Status of the Limber (3LQXVÀH[LOLV) in

Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 62 Status of the Limber Pine (3LQXVÀH[LOLV) in Alberta

Prepared for: Alberta Sustainable Resource Development (SRD) Alberta Conservation Association (ACA)

Prepared by: David W. Langor This report has been reviewed, revised, and edited prior to publication. It is an SRD/ACA working document that will be revised and updated periodically.

Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 62

June 2007

Published By:

i Publication No. T/140 ISBN: 978-0-7785-7068-4 (Printed Edition) Revised July 2008 ISBN: 978-0-7785-7069-1 (On-line Edition) Revised July 2008 ISSN: 1206-4912 (Printed Edition) ISSN: 1499-4682 (On-line Edition)

Series Editors: Sue Peters, Robin Gutsell, Nyree Sharp and Lisa Matthias Illustrations: Brian Huffman Maps: Nicole Hopkins

For copies of this report, visit our web site at: KWWSVUGDOEHUWDFD¿VKZLOGOLIHVSHFLHVDWULVN and click on “Detailed Status”

OR

Contact: Information Centre - Publications Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Main Floor, Great West Life Building 9920 - 108 Street Edmonton, Alberta, T5K 2M4

Telephone: (780) 422-2079

This publication may be cited as:

Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 2007. Status of the limber pine (3LQXVÀH[LOLV) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Wildlife Status Report No. 62, Edmonton, AB. 17 pp.

ii PREFACE

(YHU\¿YH\HDUVWKH)LVKDQG:LOGOLIH'LYLVLRQRI$OEHUWD6XVWDLQDEOH5HVRXUFH'HYHORSPHQW reviews the general status of wildlife species in Alberta. These overviews, which have been conducted in 1991 (The Status of Alberta Wildlife), 1996 (The Status of Alberta Wildlife), 2000 (The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2000), and 2005 (The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 DVVLJQLQGLYLGXDOVSHFLHV³UDQNV´WKDWUHÀHFWWKHSHUFHLYHGOHYHORIULVNWRSRSXODWLRQV that occur in the province. Such designations are determined from extensive consultations with professional and amateur biologists, and from a variety of readily available sources of population data. A key objective of these reviews is to identify species that may be considered for more detailed status determinations.

The Alberta Wildlife Status Report Series is an extension of the general status exercise, and provides comprehensive current summaries of the biological status of selected wildlife species in Alberta. Priority is given to species that are At Risk or May Be At Risk in the province, that are of uncertain status (Undetermined), or that are considered to be at risk at a national level by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC).

Reports in this series are published and distributed by the Alberta Conservation Association and the Fish and Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. They are intended to provide detailed and up-to-date information that will be useful to resource professionals for managing populations of species and their habitats in the province. The reports are also designed to provide current information that will assist Alberta’s Endangered Species Conservation Committee in identifying species that may be formally designated as Endangered or Threatened under Alberta’s Wildlife Act. To achieve these goals, the reports have been authored and/or reviewed by individuals with unique local expertise in the biology and management of each species.

iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Limber pine (3LQXVÀH[LOLV) is distributed from southwestern Alberta and southeastern to northern and and . In Alberta it exists in disjunct stands, and plans for the detailed mapping of the location and boundaries of limber pine stands are underway. This report summarizes existing information on limber pine in Alberta to assist in assessing its status in the province.

In Alberta, the species is found in montane and lower subalpine areas on xeric-to-subxeric, exposed and wind-swept sites. It is a pioneer species and colonizes disturbed sites, and thrives in harsh environments. Its seeds are dispersed mainly by Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), and this mutualistic relationship is critical to the long-term viability of limber pine.

An invasive alien fungus, white pine blister rust (), causes high mortality and is largely responsible for the decline of limber pine throughout most of its range in Alberta. High mortality coupled with often-poor regeneration provides a poor prognosis for limber pine.

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The assistance of several people greatly aided the preparation of this report, and is gratefully acknowledged: Bev Wilson (Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Forest Management Branch) provided data on the distribution of limber pine in Alberta; Cyndi Smith (Parks Canada, Waterton, AB) provided data on the distribution of limber pine and the impact of white pine blister rust in the national parks; Brian Klinkenberg (Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC) and Del Meidinger (B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range, Victoria, BC) provided distribution data for limber pine in BC; Roger Brett (Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton, AB) helped with production of maps; Ken Greenway (Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Edmonton) provided information about regulations on harvesting of limber pine; and Dale Simpson (Canadian Forest Service, Fredericton, NB) provided information concerning optimal harvesting of limber pine cones. This report was greatly improved by comments made by Sue Peters (Alberta Conservation Association, Edmonton, AB) and Lisa Matthias (Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Edmonton), Brendan Wilson (Selkirk College, Castlegar, BC), Peter Achuff (Parks Canada, Waterton) and Cyndi Smith.

Preparation of this report was funded by the Alberta Conservation Association and the Fish and Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development.

v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ...... iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... v

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

HABITAT...... 1

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY...... 2

DISTRIBUTION...... 4 1. Alberta...... 4 2. Other Areas ...... 6

POPULATION SIZE AND TRENDS ...... 6 1. Alberta...... 6 2. Other Areas ...... 8

LIMITING FACTORS...... 9 1. Insects and Diseases...... 9 2. Vertebrate Herbivores ...... 9 3. Cattle Grazing ...... 10 4. Seed Dispersal Agents...... 10 5. Climate Change...... 10  :LOG¿UH ...... 10

STATUS DESIGNATIONS ...... 10 1. Alberta...... 10 2. Other Areas ...... 10

RECENT MANAGEMENT IN ALBERTA...... 11

SYNTHESIS...... 11

LITERATURE CITED...... 12

$SSHQGL['H¿QLWLRQVRIVHOHFWHGOHJDODQGSURWHFWLYHGHVLJQDWLRQV ...... 16

vii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 The distribution of limber pine in Alberta...... 5

Figure 2 The distribution of limber pine in North America...... 7

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 Figure 1: The distribution of limber pine in Alberta. Data at the “Limber pine research sites” were collected by the Canadian Forest Service (CFS; Edmonton) and Parks Canada (Waterton Lakes National Park; WLNP). “Other inventory data” includes the Alberta Vegetation Inventory and other polygons of inventory data collected by CFS.

5 Point and Abraham Lake (west of Nordegg), based on mitochondrial DNA data (Mitton et at 52.25 degrees latitude. Substantial stands al. 2000). It is unknown whether other stands also occur throughout the Porcupine Hills. The of limber pine in this discrete cluster (Figure 1) distribution of this species is rather disjunct share these unique genetic characteristics. throughout its Canadian range, with distance between disjunct stands increasing with 2. Other Areas. – In Canada, limber pine increased latitude and altitude. Although it is is also found in a few small, isolated pockets in possible to delimit the extent of occurrence of southeastern British Columbia, as far north as the limber pine in Alberta (Figure 1), the boundaries vicinity of Golden and as far south as Columbia of disjunct stands have not been well mapped Lake (near Canal Flats) (Figure 1; Steele 1990). over most of the range. Figure 1 includes points The vast majority of limber pine occurs in the to indicate location of stands from which data United States, ranging from Montana and Idaho or specimens have been historically collected. south to northern New Mexico and Arizona Also, some AVI inventory data are available and southern California (Figure 2). Montana, and have been included in Figure 1; however, Idaho, Wyoming, , and some of these stands, especially those at higher have the largest amount of limber pine. Notable elevations, need to be verified for presence of outlier populations occur in western portions limber pine. Whitebark pine, which also grows of , and , in subalpine stands, is sometimes confused with and in northeastern and southwestern limber pine, resulting in misidentifications in California. The species ranges in latitude from inventory records. Detailed mapping of limber 33 to 49 degrees, and altitude from 870 m pine distribution in Alberta is clearly needed. in North Dakota to greater than 3400 m in Colorado (Steele 1990). The extent of occurrence (EO) of limber pine in Alberta is ca. 25 300 km2 using a convex hull POPULATION SIZE AND TRENDS polygon, and could be as low as 16 000 km2 if disjunctions in the overall distribution are 1. Alberta. – Pollen records indicate that excluded. The area of occupancy (AO) was soft (subgenus Strobus), mainly limber estimated from observations of survey crews pine, have existed in the foothills and eastern from the Canadian Forest Service to be less ranges of southwestern Alberta for more than than 0.5% of the EO, or less than 80 km2. The 10 000 years (MacDonald 1989). The current estimate of AO increases to about 1420 km2 total Alberta population of limber pine is not when a 2-km by 2-km grid is overlaid on all known; however, the number of can known locations. Two groups of stands at the likely be measured in the millions. Few of northern extent of the range, one southwest of the existing stands have been mapped. In the Nordegg and one west of Sundre are separated Kananaskis Valley, the density of limber pine by about 50 km from each other and from the trees with a basal diameter greater than 5 cm main distribution of limber pine further south. ranges from 52 000 to 174 000 stems per km2, The genetic structure of limber pine in Alberta and averaged 95 500 stems per km2 over the 13 has been too poorly studied to date to designate stands assessed (Webster and Johnson 2000). populations; however, there is ongoing work In Waterton Lakes, Banff and Yoho National at the Canadian Forest Service and University Parks, the density of limber pine (trees, of Guelph to genetically characterize limber seedlings and forms) ranged from pine in Alberta and BC (D.W. Langor, unpubl. 26 000 to 171 000 stems per km2, and averaged data). The limber pine at Windy Point (i.e., 71 300 stems per km2 over the 34 plots assessed the northernmost stand of this species, located (C.M. Smith, unpubl. data). The density of trees southwest of Nordegg) is genetically unique (greater than 1.3 m tall), krummholz forms and

 Figure 2. The distribution of limber pine in North America [redrawn from Critchfield and Little (1966)].

7 seedlings average 48 500, 18 800 and 11 100 The rate of limber pine decline can be calculated stems per km2, respectively. As the stem for a few stands in WLNP and the Porcupine density from the national parks is the lower of Hills (Whaleback Region) by comparing data the two estimates, this may be used to obtain collected by Kate Kendall in 1996 (Kendall et a minimal population estimate for Alberta of al. 1996) to that collected in 2004. In WLNP, less than 5 704 000 individuals (71 300 stems limber pine mortality increased from 46% in per km2 multiplied by the estimated AO of less 1996 to 56% in 2004. The proportion of living than 80 km2). As trees under 10 cm diameter trees with WPBR infection decreased from at breast height (dbh) are not reproductively 92% in 1996 to 82% in 2004. In the Porcupine mature and krummholz forms contribute little to Hills, limber pine mortality increased from 14% overall reproduction (D. Langor, pers. observ.), in 1996 to 43% in 2004, and the proportion of based on size class distributions, it is estimated living trees with WPBR infection increased that about 50% of individuals classified as trees from 55% in 1996 to 65% in 2004. are of reproductive age. Thus, based on the stem density estimates from the national parks, The low regeneration of limber pine in many fewer than 24 250 individuals per km2 are of severely infected stands means that mortality reproductive age. The estimated provincial outpaces recruitment, resulting in population population of mature individuals is therefore decline in most stands in the southern half of 1 940 000 (24 250 individuals/km2 multiplied the range. WPBR entered Alberta from the by 80 km2). south (first record from limber pine in Alberta from Table Mountain in 1952 [Bourchier Populations of limber pine in Alberta are 1952]) and has subsequently moved northward, declining, largely as a result of mortality so it is not surprising to see a north-south trend caused by an invasive alien fungus, white in severity. Clearly this fungus (which has no pine blister rust (WPBR; Cronartium ribicola) known treatment) will continue to exert a strong (D.W. Langor and C.M. Smith, unpubl. data). negative influence on limber pine population This fungus infects the bark on stems and sizes in Alberta, and this impact is gradually branches, creating cankers and destroying moving northward throughout the range of the conductive tissue. Stem infections often limber pine. result in tree death. Surveys throughout the range of limber pine in Alberta in 2004-2005 2. Other Areas. – In BC there are a few (D.W. Langor and C.M. Smith, unpubl. data) isolated and small pockets of limber pine, but found that the average mortality throughout estimates of population size have not been Alberta was more than 27%. Mortality ranged made. At least two of those populations (near from 49% in WLNP to 35% in the Porcupine Golden) have WPBR infections, but mortality Hills. North of the Porcupine Hills, mortality is very low (ca. 1.3%) and regeneration is good was much lower, ranging from 7% to 17% in (C.M. Smith, unpubl. data). different stands. Although it is not possible to assess cause of mortality for many trees, it is The vast majority of limber pine is found in thought that WPBR is likely the main mortality the United States, and that is where most of the agent. The estimated proportion of living trees genetic diversity resides (Mitton et al. 2000). infected by WPBR is very high (54% - 62%) Estimates of population sizes do not appear throughout most of southern Alberta, and at to exist. Population trends vary according to least one-third of infected trees are declining region. In northwestern and central Montana, in health. The percent of infected trees is much limber pine is severely impacted by WPBR lower (0% - 2%) in the northern part of limber and is clearly in decline (Jackson and Lockman pine range in Alberta. 2003). The impact does not appear to be as great

 elsewhere. There are no published reports of and range in southwestern Alberta (Alberta population trends for limber pine in the United Sustainable Resource Development 2005). States. Although there are no reports yet of limber pine being attacked, there is a significant risk. Trees LIMITING FACTORS already weakened by WPBR may be more susceptible to MPB (Kegley 2006). Most of the limiting factors for limber pine in Alberta are natural and not intentionally A parasitic vascular , limber pine dwarf human-caused. mistletoe (Arceuthobium cyanocarpum), has caused high mortality of limber pine in some 1. Insects and diseases. – The main Rocky Mountain States (Hawksworth et al. limiting factor for limber pine, especially in 2002). Although the mistletoe is not yet reported the southern half of its range in Alberta, is from Canada, it is close to the Canadian border WPBR. As WPBR is present in almost every in Montana (Taylor and Mathiason 1999). limber pine stand surveyed in Alberta, and Similarly, the fungus Dothistroma septospora as it can be expected that the incidence and causes a needle blight in limber pine in Montana, impact of WPBR in each infected stand can that has caused significant mortality (Taylor and increase rapidly, the prognosis for limber pine Walla 1999; Jackson and Lockman 2003) but in Alberta is not good. Ongoing work (D.W. has not yet been recorded from Alberta. If the Langor, unpubl. data) is assessing the impact of distribution of these (and other) pest species are WPBR on genetic diversity of limber pine, as limited by climate, they may eventually invade well as impacts on seed production and quality. Alberta as the climate warms. Furthermore, it has recently been discovered that WPBR naturally hybridizes with the comandra Several insects feed on the seeds and cones blister rust (Cronartium comandrae), a native of limber pine, including the ponderosa pine rust on hard pines, and that hybrids occur on coneworm (Dioryctria auranticella) and limber pine (Joly et al. 2006). This may have the western seed bug (Leptoglossus implications for the pathogenicity of rusts on occidentalis) (Schoettle and Negron 2001). The limber pine that is being explored further. seed bug is known from Alberta but there is no evidence of significant seed predation. The (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae) can kill and breed in limber pine 2. Vertebrate herbivores. – Seed crops (Langor 1989; Langor et al. 1990). During the of limber pine are significantly affected by early 1980s, the MPB killed large numbers of mammals and birds. Clark’s nutcracker, red limber pine in southwestern Alberta. Over the squirrels and other vertebrate seed predators winters of 1983-84 and 1984-85, almost 40,000 take the majority of the seed crop (Tomback MPB-infested limber pines were cut and burned and Kramer 1980). Although the benefits of north of Route 3 in Alberta, especially in the seed dispersal by nutcrackers clearly outweigh Porcupine Hills (AFLW 1986). Additional seed consumption, the seed-eating activities of thousands of limber pine were killed by the mammals are clearly detrimental. Red squirrels MPB but not treated. As the MPB tends to are an important constraint to seed dispersal. first attack the largest trees in a stand, the They harvest cones before seed is viable so result of the last outbreak in Alberta was that cached seed does not germinate. In Arizona over a large proportion of the oldest trees were 80% of limber pine cones may be harvested by lost throughout the Porcupine Hills and south squirrels (Benkman et al. 1984), but there are to Waterton Lakes National Park. Currently no estimates for Alberta. the MPB is again expanding its populations

 Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) also strip bark it may be expected that climate change may from the stems of limber pine in southwestern promote geographic range extension of limber Alberta. In cases where sufficient bark is pine; however, this may be offset by the impact removed, stems and branches may become of other limiting factors. girdled and die (Harder 1980). 6. Wildfire. – Fire appears to be the 3. Cattle grazing. – Throughout the primary means of causing local extinction of Montane Subregion limber pine usually grows limber pine, but it rarely does because trees in open stands on what are otherwise grasslands. are scattered and often found in areas where Many of these stands are on private land that is there is little fuel (Webster and Johnson 2000). used for cattle ranching. As well, cattle grazing Also, after a fire, the Clark’s nutcracker quickly leases are in effect for many parts of the Green uses burned sites for seed caching, thereby Zone, especially in the Porcupine Hills. As a contributing to rapid regeneration (Webster and result, most limber pine stands in the Montane Johnson 2000). If anything, declining incidence Subregion have regularly experienced cattle of fire as a result of effective fire management grazing. Although there are no data to indicate may be more of a limiting factor for limber pine. that this grazing negatively affects limber pine, Fire can benefit limber pine in mixed stands it is possible that regeneration may be affected. by setting back succession, thereby favouring This is a potential limiting factor that requires early colonizers such as limber pine. If wildfires further study. become more frequent and extensive as a result of climate change, limber pine may benefit, but 4. Seed dispersal agents. – The heavy only if the fire return interval is longer than the reliance of limber pine upon Clark’s nutcracker age of limber pine reproductive maturity, and for long distance seed dispersal and for if the size of burned areas is sufficiently small colonization of newly disturbed sites means to be fully utilized for seed caching by Clark’s that the viability of limber pine is tightly linked nutcracker. to the viability of the nutcracker (Blouin 2004). In 2005, the general status of Clark’s nutcracker STATUS DESIGNATIONS* in Alberta was ranked as Sensitive (up from Secure in 2000), because of its dependency 1. Alberta. – Limber pine is not listed under on declining species such as limber pine and Alberta’s Wildlife Act. The Alberta Natural whitebark pine (Alberta Sustainable Resource Heritage Information Centre (ANHIC) ranks Development 2007). It may also be susceptible limber pine as S2 (Gould 2006). Beardmore et to the West Nile virus (Blouin 2004). al. (2006) lists limber pine as a species that is in need of conservation in Canada. The general 5. Climate change. – As limber pine is status of limber pine is May Be At Risk because very tolerant of dry conditions and has evolved of extensive mortality from white-pine blister to persist in harsh habitats, it may be expected rust within parts of its Alberta range, as well that increased temperatures and decreased as additional mortality and risk from mountain moisture associated with climate change will pine beetle outbreaks (Alberta Sustainable not affect limber pine as much as other less Resource Development 2007). tolerant tree species inhabiting the montane areas of southwestern Alberta. It also may be 2. Other Areas. – The global status for that the lowered ability of some tree species limber pine is G5, and the status was last to grow under climate change scenarios may increase the temporal persistence of limber pine by slowing or eliminating succession. Overall, * See Appendix 1 for definitions of selected status designations.

10 reviewed in October 1984 (NatureServe 2006). Limber pine still exists in many stands in Alberta, The national status for limber pine in Canada and its numbers can likely be measured in the is N3/N4, and in the United States is N5 millions. However, the significant and growing (NatureServe 2006). Beardmore et al. (2006) mortality caused by WPBR, commonly coupled lists limber pine as a species that is in need of with poor regeneration, has caused a steep conservation in Canada. In British Columbia, downward trend in many (and probably most) limber pine is ranked S3/S4 and the list status limber pine stands in Alberta. The fact that is yellow, which means that the species is WPBR is present in almost all stands of limber apparently secure and not at risk of extinction pine means that the severe impacts already (B.C. Conservation Data Centre 2006). In the observed in the southern half of the range of United States, limber pine is ranked S1 in limber pine in Alberta will likely eventually be South Dakota, North Dakota and Nebraska, S4 experienced throughout the range. Monitoring in Oregon, and S5 in Wyoming; the other states of limber pine health should be periodically in which limber pine occurs have not ranked implemented to assess trends and rates of the species (NatureServe 2006). change.

RECENT MANAGEMENT IN ALBERTA The apparent association of low regeneration of limber pine with severe WPBR incidence needs In Alberta there are no regulations against detailed investigation to ascertain whether this is harvesting of limber pine (K. Greenway, pers. a cause-effect relationship. As the most severely Comm.). In WLNP, an experiment was recently infected stands occur mainly in montane areas initiated to assess the survival of limber pine where cattle are often present in limber pine seeds and seedlings (Poll et al. 2006). stands, it is hypothesized that grazing activity is also linked to poor regeneration success. SYNTHESIS Understanding of the genetic structure of limber Assessment of the status of limber pine pine in Alberta will provide some guidance requires detailed information on its distribution for management. Identification of genetically and population levels. Although the general unique populations can identify priorities for distribution of limber pine in Alberta is known, application of conservation measures and can the boundaries of the many disjunct stands have direct seed collection for in vitro conservation. not been mapped. As well, tree densities have Ongoing genetics work will contribute towards not been estimated for most regions of Alberta. this, but this work will have to be expanded to Future work should be focused on delimiting include more disjunct northern populations that limber pine distribution and estimating have the highest probability of having a unique population sizes. genetic profile.

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 Appendix 1.'H¿QLWLRQVRIVHOHFWHGOHJDODQGSURWHFWLYHGHVLJQDWLRQV

A. The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 after Alberta Sustainable Resource Development 2007

2005 Rank 1996 Rank 'H¿QLWLRQV $W5LVN Red $Q\VSHFLHVNQRZQWREHAt Risk after formal detailed status assessment and designation as Endangered or Threatened in $OEHUWD 0D\%H$W5LVN %OXH $Q\VSHFLHVWKDWPD\EHDWULVNRIH[WLQFWLRQRUH[WLUSDWLRQDQGLV WKHUHIRUHDFDQGLGDWHIRUGHWDLOHGULVNDVVHVVPHQW Sensitive

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B. Alberta Wildlife Act/Regulation 6SHFLHVGHVLJQDWHGDV(QGDQJHUHGXQGHU$OEHUWD¶VWildlife Act include those listed as Endangered or Threatened in the :LOGOLIH5HJXODWLRQ

Endangered $VSHFLHVZKRVHSUHVHQWH[LVWHQFHLQ$OEHUWDLVLQGDQJHURIH[WLQFWLRQZLWKLQWKHQH[W GHFDGH 7KUHDWHQHG $VSHFLHVWKDWLVOLNHO\WREHFRPHHQGDQJHUHGLIWKHIDFWRUVFDXVLQJLWVYXOQHUDELOLW\ DUHQRWUHYHUVHG

C. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (after COSEWIC 2006)

([WLQFW $VSHFLHVWKDWQRORQJHUH[LVWV ([WLUSDWHG $VSHFLHVWKDWQRORQJHUH[LVWVLQWKHZLOGLQ&DQDGDEXWRFFXUVHOVHZKHUH Endangered $VSHFLHVIDFLQJLPPLQHQWH[WLUSDWLRQRUH[WLQFWLRQ 7KUHDWHQHG $VSHFLHVWKDWLVOLNHO\WREHFRPHHQGDQJHUHGLIOLPLWLQJIDFWRUVDUHQRWUHYHUVHG Special Concern $VSHFLHVWKDWPD\EHFRPHWKUHDWHQHGRUHQGDQJHUHGEHFDXVHRIDFRPELQDWLRQRI ELRORJLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGLGHQWL¿HGWKUHDWV 1RWDW5LVN $VSHFLHVWKDWKDVEHHQHYDOXDWHGDQGIRXQGWREHQRWDWULVNJLYHQFXUUHQW FLUFXPVWDQFHV 'DWD'H¿FLHQW $category that applies when the available information is insufficient to a) resolve a  species' eligiblity for DVVHVVPHQWor b) permit assessment of a species/ risk of extinction

16 Appendix 1FRQWLQXHG

D. Heritage Status Ranks: Global (G), National (N), Sub-National (S) DIWHU$OEHUWD1DWXUDO+HULWDJH,QIRUPDWLRQ &HQWUH61DWXUH6HUYH6

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E. United States Endangered Species Act DIWHU1DWLRQDO5HVHDUFK&RXQFLO

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17 List of Titles in This Series (as of June 2007)

No. 1 Status of the Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) in Alberta, by David R. C. Prescott. 19 pp. (1997)

No. 2 Status of the Wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Alberta, by Stephen Petersen. 17 pp. (1997)

No. 3 Status of the Northern Long-eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis) in Alberta, by M. Carolina Caceres and M. J. Pybus. 19 pp. (1997)

No. 4 Status of the Ord’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordii) in Alberta, by David L. Gummer. 16 pp. (1997)

No. 5 Status of the Eastern Short-horned Lizard (Phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre) in Alberta, by Janice D. James, Anthony P. Russell and G. Lawrence Powell. 20 pp. (1997)

No. 5 Update 2004. Status of the Short-horned Lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 27 pp. (2004)

No. 6 Status of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) in Alberta, by Sheri M. Watson and Anthony P. Russell. 26 pp. (1997)

No. 7 Status of the Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in Alberta, by Susan E. Cotterill. 17 pp. (1997)

No. 8 Status of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) in Alberta, by Petra Rowell and David P. Stepnisky. 23 pp. (1997)

No. 9 Status of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) in Alberta, by Greg Wagner. 46 pp. (1997)

No. 9 Update 2003. Status of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 61 pp. (2003)

No. 10 Status of the Sprague’s Pipit (Anthus spragueii) in Alberta, by David R. C. Prescott. 14 pp. (1997)

No. 11 Status of the Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea) in Alberta, by Troy I. Wellicome. 21 pp. (1997)

No. 11 Update 2005. Status of the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 28 pp. (2005)

No. 12 Status of the Canadian Toad (Bufo hemiophrys) in Alberta, by Ian M. Hamilton, Joann L. Skilnick, Howard Troughton, Anthony P. Russell, and G. Lawrence Powell. 30 pp. (1998)

No. 13 Status of the Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus) in Alberta, by Cameron L. Aldridge. 23 pp. (1998)

No. 14 Status of the Great Plains Toad (Bufo cognatus) in Alberta, by Janice D. James. 26 pp. (1998)

No. 15 Status of the Plains Hognose Snake (Heterodon nasicus nasicus) in Alberta, by Jonathan Wright and Andrew Didiuk. 26 pp. (1998)

No. 16 Status of the Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus) in Alberta, by Dorothy P. Hill. 20 pp. (1998)

No. 17 Status of the Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris) in Alberta, by Janice D. James. 21 pp. (1998) No. 18 Status of the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) in Alberta, by Josef K. Schmutz. 18 pp. (1999)

No. 18 Update 2006. Status of the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 22 pp. (2006)

No. 19 Status of the Red-tailed Chipmunk (7DPLDVUX¿FDXGXV) in Alberta, by Ron Bennett. 15 pp. (1999)

No. 20 Status of the Northern Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium gnoma californicum) in Alberta, by Kevin C. Hannah. 20 pp. (1999)

No. 21 Status of the Western Blue Flag (Iris missouriensis) in Alberta, by Joyce Gould. 22 pp. (1999)

No. 21 Update 2005. Status of the Western Blue Flag (Iris missouriensis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 29 pp. (2005)

No. 22 Status of the Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in Alberta, by Karen L. Graham and G. Lawrence Powell. 19 pp. (1999)

No. 23 Status of the Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens) in Alberta, by Michael R. Norton. 24 pp. (1999)

No. 24 Status of the Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) in Alberta, by David R. C. Prescott and Ronald R. Bjorge. 28 pp. (1999)

No. 25 Status of the Plains Spadefoot (Spea bombifrons) in Alberta, by Richard D. Lauzon. 17 pp. (1999)

No. 26 Status of the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator) in Alberta, by M. Lynne James. 21 pp. (2000)

1R 6WDWXVRIWKH3\JP\:KLWH¿VK Prosopium coulteri) in Alberta, by William C. Mackay. 16 pp. (2000)

No. 28 Status of the Short-eared Owl ($VLRÀDPPHXV) in Alberta, by Kort M. Clayton. 15 pp. (2000)

No. 29 Status of the Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) in Alberta, by Bryan Kulba and W. Bruce McGillivray. 15 pp. (2001)

No. 30 Status of the Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Alberta, by Elston Dzus. 47 pp. (2001)

No. 31 Status of the Western Spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis) in Alberta, by Bonnie Smith. 12 pp. (2001)

No. 32 Status of the Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea) in Alberta, by Michael Norton. 21 pp. (2001)

No. 33 Status of the Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina) in Alberta, by Michael Norton. 20 pp. (2001)

No. 34 Status of the Whooping Crane (Grus americana) in Alberta, by Jennifer L. White. 21 pp. (2001)

No. 35 Status of Soapweed (Yucca glauca) in Alberta, by Donna Hurlburt. 18 pp. (2001)

No. 36 Status of the Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) in Alberta, by Beth MacCallum. 38 pp. (2001)

No. 37 Status of the Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) in Alberta, by John L. Kansas. 43 pp. (2002)

No. 38 Status of the Wood Bison (Bison bison athabascae) in Alberta, by Jonathan A. Mitchell and C. Cormack Gates. 32 pp. (2002) No. 39 Status of the Bull Trout (6DOYHOLQXVFRQÀXHQWXV) in Alberta, by John R. Post and Fiona D. Johnston. 40 pp. (2002)

No. 40 Status of the Banff Springs Snail (Physella johnsoni) in Alberta, by Dwayne A.W. Lepitzki. 29 pp. (2002)

No. 41 Status of the Shortjaw Cisco (Coregonus zenithicus) in Alberta, by Mark Steinhilber. 23 pp. (2002)

No. 42 Status of the Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus) in Alberta, by Dale Paton. 28 pp. (2002)

No. 43 Status of the American Badger (Taxidea taxus) in Alberta, by Dave Scobie. 17 pp. (2002)

No. 44 Status of the Yucca Moth (Tegeticula yuccasella) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 21 pp. (2002)

No. 45 Status of the White-winged Scoter (Melanitta fusca deglandi) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 15 pp. (2002)

No. 46 Status of the Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 30 pp. (2002)

No. 47 Status of the Western Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus argyritis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 24 pp. (2003)

1R 6WDWXVRIWKH6PDOOÀRZHUHG6DQG9HUEHQD Tripterocalyx micranthus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 24 pp. (2003)

No. 49 Status of the Brown Creeper (Certhia americana) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 30 pp. (2003)

No. 50 Status of the Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 25 pp. (2003)

No. 51 Status of the St. Mary Shorthead Sculpin (provisionally Cottus bairdi punctulatus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 24 pp. (2003)

No. 52 Status of the Stonecat (1RWXUXVÀDYXV) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 22 pp. (2003)

No. 53 Status of the Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 23 pp. (2004)

No. 54 Status of the Tiny Cryptanthe (Cryptantha minima) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 39 pp. (2004)

No. 55 Status of the Slender Mouse-ear-cress (Halimolobos virgata) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 27 pp. (2005)

No. 56 Status of the Barred Owl (Strix varia) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 15 pp. (2005)

No. 57 Status of the Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 41 pp. (2005)

No. 58 Status of the Weidemeyer’s Admiral (Limenitis weidemeyerii) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 13 pp. (2005) No. 59 Status of the Porsild’s Bryum (Bryum porsildii) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 30 pp. (2006)

No. 60 Status of the Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 29 pp. (2006)

No. 61 Status of the Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisii) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 34 pp. (2006)

No. 62 Status of the Limber Pine (3LQXVÀH[LOLV) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 17 pp. (2007)