DOCSLIB.ORG

The Choices That Minorities Make: Strategies of Negotiation with the Majority in Postwar Bosnia- Herzegovina1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Choices That Minorities Make: Strategies of Negotiation with the Majority in Postwar Bosnia- Herzegovina1 Chapter 11 The Choices that Minorities Make: Strategies of Negotiation with the Majority in Postwar Bosnia- Herzegovina1 Paula M. Pickering2 College of William and Mary If I, or other minorities, stayed among ourselves, we wouldn’t be able to survive. Really, only Muslims can help me survive.3 This paper investigates how urban minorities in chiefly Bosniak areas of Bosnia negotiate with members of the majority group. Based on intensive interviews, participant observation, and analysis of surveys, it also explores the factors that facilitate everyday interaction. It finds that urban minorities reach out to ordinary members of the majority in the workplace, where there are opportunities for repeated interaction with “others” as professionals, allowance for individualism, and few expectations for the forming of intimate ties with “others.” It is in this is the type of context that minorities can engage in mutual help and downplay essentialist identifications, which helps build bridging links to “others.” Minorities rarely approach more distant local voluntary organizations, except in cases where they seek expert knowledge for mediated interaction with majority authorities. This exploratory study challenges the assumptions of some students of civil society and suggests increased assistance for mixed workplaces. The Puzzle Even in the wake of a war fought largely along ethnic lines and the continued rule of ethno- nationalists, significant numbers of ethnic minorities continue to reside in the region of Bosnia that is now chiefly Bosniak.4 Using intensive interviews, participant observation, and analysis of 1 Chapter in Dimitris Keridis, Ellen Elias-Bursac, and Nicholas Yatromanolakis, eds., New Approaches to Balkan Studies, volume 2 of the IFPA-Kokkalis Series on Southeast European Policy, Dulles, VA: Brassey’s, 2003, pp. 255-309. 2 This paper was first prepared for delivery at the Socrates Kokkalis Graduate Student Workshop on Southeastern Europe, Harvard University, 9-10 February 2001. I give special thanks to the Bosnians who shared their opinions and experiences with me, and thanks also to Audrey Budding, Sladjana Danković, Bob Donia, John Fine, Zvi Gitelman, Khristina Haddad, Elissa Helms, Claudio Holzner, M. Kent Jennings, G. Patrick Lynch, and Kathy Cramer Walsh for advice during my research process. This paper is based on work supported in part by a U.S. Institute of Peace Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar grant, a Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Fellowship, and a Social Science Research Council International Field Dissertation Research Fellowship. 3 Vera, Catholic respondent who stayed and continues to stay, in Sarajevo, December 1998. All names of respondents and informants are pseudonyms. See exhibit A for background data on respondents and informants. 4 Peoples who before the war called themselves “Bosnian Muslims” now generally call themselves “Bosniaks,” following a 1993 vote by the Congress of Bosniak Intellectuals to return to what they termed the old name— Bosniak—for the Bosnian Muslim nation (Filandra 1998, 384). To respect the respondents and informants, the 1 Chapter 11: Choices Minorities Make surveys, I investigate the strategies these minorities use for negotiating their relationship with members of the majority group. I also explore the factors that facilitate everyday inter-ethnic interaction. Given the international community's involvement in re-building plural post-conflict societies across the globe, sound strategies for assisting multi-ethnicity should be grounded in a thorough understanding of how ordinary, non-elite minorities negotiate with ethnic “others.” Ultimately, information on how minorities negotiate with ethnic “others” should provide information on what kind of institutions, under which circumstances, facilitate inter-ethnic interaction. To set the stage for this paper, the context for minority choice is presented below, followed by a comparison of previous literature on possible negotiation approaches for minorities and on factors facilitating inter-ethnic interaction. It then offers alternative hypotheses for pathways to assist inter-ethnic cooperation and describes my multi-method investigation. Drawing on data from interviews and participant observation, the paper describes the minority strategies encountered in the field and discusses factors that bolster minorities’ negotiation with ordinary persons who are Bosniaks. Context The political system that the international community has imposed on Bosnia complicates minority choices, since it contains contradictory provisions for ethnic separation and multi- ethnicity. First, Bosnia’s postwar political system appears modeled on consociationalism. Students of consociationalism advocate that a state recognize its major ethnic groups,5 isolate them at the mass level, and constrain inter-ethnic contact to the elite level in order to transform ethnic groups into constructive elements of stable democracy (Lipjhart 1968-9; Nordlinger 1972; Burg and Berbaum 1989). Accordingly, the Bosnian political system institutionalizes ethnic cleavages—Bosniak, Serb, and Croat—in a grand coalition (tri-ethnic collective presidency), ethnic-based federalism, mutual veto, and ethnic keys. The internationally recognized state of Bosnia names Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs as constituent nations (Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995). Of the two political entities into which Bosnia is divided, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina grants constituent nation status only to Bosniaks and Croats, while Republika Srpska confers constituent nation status only on Serbs.6 At the time of my research, most of those nationalist leaders who conducted the war remained in power, implementing policies aimed at ethnic separatism and thwarting multi-ethnic governance at the national level (Cox 1998, 7).7 Despite endorsing these provisions for ethnic separation, the international community has also intervened to implement integrative measures that encourage inter-ethnic cooperation, such as promoting refugee return and diverse police forces, as well as imposing a unified currency and customs regime. The dire state of the economy, which features unemployment rates ranging from 33 percent in the Federation to 47 percent in the Republika Srpska (Bukvic 1998), demoralizes all citizens of Bosnia, especially minorities and members of other marginalized groups. discussion uses the terms (“Bosniak” or “Bosnian Muslim”) that they themselves use. Otherwise, the term “Bosniak” is used in this paper. I found that minorities rarely used the term “Bosniak,” and instead used “Muslim.” 5 This paper uses Smith’s definition (1991, 21) of an ethnic group as a group possessing a collective proper name, a myth of common ancestry, shared historical memories, at least one differentiating element of common culture, an association with a specific homeland, and a sense of solidarity for significant sectors of the population. 6 See U.S. Department of State 1994, and Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992. 7 As Burg and Shoup have pointed out, the Dayton constitution lacks incentives for inter-ethnic cooperation, instead encouraging political conflict along ethnic lines (1999, 367-73). 2 Chapter 11: Choices Minorities Make For this paper, minorities are defined as persons who belonged to ethnic groups that were smaller than the majority group in their original, prewar municipality.8 Thus, in chiefly Bosniak Bosnia, minorities are Serbs, Croats, and persons from mixed marriages. Roughly two-thirds of Serbs, Croats, and mixed persons who lived in Bosniak-dominated areas before the war fled or were forced to flee during and immediately after the war. Postwar estimates of minorities now residing in the Bosniak-majority area range from 10 percent (UNHCR 1997) to 22 percent (Medjunarodni Forum Bosna 1999).9 International authorities seek to increase this percentage by promoting refugee return. Previous Literature—Minority Strategies Most literature on ethnic politics considers either the strategies that the minority group takes toward the state or the policies that the state employs in attempting to manage ethnicity. I contend, however, that the inter-ethnic negotiation strategies of individuals who are minorities are important, because they are indications of their attitudes toward the state and society and their future there and/or their reaction to constraints on and opportunities for inter-ethnic cooperation that the Bosnian state and society provide. The actions of ordinary persons do not always match the dictates of minority group leaders. Based on theoretical literature on ethnic relations (McGarry and O’Leary 1993), migration (Hugo 1981; Wahlbeck 1999), regional literature (Woodward 1995, Laitin 1998) and my fieldwork, I suggest that Bosnian minority strategies are confined to one or a combination of several of the options on the following continuum: Å----------------------------Continuum of Bosnian minorities’ strategies of negotiation-------------------------------Æ assimilation integration selective engagement manipulation of identifications anonymity voice circulation exit communalism violence Minority individuals who employ strategies at the left end of the continuum express a willingness to incorporate themselves into the Bosniak-dominant society. At the left extreme, assimilation is a process in which minority individuals surrender their ethnic identities and ultimately become incorporated into the dominant society and cultural group (Barth 1964, 31). Assimilation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation.[Lesson Plan]
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 481 289 CS 510 937 AUTHOR Lemberger, Beth TITLE Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. [Lesson Plan]. INSTITUTION Discovery Communications, Inc., Bethesda, MD. PUB DATE 2002-00-00 NOTE llp.; Audio and video clips included in the web site version of this lesson plan are not available from ERIC. AVAILABLE FROM DiscoverySchool.com, Customer Service, P.O. Box 6027, Florence, KY 41022-6448. Tel: 877-889-9950 (Toll Free) . For full text: http://school.discovery.com/ teachers/. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Class Activities; *Diaries; *Drama; English Instruction; Foreign Countries; Journal Writing; Language Arts; Lesson Plans; Literature Appreciation; Novels; Personal Narratives; Secondary Education; Vocabulary Development; Writing Assignments ABSTRACT Based on "Zlata's Diary: A Child's Life in Sarajevo" by Zlata Filipovic, this lesson plan presents activities designed to help students understand that historical drama, like other historical fiction, is rooted in history but contains imaginary elements as well; and that the author describes in her diary what it was like to be a teenager in Sarajevo during the conflict there. The main activity of the lesson involves students working in groups to adapt scenes from the book into a one-act play. It includes objectives, materials, procedures, adaptations, discussion questions, evaluation methods, extension activities, annotations of suggested readings and web links, vocabulary, and related academic standards and benchmarks addressed in the lesson plan. The lesson plan also contains a description of a video clip related to the lesson, comprehension questions related to the video clip, and answers to those comprehension questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Living Islam in Post-War and Post-Socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina Emira Ibrahimpasic
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Anthropology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2012 Women Living Islam in Post-War and Post-Socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina Emira Ibrahimpasic Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Ibrahimpasic, Emira. "Women Living Islam in Post-War and Post-Socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina." (2012). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds/35 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emira Ibrahimpasic Candidate Anthropology Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Carole Nagengast, Ph.D. , Chairperson Louise Lamphere, Ph.D. Melissa Bokovoy, Ph.D. Elissa Helms, Ph.D. i WOMEN LIVING ISLAM IN POST-WAR AND POST-SOCIALIST BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA by EMIRA IBRAHIMPASIC B.A. Hamline University, 2002 M.A. University of New Mexico, 2005 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico ii DEDICATION To the memory of my grandparents Nazila (rođ. Ismailović) Salihović 1917-1996 and Mehmed Salihović 1908-1995 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Numerous women and men contributed to this dissertation project. I am grateful for all the guidance, help, and support I received from the women I met over the years. At times, when I felt that many of the questions at hand could not be answered, it was my primary informants that provided contacts and suggestions in how to proceed and address the problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Worlds Apart: Bosnian Lessons for Global Security
    Worlds Apart Swanee Hunt Worlds Apart Bosnian Lessons for GLoBaL security Duke university Press Durham anD LonDon 2011 © 2011 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Designed by C. H. Westmoreland Typeset in Charis by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. To my partners c harLes ansBacher: “Of course you can.” and VaLerie GiLLen: “Of course we can.” and Mirsad JaceVic: “Of course you must.” Contents Author’s Note xi Map of Yugoslavia xii Prologue xiii Acknowledgments xix Context xxi Part i: War Section 1: Officialdom 3 1. insiDe: “Esteemed Mr. Carrington” 3 2. outsiDe: A Convenient Euphemism 4 3. insiDe: Angels and Animals 8 4. outsiDe: Carter and Conscience 10 5. insiDe: “If I Left, Everyone Would Flee” 12 6. outsiDe: None of Our Business 15 7. insiDe: Silajdžić 17 8. outsiDe: Unintended Consequences 18 9. insiDe: The Bread Factory 19 10. outsiDe: Elegant Tables 21 Section 2: Victims or Agents? 24 11. insiDe: The Unspeakable 24 12. outsiDe: The Politics of Rape 26 13. insiDe: An Unlikely Soldier 28 14. outsiDe: Happy Fourth of July 30 15. insiDe: Women on the Side 33 16. outsiDe: Contact Sport 35 Section 3: Deadly Stereotypes 37 17. insiDe: An Artificial War 37 18. outsiDe: Clashes 38 19. insiDe: Crossing the Fault Line 39 20. outsiDe: “The Truth about Goražde” 41 21. insiDe: Loyal 43 22. outsiDe: Pentagon Sympathies 46 23. insiDe: Family Friends 48 24. outsiDe: Extremists 50 Section 4: Fissures and Connections 55 25.
    [Show full text]
  • Policing the Police in Bosnia
    POLICING THE POLICE IN BOSNIA: A FURTHER REFORM AGENDA 10 May 2002 Balkans Report N°130 Sarajevo/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...............................................................i I. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 A. Current Context ...................................................................................................................1 B. The Origins Of UNMIBH/IPTF ..........................................................................................4 C. The Case For Joined-Up Police Reform..............................................................................7 II. POLICING STRUCTURES ..........................................................................................................9 A. Fragmentation......................................................................................................................9 B. Non-Cooperation With The Judiciary ...............................................................................12 C. The State Border Service (SBS) ........................................................................................15 D. Failures Of Regional Policing ...........................................................................................19 III. POLITICS AND POLICING ....................................................................................................... 22 IV. THE POLICING GAP: LOCAL CAPABILITIES
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitical and Urban Changes in Sarajevo (1995 – 2015)
    Geopolitical and urban changes in Sarajevo (1995 – 2015) Jordi Martín i Díaz Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- NoComercial – SenseObraDerivada 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – SinObraDerivada 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0. Spain License. Facultat de Geografia i Història Departament de Geografia Programa de Doctorat “Geografia, planificació territorial i gestió ambiental” Tesi doctoral Geopolitical and urban changes in Sarajevo (1995 – 2015) del candidat a optar al Títol de Doctor en Geografia, Planificació Territorial i Gestió Ambiental Jordi Martín i Díaz Directors Dr. Carles Carreras i Verdaguer Dr. Nihad Čengi ć Tutor Dr. Carles Carreras i Verdaguer Barcelona, 2017 This dissertation has been funded by the Program Formación del Profesorado Universitario of the Spanish Ministry of Education, fellowship reference (AP2010- 3873). Als meus pares i al meu germà. Table of contents Aknowledgments Abstract About this project 1. Theoretical and conceptual approach 15 Socialist and post-socialist cities 19 The question of ethno-territorialities 26 Regarding international intervention in post-war contexts 30 Methodological approach 37 Information gathering and techniques 40 Structure of the dissertation 44 2. The destruction and division of Sarajevo 45 Sarajevo: common life and urban expansion until early 1990s 45 The urban expansion 48 The emergence of political pluralism 55 Towards the ethnic division of Sarajevo: SDS’s ethno-territorialisation campaign and the international partiality in the crisis 63 The Western policy towards Yugoslavia: paving the way for the violent ethnic division of Bosnia 73 The siege of Sarajevo 77 Deprivation, physical destruction and displacement 82 The international response to the siege 85 SDA performance 88 Sarajevo’s ethno-territorial division in the Dayton Peace Agreement 92 The DPA and the OHR’s mission 95 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Balkan Minds: Transnational Nationalism and the Transformation of South Slavic Immigrant Identity in Chicago, 1890-1941
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations (1 year embargo) 2012 Balkan Minds: Transnational Nationalism and the Transformation of South Slavic Immigrant Identity in Chicago, 1890-1941 Dejan Kralj Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss_1yr Part of the Slavic Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Kralj, Dejan, "Balkan Minds: Transnational Nationalism and the Transformation of South Slavic Immigrant Identity in Chicago, 1890-1941" (2012). Dissertations (1 year embargo). 4. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss_1yr/4 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations (1 year embargo) by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2012 Dejan Kralj LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO BALKAN MINDS: TRANSNATIONAL NATIONALISM & THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTH SLAVIC IMMIGRANT IDENTITY IN CHICAGO, 1890-1941 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN HISTORY BY DEJAN KRALJ CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MAY 2012 Copyright by Dejan Kralj, 2012 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is quite a difficult task to thank everyone that has helped me throughout this epic scholarly journey. However, many deserve recognition for the roles they played guiding me through to the end of my graduate career. Foremost in mind, I must thank Lillian Hardison, the heart and soul of the history graduate department at Loyola. Your support and friendship have meant the world to me and countless other graduate students that have made their way through the program.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eastern Question, Western Europe, and the Balkans in Fin-De-Siècle Literature
    The Eastern Question, Western Europe, and the Balkans in Fin-de-Siècle Literature A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Stoyan Vassilev Tchaprazov IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Professor Andrew Elfenbein, Advisor May 2009 © Stoyan Vassilev Tchaprazov 2009 i Acknowledgements I have had the privilege to work with a number of people while completing this project. My deepest gratitude I owe to Professor Elfenbein, my dissertation advisor, who has been an example for teaching and scholarly achievement since my first days at the University of Minnesota. He helped me shape the course of this project and generously provided me with his knowledge, time, and advice. I have benefited immensely from his always perceptive comments and suggestions on each part of my dissertation, as well as from his unfailing encouragement and moral support. My gratitude also extends to the other members of my dissertation committee: Brian Goldberg, Qadri Ismail and Anna Clark. Their sharp observations, insightful questions, and criticism were of significant help during the latter stages of this project. I should also thank Professor Andrei Pantev for agreeing to read a version of the first part of this dissertation. His encouraging words only strengthened my belief and interest in the project. Joseph Bauerkemper, a fellow graduate student, has been an incredible source of ideas and inspiration throughout graduate school. He read and commented on early drafts of some of the material in this dissertation, but more than anything, he has been a great interlocutor and a friend.
    [Show full text]
  • 25 Years After the Dayton Peace Agreement – Way Ahead
    EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES − INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL ON EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES VOLUME 11, NUMBER 1 (19), PP 141-168, APRIL 2020 25 Years After the Dayton Peace Agreement – Way Ahead ZIJAD BećirOvić1 ABSTRACT 2020 marks the 25th anniversary of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, known as the Dayton Peace Agreement. While over the period of 25 years the agreement has preserved its basic elements, through the arbitration award on Brčko, interven- tions (decisions) of the High Representative of the international community (OHR) and decisions of the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina it has also underwent significant changes. Although the general observation is that the Dayton Peace Agreement stopped the war and brought peace to Bosnia and Herzegovina, its insufficiencies became apparent through the establishment of an unfunctional state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which aspires to become an EU and NATO member. Development of a rationally organized and functional rule-of-law state is one of the key requirements of its admission into EU. Therefore, the reform of the political organization of BiH is possible only within the framework of fulfillment of conditions for inte- gration of Bosnia and Herzegovina into EU membership. The constitutional changes represent the foundation and solution for progress of BiH in all segments of society from which changes in other segments of the BiH society could continue. KEYWORDS: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dayton Peace Agreement, Federation of BiH, Republic of Srpska, Brčko District BiH, Srebrenica POVZETEK Leto 2020 zaznamuje 25. obletnica Splošnega okvirnega sporazuma za mir v Bosni in Hercegov- ini, znanega tudi kot Daytonski mirovni sporazum.
    [Show full text]
  • Policing the Police in Bosnia: a Further Reform Agenda
    POLICING THE POLICE IN BOSNIA: A FURTHER REFORM AGENDA 10 May 2002 Balkans Report No. 130 Sarajevo/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................i I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................1 A. Current Context ................................................................................................................................ 1 B. The Origins Of UNMIBH/IPTF ....................................................................................................... 4 C. The Case For Joined-Up Police Reform........................................................................................... 7 II. POLICING STRUCTURES ...........................................................................................................10 A. Fragmentation................................................................................................................................. 10 B. Non-Cooperation With The Judiciary ............................................................................................ 12 C. The State Border Service (SBS) ..................................................................................................... 16 D. Failures Of Regional Policing ........................................................................................................ 20 III. POLITICS AND POLICING ...........................................................................................................23
    [Show full text]
  • The Balkan Peninsula of Jovan Cvijić
    THE BALKAN PENINSULA OF JOVAN CVIJIĆ: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY THE BALKAN PENINSULA OF JOVAN CVIJIĆ JOVAN OF PENINSULA THE BALKAN 9 788680 029764 Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA Cultural Centre “Vuk Karadžić” Loznica THE BALKAN PENINSULA OF JOVAN CVIJIĆ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTE “JOVAN CVIJIĆ” SASA, BELGRADE CULTURAL CENTRE “VUK KARADŽIĆ”, LOZNICA THE BALKAN PENINSULA OF JOVAN CVIJIĆ: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Proceedings of the International Conference held in Tršić Loznica, October 29–30, 2018 EDITORS Jovana Brankov Marija Drobnjaković BELGRADE & LOZNICA 2018 Publisher Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA, Belgrade Cultural Centre “Vuk Karadžić”, Loznica Acting publisher Milan Radovanović Snežana Nešković-Simić Technical editor Zlata Vuksanović-Macura Prepress Dejan Doljak Dejana Jakovljević Marko Filipović Marko Urošev Cover design Milovan Milivojević Print run 200 Printed by Novitet, Loznica ISBN 978-86-80029-76-4 Belgrade & Loznica 2018 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Dr. Milan Radovanović, Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA, Serbia, president Dr. Biljana Apostolovska Toshevska, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Faculty of Science, Institute of Geography, Macedonia Dr. Jelena Bogdanović, Iowa State University, Department of Architecture, USA Dr. Jelena Ćalić, Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA, Serbia Dr. Mirko Grčić, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Geography, Serbia Dr. Gaëlle Hallair, CNRS UMR Geographie-Cites, France Dr. Johannes Mattes, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria MSc Marko V. Milošević, Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA, Serbia Dr. Olga Y. Nikonova, South Ural State University, Department of Domestic and Foreign History, Russia Dr. Vojislаv G. Pаvlović, Institute for Balkan Studies SASA, Serbia Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Politicization in the Macedonian Public Administration
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk broughtJuly 2011 to you by CORE provided by Policy Documentation Center POLICY REPORT Politicization in the Macedonian Public Administration Content … I. Definition and the Genesis … II. Politicization as a Practice … III. The Legal Frame … IV. Politicization in a Regional Context: Is there Any Model Country to Learn From … V. Recommendations … Bibliography Analytica|Thinking Laboratory www.analyticamk.org | Facebook | Twitter Policy Report Politicization in the Macedonian Public Administration List of Abbreviations: EC – European Commission EU – European Union HRM – Human Resources Management LCS – Law on Civil Servants OFA – Ohrid Framework Agreement PA – Public Administration PAR – Public Administration Reform(s) Policy Report Politicization in the Macedonian Public Administration Page1 I. Definition and the Genesis Public administration (PA), as the apparatus through which political decisions are executed, has long been considered a constituent part of government’s staff. The idea of an independent and apolitical administration was initially introduced by Woodrow Wilson in his “The Study of Public Administration” (1887) and its practice still remains relatively new, as the PA is in a constant reformation. This line of thought was initially applied in states oriented toward democracy and market economy, while highly centralized communist states disregarded the trend. Interest in the politics-administration dichotomy has reached Southeastern Europe only after the fall of the socialist regimes; yet even since, politics and politicians continue to define the organization and function of the administration in the region. Politicization of the PA derives from the visible and automatic synthesis of the ruling party with the state in post communist states.
    [Show full text]
  • The Parliament of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Question of Bosniak Responsibility Xavier Bougarel
    Reopening the Wounds ? The Parliament of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Question of Bosniak Responsibility Xavier Bougarel To cite this version: Xavier Bougarel. Reopening the Wounds ? The Parliament of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Ques- tion of Bosniak Responsibility. Jean-Louis Fournel; Isabelle Delpla; Xavier Bougarel. Investigating Srebrenica. Institutions, Facts, Responsibilities„ New York : Berghahn, pp.104-130, In press. halshs- 02610514 HAL Id: halshs-02610514 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02610514 Submitted on 17 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 « Reopening the Wounds ? The Parliament of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Question of Bosniak Responsibility », in : Isabelle Delpla / Xavier Bougarel /Jean- Louis Fournel (eds.), Investigating Srebrenica. Institutions, Facts, Responsibilities, New York : Berghahn, 2012, pp. 104-130. Xavier Bougarel “We are not all equally guilty for Srebrenica and that needs to disappear from the agenda, we cannot all be equally guilty and we cannot all decide this question. But we need to ask what are perhaps not really the most attractive questions about what we did on our side.”1 (Ekrem Ajanović, 1 August 1996) The July 1995 Srebrenica massacre is unanimously seen by Bosniaks as one of the major symbols of the genocide they experienced during the recent conflict and of the passive – indeed, complicit – attitude of the international community while it was underway.
    [Show full text]