American Sidewinder Dropouts in a Polarizing Society Ride the Rails, Skirt the Rim of Neoliberal Urban Peripheries
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American Sidewinder Dropouts in a Polarizing Society Ride the Rails, Skirt the Rim of Neoliberal Urban Peripheries By Jennifer Lynne Fazio A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor John Hurst, Chair Professor Nai’lah Suad Nasir Professor Ramon Grosfoguel Fall 2013 © Jennifer Lynne Fazio 2013 Abstract American Sidewinder – Dropouts in a Polarizing Society Ride the Rails, Skirt the Rim of Neoliberal Urban Peripheries By Jennifer Lynne Fazio Doctor of Philosophy in Education University of California, Berkeley Professor John Hurst, Chair The following work provides a look into what may prove the most pressing social crisis of our time, the American dropout crisis central to the production/reproduction the “at risk” youth crisis, though captures the fallout of a deeper complex social risk. The argument is made that the dropout crisis nears the social epicenter of a deeper process of rapidly social polarization into two Americas, separate, radically unequal, and increasingly distant from the other. As a social process, the dropout flow perpetuates the social reproduction of America’s growing undercaste, those who exist at a level beneath and in conjunction with its underclass. As disposable people, these subsistants are increasingly available for intensifying forms of exploitation. The argument is made that, unlike the experience of low-income disadvantaged youth during the second half of the twentieth century, in the latest advanced stages of hyper-neoliberalism, social exclusion/push-out is experienced uniformly across all domains of societal operation (e.g., political, social, juridical, educational, cultural, and economic). As such ‘risk’, whether focused on the individual or society risk, takes on new meaning and exists in epic proportions, while the individual is forced to navigate often sidewinding institutional and spatial margins for which they are unprepared and given little warning, while often seeking ‘EVA’ (i.e., Engagement, Voice and Agency). Central to the proposed theoretical framework of America’s ‘new risk’ is the role of mobility and societal pipelines, channels, and flows. Where ‘pipelines’ is an old concept heard from concerned parents condemning a failed educational system casting their children in the direction of “prison pipelines,” the concept is widened providing insight into the relation between youths’ fate and these urban channels, negative or positive, upward or downward moving. These channels create the pulse of a city, decisive as to the strength of social mobility. Alternatively, they are instrumental in the social reproduction of subpopulations (i.e., undercaste) embodying any combination of the following: undereducated, untrained, unexposed, unorganized, powerless and/or “dis’d” (i.e., myriad forms of disengagement including politically disenfranchised). The ethnography of youth risk against the press of supra-institutional flows is an ethnography of place, but it is also an ethnography of social mobility channels. These channels were once instrumental in facilitating upward social mobility within the ‘communal ghetto’. Conversely, these pipelines currently perpetuate the greatest wealth/power polarization in the country’s history with its rising levels of poverty, deep poverty, and social exclusion splitting the urban frontier. It is increasingly common that minority dropout conclude with a life of such extreme social exclusion and poverty. At the same time, assumptions of colorblind multicultural tolerance effectively hide the challenges and obstacles, and barriers of today’s socially disadvantaged, particularly minority youth, 16-24 years of age. 1 “The neighborhood continues to spawn beautiful murals, but they are more intimate, personal, circumscribed – rarely epic and collective.” ~ Mario Maffi on the transformation of New York City’s East Village in the late 1970s/ early 1980s. “When too many children are at risk – we are a nation at risk.” ~ America’s Promise Alliance “Let there be a coalition of the concerned. The Affluent would still be affluent. The comfortable still comfortable, but the poor would be part of the political system.” ~ John Kenneth Galbraith In memory of John Kenneth Galbraith In the spirit of J. K. Galbraith, who so well knew that his ideas would be devoured, discredited and/or dismissed, the following is not intended in the absolute but rather as a framework explaining contemporary risk within and not separate from a larger phenomenon of social exclusion and a new socio-structurally truncated marginalism. The framework, with its visuals, will hopefully be contemplated among people concerned with growing poverty in America, and most importantly, debated among youth. Any late-modernist, having seen the great chain stores rise and fall, knows that there are no absolutes. Still, this does not mean that though subdued under the state of neoliberalism, the basic preoccupation with lived equality is no longer central to the political desires of most Americans. The simple hope behind this work is that before being dismissed as living in the past – armory of the status quo – the comparisons with the past will take on a life of their own and continue to be mulled over in the ring of possibility. i Dedication In Deepest Thanks and Loving Memory along the Way ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PROLOGUE: Social Waters of Risk and the Dropout Surge METHODS: Methods, Tools and Findings ONE: What Part of Tomorrow Includes Me? - Fragments in a Crisis of Belief Keeping Neoliberal Time TWO: Socially Disadvantaged Youth in Oakland’s Neoliberal City - Graying ‘Gray Areas’ and Blurring ‘Mobility Lines’ Seeding Social Spaces of ‘Generation Negation’ THREE: Real Compared to What? - Valuing Socio-Communal Productive Flows or Accepting Myriad Tracks of Our Great Transformation Leaving Youth to Roam as Tomorrow’s Undercaste iii Jennifer Lynne Fazio Curriculum Vitae [email protected] Website: JeniFazioBorn.com Educational Background: Ph.D., December 2013 School: University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA Degree: Education through Graduate School of Education Program: Social and Cultural Studies Dissertation Committee Members: John Hurst as Acting Advisor, Ramon Grosfoguel and Na’ilah Suad Nasir. Doctoral studies received Human Subjects Approval for ethnographic study of youth including extensive field research, participant observation, and longitudinal data collection. Concentrations: Late Modern Political Economy: Liberal Remnants and Neoliberal Governance as Culture; The Neoliberal City and Risk Society; Urban Marginality; Critical Race Theory, Stratification and Exclusion; Urban Sociology; Social Justice and Inequality; Youth Adaptation as Culture M.A., May 2000 School: New School of Social Research/New School University New York, NY Degree & Program: Political Sociology: Global Development and Neoliberalism Mentors: Nancy Fraser (Globalization), Terry Williams (Ethnography), Jose Casanova (Sociology of Religion) Concentration: Neoliberalism; Development; Globalization; Urban Political Economy focusing on socio-economic polarization, fragmentation and social exclusion. Teacher Credential, December 1994 School: University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia Concentration: Single Subject Social Sciences (TC1), California 2008 with Supplementary Authorization in English Composition (TC2S) B.A., May 1992 School: University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA Degree: Humanities (focus on Social History) iv Awards: Fellowship Summer 2010 Won fellowship to UC Berkeley’s Graduate Division’s Summer Institute for Preparing Future Faculty. Graduated August, 2010. Educational Program Researcher/Evaluator: May 2013-June 2013 Contractor University of California San Francisco, Interprofessional Faculty Development Course Under the direction of Dr. Louise Aranson, MD, I was recruited for to assist in the design, implementation, and interpretation of evaluation material. Data collection included paper surveys, focus group and individual interviews. Results were incorporated into both official program evaluation reports and scholarly publication. 2006-present ‘GSR’ (Graduate Student Researcher) Graduate School of Education’s Evaluation Unit, UC Berkeley. Graduate Student Research position under Lisa Kala, PhD. As a member of the evaluation staff, I was responsible for program evaluation instrument/survey design, implementation, report writing including quantitative and qualitative data analysis of department, program and course evaluations, and student trouble- shooting. In addition, I worked with CREDE (Center for Research on Education, Diversity and Excellence) to assist with evaluation of programs. In Fall 2009, the four-member staff was reduced to one Evaluation Officer, myself, overseeing program evaluation and assessment needs for the five credentialing programs at the Graduate School of Education through Spring, 2013. Guest Speaker/Educator, 2009 - Ongoing Presentation: Is Dropping Out the Key in a Tale of Two Cities Separate and Unequal? This educational presentation, shown with a 40-slide powerpoint slideshow, has been given in various schools and to school district administrators upon request. The presentation explores the notion of dropping out as integral to a larger youth risk, issues of social risk, and probable lifetime trajectories. Some Conference Papers & Presentations: 2008 Dropouts: Marginal Youth and Surrogate