The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley Edited by Esther Schor Frontmatter More Information

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Cambridge University Press 0521809843 - The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley Edited by Esther Schor Frontmatter More information

The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley

Known from her day to ours as “the Author of Frankenstein,” Mary Shelley in- deed created one of the central myths of modernity. But she went on to survive all manner of upheaval – personal, political, and professional – and to produce an oeuvre of bracingintelligenceand wide cultural sweep. The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley helps readers to assess for themselves her remark- able body of work. In clear, accessible essays, a distinguished group of scholars places Shelley’s works in several historical and aesthetic contexts: literary history, the legacies of her parents William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft, and of course the life and afterlife, in cinema, robotics, and hypertext, of Frankenstein. Other topics covered include Mary Shelley as a biographer and cultural critic, as the ﬁrst editor of Percy Shelley’s works, and as travel writer. This invaluable volume is complemented by a chronology, a guide to further reading, and a select ﬁlmography.

THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO MARY SHELLEY

EDITED BY ESTHER SCHOR Princeton University

published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, cb2 2ru,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011–4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org

c Cambridge University Press 2003

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Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data The Cambridge companion to Mary Shelley / edited by Esther Schor. p. cm. – (Cambridge companions to literature) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0 521 80984 3 – isbn 0 521 00770 4 (pbk.) 1. Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 1797–1851 – Criticism and interpretation. 2. Women and literature – England – History – 19th century. i. Schor, Esther H. ii. Series pr5398.c36 2003 823.7–dc21 2003046266

isbn 0 521 80984 3 hardback isbn 0 521 00770 4 paperback

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For the next generation:

Daniel, Jordy, Susannah in Princeton Noemi, Shayna, Rafaella in Millburn Adam in Atlanta Gabriel and Zachary in Stamford Annabelle in White Plains and Jake in Seattle

CONTENTS

List of illustrations page ix Notes on contributors x Acknowledgments xiv Chronology xv Abbreviations xx

Introduction 1 esther schor

Part 1. “The author of Frankenstein”

1 Makinga “monster”: an introduction to Frankenstein 9 anne k.mellor

2 Frankenstein, Matilda, and the legacies of Godwin and Wollstonecraft 26 pamela clemit

3 Frankenstein, feminism, and literary theory 45 diane long hoeveler

4 Frankenstein and ﬁlm 63 esther schor

5 Frankenstein’s futurity: replicants and robots 84 jay clayton

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list of contents

Part 2. Fictions and myths

6 Valperga 103 stuart curran

7 The Last Man 116 kari e.lokke

8 Historical novelist 135 deidre lynch

9 Falkner and other ﬁctions 151 kate ferguson ellis

10 Stories for the Keepsake 163 charlotte sussman

11 Proserpine and Midas 180 judith pascoe

Part 3. Professional personae

12 Mary Shelley, editor 193 susan j.wolfson

13 Mary Shelley’s letters: the public/private self 211 betty t.bennett

14 Biographer 226 greg kucich

15 Travel writing 242 jeanne moskal

16 Mary Shelley as cultural critic 259 timothy morton

Further reading 274 Select ﬁlmography 283 Index 284

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ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1: Frankenstein, dir. James Whale, 1931 (Universal) page 68 Fig. 2: Frankenstein, dir. James Whale, 1931 (Universal) 69 Fig. 3: Frankenstein, dir. James Whale, 1931 (Universal) 70 Fig. 4: The Bride of Frankenstein, dir. James Whale, 1935 (Universal) 72 Fig. 5: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, dir. Kenneth Branagh, 1994 (TriStar) 73 Fig. 6: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, dir. Kenneth Branagh, 1994 (TriStar) 73 Fig. 7: Young Frankenstein, dir. Mel Brooks, 1974 (20th Century Fox) 77 Fig. 8: Making Mr. Right, dir. Susan Seidelman, 1987 (Orion) 78 Fig. 9: Making Mr. Right, dir. Susan Seidelman, 1987 (Orion) 79 Fig. 10: Gods and Monsters, dir. Bill Condon, 1998 (Universal) 80 Fig. 11: Blade Runner, dir. Ridley Scott, 1982 (director’s cut, 1992; Warner Bros.) 90 Fig. 12: Blade Runner, dir. Ridley Scott, 1982 (director’s cut, 1992; Warner Bros.) 91 Fig. 13: A.I.: Artiﬁcial Intelligence, dir. Steven Spielberg, 2001 (Warner Bros.) 96 Fig. 14: A.I.: Artiﬁcial Intelligence, dir. Steven Spielberg, 2001 (Warner Bros.) 97

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

betty t.bennett is Distinguished Professor of Literature at American University, Washington, D.C. Her books include her edition of The Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1980–88), Mary Diana Dods: A Gentle- man and a Scholar (1991; paper 1994), and Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction (1998). She is currently completinga biographyof Mary Shelley.

jay clayton is Professor of English at Vanderbilt University, Tennessee. He is the author of Romantic Vision and the Novel (1987), The Pleasures of Babel: Contemporary American Literature and Theory (1993), and Charles Dickens in Cyberspace (2002).

pamela clemit is Reader in English at the University of Durham, UK. She is the author of The Godwinian Novel (1993, rpt. 2001). She has edited numerous scholarly and critical editions of Godwin’s writings, two volumes in Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley (1996), and, most recently, “Life of William Godwin” in Mary Shelley’s Literary Lives and Other Writ- ings (2002). She is writinga two-volume study of Godwin’s life, works, and contexts.

stuart curran, Vartan Gregorian Professor of English at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, has been writingon Mary and Percy Shelley for three decades. His edition of Valperga: or, The Life and Adventures of Castruccio, Prince of Lucca was published in 1997, and he is currently completinga hypertext edition of Frankenstein, surroundingthe two principal texts of the novel with intellectual and literary contexts and criticism. Havingedited the poetry of Charlotte Smith (1993), he currently serves as general editor of a forthcomingcomplete works.

notes on contributors

kate ferguson ellis is an Associate Professor at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. She is the author of The Contested Castle: Gothic Novels and the Subversion of Domestic Ideology (1989) and, more recently, a memoir, Crossing Borders (2001). She makes her home in New York City and Nigeria, and is currently working on the next installment of her memoir project.

diane long hoeveler is Professor of English and Coordinator of Women’s Studies at Marquette University, Wisconsin. She is author of Romantic Androgyny (1990) and Gothic Feminism (1998); co-author of Charlotte Bronte¨ (1997) and The Historical Dictionary of Feminism (1996); and co-editor of Approaches to Teaching Jane Eyre (1993), Comparative Romanticisms (1998), and Women of Color (2001). In addition, she has edited Wuthering Heights (2001) and is currently editing Jane Eyre. Her Approaches to Teaching Gothic Fiction will be published in 2003.

greg kucich is Associate Professor of English at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. His publications include Keats, Shelley, and Romantic Spenserianism (1991) and, co-edited with Jeffrey N. Cox, the forthcom- ingedition of The Selected Writings of Leigh Hunt. He is also co-editor of Nineteenth-Century Contexts: An Interdisciplinary Journal. He is currently completinga book on Romanticism and women’s historiography.

kari e.lokke, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Davis, is the author of Gerard´ de Nerval: The Poet as Social Visionary (1987) and co-editor of Rebellious Hearts: British Women Writers and the French Revolution (2001). She is currently completinga book entitled Romantic Abandon: Gender and Transcendence in Stael,¨ Shelley, Arnim and Sand. A related essay entitled “‘Children of Lib- erty’: Three Women Writers of Romanticism and Idealist Historiography” appeared in PMLA, May 2003.

deidre lynch teaches in the Department of English at Indiana University. She is the author of The Economy of Character: Novels, Market Culture, and the Business of Inner Meaning (1998) and the editor, most recently, of Janeites: Austen’s Disciples and Devotees (2000). She is currently at work on a cultural history of the love of literature, which bears the tentative title At Home in English: “Loving” Literature, in the Eighteenth Century and After.

anne k.mellor is Professor of English and Women’s Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. She is the author of numerous books

notes on contributors

and articles in the ﬁeld of British Romanticism, and has co-edited both an anthology of British literature 1780–1840 and several collections of essays. Her books include Blake’s Human Form Divine (1974), English Romantic Irony (1980), Mary Shelley: Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters (1988), Romanticism and Gender (1993), and Mothers of the Nation: Women’s Po- litical Writing in England, 1780–1830 (2000; paper, 2002). She is currently working on the intersection of race and gender in British Romantic writing.

timothy morton is Professor of Literature and the Environment at the University of California, Davis. He is the author of four books: Radicalism in British Literary Culture, 1650–1830 (2002), The Poetics of Spice (2000), Radical Food (2000), and Shelley and the Revolution in Taste (1995). He writes on relationships between food, eating, and literature, and issues in ecology and literature.

jeanne moskal is Professor of English at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She authored Blake, Ethics, and Forgiveness (1994) and edited Volume viii, Travel Writing,inThe Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley (1996). She is workingon four books: Reading and Teach- ing Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century British Women Writers, co-edited with Shannon R. Wooden (forthcoming 2004), Travel, Mariana Starke, and Britain’s Two Empires (forthcoming 2005), a book on British women travel writers of the Napoleonic Wars, and another on British and American women missionaries, 1792–1945.

judith pascoe teaches at the University of Iowa. She is the author of Romantic Theatricality: Gender, Poetry, and Spectatorship (1997) and the editor of Mary Robinson: Selected Poems (2000). She is currently at work on a book-length study of Romantic-era collectors.

esther schor, Professor of English at Princeton University, is the author of Bearing the Dead: The British Culture of Mourning from the Enlighten- ment to Victoria (1993) and co-editor of The Other Mary Shelley: Beyond “Frankenstein” and Women’s Voices: Visions and Perspectives (1990). She is now completinga study of nineteenth-century British writers and the Risorg- imento and a biography of the American poet, Emma Lazarus. Her most recent publication is a book of poems, The Hills of Holland (2002).

charlotte sussman is Associate Professor of English at the University of Colorado. She is the author of Consuming Anxieties: Consumer Protest, Gender and British Slavery, 1713–1833 (2000), as well as articles on Aphra

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notes on contributors

Behn, Samuel Richardson, Charlotte Smith, and Walter Scott. She is currently researchingthe cultural impact of demographictheory duringthe longeighteenthcentury.

susan j.wolfson , Professor of English at Princeton University, is the author of The Questioning Presence: Wordsworth, Keats, and the Inter- rogative Mode in Romantic Poetry (1986) and Formal Charges: The Shap- ing of Poetry in British Romanticism (1998); and editor of Felicia Hemans: Selected Poems, Letters, and Reception Materials (2000). She is also on the editorial board of the Longman Anthology of British Literature. She is currently ﬁnishing Figures on the Margin: The Languages of Gender in British Romanticism, and is at work on Romantic Conversations: Social Action and the Turns of Literature, which includes an essay on Mary Shelley’s editing of her husband’s works.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Great appreciation is due to those who labored to produce modern editions of Mary Shelley’s works. This list, which includes several contributors to this volume, comprises: Charles E. Robinson; James Rieger; Betty T. Bennett; Paula Feldman and Diana Scott-Kilvert; Pamela Clemit, Jane Blumberg, Doucet Devin Fischer, Fiona Stafford, and Jeanne Moskal; Stuart Curran; Clarissa Campbell Orr, Tilar Mazzeo, Arnold Markley, and Lisa Vargo. Special thanks go to Nora Crook for her editions of both the Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley and Mary Shelley’s Literary Lives and Other Writings; not only for those, but also for help in a pinch with citations. Susan J. Wolfson and Claudia L. Johnson generously shared their expertise as Companion editors for Cambridge University Press; U. C. Knoepﬂmacher, both in person and in print, has been an invaluable resource. Talkingwith Denise Giganteand Christopher Rovee about Mary Shelley was both a pleasure and a help, while Aileen Forbes provided excellent research assistance. I could never make enough chicken sandwiches to thank Andrew Krull for his timely aid with the front matter and bibli- ography. Shanon Lawson’s Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Chronology & Re- source Site (a Romantic Circles website), was most helpful (http://www.rc. umd.edu/reference/mschronology/mws.html). Thanks of a different kind to Ewa Whitlock for runninginterference upstairs while I worked downstairs. I am grateful for support from the Princeton University Department of English, especially Michael Wood, and from the Humanities Research Coun- cil of Princeton University. For help capturingimages,thanks to Michael Muzzie and Lance Herrington of the New Media Center of Princeton Uni- versity. The staff of Firestone Library was invaluable. Linda Bree of Cambridge University Press proved to be the incisive, knowl- edgeable editor I had always heard she was. I am grateful for her excellent guidance and advice. Thanks also to Rachel De Wachter for her kind and efﬁcient editorial assistance and to Audrey Cotterell and Alison Powell for their help seeingthe typescript into print. Walter Greenblatt brewed the coffee every morningand stayed up with me till all hours of the night. Sine te non.

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CHRONOLOGY

1797: (Aug. 30) Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin born in London, daughter of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. (Sept. 10) Wollstonecraft dies of puerperal fever. 1801: (Dec. 21) Godwin remarries, to Mary Jane Clairmont. Mary Godwin is raised in Somers Town (near London); her family household con- sists of her father, stepmother, half-sister (Fanny Imlay, daughter of Wollstonecraft and Gilbert Imlay), and step-siblings Mary Jane (Claire) Clairmont and Charles Clairmont. 1808: Publishes first story, “Mounseer Nongtongpaw” (M. J. Godwin and Co.). 1812: (June 7) Travels to Dundee to live with the Baxter family until the followingspring. (Nov. 11) Briefly meets Percy Bysshe Shelley (b. Aug. 4, 1792) and his wife, Harriet Westbrook Shelley. 1814: (May) Meets Percy Shelley again; a friendship develops. (June 28) Elopes with Percy Shelley to the Continent, with Claire Clairmont. (July–Aug.) Travels in France, Germany, Switzerland, Holland. (Sept.) They return to England. During the next two months, Percy Shelley resides in London, dodging creditors. 1815: (Feb. 22) Gives birth to her first daughter, who dies March 6. (Aug.) Moves to Bishopsgate, Windsor. 1816: (Jan. 24) Gives birth to a son, William. (May) Travels with Percy Shelley and Claire Clairmont, who is pregnant with Byron’s child, to Geneva. They live near Byron and Polidori. (June 16) Begins writing Frankenstein. (July) Visit to Chamonix. (Sept.) Returns to London, with Percy Shelley and Claire Clairmont in Bath. (Oct. 9) Fanny Imlay commits suicide.

chronology

(Dec. 10) Harriet Shelley’s pregnant body is found in the Serpentine, Hyde Park, London; ﬁve days later, Percy Shelley is informed about her suicide. (Dec. 30) Marriage to Percy Shelley in St. Mildred’s Church, London. 1817: (Jan. 12) Claire Clairmont gives birth to Alba, later Allegra, Byron. (Mar.) Percy Shelley loses custody of his children, Charles and Ianthe. Mary Shelley moves to Marlow. (May 14) Completes Frankenstein. (Sept. 2) Gives birth to a daughter, Clara. (Nov.) Publishes History of a Six Weeks’ Tour, a collaboration with Percy Shelley (T. Hookham and C. and J. Ollier). 1818: (Jan. 1) Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus published (Lack- ington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones). (Mar. 11) Family departs for Continent; arrives in Milan April 4. (June) At Bagni di Lucca. (Sept. 24) Clara Shelley dies in Venice. (Nov.–Dec.) Travel to Rome and Naples; they remain in Naples until the followingFebruary. 1819: (Mar. 5–June) In Rome, where William Shelley dies of malaria on June 7. (June 17) Move to Livorno (Leghorn). (Aug.) Begins writing Matilda. (Oct. 2) Move to Florence. (Nov. 12) Gives birth to Percy Florence. 1820: (Jan. 26) Move to Pisa. (Feb.) Finishes Matilda. (Mar.) Begins Castruccio, Prince of Lucca; Godwin later renames it Valperga. (Apr.–May) Composes Proserpine and Midas. (Oct.) After relocatingseveral times, move to Pisa. 1821: (Aug.–Dec.) Finishes and revises [Valperga: or,] Castruccio. 1822: (Apr. 19) Allegra Byron dies from typhus. (June 16) Miscarriage; hemorrhage arrested when Percy Shelley places her in a vat of icy water. (July 8) Percy Shelley drowns in the Gulf of Spezia. (Sept.) Moves to Genoa. 1823: (Feb.) Publishes Valperga (Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley). (Apr. 23) “Madame d’Houtetot”ˆ appears in The Liberal, 3, 67–83. (July 29) Openingnightof Presumption, or, The Fate of Frankenstein, a play by Richard Brinsley Peake; Mary Shelley sees it on August 28. (July 30) “Giovanni Villani” appears in The Liberal, 4, 281–97.

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chronology

(Aug. 25) With Percy Florence, returns to London. (Aug.) Second (unrevised) edition of Frankenstein appears. 1824: (Mar.) “On Ghosts” appears in London Magazine, 9, 253–56. (Apr. 19) Byron dies at Missolonghi in Greece. (Spring) Begins The Last Man. (June) Publishes her edition of Percy Shelley’s Posthumous Poems; enraged, Sir Timothy Shelley threatens to withdraw Percy Florence Shelley’s allowance if she again brings Percy Shelley’s name before the public. 1825: (June 25) Refuses marriage proposal from American dramatist John Howard Payne. 1826: (Jan. 23) Publishes The Last Man (Henry Colburn). (Oct.) “The English in Italy” appears in Westminster Review, 6, 325–41. (Dec.) “A Visit to Brighton” appears in London Magazine, n.s. 6, 460–66. 1827: (June) Agrees to help Thomas Moore with his biography of Byron. (July) Helps secure passports for friends Isabel Robinson, her illegit- imate child, and her partner, “Sholto Douglas” (Mary Diana Dods); the three elope to Paris. 1828: (Jan.) Begins The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck. (Mar.) Begins writing for the Keepsake, to which she will contribute for ten years. (Apr.) In Paris with Douglases; meets Prosper Merim´ ee;´ contracts smallpox. 1829: (Jan.) “Illyrian Poems – Feudal Scenes,” review of works by Merim´ ee,´ published in Westminster Review, 10, 71–81. 1830: (Jan. 18) Moore publishes Volume i of his Letters and Journals of Lord Byron: With Notices of his Life. (May 13) Perkin Warbeck, A Romance published (Colburn and Bentley). (Nov.–Dec.) “Transformation” in the Keepsake for mdcccxxxi (18–39). 1831: (Jan.) Begins Lodore. Volume ii of Moore’s Byron published. (Nov.) Publishes revised third edition of Frankenstein, with “Author’s Introduction,” in Bentley’s Standard Novels series (Colburn and Bent- ley). 1832: (Sept. 8) William Godwin, Jr. (born Mar. 28, 1803, son of William and Mary Jane Clairmont Godwin) dies of cholera. (Sept. 29) Percy Florence enters Harrow; the followingMay, Mary Shelley moves there.

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chronology

1835: (Feb.) Publishes volume i of Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientiﬁc Men of Italy, Spain and Portugal (Longman). (Apr.) Publishes Lodore (Richard Bentley). (Oct.) Publishes volume ii of Lives of . . . Men of Italy, Spain and Portugal. 1836: (Mar. 23) Removes Percy Florence Shelley from Harrow; together, they relocate to Regent’s Park, London. (Apr. 7) William Godwin dies. 1837: (Feb.) Publishes Falkner, A Novel (Saunders and Otley) (Sept.–Oct.) Publishes volume iii of Livesof...MenofItaly, Spain and Portugal. (Oct. 10) Percy Florence Shelley enters Trinity College, Cambridge. 1838: (Aug.) Publishes volume i of Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientiﬁc Men of France (Longman). Sir Timothy Shelley relents, al- lowingpublication of his son’s poems, but not a biographicalmemoir. Mary Shelley instead writes extensive notes. 1839: (Jan.–May) Her four-volume edition of Percy Shelley’s Poetical Works appears, with prefaces and notes (Moxon). (Aug.) Publishes volume ii of Livesof...MenofFrance. (Nov.) One-volume edition of Percy Shelley’s Poetical Works (Moxon). (Dec.) Publishes two-volume edition of Percy Shelley’s Essays and Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments (Moxon). 1840: (June 22) Arrives in Paris with her son and his Cambridge friends for continental tour; travel through Germany and Switzerland, summer in Italian lakes; arrive Milan on Sept. 11. Late September, Percy Flo- rence Shelley and friends depart for England; Mary Shelley travels to Paris, where she remains through December. 1841: (Jan.) Returns to London. (Feb.) Percy Florence Shelley graduates from Cambridge. (June 17) Death of Mary Jane Godwin. 1842: (June 30–Aug.) With her son and friends, second tour of Continent: Kissingen (baths), Berlin, Dresden, Venice, Florence, Rome, Paris. (July–Aug.) In Paris; meets Ferdinando Luigi Gatteschi and other Ital- ian exiles. 1844: (Apr. 24) Death of Sir Timothy Shelley; Percy Florence Shelley inherits baronetcy and estate. (July) Publishes two-volume Rambles in Germany and Italy in 1840, 1842, and 1843 (Moxon). 1845: (Sept.) Gatteschi threatens to expose her letters to him; blackmail attempt foiled.

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chronology

1846: (Mar.) “Attack,” probably of severe back pain; possibly also chest pain. 1848: (June 22) Percy Florence Shelley marries Jane St. John, a young widow. (Oct.) Complains of headaches; probably symptoms of a brain tumor. Intermittently ill until her death. 1850: (Dec. 17) Diagnosis of brain tumor. 1851: (Feb. 1) Mary Shelley dies at age ﬁfty-three at home in London. (Feb. 8) Buried in Bournemouth with her parents, who were exhumed from St. Pancras at Lady Jane Shelley’s request.

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ABBREVIATIONS

Most citations to Mary Shelley’s works appear in the text. For ease of reference, several works available in multiple editions, includingthe 1818 Frankenstein, The Last Man, and Valperga, are cited by volume, chapter, and page numbers; the 1831 Frankenstein is cited by chapter and page numbers. Works in multi-volume, modern editions are cited by volume and page numbers.

CTS: Mary Shelley: Collected Tales and Stories, Charles E. Robinson (ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. EF: Knoepﬂmacher, U. C. and Levine, George (eds.), The Endurance of “Frankenstein”: Essays on Mary Shelley’s Novel, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. EL: [Shelley, Percy Bysshe.] Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments, 2 vols., London: Moxon, 1840 [1839]. F [or F 1818]: Frankenstein: The 1818 Text, J. Paul Hunter (ed.), New York: Norton, 1996. F 1831: Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, Maurice Hindle (ed.), Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985. ID: Conger, Syndy M., Frank, Frederick S., and O’Dea, Gregory (eds.), Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after Frankenstein: Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley’s Birth, Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. J: The Journals of Mary Shelley, 1814–44, Paula R. Feldman and Diana Scott-Kilvert (eds.), 2 vols., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. KSJ: Keats–Shelley Journal. L: The Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Betty T. Bennett (ed.), 3 vols., Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980–83. LF: Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientiﬁc Men of France, 2 vols., London: Longman, 1838, 1839.

list of abbreviations

LISP: Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientiﬁc Men of Italy, Spain and Portugal, 3 vols., London: Longman, 1835–37. LL: Mary Shelley’s Literary Lives and Other Writings, Nora Crook (ed.), 4 vols., London: Pickeringand Chatto, 2002. LM: The Last Man, Hugh J. Luke, Jr. (ed.); Anne K. Mellor (intro.), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. MST: Bennett, Betty T. and Curran, Stuart (eds.), Mary Shelley in Her Times, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. NSW: The Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley, Nora Crook (gen. ed.) with Pamela Clemit, Betty T. Bennett (cons. ed.), 8 vols., London: William Pickering, 1996. OMS: Fisch, Audrey A., Mellor, Anne K., and Schor, Esther H. (eds.), The Other Mary Shelley: Beyond Frankenstein, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. PBSL: The Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Frederick L. Jones (ed.), 2 vols., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964. PP: Posthumous Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Mary W. Shelley, London: John and Henry L. Hunt, 1824. PW: Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, 4 vols., ed. Mrs. [Mary] Shelley, London: Moxon, 1839. PWPBS: Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Mrs. [Mary] Shelley, London: Moxon, 1840 [1839]. SiR: Studies in Romanticism. SPP: Shelley’s Poetry and Prose, Donald H. Reiman and Neil Fraistat (eds.), 2nd edn., New York: Norton, 2002. V: Valperga: or, The Life and Adventures of Castruccio, Prince of Lucca, Stuart Curran (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

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