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Architectures of Life-Building in the Twentieth Century Russia, Germany, Sweden

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Architectures of Life-Building in the Twentieth Century Russia, Germany, Sweden Architectures of Life-Building in the Twentieth Century Russia, Germany, Sweden Irina Seits SÖDERTÖRN DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Architectures of Life-Building in the Twentieth Century Russia, Germany, Sweden Irina Seits Subject: Aesthetics Research Area: Critical and Cultural Theory School: Culture and Education Södertörns högskola (Södertörn University) The Library SE-141 89 Huddinge www.sh.se/publications © Irina Seits Cover Image: Carl Legien Siedlung in Berlin, Arch. Bruno Taut and Franz Hillinger, 1928–30. Photo by Irina Seits (2015) Cover Layout: Olcay Yalcin & Jonathan Robson Graphic Form: Per Lindblom & Jonathan Robson Printed by Elanders, Stockholm 2018 Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations 160 ISSN 1652–7399 ISBN 978–91–88663–52–8 (print) ISBN 978–91–88663–53–5 (digital) To my mother Liudmila Seits Abstract The modernist concept of life-building as an architectural method for im- proving the conditions of everyday life originated in Europe during the 1920s. This book explores three modes of functionalism by way of a com- parative analysis of both the theoretical discourses and architectural prac- tices associated with functionalism in Russia, Germany, and Sweden. These three countries made significant contributions to the application of func- tionalism within mass housing construction, the overarching purpose of which was to transform the traditional home into a rational living space. This study provides both close readings of foundational modernist texts as well as an empirical study of the avant-garde heritage in Russia, Ger- many, and Sweden. As a special case study, a visual analysis of IKEA cata- logues is presented, the purpose of which is to provide an illustrated history of modernist aesthetics within mass produced living spaces, from the era of functionalism up to the present day. Det modernistiska begreppet livsbyggande (”Life-Building”) som en arkitek- tonisk metod för att förbättra vardagslivets villkor, uppstod i Europa under 1920-talet. Denna bok undersöker tre former av funktionalism via en kompara- tiv analys av teoretiska diskurser såväl som arkitekturpraktiker i Ryssland, Tyskland och Sverige. Dessa tre länder gjorde viktiga bidrag till funktionalis- mens tillämpning inom storskaligt bostadsbyggande, med det övergripande syftet att förvandla det traditionella hemmet till en rationell plats för liv, ”living space”. Denna studie innehåller både närläsningar av grundläggande teoretiska texter inom modernismen och en empirisk studie av avantgardets arv i Ryssland, Tyskland och Sverige. En speciell fallstudie utgörs av en bildanalys av IKEA:s kataloger, med syftet att ge en historia i bild av modernismens estetik inom stor- skaligt bostadsbyggande från funktionalismen till idag. Keywords: architecture of the twentieth century, modernism, Soviet avant- garde, functionalism, constructivism, life-building, Russia, Germany, Sweden, urban theory, IKEA, living space, everyday life, home. Table of Contents Architectures of Life-Building in the Twentieth Century: Russia, Germany, Sweden .......................................................................................... 19 The concept of the three modes of functionalism ......................................... 20 On the objectives of the study and its methodological approach ............... 21 Henri Lefebvre: the Production of Space and the Critique of Everyday Life ................................................................................................. 24 Louis Althusser and the ISAs ........................................................................... 28 On the historiography of modernism ............................................................. 32 On Russian historiography of the architectural avant-garde ...................... 32 On the West-European (German and Swedish) historiography of architectural modernism .............................................................................. 33 CIAM ................................................................................................................... 36 On the structure of the thesis ........................................................................... 37 The three modes of functionalism .................................................................. 38 The Russian mode ............................................................................................. 38 The German mode of functionalism ............................................................... 41 The Swedish mode of functionalism ............................................................... 43 The three modes of functionalism in practice: from home-building to life-building .............................................................. 44 Existenzminimum and the ‘New Byt’ as the main tools for the new life-building ................................................................ 45 Soviet Dom-kommuna and Swedish Kollektivhus as life-building strategies, and Kommunalka as an immediate housing solution ................ 45 Building new living space through Siedlingen and Zhilmassivs ................. 46 IKEA case: from “Better Things for Everyday Life” to the “Better Life for the Many” ..................................................................... 47 PART I Russia, Germany, Sweden: The Three Modes of Functionalism .......................... 49 CHAPTER I The Russian Mode of Functionalism: The Architectural Language of Constructivism and the Destiny of a Materialised Utopia .................................... 51 1.1. Constructivist theory and aesthetics as articulated by its creators. The Relation of constructivism to the classical architectural theory of Antiquity: The inner contradictions of its method that led to its failure .. 60 1.1.1. The Vitruvian Triad as a source for modernism ................................ 60 1.1.2. Independent and Symbolic architecture .............................................. 66 1.1.3. Classical architecture .............................................................................. 69 1.1.4. Romantic architecture ............................................................................ 71 1.2. “The Creative Discussion” of the 1930s. The end of constructivism .. 75 CHAPTER II The Russian Mode of Functionalism: A New Optics for the Space of the 1920s ................................................................. 93 2.1. Walter Benjamin: the new optics for Moscow ..................................... 103 2.2. The Radicalism of the Russian mode of functionalism ....................... 106 2.2.1. Moscow: the invisible Revolution and absent Avant-garde ............ 106 2.2.2. Lenin’s Mausoleum as the tomb of avant-garde and timeless architecture ................................................................................ 111 2.2.3. The immediacy of space ....................................................................... 114 2.3. Leningrad as appropriate space for constructivism. The choice of a standpoint ............................................................................. 116 2.4. The barrackisation of the living space ................................................... 122 2.4.1 From mobilisation to barrackisation ................................................... 122 2.4.2. The barracks as the ground for new types of housing within the Russian mode of functionalism ............................................................... 128 2.5. Mickey Mouse – the perfect tenant of an early Soviet city ................. 134 2.5.1. The space for a new barbarism as a habitat of Mickey Mouse ........ 134 2.5.2. Mickey, the Migrant .............................................................................. 147 2.5.3. The Russian mode of functionalism: playing barbarians ................ 150 2.6. Avant-garde vs. the state: revising the past through renaming the grounds ....................................................................................................... 157 2.6.1. Maps and brands ................................................................................... 157 2.6.2. St. Petersburg – Leningrad – Petrograd: The reformatory potential of renaming and rebranding for the production of new living spaces ..... 160 2.6.3. Names, brands and abbreviations ....................................................... 162 2.7. The end of illusion .................................................................................... 165 CHAPTER III The German Mode of Functionalism .................................................................... 177 3.1. Industry, mechanisation, and the illusion of progress ........................ 191 3.2. Dealing with history and age .................................................................. 196 3.3. Collectivism ............................................................................................... 201 3.4. New materials for life-building............................................................... 205 3.5. The split between thought and feeling .................................................. 211 3.6. Sigfried Giedion: humanising architecture ........................................... 221 CHAPTER IV The Swedish Mode of Functionalism ..................................................................... 229 4.1. Needs, beauty, and truth .......................................................................... 235 4.2. A dream family home .............................................................................. 251 4.3. Home exhibitions for the modernised families ...................................
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