192•COMUNIDADE ECONÔMICA DOS ESTADOS DA ÁFRICA CENTRAL (CEEAC) 194•COMUNIDADE ECONÔMICA DOS ESTADOS DA ÁFRICA OCIDENTAL (CEDEAO) 198•AUTORIDADE INTERGOVERNAMENTAL PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO (IGAD) 200•COMUNIDADE DA ÁFRICA ORIENTAL (EAC) 202•NOTAS ORGANIZAÇÕES REGIONAIS 6 APRESENTAÇÃO No segundo semestre de 2020, a África Austral ultrapassou o Norte da África como epicentro da COVID-19 no continente. No início de dezembro, na África do Sul, foi identificada mais da metade dos casos confirmados na África Subsaariana, posicionando o país entre os cinco com mais casos do novo vírus registrados no mundo. Essa situação fez com que o governo sul-africano voltasse atrás em algumas medidas de flexibilização, instituindo novamente o toque de recolher e mais uma vez fechando as instituições de ensino. No Norte da África e em alguns países da África Ocidental, como Burkina Faso e República Democrática do Congo, também foram implementadas novas medidas restritivas em dezembro. De modo geral, os países africanos buscaram agir antes que a situação estivesse fora de controle, adotando medidas rígidas, sobretudo, para prevenir a importação de casos. A maior parte dos Estados africanos só reabriu seus aeroportos para voos comerciais internacionais entre agosto e setembro, mais de seis meses depois do seu fechamento. Mesmo assim, os aeroportos operam com medidas rígidas de monitoramento dos viajantes, como exigência de testes negativos para o embarque no país de origem e nova testagem na chegada. Muitas fronteiras terrestres permanecem fechadas ao trânsito de pessoas e, naquelas que já foram reabertas, é necessário apresentar teste negativo para a COVID-19 para ser autorizado a atravessar. Vários Estados africanos também haviam fechado as ligações do interior com as principais cidades de modo a evitar uma disseminação do vírus para áreas distantes. Em alguns casos, como em Angola, ainda é necessário apresentar teste negativo para o novo coronavírus para transitar entre as regiões do país. A abordagem direcionada foi adotada por vários Estados do continente neste segundo semestre, com abertura de escolas, de locais de culto e suspensão de toques de recolher sendo aplicadas em cidades menores, enquanto que os locais mais povoados seguiam com medidas de contenção do contágio. Ruanda, Gana e Senegal tiveram suas estratégias de enfrentamento da pandemia elogiadas por veículos de comunicação e institutos de pesquisa internacionais. No segundo semestre de 2020, os desafios sociais e econômicos decorrentes da pandemia de COVID-19 ficaram mais evidentes. Na África do Sul, estima-se que a economia terá sua pior contração desde 1930, com um resultado de -7,1% e taxa de desemprego de 30%. O PIB de muitos países africanos deverá se contrair em 2020 ou, na melhor das hipóteses, ter um crescimento pequeno. Para driblar este cenário, a maioria dos governos lançou planos de estímulo à atividade econômica, incluindo a rolagem de dívidas e impostos COVID-19 NA ÁFRICA | 7 para empresas, abertura de linhas de crédito facilitadas e financiamento de contas de energia e água. A principal fonte de recursos para garantir os pacotes econômicos foi o endividamento externo, sobretudo junto ao Banco Mundial e FMI. Em países onde o setor do turismo representa uma parcela importante da economia, como Egito, Marrocos, Tunísia, Botsuana, Quênia, Seychelles, Cabo Verde e Gâmbia a queda no número de visitantes tem um impacto direto sobre as taxas de desemprego e sobre o próprio PIB anual. Já em países como Argélia, Líbia, Gabão, República do Congo, Nigéria, Guiné Equatorial, Chade, Sudão do Sul e Angola, a queda nos preços do petróleo – também relacionada à pandemia – teve sérias consequências sobre as exportações. De modo geral, Estados muito dependentes de poucos produtos de exportação (como a castanha de caju em Guiné-Bissau; tabaco no Malawi; cobre na Zâmbia; e diamante em Botsuana) foram duramente afetados, uma vez que estão mais suscetíveis à
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