Front cover
'Wet-look' total magnetic intensity map part o f the Mudgee (NSW) 1:100,000 topographic sheet (330 to 320 30'S, 1490 50' to 1500 E; 45 km x 55 km). This state-of-the-art imagery, along with radiometrics (imagery incorporating the radioac tive elements), greatly facilitates geological mapping because of differing magnetic properties of various rock types. This image is in false colour', although colour is directly related to total magnetic intensity. The 'wet look' is produced by an algorithm which provides an 'artificial sum angle', highlight ing linear features.
Among zones recognisable in the image are closely spaced, tightly contorted structures in the basement strata of the Hill End Trough (greenish, lower left) and Sydney Basin rocks (yellowish, upper right). Mudgee is just NW o f the white patch (top left).
Members of the Earth Environments and Resources group in the Department of Geology are working closely with the New South Wales Geological Survey and the Australian Geological Survey Organisation to remap the Dubbo 1:250,000 geological sheet under the National Geoscience Mapping Accord. Original data were obtained by AGSO along flight lines approximately 80 metres above ground surface and 400 metres apart; image supplied by NSW Geological Survey. Scale of image 1:250,000.
© Crown copyright 1995
ISSN 1032-0741
University of Wollongong Northfields Avenue Wollongong NSW 2522
Telephone: (042) 21 3555 Facsimile: (042) 21 3447
All inquiries related to research should be addressed to the Deputy Vice-Chancellor UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG
RESEARCH REPORT 1994
Contents
VICE-CHANCELLOR'S INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 6 RESEARCH MANAGEMENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG 8
RESEARCH INSTITUTES
Environment Research Institute (ERI) 10 Co-ordinator: Professor John Morrison (tel 042 21 4377) Institute for Molecular Recognition 13 Co-ordinator: Professor Leon Kane-Maguire (tel 042 21 3509) The Institute of Telecommunications Research 16 Co-ordinator: Professor Hugh Bradlow (tel 042 21 5919)
RESEARCH PROGRAMS
Advanced Materials and Surface Engineering 20 Co-ordinator: Professor Druce Dunne (tel 042 21 3012)
Advanced Telecommunications 22 Co-ordinator: Professor Gary Anido (tel 042 21 3065)
Applied Cognitive Sciences 25 Co-ordinators: Professor William Lovegrove (tel 042 21 3903) and Dr Steven Avons (tel 042 21 3156) Applied Economic Modelling 28 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Tran Van Hoa (tel 042 21 3659) Applied Mechanics and Advanced Manufacturing 30 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor A Kiet Tieu (tel 042 21 3061) Asia-Pacific Development Studies 33 Co-ordinators: Dr Adrian Vickers (tel 042 21 3626) and Mr Tony Naughton (tel 042 21 3377)
1 CONTENTS
Australian Flora and Fauna 35 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor David Ayre (tel 042 21 3440) Bioactive Molecules 39 Co-ordinators: Professor John Bremner Biological Macromolecules 43 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Ross Lilley (tel 042 21 3431) Bulk Materials Flandling and Physical Processing 47 Co-ordinator: Professor Peter Arnold (tel 042 21 4566) Computer Security - Technical and Social Issues 50 Co-ordinator: Professor Jennifer Seberry (tel 042 21 4327) Education Policy 54 Co-ordinator: Professor Carla Fasano (tel 042 21 3957) Industrial Automation 57 Co-ordinator: Professor Chris Cook (tel 042 21 3065) Intelligent Polymer Systems 61 Co-ordinator: Professor G G Wallace (tel 042 21 3127) Labour Market Analysis 65 Co-ordinators: Dr Chris Nyland and Associate Professor Ray Markey (tel 042 21 4027) Literature and the Colonial Legacy 67 Co-ordinators: Professor James Wieland (tel 042 21 3677) and Dr Paul Sharrad (tel 042 21 3705) Quaternary Environmental Change 70 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Colin Woodroffe (tel 042 21 3359) Science and Technology Analysis 74 Co-ordinator: Dr Brian Martin (tel 042 21 3763) Water Engineering and Geomechanics 76 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Robin Chowdhury (tel 042 21 3040) RESEARCH GROUPS Analysis Research 80 Co-ordinator: Professor Sid Morris (tel 042 21 3843) Contemporary Arts Practice and Performance in Australia 82 Co-ordinator: Dr Andrew Schultz (tel 042 21 3302) Engineering and Industrial Mathematics 84 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor James M Hill (tel 042 21 3822) Fossil Fuels 87 Co-ordinator: Dr Adrian Hutton (tel 042 21 3832) Fundamental Properties of Semiconductors 88 Co-ordinator: Professor Peter Fisher (tel 042 21 3556) Information Systems in Organisations 91 Co-ordinator: Professor Graham Winley (tel: 042 21 3760) 2 CONTENTS Labour History and Industrial Relations 93 Co-ordinator: Professor James Hagan (tel 042 21 3369) Management Strategy and Organisational Change 95 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor A B Sim (tel 042 21 3611) Medical Innovation: Society, Law, Policy 97 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Evelleen Richards (tel 042 21 3627) Physical Activity and Ageing 99 Co-ordinator: Dr Steve Boutcher (tel 042 21 4093 or 21 3881) Public Health and Nutrition 101 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Ross Harris (tel 042 21 3463) Social Literacy 103 Co-ordinator: Dr William Winser (tel 042 21 3963) Sociological Analysis of Political and Cultural Change 105 Co-ordinator: Professor John Bern (tel 042 21 3745) Software Engineering and Intelligent Systems 107 Co-ordinators: Professor Fergus O'Brien (tel 042 21 3859) and Dr Phillip McKerrow (tel 042 21 3771) Structural Engineering and Construction 109 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Yew-Chaye Loo (tel 042 21 3039) Tasmanides 111 Co-ordinator: Dr Chris Fergusson (tel 042 21 3860) DEVELOPMENT GROUPS Accountability and Financial Reporting 113 Co-ordinator: Professor Michael Gaffikin (tel 042 21 3718) Applied Statistics 115 Co-ordinator: Mr John Rayner (tel 042 21 4308) Clinical Psychology 117 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Linda L Viney (tel 042 21 3693) Curriculum Research 119 Co-ordinator: Dr Christine Fox (tel 042 21 3882) Environmental Chemistry 121 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor David Griffith (tel 042 21 3515) Health Practices Research 123 Co-ordinator: Dr John Sibbald (tel 042 21 3471) International Business 125 Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Mokhtar M Metwally (tel 042 21 4017) RESEARCH CENTRES Advanced Manufacturing and Industrial Automation (CAMIA) 127 Director: Professor Gunter Arndt (tel 042 21 3378) 3 CONTENTS Centre for Court Policy and Administration 128 Directors: Professor Helen Gamble (tel 042 21 3638) and Dr Richard Mohr (tel 042 21 4632) Key Centre for Mines 130 Director: Associate Professor Naj Aziz (tel 042 21 3449) Centre for Multicultural Studies 132 Director: Professor Stephen Castles (tel 042 21 3779) Centre for Natural Resources Law and Policy 133 Directors: Professor David Farrier (tel 042 21 3456) and Professor Martin Tsamenyi (tel 042 21 4120) Centre for Research Policy 135 Director: Professor Stephen Hill (tel 042 21 3256) INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS Faculty of Arts Department of History and Politics Dr Stephen Brown (tel 042 21 3619) 137 Associate Professor Colm Kiernan (tel 042 21 4385) 137 Dr Gregory Melleuish (tel 042 21 4395) 137 Department of Modern Languages Associate Professor Brian McCarthy (tel 042 21 3720) 137 Professor Brian Moloney (tel 042 21 3676) 137 Dr Susan Yates (tel 042 21 3636) 138 Faculty of Commerce Department of Economics Professor Dudley Jackson (tel 042 21 4016) 138 Mr Frank Neri (tel 042 21 4671) 138 Faculty of Creative Arts Dr Frances Dyson (tel 042 21 4623) 138 Mr Richard Hook (tel 042 21 4271) 138 Ms Liz Jeneid (tel 042 21 3048) 139 Faculty of Education Associate Professor Philip de Lacey (tel 042 21 3728) 139 Professor Ron King (tel 042 21 3575) 139 Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences Department of Nursing Ms Irene Stein (tel 042 21 3766) 140 4 CONTENTS Faculty of Informatics Department of Computer Science/Mathematics Dr Keith Tognetti (tel 042 21 3826) 140 Faculty of Law Ms Margaret Bond (tel 042 21 4378) 140 Mr Charles Chew (tel 042 21 4379) 140 Mr Damien Considine (tel 042 21 3629) 141 Professor John Goldring (tel 042 21 3382) 141 Mr Scott Grattan (tel 042 21 4423) 141 Associate Professor Ken Hale (tel 042 21 3730) 141 Associate Professor Robin Handley (tel 042 21 3726) 142 Ms Jane Innes (tel 042 21 4121) 142 Mr Luke McNamara (tel 042 21 4415) 142 Ms Sandra Mercado (tel 042 21 4291) 142 Dr Thomas Musgrave (tel 042 21 4633) 142 Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Dr Audrey H Wilson (tel 042 21 3155) 143 Department of Physics Dr Jagdish Narain Mathur (tel 042 21 3507) 143 Dr Paul Nulsen (tel 042 21 3523) 144 Astronomy and Astrophysics Associate Professor Bill Zealey (tel 042 21 3522) 144 5 NTRODUCING its Research Management Plan (RMP) in 1989, the Univer sity of Wollongong took into account the interdisciplinary nature of many research challenges in the 1990s, signalling its belief that commitment to a concentration of research effort would enable the University to become establishedI as a genuinely international research university. The quality of research undertaken in 1994 demonstrates and substantiates the maturation of initiatives set out in the RMP, also setting the framework for the continued development of this research activity. Of significance during the year was the establishment of three Research Institutes which draw together research activities with a common theme. Their activi ties are described in this Report. The role of developing research activity through the implementation of the Research Management Plan was given to Professor Bill Lovegrove, appointed Pro Vice- Chancellor (Research) full-time in 1994. By any meas ure, in all aspects of research activity, that was a highly successful year. Government and industry funds continued to increase including the award of four ARC Collaborative Grants from five applications, a 50 per cent success rate for APA(I) scholarships, an increase in the number and amount of initial ARC Large Grants and a 60 per cent increase in other grant funds. Another initiative in 1994 to enhance the research effort through better communi cation was the introduction of Faculty Research Committees. They were intro duced to develop and implement research at a Faculty level and play a major role in encouraging Faculty members to apply for a range of appropriate research grants. This Report provides an overview of exciting research undertaken at the Univer sity of Wollongong in 1994. A series of papers indicating the breadth of research activity within each Research Institute, Program, Group and Development Group and by Individual Researchers is backed up by details of published work by researchers in all categories. Gerard Sutton Vice-Chancellor and Principal 6 RESEARCH MANAGEMENT Research Management at the University of Wollongong Professor Lovegrove anagem ent of equipment and facilities) by the A Research Program represents the research at the Univer University Research Committee for grouping into a unit of at least six sity of Wollongong is work that is of high quality; academic staff who are active re based on supporting • the devotion of the bulk of the searchers working in related areas. In andM developing research excellence. available resources to sustaining groupings where there are insufficient A major aim is to foster cooperative research groupings with well- staff to form a Research Program or research across the University by defined goals, and coordinating the where there is insufficient research correlating research activities to efforts of individual researchers experience within the group to meet produce high-quality results, into appropriate groups; the criteria for the establishment of a achieved by the aggregation of related Research Program, a Research Group • the grouping of appropriately research into Research Institutes, may be formed with the intention of related Research Programs and/or gaining Research Program status Research Programs, Research Groups Research Groups/Development Groups later. Research Programs and Re and Research Development Groups. into broad thematic Research Enhanced cohesion is expected to search Groups working in broadly Institutes; utilise research resources more related areas may be further aggre • the support of individuals who seek efficiently and provide the impetus gated to form Research Institutes. to conduct research or scholarship for attracting increased external independently if, in the opinion of This 1994 Research Report contains funding. The activities in 1994 are the University Research Committee, information on three Research presented in this Report. it is quality work that is best done Institutes, 19 Research Programs, 16 The University of Wollongong's independently; Research Groups and seven Develop Research Management Plan (RMP) • the establishment of appropriate ment Groups. It is acknowledged in has five elements: procedures to enable new staff to the RMP that there may be individual • the principles for the allocation of develop their research efficiently researchers for whom it is not appro all intramural resources for research within the framework outlined priate to join a Research Centre or (including grants, scholarships, here. Research Group because the work 8 RESEARCH MANAGEMENT GRADUATE FACULTY Research Institutes n_ Research R esearch Individual Researchers Program s Groups All Other Research and Small Projects Programs/Groups c Individual Members of the Academic Staff, Conjoint Appointees, etc Research units at the University of Wollongong being undertaken is unique and not that Research Programs with a that policies maximise the quality of related to the activities of other staff. concerted interdisciplinary ap the research performance of the Notwithstanding the fact that the proach are developed; University. RMP is geared towards the bringing • to facilitate whenever possible the The original RMP was drawn up in together of research activity, provi work of new (less experienced) 1988 and implemented from the sion is made for individual research members of the academic staff by beginning of the 1989 academic year. ers to apply for Research Project funds linking them with Research Pro It has been continually reviewed since or for Small Grant support. Individual grams and Research Groups; that time and has been modified and researchers may also be members of • to encourage the development of updated to meet new demands and Research Institutes. The 1994 outputs postgraduate training related to the initiatives as they occur. I hope you of such staff are also listed in this Research Programs and Research enjoy examining the 1994 outcomes Research Report. Groups; which best demonstrate our manage The objectives of the RMP may be • to allow for the maintenance of ment plan in action. summarised as being: individual researchers of quality • to develop and exploit fully the within the University whose work research capacity of the University; is not related to any of the Research Professor W J Lovegrove Programs and Research Groups; • to signal clearly the research Pro Vice-Chancellor (Research) strengths of the University by the • to provide a sufficiently flexible aggregation of existing compatible structure to permit adaptation to strengths/projects within the changes in the University, external University into coherent Research priorities and initiatives; Programs and Research Groups, • to add to the capacity of the Univer and where appropriate, by incorpo sity to support research by generat rating related Research Programs ing strong external support for the and Research Groups into Research Research Programs and Research Institutes; Groups; • to facilitate interdisciplinary • to review progressively the Re research, where it is appropriate, so search Management Plan ensuring 9 INSTITUTES Environment Research Institute (ERI) Co-ordinator: Professor John Morrison (tel 042 21 4377) activities, and by presenting a clear and unified picture of these activities to the outside world. Institute Aims The Institute aims to: 1. Contribute to the knowledge base and body of trained personnel required to facilitate better manage Professor John ment of the environment through M orrison the performance of high quality demonstrates the research and teaching in environ use of pressure- mental issues; plate apparatus for soil moisture 2. Contribute to the general awareness studies to PhD and understanding of the environ student Eleanor ment by carrying out appropriate H annah consultancy activities and dissemi nating results obtained from local and international studies; 3. Increase the capacity of University staff and students to contribute to the long-term sustainable manage ment of the environment. Institute Strategy The central strategy of the Institute is to build on and expand the core environmental research activities of the constituent programs and groups and the teaching activities of associ he environm ent and quality research on environmen ated departments. Research Institute (ERI) at tal issues. The ERI was established to The core environmental research activi the University of enhance this activity and also to ties include fundamental and applied Wollongong was established extend the very successful policy of research on scientific, engineering, inT 1993 to play a vital role in co encouraging researchers to work health, legal, social and economic ordinating environmental research collaboratively to facilitate greater issues relating to a better understand and consultancy work at the Univer efficiency in the use of resources. ing and management of the environ sity, and thus make an important ment. In addition, the Institute contribution to the growing body of Mission Statement contributes to the environmental expertise and knowledge in this area The mission of the Environment Research consultancy work of the University by in Australia. Institute is to contribute to the advance co-ordinating the establishment of For over 10 years the University of ment o f the academic performance and consultancy teams to undertake Wollongong has been carrying out reputation of the University of multidisciplinary projects using the teaching, research and consultancy Wollongong by enhancing the research, expertise from among the member activities with an emphasis on teaching and consultancy work on ship, and assisting members in the understanding and management of environmental issues at the University, negotiation and management of the world around us and has gained a by encouraging maximum coherence and consultancy contracts. The Institute reputation for innovative teaching collaboration in the environmental also facilitates environmental debate 10 INSTITUTES and acts as information clearing house by organising regular meetings and seminars, Environment Research Institute producing a newsletter and acting as a distribu tion point for informa tion received from government depart ments, international agencies, etc. Institute Operation The Institute encom passes or has close working relationships with the following established University research groupings: Australian Flora and Fauna Research Program Bulk Materials Handling and Physical Process ing Research Program Centre for Maritime Policy Centre for Natural Resources Law and Policy Environmental Chemis try Research Group Environmental Health Research Unit Quaternary Environ mental Change Re search Program Tasmanides and Fossil John Morrison, BHP Professor of Fuels Research Groups from various sections of the Univer Environmental Science (Director) Technology and Environmental sity assist with the work program. Dennis Calvert, Professor of Medicine The research facilities include a wide Strategies Research Group and Public Health range of high performance scientific Water Engineering and Geomechanics Robin Chowdhury, Associate Profes Research Program and engineering equipment housed in sor of Civil Engineering Staff members in Economics, Geogra various departments within the Jim Falk, Professor of Science and University, including an interview phy, Mathematics, Philosophy, Technology Studies facility which enables ten interviews Physics and Sociology. Martin Tsamenyi, Professor of Law to be carried out simultaneously by A flow chart outlining the ERI Brian Ferry, Senior Lecturer in telephone. structure and place in the University Education research organisation is given above. Ann Hodgkinson, Lecturer in Eco Management Board nomics Resources The activities of the Institute are Brian Jones, Associate Professor of The Institute has 75 academic staff directed by a Management Board Geology members, together with postdoctoral which has representatives from the Jim Langridge, Managing Director, fellows and a large number of post major contributing research pro Illawarra Technology Corporation graduate students. In addition, grams. The Management Board in Phillip Laird, Associate Professor of technical and administrative staff 1993-4 was: Mathematics 11 INSTITUTES interdisciplinary discussion of environmental issues. A number of these were organised in collaboration with appropriate departments. Speakers included: Emeritus Professor Cliff Oilier, Ian van Tets introduces University of New England one of the pygmy possums to its tempo Professor Joy Zedler, San Diego State rary home before University relocating it to the Professor Jerry Ongerth, University of Barren Grounds Washington, Seattle Professor Roger Kitching, Griffith University Professor Harry Recher, University of New England Professor Howard Worner, Illawarra Technology Corporation ment Scheme (for Public Works Arnold McLean, Senior Lecturer in Department (NSW) - $39, 660) Mr Ian Carruthers, Marine and Mechanical Engineering Climate Section, DEST Contribution to the development Rob Whelan, Professor of Biological Dr Ron Groenhout, Economic Man of the South Pacific Regional Sciences. agement Section, NSW EPA Pollution Prevention and Waste Management Project (for the South Dr Malcolm Mac Garvin, University Institute Activities 1993-1994 Pacific Regional Environment of Aberdeen As outlined above, the Institute builds Programme - $5,900) Mr David Buckingham, Executive Director, DEST on the research activities of the 7. Development of management constituent programs and groups. As plans for NSW coastal lakes (for Dr Judy Messer, National Centre for a result, many of the Institute research the Public Works Department Appropriate Technology activities are carried out through (NSW) - $12,600) Dr Jim Elkins, NOAA, Boulder these groupings, and details of 8. Environmental auditing of landfill Dr Paolo Ricci, University of Califor program and group activities are operations (for Kolback Environ nia, Berkeley presented below. In addition the mental Services - $5,400) Dr John Finnegan, Leader, Coastal Zone Project, CSIRO, Canberra Institute initiated a number of activi 9. Health effects of climate change - ties looking at issues of local, national climate change and pollen aller Mr Jim Swain, Ciba-Geigy Australia and international importance. These gens (for the Federal Department Dr Peter Reid, Ansto included: of Human Services and Health - Mr Avis Deepers, University of 1. Assessment of the new (1995) $23,100) Wollongong Australian Drinking Water 10. Health effects of climate change - Strong industry links already exist Guidelines (a research contract for development of baseline geo between ERI members and organisa the National Health and Medical graphical data on vector-borne tions in the Illawarra/Sydney area Research Council - $76,800) disease (for the Federal Depart and the Institute is keen to expand 2. National Review of Greenhouse ment of Human Services and such co-operation. There is also Information and Action Programs Health - $24,700) extensive collaboration with organisa (for Department of the Environ 11. Sustainable transport with tions like CSIRO, Ansto, NSW state ment, Sports and Territories - Illawarra applications (for Healthy and local authority bodies, and other $34,800) Cities Illawarra - $3,000) universities, both in Australia and 3. Contribution to the preparation of 11. Strengthening of environmental overseas. Details are given in the a rehabilitation strategy for the courses at the University of Hanoi sections below. mined out areas on Nauru (for the (for AIDAB/EPA - $46,920) Australian International Develop 12. Assessment of community prefer Institute members have been and will continue to be widely involved in ment Assistance Bureau - $5,500) ences for water treatment options 4. Sedimentation studies associated and siting in the Illawarra (for community environmental activities with petroleum surveys in Viet Sydney Water Board - $63, 000). through membership of local environ nam (for BHP Petroleum). mental authorities, catchment man 5. Assessment of community prefer Seminar Series agement committees, natural history ences for St Georges Basin/Jervis The Institute arranged a series of groups, and interaction with local Bay Regional Effluent Manage seminars during 1993-4 to facilitate council activities. 12 INSTITUTES Institute for Molecular Recognition Co-ordinator: Professor Leon Kane-Maguire (tel 042 21 3509) HE INSTITUTE for Molecu lar Recognition (IMR) was officially launched at the University of Wollongong on 30T June 1994 by Professor Michael Pitman, the Chief Scientist to the Prime Minister. It brings together researchers with expertise across chemistry, molecular biology and materials engineering, giving it the capacity to focus on the full spectrum of molecular interactions from small to large macromolecules and their applications in industry and medi cine. The ability of small and large (macro) molecules to recognise and interact with one another lies at the heart of all chemical and biological activity, and has major implications in science and medicine. For example, recognition plays a crucial role in vital processes such as protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, DNA replication, the immune response, molecular trans port and drug action. A striking feature of many of these processes is the very high selectivity between the 'host' and 'guest' molecules. Molecu lar recognition, in turn, is a key element in research areas such as drug Institute Objectives • increase awareness in this area design and synthesis, disease preven through seminar programs and tion, biomaterials and analytical The major aims of the Institute are to: workshops. sensors. • nurture multi-disciplinary research in the field of molecular recognition A major challenge in science is and interaction Research Areas and Strategy therefore determining the factors • develop focused goals for funda The research interests of the Institute which control molecular recognition mental research aimed at under are concentrated in four major areas, and the exploitation of this knowl standing the basis of these namely: edge for chemical and biomedical interactions, and their application to Macromolecular Structure and applications. industry and medicine Function • provide unique postgraduate • Eye Lens Crystallin Proteins training bridging the areas of • Monoclonal Antibodies and Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Nucleid Acids Materials Science • Plant Proteins • foster strong linkages with industry and government organisations, both in Australia and overseas 13 INSTITUTES Separating drug precursors by chromatography Testing the behaviour of an intelligent polymer Overall, it constitutes an active grouping of over 100 research person nel, including 20 academic staff, 12 post-doctoral Fellows and 50 post graduate students, providing a bridge Macromolecules and Disease The core strategy of the Institute is to between the disciplines of Chemistry, • Mechanism of Human Cataract enhance the scope and impact of these Biology and Material Science. Formation current strengths by fostering in • Vaccine Development creased collaborative interaction The Institute is very well equipped for • Amplification for Enzyme-based between the various researchers, with its research role, possessing a wide Immunoassays the ultimate goal of developing teams range of state-of-the-art spectroscopic • Molecular and Genetic Analysis of with the capacity to address major tools for chemical and biochemical Microorganisms problems requiring a broad range of characterisation, including high field • Role of Receptors in Plasminogen research expertise. This should also NMR (300, 400 and 600 MHz), mass Activation during Cancer assist in achieving increased sponsor spectrometry (electrospray, FAB, Cl • Free Radicals and Damage to Host ship through strategic alliances with and high resolution), FTIR spectro Tissue pharmaceutical, biomedical and scopy, and circular dichroism. It also biotechnology industries. possesses excellent protein purifica Drug Synthesis and Ligand-Receptor tion (FPLC) and nucleic acid synthesis Interactions The Institute, through the develop facilities, monoclonal antibody and • Synthesis of Bioactive Hetero ment of these multi-skilled teams, recombinant DNA facilities, tissue cycles may also provide an effective vehicle culturing and biohazard laboratories, • Bioactive Natural Products for the delivery of innovative multi an auto-sampling flow cytometer and • Asymmetric Synthesis of Bioactive disciplinary postgraduate coursework advanced computer-aided molecular Molecules degrees in areas such as molecular modelling capabilities, as well as • DNA - Interactive Agents engineering. materials testing facilities. • Molecular Design of Receptor- specific Pharmaceuticals Institute Resources Institute Activities in 1994 Intelligent Polymers The Institute links and integrates the Several meetings of all members were • Intelligent Biomaterials complementary research activities of held during 1994 to discuss plans and • Biosensors three existing Research Centres at the special issues, but the activities were • Controlled Drug Release University of Wollongong: in general directed by the Co • Separation Technologies • Bioactive Molecules ordinating Committee as outlined in • Polymer Processing and Mechani • Biological Macromolecules the management structure. The cal Properties. • Intelligent Polymers. Management Committee is composed 14 INSTITUTES of the Director (Professor L Kane- Maguire), the Co-ordinator of each constituent Centre, the Heads of the Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (or their nominee), and the Dean of Science. The research activities of the Institute were largely carried out through the three constituent Research Centres Characterising identified above. Details of the proteins using specific research programs and the electrospray publications arising from them are spectrometry summarised elsewhere under the individual Research Centre Reports. Overall, members of the Institute for Molecular Recognition published some 90 papers in international journals in 1994 and were successful in attracting $2.75 M in external research funds, including $1,070,000 from the ARC and $238,000 from the As part of its strategy of nurturing not finally successful, the develop NHMRC. Our strong commitment to cross-disciplinary research, the ments outlined in the proposal will industrially relevant research is Institute provided seed-funding to form part of the Institute's on-going shown by Institute members holding allow the initiation of several promis research and teaching strategies. eight APRA (Industry) and two Large ing projects involving collaboration Collaborative ARC Grants, as well as between molecular biologists and Institute members continued during receiving very substantial direct protein chemists. A major proposal 1994 to further develop their already research funding (ca. $0.5 M) from was also developed through the strong links and collaboration with industry in 1994. Institute, together with members of industry and government organisa A successful Institute Seminar Series the recently formed Metabolic tions such as ANSTO. The Institute was inaugurated in the second half of Research Centre, for an ARC Key provided limited travel support to 1994, with visits and seminars by Centre for Teaching and Research for assist these important activities, and leading researchers in the area of Medicinal Biochemistry. This was will significantly increase such molecular recognition, including: ranked in the top 18 of 96 applications programs in 1995 with the aim of submitted Australia-wide. Although enhancing industry sponsorship. Professor Milton Hearn, Director of the Centre for Process Technology, Monash University, Associate Professor Robert Vagg, Molecular recognition between two compounds Macquarie University, Dr Joe Maeji, Head of Chemical Sciences, Chiron Mimotopes Ltd, Melbourne. The Institute also co-sponsored the Cell and Molecular Evening Seminar Series in the Department of Biological Sciences as well as some Seminars in Chemistry. Two well-attended Workshops were also held during the above visits on areas of general interest to Institute members, namely 'Proteins at Inter faces' (led by Professor M Hearn) and 'Chirality in Chemistry and Biology' (led by Associate Professor R Vagg). 15 INSTITUTES The Institute of Telecommunications Research Co-ordinator: Professor Hugh Bradloiv (tel 042 21 5919) development since 1989. CITR tween these groups by focusing on operates on a fully commercial basis problems where the solution requires and performs project management for the application of a wide range of the work of the Institute. CITR has skills. Examples are provided below undertaken a total of $15m worth of in the research highlights of the contracts to date with organisations Institute. such as Telecom Australia, OTC, Optus, Canon Nokia, Ericsson, Research Highlights Alcatel, NorTel, AW A, SITA and DSTO. Developing the information super highway The Institute for Telecommunications Research is co-located in the Illawarra The Institute initiated a program of Technology Centre (on the campus of work to address the provision of the University of Wollongong) with interactive multimedia services over the NorTel Technology Centre, Professor Hugh Bradlow broadband networks for application Telecom Australia's Advanced in education. The program of work is Applications Centre and Telstar being funded by Telecom Australia Systems (a systems development through their renewal of the contract subsidiary of Telecom Australia). This HE INSTITUTE of Telecom for the Telecommunications Software cluster of expertise has become a munications Research (TITR) Research Centre in 1994. News Ltd focus for world-class research in at the University of have also promised support through telecommunications. Wollongong is focused on access to their media archives. This providingT the technological and The Institute for Telecommunications work program is a good example of human infrastructure that will enable Research brings together a number of the synergy achieved by the establish Australia to capitalise on change in existing research centres and groups ment of the Institute. The develop the telecommunications industry. In within the University of Wollongong, ment of applications for the particular, TITR offers a multi namely: 'information superhighway' requires disciplinary approach to telecommu • The Switched Networks Research the ability to manipulate coded nications R&D and training, with Centre (SNRC) information and to switch it at high particular emphasis on the disciplines speeds while providing the end-users • The Telecommunications Software of telecommunication networks and with secure and intuitive access. The Research Centre (TSRC) services. This focus allows TITR to solution of these problems will • The Center for Computer Security provide an orientation of particular require expertise in high speed Research (CCSR) benefit to Australia, in that significant switching systems and protocols advances do not necessitate huge • Wireless technology group (ATM and Broadband-ISDN), tele investments. • Speech and image processing communication software systems, TITR, in conjunction with the Centre research groups computer and communications for Information Technology Research • Applied Statistics research group security and signal processing and coding. The work program accord (CITR), has a strong commitment to • Educational Interactive Multimedia ingly involves contributions from the partnership and collaboration with unit. industry. CITR, which is part of the Switched Networks Research Centre, Illawarra Technology Corporation It is important to note that while each the Telecommunications Software (the University of Wollongong's of the research groups described Research Centre, Center for Computer commercial arm), has been undertak above involves a specific discipline, Security Research and the Interactive ing industry-funded research and the Institute achieves synergy be Multimedia Unit in Education. D INSTITUTES The aim of the research being con ducted by TITR is to develop an 'information superhighway' which combines the freedom and openness of the Internet, while at the same time offering the management, security and protection that is expected of a telecommunications network. This 'best of both worlds' approach will yield a system that will provide opportunities for small Australian content providers and technology developers, and at the same time protect their Intellectual Property. A key part of the research strategy involves the use of Telecom Austral ia's Wollongong Optical Fibre Trial as a 'live laboratory' for the testing of new services with real customers. The Optical Fibre Trial currently connects 200 homes, businesses and schools Multimedia developers Stephen Rojan and Karen Taylor and will enable the distribution of interactive broadband services. The research program involves tion and hashing. Researchers have millions of people worldwide, has developing multimedia protocols, shown how to use so-called bent grown up as a collection of independ software tools and applications with a functions to construct S-boxes with ent co-operating networks. While this specific emphasis on the provision of requested cryptographic properties. format has worked well for the applications for education. At the academic and research community, Research has also been conducted on same time the research encompasses the Kuperee server which is used to the technological basis of the network the security issues relating to multi- (specifically the IP protocol and provide authentication services in a media and interactive networked network structure) is deemed inad distributed system. Unlike previous information. The systems to manage equate for the future network growth server-based solutions, Kuperee services and connectivity are also and the increasingly commercial employs a public key cryptosystem addressed as part of the work requirements of the 'Net'. Accord which provides authentication program and build on the work ingly research groups worldwide are through the intermediary of the previously performed by the Telecom addressing the network structures server, while retaining the ability for munications Software Research clients to perform one-to-one authen that will support the style of service Centre on the Telecommunications that has become associated with the tications themselves. Currently the Information Network Architecture research effort is directed towards Internet - specifically transaction (TINA). based services (such as e-mail) and using replication of the server to interactive information services (such increase performance while reducing Securing the superhighway as the World Wide Web). the risks associated with attacks to the The provision of networked informa servers. Other work covered by the The Institute for Telecommunications tion and software creates numerous Centre for Computer Security Re Research is using its existing expertise security problems - users need to be search has addressed security threats in Broadband ISDN and ATM (Asyn authenticated, data and transmissions within mobile computing environ chronous Transfer Mode) technology must be kept private, intruders must ments; the theory of authentication to pursue research projects related to be prevented from entering unauthor codes and automated verification of the future network architectures. In ised areas, etc. The Centre for Compu cryptographic protocols; and the particular, it is generally anticipated ter Security Research has been analysis of hashing algorithms and that the network technology will addressing a number of problems the design of group-oriented crypto rapidly migrate to ATM networks relevant to these issues. systems. which are capable of supporting all In particular it has been looking at the traffic types and can be used for both Designing the Internet of the future design of secure cryptographic local and wide area networks. ATM algorithms for authentication, encryp The Internet, which connects many networks, while they have reached a 17 INSTITUTES significant level of maturity, are still Internet. Due to this delay, it has been services over the telephone often is evolving and their use for these types extremely difficult to control conges considerably enhanced if the user can of application leaves many problems tion in high speed ATM networks. talk to the computer as opposed to to be addressed. The discovery that the traffic level is typing in digits. The Institute has been predictable up to hundreds of milli undertaking research, funded by In particular, the efficient use of ATM seconds is a significant result as it will Telstra Corporation, for the develop networks for bursty traffic (which is potentially enable congestion control ment of a Connected Digit Recogni typical of the transactional data devices such as the RAP to predict the tion system to be used over the services being considered) requires onset of congestion and to take telephone network. A system with a effective mechanisms to control 13 word vocabulary (the digits 0-9, congestion. ATM relies on statistical corrective action to prevent it. This Oh, double and triple) was developed multiplexing of multiple traffic will lead to significantly more reliable which achieved a high level of streams on to shared resources such and efficient networks. accuracy irrespective of the speaker as transmission links and switches. In addition to the resource and traffic (the string recognition rate has been Congestion control is most needed in management issues, the provision of proved to be greater than 96% and the those situations where the peak traffic Internet services over ATM creates work level accuracy is greater than demand for a given service is a large significant protocol design problems, 98%). fraction (more than a few percent) of particularly when interconnection the total resource availability. This is with 'legacy' networks must be taken In addition to being able to recognise as true for large enterprise LANs into account. While most people speech it is important to have the providing bandwidth-intensive anticipate a strong trend towards all- ability to compress it — this enables multimedia services as for the lower ATM networks, the reality is that speech to be transmitted efficiently bandwidth tails of the network which most networks today use current across bandwidth constrained chan are often all that is available for LAN and Router technology. It is thus nels such as those provided by mobile customer access. The Switched vital to design the protocol stack of and satellite systems, or to be stored Networks Research Centre is cur the future to work effectively over an efficiently on a computer's disk. The rently developing a special adjunct to all-ATM network, but still be capable Institute has been conducting research an ATM switch (called the Resource of inter-working with 'legacy' net into speech coding which has been Adjunct Processor or RAP) which will works. Current approaches have concentrated in two areas: optimise the performance of ATM tended to focus on the latter problem (i) A team funded through the switches and links in the presence of and consequently adopt an incremen Federal Government's GIRD high demand multimedia applica tal approach to Internet design. The scheme has been developing low- tions. The RAP, which can be used Switched Networks Research Centre rate IMBE coders for Inmarsat with any ATM switch, prevents the has proposed, and is investigating, an and integrated coders for well known congestion problem of alternative approach which we have Vodafone. cell loss multiplication and is capable termed TCP/ATM, whereby the of implementing the congestion (ii) Longer-term research work has current IP protocol layer is eliminated control algorithms currently being been conducted on a new tech entirely with a view to the fact that it standardised within the ATM Forum. nique known as Prototype is redundant in an all-ATM network Waveform coding. The primary While the RAP addresses current and thus would create unnecessary aims of the research are to reduce issues, the Switched Networks administrative and management the codec complexity and to Research Centre (SNRC) has also complications. It is proposed to achieve consistent coding quality identified the opportunity for further achieve inter-working with legacy IP for a wide variety of speakers. improvements to congestion control networks through the use of special This work (funded through a in the future. It has been recognised in gateways which will perform protocol small ARC grant) has led to the research laboratories around the and address translation. Key issues implementation of a new class of world that the traffic that is generated that are currently being investigated coders operating at approxi on Local Area Networks (and hence are the address translation, routing mately 2.4kb/s. the Internet) is fractal, or self-similar, and signalling to make such inter in nature and thus displays a high working possible. In addition, the Image coding degree of correlation. SNRC's re functionality that would be per The Institute has been undertaking search has shown that the traffic formed by the gateway and the image coding research which has correlations can be predicted up to a resulting performance constraints are concentrated on coding techniques for few hundred milliseconds. This is of also being addressed. reducing the enormous bandwidths the same order as the propagation normally required for image and Speech compression and recognition delay experienced by signals which video communications. Work is traverse large networks such as the The provision of advanced new underway to develop transform coding 18 INSTITUTES techniques which will meet internation environments is being addressed munications Software Research ally specified requirements. • Simon Fraser University in Canada Centre. - collaboration is continuing on the Two research thrusts are being Dr Peter White, Canon Inc, $143,000: undertaken: sub-band /wavelet interactive multimedia applications Wireless local area networks. coding of images and vector quantisa in education The total value of the new grant tion (VQ). A generic quantisation and • Queen's University in Canada - income awarded in 1994 was $3.53 encoding method suitable for any collaboration on computer and million. communications security sub-band analysis has been devel Conference committees oped. This generic quantisation and • University of Athens and Technical • The Centre for Computer Security encoding method is a generalisation University of Athens in Greece - Research organised Asiacrypt '94 collaboration on computer and of the JPEG baseline sequential coder. Conference in Wollongong. More communications security. A novel method of exploiting the than 120 participants from all over the world attended. Professor inter-block correlation inherent in Recognition and publicity partitioned images has been devel Jennifer Seberry was General Chair oped for use in vector quantisation Grants received of the Organising Committee and based image encoders. The improve The following ARC grants were Associate Professor J Pieprzyk was ment afforded by this technique at received: Program Chair. low bit rates (less than 0.4 bit per Professor J Seberry (with the Univer • Professor Hugh Bradlow was on the pixel) is about 3dB (peak signal to sity of Queensland), Large ARC Grant Organising Committee of the noise ratio (PSNR)) on the average. $170,000: Access schemes using ATNAC '94 Conference. The method has been successfully combinatorial designs. Invited speakers applied to image adaptive VQ, Associate Professor J Pieprzyk and Dr Professors Anido, Bradlow and universal codebook VQ and tree R Safavi-Naini, Large ARC Grant Seberry presented invited papers at a structured VQ. Further work is being $160,000: Group-oriented cryptography. number of conferences during the carried out in its application to image Professor G Anido and Professor H year, as did Ms Robin Lindley (a total sequences. Bradlow, Collaborative ARC Grant of eight papers). The problem of enhancing noisy $540,000: Design, analysis and Journal editors images arising from medical imaging implementation of an ATM virtual- is also being addressed by the image ring LAN. • Professor Gary Anido was ap coding group. The use of non-linear In addition, CITR secured the follow pointed editor of a special issue of filtering techniques is being studied in ing commercial R&D contracts which the Telecommunications Journal of this regard. involved members of the Institute: Australia to be released in 1995 Dr Peter White, Vodafone Australia • Professor Jennifer Seberry was International and other collaborations Pty Ltd, $980,000: Polarisation appointed to the editorial board of TITR has been establishing interna diversity antennas. the Springer-Verlag journal entitled tional collaborations with universities Professor G Anido and Professor H Journal of Universal Computing (to be around the globe. The list includes: Bradlow, Vodafone Australia Pty Ltd, published on CD-ROM) • Stellenbosch University in South $650,000: Network modelling software. • Dr Rei Safavi-Naini was appointed Africa - collaboration involving Professor H Bradlow, Dr P Beadle, to the Editorial Board of Computer network performance modelling Professor G Anido, Dr R Safavi-Naini, Security Reviews. and distributed programming Telecom Australia, $900,000: Telecom 19 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Major increase in equipment infrastructure a stimulus to research Surface engineering, iron and steel processing and interface engineering the areas of most marked growth Advanced Materials and Surface Engineering Co-ordinator: Professor Druce Dunne (tel 042 21 3012) HE YEAR saw rapid growth wave and surface engineering equip Materials and Surface Engineer of the Advanced Materials ment ($11 Ok; Samandi) and a contact- ing Program was established, and Surface Engineering angle goniometer ($38k; Spinks) and state-of-the-art plasma process Research Program and the provided the lever for a NSW State ing and tribological laboratories T formulation of plans for regroupingGovernment grant of $200k for a high- for surface engineering research activities in 1995 to facilitate the quench-rate dilatometer (Dunne). have been established. A strong development of interdisciplinary team has been formed, led by Dr Further IEFP success by Professor interaction within an Institute. Masoud Samandi and currently Dou - $300k for equipment to serve consisting of 14 academic and There was a major increase in the the interests of the super-conductivity research staff and research available equipment infrastructure and electronic materials centre - will students. Research activity through successful applications for also have general applicability to embraces a balanced portfolio of funding from internal and external continuing materials research activities. strategic and applied research of sources. In particular, the Infrastruc The CRC for Materials Welding and direct relevance and importance ture Equipment and Facilities Pro to manufacturing industry. The gram (formerly Mechanism C) Joining has been a major stimulus for plasma processing and tribo provided funding for wear-testing the research activities of the Program, logical laboratories are unique equipment ($100k; Samandi, Chandra with total funding for projects and assets in Australia, on a par with and Spinks); a 28 GHz gyrotron equipment during 1994 in the vicinity microwave system ($455k; Siores, of $800k. Driven by ARC, CRC and Paoloni, Rozgonyi, Dunne and industrial funding, the Program Samandi) and a scanning probe moved forward strongly in the project areas of rapid solidification and A postgraduate student in the Depart microscope ($277k; Spinks, Dunne). In ment of Materials Engineering, Mr nanocrystalline materials; surface addition, the CRC for Materials Prosjenit Basu is at work on the contact- Welding and Joining granted capital engineering; iron and steel processing; angle goniometer equipment funds to purchase micro- microwave processing of materials; extractive metallurgy; and interface engineering. The three areas in which the most marked growth has occurred are M embers surface engineering, iron and steel processing and interface engineering Associate Professor T Chandra, and it is planned that these areas will Associate Professor G Delamore, be key activities in the rationalisation Professor N Kennon, Ms S of materials research within two Nightingale, Dr M Samandi, Institutes now being developed. Dr G Brooks, Dr G Spinks Since 1988, when the Advanced 20 RESEARCH PROGRAMS the best available in the world, and provide an excellent platform from which to launch multi-disciplinary research both inside and outside the University. The surface engineering research program is strongly supported by industry, particularly BHP and other local firms. Strategic links with BHP, especially the Sheet and Coil Products Division, have been significantly strengthened by the development of joint research projects to exploit the advantages of surface engineering both as an enabling technology and, perhaps more importantly, as a core technology. The relationship with BHP, both directly and through the CRC for Materials Welding and Joining, has been pivotal in attracting research funds, quality students and access to sophisticated analytical This highly complex Filtered Arc Deposition System (FADS) was designed, constructed facilities. and commissioned, under the direction of Dr Masoud Samandi, by the technical staff of the Department of Materials Engineering. FADS utilises a vacuum arc for deposition Associate Professor Chandra and of a range of advanced coatings such as refractory metals, transition metal nitrides and Professor Dunne have a strong carbides and alloy coatings commitment to the iron and steel processing area, which involves 13 academic staff, post-doctoral fellows clarify the effect of rolling variables. coated substrates. This research has and postgraduate students. Hot This activity is well supported by a particular relevance to areas such as rolling, one of the main topics being hot uniaxial compression testing the use of adhesives for structural addressed by this research group, is a machine, a recently commissioned bonding of metals and the adherence complex thermomechanical process 100-tonne Hille hot and cold rolling and stability of paint coatings on sheet ing operation, involving deformation mill and the high quench rate dilato- metals. and softening of the steel at elevated meter. The main projects in this group Interface engineering research is being temperatures in a schedule of rolling are funded by the CRC for Materials supported through both CRC-funded reduction passes referred to as the Welding and Joining, ARC-Collabora- projects and collaboration with BHP roughing, intermediate and finishing tive and APA-Industry grants with Sheet and Coil Products Division, stages. BHP Slab and Plate Products Division and Bisalloy Steels as the industrial which has a strategic interest in the Pass reduction, interpass hold time, collaborators. adhesive bonding and paint finishing plate temperature, composition and of coated sheet steels. structure interact to determine the hot Interface engineering is a general term Another outgrowth of the Program reliability. Structure developed which addresses the properties of the during 1995, stimulated by interaction during finishing and on cooling transition zone between joined or with the Illawarra Technology Centre determines the mechanical properties connected materials. A major research (ITC), has been the development of a exhibited by the steel at ambient effort is being mounted on the melt processing/extractive metallurgy temperatures. Use of appropriate interphase zone in polymer-metal interest involving Dr Geoff Brooks, processing conditions is all-important systems, under the direction of Dr Professor Howard Worner and in determining steel quality and the Geoff Spinks. In this case, the metal substrate is connected to a polymer Sharon Nightingale. Research areas cost-effectiveness of the hot rolling layer by adsorption or curing. The being developed include modelling of process. interface has been shown to be critical extractive processes, waste destruc Projects within this stream involve to the performance of many industri tion by molten bath smelting, iron and either laboratory hot rolling investiga ally important polymer-metal sys steelmaking by DC arc furnace and tions or hot rolling simulation using tems, including structural adhesive wear and erosion of industrial uniaxial hot compression testing to joints, reinforced composites and refractories. 21 RESEARCH PROGRAMS High-performance local and wide-area networks Multimedia communications and collaborative workplaces Image coding, speech coding and speech recognition Advanced Telecommunications Co-ordinator: Professor Gary Anido (tel 042 21 3065) HE ADVANCED Telecom of ten refereed journal papers, 12 contract with AWA was finalised and munications Research international conference papers and this supports two leading-edge Program is focused on 15 national conference papers were projects in high-performance local- technology that will enable published. Fourteen PhD and eight area network design. A $160,000 tomorrow'sT systems to be effective in ME (Hons) research students are research agreement with the Defence terms of both cost and performance. engaged in telecommunications Science and Technology Organisation The Program has nine academic staff research activities, supervised by (DSTO) was established towards the members involved in four main members of the Program. Since 1989, end of 1993 to study the use of research themes: transmission and nine PhD and 18 Honours Masters Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switching technologies, multimedia students have graduated from the technologies for defence purposes. In communications; speech compression Program. 1994 the Large ARC Collaborative and recognition; and image and video Grant mentioned earlier, the competi coding and processing. To encourage further collaborative tive grants from ATERB and an telecommunications research across industrial contract with Vodafone The Program had a highly successful the University, an Institute of Tele were won on the basis of projects year. External support was strong communications Research was being undertaken by researchers in with $1,350,00 in new funding being established in early 1994. Based on the the Program. won in 1994. This respresents some Advanced Telecommunications $770,000 in external funding, together Research Program, this incorporates These grants and research contracts with $603,200 of competitive funding some of the activities of the Telecom have enabled the Program to establish from the Australian Research Council munications Software Research a laboratory in which inter-operability (ARC) and ATERB. In addition, a Centre and the Computer and Com studies involving emerging network Large ARC Collaborative Grant of munications Security Centre. Its ing technologies may be undertaken. $540,000 was awarded for 1995 vision is the development of the The Program performs research into involving BNR (Australia) as the network and customer-premises the design and performance of industrial project collaborator. A total technologies needed to support advanced telecommunications advanced telecommunications networks and services such as ISDN, applications. Broadband ISDN and Intelligent Networks. An important research M embers Telecom Australia Centre of topic currently being investigated by the Program is the use of a technique Professor Hugh Bradlow, Associ Excellence known as Intelligent Burst Multi ate Professor Joe Chicharo, The Advanced Telecommunications plexing for handling high-speed Research Program was formally Associate Professor Frank Paoloni, bursty data in ATM networks. established in May 1990 as a Telecom Dr Phillip Ogunbona, Dr Peter Currently, the Program includes ten Australia Centre of Excellence with research students, one postdoctoral Beadle, Dr Ara Samoulien, Dr Ian over a million dollars of funding. In researcher, and four academic staff. Burnett, Mr Tony Eyers, Mr David March 1992 the Program's funding base was expanded with a half- The Program is now seen as Austral Atkinson, Mr David Rowe, million-dollar grant from Ericsson ia's premier site for advanced net Mr John Kostogiannis Australia. In 1993 a $650,000 research works research work (The Australian, RESEARCH PROGRAMS Researchers from left are Associate Professor Frank Paoloni, Dr Philip Ogunbona, Associate Professor Joe Chicaro, Professor Gary Anido (Director), Mr David Atkinso and Dr Peter Beadle taken was responsible for the winning 11 October 1993). This reputation has Switching and Services Symposium. of a $120,000 research contract from been enhanced as a result of the The Program forms the backbone of the Defence Science and Technology Program's recent acquisition of a Syn- the new Institute for Telecommunica Organisation (DSTO) to study multi- Optics ATM Switch. As such, the tions Research. media technologies for defence Program is the first site in the South Researchers: G / Anido and H S Bradlow purposes. A competitive grant from ern Hemisphere to have an ATM (Directors), P Beadle, J Chicharo, D ATERB was also won. In July of this Research Laboratory capable of Atkinson, B Banh, M Butler (UTS), S year the Program hosted the Third undertaking internetworking experi Duigud, E Dutkiewicz, A Eyers, I Kerekes, Australian Multi-Media Communica ments with multi-vendor ATM } Lawrence and P Vial tions Applications and Technology switches. Within the Program's ATM Workshop. Laboratory researchers are currently Multimedia communications developing high bandwidth distrib Over the next five years telecommuni uted information servers capable of Multimedia communications research cations services will make increasing supporting multimedia education and activities include the development of use of video and imagery. The trend information services for distribution suitable architectures for Customer towards multimedia applications, over the emerging Information Premises Equipment (CPE) to suit graphical computer-aided design Superhighway. The prototype services multimedia applications over broad systems, high-resolution desktop and servers are expected to be field band networks, and the implications publishing and so on will make the tested in 1995 via Telecom Australia's of such applications on the perform development of efficient visual and Optical Fibre Network which was ance of broadband networks. The image-data-compression techniques deployed in Wollongong in 1993. multimedia applications being imperative. studied and developed as part of The work of the research team has Researchers: P Beadle, W Musangeya and these activities are shared (or collabo JJudge received wide national and interna rative) document preparation envi tional recognition. The Program ronments and multimedia databases hosted the 1993 Australian Confer (such as imaging databases). ence on Telecommunications Software and the 1993 Australian Broadband The multimedia work being under ► 23 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Voice coding Voice coding activities have focused on the development of low bit rate coders for use in mobile communica tions systems, spread spectrum techniques for mobile radio systems and the design and analysis of intelligent speech and a novel Digital Audio Power Amplifier based on the use of DSP techniques. Funding for the low rate-coding activities has come from a $300,000 GIRD grant, won in 1994 in conjunction with the University of South Australia. Coding of wideband audio signals is an area of great interest, particularly with the possibility for transmission via networks such as ISDN. The research activity has mainly been concerned with the Optimum Coding in Frequency coder (OCF) and the forthcoming international ISO/IEC standard MPEG/Audio, both utilising psychoacoustic weighting to mask the noise. Researchers: I Burnett, D Rowe, P Seeker, J Kostoganiannis and J Whitehall Image coding The image coding research has concentrated on coding techniques for Seen here with Australia's first ATM switch is Peter Beadle reducing the enormous bandwidths normally required for image and video communications. Work is under way to develop transform coding techniques which will meet interna has been successfully applied to Research projects with industry tionally specified requirements. image adaptive VQ, universal code The Advanced Telecommunications book VQ and tree-structured VQ. Two research thrusts are being Research Program has been working Further work is being carried out in undertaken: subband/wavelet coding closely with industry. Co-operative its application to image sequences. of images and vector quantisation projects include: (VQ). A generic quantisation and The problem of enhancing noisy • Mobile network optimisation encoding method suitable for any images arising from medical imaging sponsored by Vodafone. subband analysis has been developed. is also being addressed by the image • Research contracts with Telecom for This generic quantisation and encod coding group. The use of non-linear switched networks and image ing method is a generalisation of the filtering techniques is being studied. coding. • ISDN signalling network research JPEG baseline sequential coder. A Researchers: F ] Paoloni, P Ogunbona and ] sponsored by Ericsson Australia. novel method of exploiting the inter F Chicharo block correlation inherent in parti • Fligh-speed local-area network tioned images has been developed for design for AWA Communications. use in vector quantisation based • ATM and multimedia technologies image encoders. The improvement for DSTO. afforded by this technique at low bit • GIRD grants for speech coding and rates (less than 0.4 bit per pixel) is transmission. about 3dB - peak signal to noise ratio • Image processing and reconstruc (PSNR) - on the average. The method tion with BHP Engineering. 24 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Complementary methodologies: cognitive psychology, psychophysiology and field studies 'A blend of expertise' Applied Cognitive Sciences Co-ordinators: Professor William Lovegrove (tel 042 21 3903) a n d Dr Steven Avons (tel 042 21 3156) HE AIMS of the Applied response to various acute stressors dyslexia has continued to attract Cognitive Sciences Research experienced during competition. The world attention. Professor Lovegrove Program are to develop pure implication of this work is the ability presented an invited address to the research in cognitive psy to predict the athletes' preferred ways combined meeting of the New York T of interpreting and reacting to acute Orton Society and the National chology and psychophysiology, and to combine these two approaches to stress, then develop more effective Dyslexia Research Foundation. With facilitate the development of more stress management strategies that Karen Pepper, he has continued his effective applications of psychology combat poor coping skills and ARC-funded research on the possible within these areas. The Program enhance performance. Both adult and remedial implications of their previ represents a blend of expertise in at child versions of these inventories are ous finding that while normal readers least three complementary method being developed. Improving the read best when text is presented in a ologies (Cognitive Psychology, coping skills of child athletes will not whole line format, this is the condi Psychophysiology and Field Studies) only reduce stress but lead to reduced tion which is most difficult for across several content areas. Perhaps dropout rates in youth sport. dyslexics. Kristen Pammer has the most rewarding aspect of the worked with him on a project aimed Dr S Avons left the University to take Program's activities in 1994 was the at determining the neural basis of the a position at the University of Essex. successful completion of higher effect of wavelength on reading Dr S Roodenrys joined the Program degrees by students working with the disability. He, Dr S Avons, Agnes Au from York University. His major staff of the Program. Elizabeth and Christopher Wragg have contin research interest is in the area of Conlon, Stephen Dawson, Amirkh- ued to collect data on an ARC-funded working memory and he is particu ibani Kholiamani and Mohammad project investigating the hypothesis larly interested in aspects of verbal VaezMousavi all completed PhDs and that dyslexics may have problems short-term recall tasks and the Jim McKee completed his MSc (Hons). processing rapidly presented stimuli possibility of linking the research in in both vision and audition. This Associate Professor Anshel has been this field to that of speech perception extends their previous work on visual examining the coping process in and production. He received small information processing. In addition it sport. In particular, he is generating ARC funding for 1995 for a project in provides a theoretical framework inventories concerning coping style this area looking at the influence of which may help reconcile much and appraisal style in the athlete's long-term phonological representa previous and apparently unrelated tions on short-term recall tasks. He work on vision and phonological also has an interest in research on processing in dyslexia. executive aspects of working memory, Members in normal subjects and children with a During 1994 the Cognitive Neuro science Laboratory received substan Associate Professor Mark range of psychological disorders. He will work with Professor Lovegrove tial funding through a major ARC Anshel, Professor Robert Barry, and Dr Wragg on both dyslexia and Infrastructure grant to Professor Barry Dr Eugene Chekaluk, Dr Eliza attention deficit hyperactivity disor and a colleague at Westmead Hospital beth Conlon, Dr Allison Fox, Dr ders (ADHD). (University of Sydney). This will eventually allow the laboratory to run The work of Professor Lovegrove and Steven Roodenrys, Dr Jeffrey simultaneously two subject booths, his students on various aspects of Wragg each equipped to collect up to 24 25 RESEARCH PROGRAMS □ nTD CD 0 BB0 Ms Alison Fox and PhD student Brian Corless with an EEG recording of human brain activity 26 RESEARCH PROGRAMS channels of EEG and event-related support will be software development to social drinkers', continued her potentials, and up to another eight to bring the different paradigms used collaboration with the National Drug channels of physiological data from a by different researchers together. An and Alcohol Research Centre as human subject. The time-locked immediate outcome of this was the Honorary Research Fellow and nature of the recorded data will allow linking of Professor Lovegrove and Dr contributed to a symposium organ a significant extension of the range of Wragg with Professor Barry and Dr ised by NDARC which was part of the psychophysiological investigations of Fox in a new project on Attention recent Australian Psychology Society cognitive processing. Deficit Disorders (ADHD). This Conference held at Wollongong in brings Professor Lovegrove's back September. A video of the symposium Professor Barry continued his devel ground in visual disorders and 'Psychological consequences of drug opment of a theory relating such reading and Dr Wragg's interests in use' is available through the Austral physiological indices to the processes diagnosis and remediation of chil ian Psychological Society test library. involved in information processing in dren's learning difficulties together The data reported indicate that there both normals and psychiatric groups, with Professor Barry's and Dr Fox's are two distinct types of cognitive and this has been taken up by a expertise in the physiological aspects impairments in patients seeking number of research students. For of cognitive functioning. It is expected treatment for alcohol dependence, example, at Westmead Hospital, that this project will develop during namely an organisational impairment Ashmi Sawant continued her MA 1995 to the stage where external and a visuo-spatial impairment and (Hons) research, under his supervi funding can be sought for a substan discussed the implications of these sion, linking electrodermal and EEG tial program of research in this area. findings to understanding the measures of state in simple habitua etiology of cognitive deficits as well as tion paradigms. Kerrie Wilde contin Other collaborative research links to the development of appropriate ued her PhD research investigating have been recently established to cognitive remediation programs. Her children's cardiac and electrodermal extend the research of other members research with heavy social drinkers functioning in an outdoor adventure of the program to include psycho- from the community suggests that context at Broken Bay Sport and physiological measures. Dr Fox, Dr there may be subtle changes to Recreation Centre. Mohammad Roodenrys and Ms Pena have devel complex memory organisation which VaezMousavi completed his PhD oped a project to examine electro- can be detected using sensitive thesis on the event-related potential physiological correlates of reading psychophysiological techniques. correlates of skilled performance of skill. Dr Roodenrys, Dr Fox and Ms Current research projects include the type involved in such activities as Murphy are also collaborating on a investigating the nature of organisa pistol-shooting. project which will examine event- tional impairments in heavy social related potential indices of working Another infrastructure grant was drinkers with Ms Bresnahan, develop memory. Professor Barry, Dr Fox, Dr obtained from the university for the ment of a cognitive retraining pro Heaven and Mr Bruggeman are whole Research Group. This aimed to gram in severely dependent problem working on a project examining foster the integration of psycho- drinkers with Ms Sim at Kedesh psychophysiological indices of physiological measures, as used by House, examination of ERP correlates personality attributes. Professor Barry and Dr Allison Fox, of visual attention with Mr Lethbridge and available in the developing Dr Allison Fox, as well as being and visual evoked potential correlates Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, awarded her PhD entitled 'Working of the sustained/transient system into the research activities of others in memory: Validation of event-related with Professor Lovegrove and the group. The major thrust of this potential indices and their application Ms Thomas. 27 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Modelling as a powerful tool for understanding past experience, unravelling current trends and designing a better economic future Applied Economic Modelling Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Tran Van Hoa (tel 042 21 3659) HE PROMOTION of world concentrated on two objectives: to Foreign investment and eco trade and economic growth develop economic, econometric and nomics training in Vietnam has been a primary objective statistical modelling methodologies, Associate Professor Tran Van Hoa of the majority of highly and to explore ways and areas in started economics research and developed and newly developing which these methodologies can be training work on the Asian economies countries in the past few years. More used in practical and applied eco early in the 1980s. Since then he has prominent activities in this area which nomic studies to assist policy makers directed his investigation into coun are well known to most people in both developed and developing tries such as Thailand and Vietnam. through the mass media are the GATT economies. Currently he is looking at the impact negotiations and APEC forums. During 1994, the Research Program's of energy consumption on economic Unknown to most people, however, is members worked on nine projects development and, with the support perhaps the fact that these interna covering a wide range of economics from the Ministry of Industry and the tional negotiations and multi-country research, training and consulting Economic Modelling and Forecasting forums are based on trade and activity in several major countries. Program at Chulalongkorn University economic forecasts as well as on The activity includes modelling in Thailand, at the issue of sectoral favourable development scenarios - foreign investment in Vietnam and growth in the the non-oil industry made by economic modellers from training in applied economic model there. Preliminary results were existing data and past experience - to ling for Vietnamese officials (Tran presented at a Ministry of Industry help policy-makers identify trends Van Hoa); modelling the impact of workshop in Chiengmai, Thailand, in and directions in world economies. financial and trade liberation and October. The University's Applied Economic resource production on the macro Modelling Research Program started economy (Harvie, Tran Van Hoa, and Tran Van Hoa is also chief investiga in 1991 under the co-ordinatorship of others); foreign investment and trade tor in an ARC collaborative research Associate Professor Tran Van Hoa in flows in East Asian and Asia-Pacific grant to work with the Research the Department of Economics. It has countries (Suh); trade in labour Institute for Foreign Economic services (Chowdhury); pass-through Relations, Ministry of Trade, in analysis for small countries such as Vietnam during the triennium 1995- Australia (Webber); savings, invest 1997. His activities also include ment, productivity and growth training Vietnamese officials in the (Chaudhri and Wilson); investigation use of economic policy tools (for M embers into the persistence of the usury example, applied economic modelling Associate Professor D P Chaudhri, doctrine (Lee); and modelling the and information technology applica Dr K Chowdhury, Ms M Chowd- perennial crop sector, pricing policies tions) of Western economies and in the rice sector and efficiency in the participation in the Harvard Commit hury (PhD Student), Dr C Harvie, Sri Lankan stock market (Perera). A tee on Economics Education and Dr B Lee, Dr N Perera, Ms B separate project on the general theory Research in Vietnam Program at the Sootsukon (PhD Student), Dr C C of estimation and forecasting and its National Economics University in application to important economic Hanoi, to assist Vietnam in its mod Suh, Associate Professor Tran Van causal relationships was carried out ernisation process from a command to Hoa, Dr A Webber, Mr E Wilson by Associate Professor Tran Van Hoa. a free-market or mixed economy. 28 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Associate Professor Tran Van Hoa represented Wollongong University at the workshop on marketing education in Vietnam organised by DEET at Macquarie University. Thirtythree of Australia's 36 universities were represented at this workshop. Early in 1994, he was nominated by the Australian Academies of the Social Sciences and the Humanities to make a fact-finding tour of Vietnam to promote academic and cultural activity. During 1994, Tran Van Hoa visited, by invitation, the CEPII, Prime Minister's Office, France, to establish an Asia-Pacific link network, and to evaluate the international trade databank CHELEM developed by the CEPII for the EEC. Modelling other economies in Co-ordinator of the Program is Assoociate Professor Tran Van Hoa the Asia Pacific Dr Harvie has been researching and publishing widely in the area of modelling and then testing, using the thinking and operation of the energy policy modelling for Australia, Australian data, some important banking industry. Indonesia and the UK. Currently he is causal relationships between invest collaborating with Tran Van Hoa to ment and domestic savings, produc Development of new and useful investigate the effects of financial and tivity and investment growths, with econometric methodologies trade liberation (as well as privatisa or without neoclassical endogenous Associate Professor Tran Van Hoa is tion) and its sequencing upon the growth 'drivers', and overseas continuing his research into the macro-economy, especially in the borrowing and domestic investment. fundamentals of his internationally context of Australia and major Dr Perera's research projects are known new and improved 2SHI (two- developing economies in the region- directed towards an analysis of stage hierarchical information) notably Vietnam and China. Dr Suh, macro-economic problems in the methodology in the general theory of an expert on the Korean economy, is LDCs, in particular Asian countries, estimation and forecasting, and also compiling data to build a general using econometric models developed into its applications to important econometric model to determine the for those countries. The areas he micro and macro-economic problems. major determinants of foreign invest investigates are the perennial crop Using an error correction functional ment and its flows in the Asia-Pacific form (which has been developed by sector in the LDCs, pricing policy in region. Dr Chowdhury is investigat the London School of Economics and the rice sector, and efficiency in the ing trade in labour services in Bangla whose use is almost imperative in all Sri Lankan stock market. desh, a small and low-income country current modelling research in Europe) in the sense of the World Bank Are the banks too greedy? for private consumption and aggre ranking, and evaluating its effects on gate demand for money in Australia, the macro-economy. Dr Lee is investigating an important the 2SHI estimators were found to be current issue in financial studies, the far superior in terms of forecasting Dr Webber is concentrating on enormous profits currently being mean squared errors to all popular modelling trade value responses to made by banks and the wide differen existing statistical approaches used in the exchange rate, using mainly tial between the deposit and lending econometrics. The findings were Australian data. These responses are rates: are the banks too greedy? The reported at the Second Meeting of the measured both in the long run and in investigation utilises usury doctrine International Society for Bayesian a dynamic sense and include endog and the part played by economic Analysis (ISBA), organised by Chi enous import, non-rural export, theory in it. The findings from this cago University, in Toronto, Canada, values, volumes and pass-through. study will have significant impact on in August. Associate Professor Chaudhri and Mr Wilson continue their work on 29 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Rolling mill technology - automatic expert system Turbulent flow, bubble dynamics, fuzzy logic Intelligent manufacturing systems Applied Mechanics and Advanced Manufacturing Co-ordinator: Associate Professor A Kiet Tieu (tel 042 21 3061) he Research Program, information with practical knowledge the effects of turbulent flow in involving 13 member and experts' intelligence and key hydrodynamic journal bearings. researchers, six associate process variables upstream of the Sophisticated laser doppler anemom members and 18 PhD/ME rolling mill and machine condition in eters have been developed to measure Tstudents, has been collaborating withorder to optimise the quality of the velocities in small gaps in the vicinity local and national industries - among strip leaving the finishing mill. of 130 microns, a world first. A 2-D these BHP Steel SPPD and Coated anemometer is currently being tested. The dynamics and control of rolling Products Division, BHP Research, processes, tribology at the strip-roll BHP Engineering, MM Metals and Bubble dynamics: cavitation interface and vibration on rolling Pacific Power. In 1994 the program mills are important factors influencing and underwater explosions attracted over $220,000 from ARC strip quality. Lubrication, friction and W K Soh, J Best; students M Shervani, large grant, ARC Collaborative and wear at the interface can affect the PhD, A Karimi,PhD APRA (Industry) and $320,000 from dynamics of the strip and the quality industry. Members were active in The study of bubble dynamics is of hot and cold rolled strip. With the publication with two authored books, aimed at understanding the physics of assistance of BHP Steel SPPD, Stuart 36 journal contributions, 56 confer a pulsating cavity in a liquid. The Oiltech company, Henry and Jones ence papers and two reports. phenomenon relates to cavitation manufacturing shop and others, the problems and damage in hydraulic Rolling mill technology Hille experimental rolling mill has machinery, and to the mechanisms of been upgraded (at a cost of $115,000) damage resulting from underwater A K Tieu and students: S Wang, PhD, G with a tension control system which explosions. Experimental, theoretical D'Alessio, PhD, X Yao, PhD, S Luo ,ME consists of a coiler, uncoiler, and a and computational research have In the ARC collaborative project high-speed datalogger capturing all already led to formulation of descrip the key process variables such as 'Automatic Expert System in Hot tions of the thermodynamics proc Strip Rolling', the system can intelli rolling force and torque speeds. esses, with good comparison between gently integrate multiple-sensor Computer modelling of slab casting theory and experiment. will quantify the benefits of different cooling techniques, how the heat Natural convection in enclo sures using scale models M embers transfer affects the roll profile and hence the thickness profile of the P Cooper Professor M West, Professor G slabs. BHP Steel SPPD and CPD are Arndt, Dr W K Soh, Dr A Basu, Dr collaborating in these projects. The 'Natural Convection Laboratory' has been equipped with state-of-the- P Cooper, Dr G J Montagner, Dr X Tribology art particle tracking technology for D Fang, Dr D Saini, Dr T Chandra, measuring fluid flows in scale models A K Tieu and student: M Mackenzie,ME Dr R Rudziejewski, Associate of real life situations. Theoretical The ARC project 'Superlaminar Flow developments have continued Professor V Stewart, Mr R Dwight in Hydrodynamic Bearings' examines (through collaboration with research 30 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Flanked by colleagues, Co-ordinator of the Applied Mechanics and Advanced M anufacturing Program Associate Professor Kiet Tieu (fifth from left) and Mr Wally Cardillo (fourth from right and in the fin al year of his thesis in electrical engineering), form a background to the rolling mill fitted with Mr Cardillo's experimental tension control system ers at the University of Cambridge, Computational mechanics of scanning technique and magnetic Department of Applied Mathematics materials resonance imaging in 1996 from the and Theoretical Physics) that now M P West, A K Tieu, A Basu Canberra Australian Institute of allow the thermal stratification found Sports. in naturally ventilated buildings Advanced non-linear finite element containing point sources of heat to be method (FEM)(such as ABAQUS simply predicted. package) and 3-D Modelling (PATRAN) Welding and joining of materials software have been acquired for the Members have been actively involved Mechanical Engineering Department. with the Co-operative Research Solar air conditioning project This project seeks to develop FEM Centre (CRC) for Materials Welding P Cooper and J G Montagner analyses of material forming prob and Joining. In this area, several lems and of biomechanics applications. projects are currently undertaken: Using a commercial absorption refrigeration machine powered by the sun through solar hot water heaters a Flexible robotics manipulators Characterisation of gas metal demonstration solar air conditioning A Basu, X D Fang, students: M H arc ivelding plant has been commissioned. In 1995 Korayem (PhD completed), Y Fang A Basu, I S Kim, PhD and S the system performance will be moni (ME completed), C Schwartz, BE Moosavian, ME tored and improvements researched with a view to improving the cost- Contributions of this work are chiefly The following areas have been effectiveness of the technology. in the area of dynamics of flexible considered: manipulators using Lagrangian (i) Development of theoretical and equations of motion and a PC-based Jet ejector development project experimental models to character symbolic language Mathematica. ise Gas Metal Arc Welding P Cooper (GMAW) process in finding The objective is to develop an air Biomechanics empirical relations between input conditioning system based on the VJRS and output parameters. A Basu, F Risi,BE, and C Ballantine- (ii) Application of infrared thermo (Vapour Jet Refrigeration System) that Jones,BE is cost-effective and that can be pow graphy to measure temperature ered by waste heat. Currently Dr Work during the year was carried out distribution and isotherm radii. Cooper and PhD student Hassan Sharifi to develop mathematical and Finite (iii) Development of transient heat Bidgoli are engaged in the optimisation Element Modelling of the Musculo transfer model coupled with the of the ejector through experimental skeletal System. This modelling Navier-Stokes equations to simu work and Computational Fluid Dynam technique will be enhanced with late the heat flow and fluid flow in ics (CFD) modelling. information provided by an ultrasonic the Weld pool GMAW process and 31 RESEARCH PROGRAMS use of the PHOENICS package to CAD/CAM integration manufacturing, global concurrent calculate temperature distribution, M P West, D P Saini engineering, manufacturing in the velocity profile and weld bead Work has started with this project to 21st century, Holonic manufacturing geometry. explore concepts for open-systems systems, rapid product development, integration of computer and machine- and the systemisation of manufactur Microwave welding and joining tool architectures. The objectives are ing knowledge. The meeting recom mended that the full-scale ten-year A Basu, D Do Rego,PhD,} Spackman, BE to (i) Develop state-of-the-art CAD/ CAM facilities for the Manufacturing program (estimated at US $4bn) be A plasma jet device consists of a Research Laboratory (MRL); (ii) started at the beginning of 1995, with microwave chamber in which gas in a Explore digital/servo interface issues Australia taking on the chairmanship ceramic pipe is ionised by a plasma for the MRL robots; (iii) Develop during 1997 and 1998. arc. Two significant results are concepts for standardised integration achieved: (1) a stable plasma source, While on study leave during 1994, of multiple production elements and (2) an efficient cavity. Work in Professor Arndt, in addition to his under 486-PC host computer control. this area is expected to continue research into TQM implementation, throughout 1995. investigated IMS activities in the USA, Effect of micro structure on Germany and Japan, with all coun machinability and surface tries including Australia presently Metal transfer and droplet quality o f copper in HSLA steel preparing for this ten-year program. formation in gas metal arc welding T Chandra A study has been carried out to Technology transfer/asparagus M P West, W K Soh, D P Saini, J Lowke investigate the effect of heat treatment harvester (CSIRO), S Simpson (Univ of Sydney); conditions on the machining proper R Rudziejewski and CAMIA students L Sanders,PhD, H Ratto,ME ties of copper-bearing HSLA steel. It Development of the advanced proto This project has developed a MIG has established a link between the type of an automated selective welding experimental facility in the microstructure and mechanical asparagus harvester continued during Manufacturing Research Laboratory properties of heat-treated alloy. 1994. Significant improvements in to monitor metal transfer processes Machinability and surface quality of reliability were achieved with the via high speed film, electrical input the material at different conditions are modified prototype during field trials signals and arc acoustic signature. The being evaluated. at Jugiong, NSW towards the end of experimental visual images and the year. electrical signals will be used to verify Advanced diagnosis system for physical predictions of weld droplet machine condition monitoring The photograph supplied separately formation. Weld process models will be and process control shows the prototype harvester developed for use in control algorithms undergoing pre-field trial tests at the for autonomous welding systems. D Saini University of Wollongong. Both the machine and process condi tions are important factors in main Fuzzy logic and expert system Maintenance management and taining high productivity and quality systems engineering X D Fang, student: S Shivathaya,PhD, of manufactured products. Monitor visiting fellow: Y Zhang ing the process and machine condi R Dwight, D Saini, MP West and AK Tieu Dr X D Fang has successfully devel tion by A.E. technique has been oped a new algorithm for machine observed to have high sensitivity Post-graduate courses of maintenance condition monitoring by introducing towards changes in the cutting management attracted wide industry the concept of Fuzzy Feature-State process due to flank wear of the tool. support such as City Rail, Water Matrix for signal synthesis with the Board and Sydney Electricity. Profes support of a knowledge-based expert Intelligent manufacturing sor A Jardine from University of system. Other research activities systems Toronto Canada and Professor B include the development of an Blanchard from Virginia Tech Univer G Arndt applied fuzzy logic control strategy sity, USA, delivered lectures and for a drilling machine, robot provid The two-year IMS Feasibility Study of several seminars in Maintenance the Global IMS Program, in which ing more research facilities for Management and Systems Engineer postgraduate research, and fuzzy set Professor Arndt was a member of the ing (March and May 1994). As a result for optimal assignment of metallurgi International Steering Committee, of his active involvement, R Dwight was successfully completed in cal grade in BHP steel production. has been appointed Co-ordinator of January 1994. The feasibility study the Maintenance Management and was based on projects involving clean Systems Engineering programs. 32 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Modernisation in the Asia-Pacific region Economic processes and cultural, social and political implications Asia-Pacific Development Studies Co-ordinators: Dr Adrian Vickers (tel 042 21 3626) and Mr Tony Naughton (tel 042 21 3 3 77) HE ASIA-PACIFIC Develop (University of British Columbia), one Gail Graham is using an Action ment Studies Program is of the world's leading historians of Research approach to understanding concerned with interdiscipli Vietnam, who gave a seminar on Chinese perceptions of consumerism; Tnary approaches to moder current attempts in Vietnam to find Associate Professor D P Chaudhri is nity in the region. It particularly an historically relevant model of the demonstrating how Gunnhar concentrates on the economic proc state as the basis for economic reform. Myrdal's famous work on the political esses of modernisation and their economy of the region has proved to Professor A K Dasgupta (Otago interrelation to the cultural, social and be more accurate in its judgments University) furthered his collabora political implications of the idea of than prevailing IMF wisdom; and Dr tion with Program members, particu being modern. No other research Adrian Vickers is researching how larly Associate Professor Chaudhri, program in Australia has this combi Balinese views of modernity are on the social and political implica nation of disciplinary interests shaped by the mass media and the tions of major economic trends in the covering South-east Asia, East Asia, experience of rapid industrialisation. region. South Asia and the Pacific, particu The year saw increased post-graduate larly Melanesia. Dr Robert Norton (Macquarie Univer participation in the seminars. sity) provided a new analysis of the The year saw a dramatic re-organisa Associate Professor Chaudhri's political economy of ethnic relations tion of the Program with a change of research, which looks broadly at in Fiji, specifically looking at why Fiji Co-ordinators, new membership and aspects of trade and economic policy, has not had the major ethnic conflicts a redefinition of aims to sharpen our is being pursued in collaboration with experienced by other countries in the focus. Collaboration with the Centre Dr Ed Wilson, Dr Khorshed region. for Multicultural Studies was Chowdhury and Dr Chung-Suk Suh. strengthened, particularly through the Professor Shihung Chu (National Of particular value to their joint involvement of Dr Rochelle Ball in an Chiao-Tung University) visited the research is the further development of APEC consultancy with the Centre. Program in conjunction with his visit a data base on major economic trends to the Economics Department, as did in the region. Their research projects Visitors to the Program included Professor Wang Jue of the Central have already led to joint conference Professor Alexander Woodside Party School, Beijing. Professor Wang papers and publications, and more are is also a member of the Chinese in progress. They are all also pursuing People's Political Consultative individual projects on industrial Committee and President of the development in Korea, Bangladesh Members China Market Economy Society. and India. Dr R Ball, Dr H Beran, Associate During the year members gave Dr Vickers's research has received Professor D P Chaudhri, Dr K seminars on their research activities. initial ARC (Small) funding. This in Chowdhury, Dr A Cornish, Dr G Dr Stephen Reglar is currently turn has led to gaining an ARC Graham, Dr Li Tana, Dr S Reglar, following up his co-written book on (Large) Grant of $265,000 over three the Chinese Economy with a re- years to carry out his project in Dr P Sales, Dr C-S Suh, Dr G evaluation of why China's economic collaboration with colleagues at Waitt, Dr E Wilson, Professor E P position in the world economy Murdoch University, the School of Wolfers declined compared to Europe's; Dr Oriental and African Studies, London 33 RESEARCH PROGRAMS A number of conference papers, articles and working papers have been published by these Program members. Dr Rochelle Ball continued her work on labour migration and development in the Philippines and Hong Kong, further demonstrating the University's continued recognition as a force in Philippine Studies in Australia. Dr Gordon Waitt continued his work on Korean tourism to Australia. Dr Li Tana, a new staff member, has joined the Program, and her research on Vietnam's rice-trade in the 19th century promises to change current views of Vietnamese history. Consultancy and other external research grants included Dr Rochelle Ball's participation in an AIDAB- funded training scheme held at Macquarie University, Dr Adrian Vickers becoming a senior research advisor to a Ford Foundation Project on traditional gambuh theatre in Bali, and Dr Gordon Waitt's research, Photo-montage from Bali illustrating modernity in the Asia-Pacific region funded by the National Korean Studies Centre, on Korean Manufac turing. Various members of the Program participated in training and other consultancies run by the Centre for Maritime Studies. The Program's support of the Journal o f Contemporary Asia saw an interna tional conference of the journal being held at Wollongong. Although, with Dr Melanie Beresford's departure,the link has been broken, Dr Vickers was successful in having the journal RIMA (Review of Indonesian and Malaysian University, and Udayana University Other research activities of Program Affairs) co-published from the Pro in Bali. To quote the Vice-Chancellor, members included Dr Harry Beran's gram. the achievement of this grant is completion of a study on a Papua evidence of the success of the Pro New Guinea sculptor, which is due to The Program has embarked on a new gram. An initial collection of papers be published with assistance from the publishing venture, an electronic on the topic edited by Dr Vickers is in Program; Dr Andrew Cornish's on newsletter, the first issue of which press with the South-east Asian going research on development will feature commentaries by Dr Centre of Yale University. triangles in Southeast Asia; Dr Peter Cornish on Australia's aid budget and notes on Associate Professor Dr Vickers' project is a further Sales's research on political conflict in Chaudhuri's research. demonstration of the Program's the Philippines; and Professor E P networking with regional colleagues. Wolfers's continuation of his research Dr Vickers and Professor Wolfers Other links in the region include on constitutional change and electoral gave several radio and television collaborations with universities in administration in the Pacific, which interviews on tourist developments in Papua New Guinea, Thailand, has seen field visits to Fiji and Papua Bali and political events in Papua Taiwan, Korea, India and China. New Guinea. New Guinea respectively. 34 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Fire ecology : out-of-season burning Biodiversity and pollination biology Evolution of warm-bloodedness Australian Flora and Fauna Co-ordinator: Associate Professor David Ayre (tel 042 21 3440) HE AUSTRALIAN Flora and insect behaviour, endangered orchids, tions and the animal's physiological Fauna Research team natural marine antifouling com state. She also studies the interactions consists of a group of ten pounds, animals in stressful environ of hormones and reproductive Tacademic staff and more ments and the dispersal of sea squirts. behaviour in birds in both field and than 20 research students. Research laboratory settings. Australia's bird The Australian Flora and Fauna within the program focuses on the populations provide a great opportu Research Program logo combines biology of Australian animals and nity to carry out comparisons with symbols of the natural environment: plants and has traditionally had a separately evolved northern hemi eucalyptus trees, wallabies and strong emphasis on 'fieldwork'. sphere species. Lee collaborates on starfish, in an interconnected series of However, recent strengthening of this work with another recently arrows representing links between expertise in physiology and the appointed member of the Program, Dr organisms and ecosystems. adoption of molecular techniques for Bill Buttemer. population genetics studies has Paul Else is a University of Wollon increased involvement in laboratory gong graduate and has returned to the based investigations. Major areas of University after academic appoint study include evolution, physiology, ments at the University of Melbourne ecology and genetics. Systems studies and most recently at Deakin Univer include subtidal and intertidal sity. His interests are in the area of marine, freshwater streams, forest comparative cellular physiology, heathland and arid zones, and energy turnover and the evolution of industrial lands. warm-bloodedness in mammals and Previous Research Reports have birds. described studies in areas including Dr Else's appointment provides the opportunity to strengthen a long-term collaboration with Associate Professor Tony Hulbert. Their recent work has New staff and research shown that animals have membrane Members and Associate directions proteins (ie sodium pump) that use Members Two new staff joined the Program in more energy in mammals compared Dr Lee Astheimer, Dr Bill 1994. They were physiologists Dr Lee to the lower vertebrates but the Astheimer and Dr Paul Else. Lee number of these proteins is about the Buttemer, Dr Jim Campbell, Astheimer is a North American same and their composition is known Dr Andy Davis, Dr Paul Else, biologist and carried out her PhD to be similar. It would therefore Dr Kristine French, Dr Ross research at the University of Califor appear that changes in the fats nia, Davis. Her interests are focused Goldingay, Associate Professor associated with cell membranes, that on adaptations of the endocrine stress surround these proteins, during the Tony Hulbert, Professor Rob response in vertebrates, particularly evolution of endothermy has allowed Whelan in relation to environmental condi the same proteins to work up to four 35 RESEARCH PROGRAMS A diver collects specimens of sub-tidal sea squirts for genetic Research into the evolution of endothermy compares the analysis and genetic variation is revealed by the presence of metabolic characteristics of mammals and reptiles different bands of DNA revealed by PCR RAPD analysis T times harder, in the process helping to Preliminary Indications of Fine-Scaie fuel the evolution of endothermy. Future work will begin to examine the basis of 'hot-blooded' plants and how some plants can have structures that consume oxygen at a rate equal to that of the flight muscle of active hum ming birds and thereby get up to 35 deg C hotter than their environments. International links The Program was once again host to several visitors in 1994, including two long-term visitors who undertook major research projects. Dr David Lyon (Cornell College, Iowa) visited for six months, studying the Illawarra flora. His interest is in worldwide patterns in the ratio of male and female reproductive effort in plants - the pollenrovule ratio. The 36 RESEARCH PROGRAMS pollen:ovule ratio is thought to correlate with a plant's breeding system and mode of pollination. Plants that are self-compatible (can self-fertilise) typically have fewer pollen grains per ovule than those that are obligate outcrossers. The Australian flora, especially the Family Proteaceae, offers great opportunities for extending our knowledge of pollenrovule ratios, and Wollongong was the place to come because Rob Whelan, Kris French and David Ayre along with several research students, have accumulated a substantial body of knowledge of breeding systems of native plant species. Du Zaixiang, a lecturer from Qufu University in the Peoples Republic of Associate Professor David Ayre censuses populations of intertidal sea anemones at China, was a visiting fellow (on a Rottnest Island, as part of a 15-year-long study of sexual and asexual reproduction Chinese government fellowship) with the Australian Flora and Fauna Research Centre for a year from April ened through a two month staff Several members of the Program were 1994. While at Wollongong, Du exchange visit by Dr Itsara Intarai, active overseas. Dr Andy Davis spent Zaixiang has been working with Tony Prince Songkla University who carried the first half of 1993 on sabbatical Hulbert on the effect of temperature out experiments on the effect of algal leave at Universidad Austral de Chile on the tissues of warm-blooded harvesting on seagrass communities in where he studied the factors affecting (endothermic) and cold-blooded Lake Illawarra (hosted by Andy the establishment of marine inverte (ectothermic) vertebrates. He is Davis). This was followed by a return brates. Late in the year Andy visited especially interested in determining visit by Andy who visited three Thai the University of Barcelona, Spain whether endotherms can maintain campuses with the express purpose of where he acted as an invited PhD cellular ion concentrations at low establishing research links. examiner, Tony Hulbert and Paul Else body temperatures. Ectotherms are contributed invited papers to a able to do this and it seems it is a symposium session on 'the evolution Radio telemetry is used to track feral of endothermic metabolism' at the San primary reason why they can survive goats in the Barren Grounds Nature over a broad range of body tempera R eserve Diego Meeting of the American tures whilst endotherms cannot. This Physiological Society (convened by research is supported by a National Tony); Bill Buttemer gave an invited Health and Medical Research Council paper in a symposium on 'the adapta Grant. tions of birds to winter' at the 21st International Ornithological Congress In addition there were several impor in Vienna; and David Ayre, Lee tant short-term visitors including Dr Astheimer and Bill Buttemer all lb Svane, Swedish Academy of authored papers at the American Sciences (Marine Ecology), Professor Zoological Society meeting in Los Robert Cruden, Iowa State University Angeles; Andy Davis presented an (Pollination Biology) and Professor invited paper at the annual Chilean William R. Dawson, University of Marine Science Conference. Michigan (Vertebrate Physiology). Canadians Professor David Innes and Successful postgraduates Dr Luise Hermanutz of Newfound Postgraduate research is one of the land's Memorial University com Program's strengths and our PhD pleted their year long sabbatical visit students continued to enjoy success in in July (see 1993 report). 1994. Highlights included the success Links with Thailand were strength ful completions by Slade Lee (Citrus 37 RESEARCH PROGRAMS in 1995 and 1996, and several features of plant survival and recruitment of seedlings will be measured. Birds are offered a Dr Kris French was very successful in choice of artificially attracting external funding during constructed clusters 1994. Her interests are also in terres of fruit during one trial community ecology result in a of Dr Kris French's seed dispersal great diversity of research projects experiments being undertaken. Most studies concentrate at the interaction between plants and animals. A major new project has begun measuring inverte brate biodiversity in Australian habitats and determining the varia tion in space and time within a habitat. Few studies have taken such a broad approach to insect communities. genetics), Sue Schibeci (Genetics and NSW, and collaboration with NSW Pollination Biology of Banksia), and Agriculture. The major study, funded through Siegy Krauss (Taxonomy and evolu ARC, will occur on the North Coast of tionary biology of Persoonia), and the Management and conservation of our NSW where other surveys have appointments of recent graduates Drs intertidal communities are a particu looked at vertebrates and plants. An Kerry Ayre, Stan Bellgard, Patrice lar concern of a group including Andy important component of this study is Couture and Siegy Krauss as post Davis, David Ayre and their research to determine if areas that conserve doctoral research fellows, and Drs students. This has led to projects diversity of plants and vertebrates are Jennie Chaplin (Murdoch) and Kerry ranging from the conservation biology also good areas for diversity of Withers (Toowoomba) as lecturer and of pipis to the effects of sewage invertebrates. This has been an associate lecturer respectively. pollution on our rocky shores and assumption of Australia's conserva sandy beaches. Andy Davis now has a tion policy which has never been Vacation research scholarships direct input into management strate tested. gies following his appointment to the This year the Program funded five Work looking at the relationship Intertidal Protected Areas Advisory two-month research scholarships between bird diversity and insect Committee for the Illawarra and targeting high quality senior under diversity has been investigated this South Coast. graduates and honours students. The year in the Sydney region. Research response from around Australia was Some research in progress and interests in seed dispersal have very strong and the Program clearly neiv grants continued with some students looking achieved its aim of raising our profile at the role of birds in dispersing seeds in other Universities, encouraging The 1994 wildfires in Sydney brought of Bitou Bush, a noxious weed good students to stay with science the question of ecological effects of invading coastal plant communities. and also funding some valuable short fires into sharp relief. With the Finally, Kris' interest in birds has led term research. Several students have emphasis on trying to prevent repeats to a major grant being given (adminis consequently applied to enrol at of this bushfire emergency, thoughts tered through the RAOU) for habitat Wollongong. have turned to more extensive restoration of box-ironbark wood hazard-reduction burning: that is, lands near Capertee. This area is one burning bushland frequently and in Industry and community links of the few remaining sites for the the cool season of the year, to reduce The Program continues to foster endangered Regent Honeyeater. the amount of burnable plant strong links with industry and Much of this work is facilitated by the material. community organisations, and has bird groups in the Sydney region who been rewarded with the collaborative But what effects might frequent, out- closely monitor the activities of the support of three PhD students under of-season fires have on the native birds and the whole project is closely the APRA industry scheme. The latest biota? Professor Whelan's new ARC- connected with the National recovery student will join the Program in 1995 funded project will examine the effort for this species. With the severe and will investigate 'weed control in question of how season of burning drought, a grim picture is currently bushland and its impact on native influences recovery of plant popula being drawn - but hopefully the flora and fauna' with sponsorship tions after fire. Experimental fires will species will recover well after the from the Public Works Department of be conducted in Spring and Autumns drought has broken. 38 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Significant increase in industrial support for research into drug design and synthesis, radiopharmaceuticals and bioactive chemicals from plants Bioactive Molecules Co-ordinators: Professor John Bremner (tel 042 21 3509) a n d A ssociate Professor Stephen Pyne (tel 042 21 3511) HE BIO ACTIVE Molecules new academic staff (Dr Joanne Jamie Bioactive Molecules Centre include 15 Research Program links the and Dr Paul Keller) and the establish PhD students, one MSc (Hons) overlapping and comple ment of their research laboratories. Dr student, five Honours students, three mentary research interests of Jamie's research focuses on the Post-doctoral Fellows, three Visiting 11 academic staff from the Depart interaction of lens UV-filter com Fellows and three Research Assist ment of Chemistry in the area of pounds with proteins, a process ants, giving a total of 41 research synthesis, isolation and characterisa implicated in the formation of cata personnel. Also involved are ten tion of biologically and pharmaco ract, and on the isolation and synthe Associate Members. logically active molecules. Central to sis of new lens metabolites. Dr The Program continues to be success much of this work is the elucidation at Keller's research on the asymmetric ful in attracting external research molecular level of the physiological synthesis of bioactive molecules, funds, totalling $965,231 for 1994. This action of such molecules and the including anti-HIV compounds, included $692,808 from the ARC and details of their metabolism. provides additional and complemen $137,000 from the NHMRC. The tary strength in the medicinal chemis Significant impetus early in the year Program's strong commitment to try area. was provided by the arrival of two industrially significant research is A highlight Program was the installa shown also by the five APRA (Indus tion of a 300 MHz NMR spectrometer. try) Awards, valued at $137,388 Together with the 400 MHz NMR granted to Program members in 1994. Members spectrometer (and the recent acquisi Direct research support from the tion of a 15 percent share of a 600 pharmaceutical industry has also Dr Joanne Jamie, Dr Paul MHz NMR) and our Triple Quadru- increased significantly, with grants to Keller, Dr Renate Griffith, pole mass spectrometer, this provides Associate Professor Stephen Pyne Professor Leon Kane-Maguire, a very powerful world-class facility from Johnson & Johnson and to for the characterisation of bioactive Professor John Bremner from Dr Philip Maynard, Dr Garry molecules and the elucidation of their AMRAD, CIBA-GEIGY and Glaxo Mockler, Dr Will Price, Dr mode of action at molecular level. totalling $135,323. Stephen Ralph, Dr Margaret Use of this facility will further en Members of the Centre presented a Sheil, Dr Geoff Wickham, Dr hance cross-disciplinary collaboration number of invited plenary and session Alison Ung, Dr Benoit Joseph between staff from the Departments lectures at international conferences of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and 34 research colloquia at other Associate Members and the Biomedicine and Health universities in Australia and overseas. Program at the Australian Nuclear Dr M Binns, Dr D Dougan, Dr The Program contains two major Science and Technology Organisation research strands. The first is con R Lambrecht, Dr D McFadyen, (ANSTO). cerned with the design, synthesis and Dr V Murray, Dr G Simpson, In addition to the 11 academic staff evaluation of bioactive compounds, Dr R Smith, Dr S Smith, Profes members during the year, research the second with the structural elucida sor L. Storlien, Dr L Woolf personnel directly involved in the tion and analysis of such compounds 39 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Members of the Program in the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance laboratory. From left are Professor John Bremner (Co-ordinator), Associate Professor Stephen Pyne (Co-ordinator), Michael Davey (summer scholar), Dr Stephen Ralph, Dr Paul Keller, Pily Vazquez (summer scholar), Professor Leon Kane-Maguire and, in front, Anna Siu (PhD student) and Robert Rezaei (PhD student) from natural sources. The large on new heterocyclic derivatives for short route to the useful antischisto- majority of the projects involve potential use as anti-depressants. somiacidal agent praziquantel has collaboration between several staff, a Structure-activity relationship studies been developed and the scale-up trend which is encouraged by the and associated computer-aided potential of this route is to be investi regular Program research meetings. molecular modelling have led to a gated. Developments in some major areas of refinement of the key structural work are summarised below. requirements for activity. New routes Asymmetric synthesis of phar to functionalised benz-fused medium maceuticals Heterocyclic bioactive com sized heterocycles have been devel A high proportion of drugs exist in pounds oped and these derivatives are to be two mirror-image (enantiomeric) used for probing structural needs for As part of a search for new medicinal forms, which frequently have very aj-adrenoceptor interactions. Proto agents having high beneficial activity different biological effects. Many such types for potential new dopamine and minimal adverse effects, Profes drugs are currently administered as a pro-drugs have also been made and sor John Bremner's medicinal chemis mixture of these two forms, only one routes to a range of new heterocyclic try group is involved in the design, of which has the desired physiological derivatives based on aporphine and synthesis and pharmacological function. This has led in some cases to benzylisoquenoline alkaloid precur evaluation of novel lead compounds serious medical problems, the most sors have been developed. as potential anti-depressants, anti- publicised of which was the case of psychotics and anti-hypertensive New ring-D indole analogues of the the drug thalidomide in which one of agents. Progress, for example, has aporphine skeleton have been devel the mirror forms led to serious birth continued in the design and prepara oped for assessment in the treatment defects. tion of serotonin potentiators based of benign prostatic hyperplasia. A 40 RESEARCH PROGRAMS These concerns and recent stringent and these have traditionally been very completed has been the full (solution) regulations by the Food and Drug difficult to treat with either radio structure of the natural product Administration have led to intense therapy or existing chemotherapeutic hedamycin bound to a hexade- interest in developing methods for the agents. Also being explored are oxyribonucleotide and researchers production of drugs in only the one strategies for making DNA-directed have extensive experimental data on desired mirror form. The research agents selectively cytotoxic to hypoxic hedamycin bound to a second DNA group of Associate Professor Stephen tumour cells. Synthetic work on some sequence. These NMR structural Pyne and Professor Leon Kane- of the compounds mentioned earlier studies are now complemented by an Maguire in the Department of Chem is being done in collaboration with active program aimed at developing istry has recently developed several researchers at the University of electrospray mass spectral methods novel and efficient routes to such Melbourne. for acquiring detailed structural information on ligand binding to asymmetric synthesis. These include a In collaboration with researchers in DNA. Doctors Sheil and Wickham new and general asymmetric synthe the School of Biochemistry and have just reported the first observa sis of non-proteinogenic amino acids Molecular Genetics at the University tion, by mass spectrometry, of a in high optical purity. of New South Wales, detailed studies ligand covalently bound to double The incorporation of these new amino have been carried out on the binding stranded DNA. acids into insect neuropeptides is of our synthetic compounds to DNA planned in the near future, potentially in intact human tumour cells. This Other related studies are being providing new, potent and species- work involves the use of Taq poly conducted by Dr Stephen Ralph who selective insecticides. The asymmetric merase sequencing methods. is examining ruthenium-DMSO complexes as potential anti-tumour synthesis of a number of analogues to Another important component of Dr agents. the anti-immunosuppressive drug Wickham's medicinal chemistry THI has also been developed. These research is the use of high-resolution compounds are currently being tested structural methods, such as NMR Radiopharmaceuticals on diabetic mice at the Walter and spectroscopy, and computer-based In collaboration with the Biomedicine Elisa Medical Research Institute in molecular modelling to characterise and Health Program at ANSTO, Melbourne as possible drugs to ligand/DNA complexes. Recently groups in Chemistry led by Professor prevent the onset of diabetes and for use in transplant biology. Chiral iron organometallic reagents have also during the past year been Dr Alison Ung is using computer-generated molecular modelling in the design of new attached to polymer surfaces and their immunosuppressive agents to prevent'the onset of diabetes reactions with various reagents examined, as a prelude to their use in asymmetric synthesis. Dr Paul Keller has recently joined this group and has started a project concerned with the design and synthesis of novel anti-HIV molecules. New anti-cancer drugs The design and synthesis of compounds that derive their antitumour activity through a specific type of chemical interaction with DNA is being carried out by Dr Geoff Wickham and co-workers. Currently, these studies are focused on directing both alkylating groups and platinum(II) complexes to the minor groove of double helical DNA. Many solid tumours consist of a large fraction of cells that are deficient in oxygen (ie, hypoxic) 41 RESEARCH PROGRAMS on these alkaloids and analogues. The calystegins are glycosidase inhibitors and are of interest as potential anti viral agents. A project with AMRAD was com pleted on the isolation and structure elucidation of a new naturally-based antibiotic. Kinetic studies by Dr William Price in Chemistry of the aqueous extraction of sugar and organic acid components from citrus fruit have established the mechanism as first order. Most significantly, high temperatures were found to cause major compositional changes of the soluble constituents, leading to degradation of the aqueous extract. This is important, since proponents of counter-current aqueous extraction techniques for citrus fruit currently advocate high extraction temperatures. Biomolecnlar mass spectro metry Dr Margaret Sheil's group is explor ing a wide range of novel applications of the new electrospray mass spectrometry technique. This has included the development of facile methods for characterising: radioim- munospecific pharmaceuticals (with ANSTO); anti-tumour ligands inter acting with DNA (with Dr G Wickham); organometallic peptide derivatives (with Prof Kane-Maguire); and a Paula Iannitti (PhD student) purifying new ligands for novel ruthenium- range of inorganic complexes (with based anti-tumor agents Drs G Mockler and S Ralph). Many of these important bioactive compounds have not previously been amenable to analysis. A major advance this year John Bremner, Professor Leon Kane- Bremner's group in collaboration with has also been the observation of non- Maguire and Associate Professor researchers at Silpakorn University, covalently bound species such as Stephen Pyne are developing novel and the use of the compounds as protein-inhibitor complexes by mass synthetic routes for the preparation of structural leads for new anti-malarial spectrometry and this work is being radio-labelled pharmaceuticals. agents is now being investigated. extended to other important biologi cal systems. Bioactive metabolites from Work has been undertaken with GLAXO on the assessment, synthesis plants and structural elucidation of very The structures of some chromone minor components in pharmaceutical derivatives from a Thai medicinal alkaloid preparations. The synthesis plant used in the treatment of malaria of a calystegin-type alkaloid skeleton have been confirmed by Professor has been achieved as part of a project 42 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Structure and function of DNA and proteins Cancer, cataract, apoptosis Chemiluminescence and Rubisco Biological Macromolecules Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Ross Lilley (tel 042 21 3431) EMBERS of the Biologi identify and analyse those receptor that the HMW protein arises from the cal Macromolecules proteins (and the genes which code chaperone action of a-crystallin. NMR Program are pursuing for those proteins) responsible for the spectroscopic studies of the b- and g- research on a broad binding of plasminogen to malignant crystallins show that they also have range of topics all centred on the cancer cells. A study funded by flexible terminal extensions and their structure and function of DNA and Biotech Australia and the Cancer roles in crystallin-crystallin interac proteins. State of the art facilities Council is examining the use of the tions have been delineated. For acquired include enhanced computer- genetically-engineered serine protease example, the short, hydrophobic C- based molecular analysis capabilities inhibitor PAI-2 to 'image' and detect terminal extension of y-crystallin is and a FACSort flow cytometer for sub-clinical metastatic cancer. involved in interactions with the other analysing cells and separating cell crystallins. populations. Dr John Carver In collaboration with Dr John Wallace Structural studies of proteins at the University of Adelaide and Dr Dr Mark Baker The studies have concentrated on Max Keniry at the Australian National Cancer and inflammation using various structural methods University, work is well advanced in Principal research areas are: (a) the (NMR, mass, fluorescence and determining the solution structures of molecular cell biology of the serine absorption spectroscopy) to probe the potent insulin-like growth factor protease inhibitor PAI-2 and (b) the higher-order structures of a variety of derivatives which have great potential cell biology of the processes involved proteins. widespread therapeutic uses, eg. in in human cancer cell spread (metasta the treatment of trauma patients. The eye lens crystallins and their sis). Using a 15N-labelled protein, much of interactions play a crucial role in the the NMR spectrum has been assigned A new research collaboration with maintenance of lens transparency. The and, using these assignments, the American Diagostica Inc USA aims to chaperone or protective role that the calculation of structures by computer- major lens protein a-crystallin plays based methods will commence in has been of interest lately. It has been 1995. demonstrated that a-crystallin has surfactant-like properties and that its Members Associate Professor Roger chaperone ability does not alter with Dr Mark Baker, Dr John Carver, Truscott age. The flexible C-terminal exten Dr John Fitter, Ms Julie-Ann sions of a-crystallin seem to have no The mechanism of cataract formation in Green, Dr Xiao Ming Liang, direct role in the chaperone action humans Ms Therese Marengo, Dr Marie although alteration of the domain core Cataract is one of the major causes of of the protein leads to large reduction blindness. The group aims to develop Ranson, Associate Professor Ted in this ability. The high-molecular- a rational approach towards the Steele, Associate Professor Roger weight (HMW) protein found in older design of cataract-preventative drugs. Truscott, Dr Mark Walker, lenses, which is mostly composed of The only cure at present is by surgery. a-crystallin, has very similar proper The group is investigating the bio Dr Mark Wilson, Dr Salwa ties to that created during the chaper chemistry and chemistry of Woodroffe one action of a-crystallin, suggesting tryptophan metabolites and proteins 43 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Dr Mark Wilson (pictured here), together with Dr Mark Baker, led a successful application to ARC Equipment for an analytical flow cytometer. This apparatus can analyse and sort thousands of individual cells per m inute that occur in the eye lens, to gain a unprecedented sensitivity into the 3. Isolation of glycerol phosphate better insight into the formation of catalytic mechanism. The response of dehydrogenase (GPDH) from Dunaliella cataract in humans. Key metabolites light emission to reaction conditions This enzyme catalyses a regulated have been isolated, characterised and and temperature has been further step in the production of glycerol, a synthesised and metabolic studies characterised, revealing unusual key compound in the mechanism of using tritium labelling are currently responses to temperature and effects salinity resistance. A method for being performed. The interactions of the bound metal ion on the binding purifying GPDH is under develop between some of these metabolites of inhibitor formed by catalytic ment to allow the N-terminal amino and lens proteins under oxidative misfires. An understanding of light acid sequence to be determined, to conditions appear to play an impor emission will provide new information allow the future isolation of the gene tant role in cataract formation. To on the mechanism of Rubisco, a major for GPDH. verify this, modelling studies with the determinant of plant productivity. metabolites and small peptides are Associate Professor Ted Steele 2. DNA fingerprinting of Dunaliella for under way and the products character species identification DNA Sequence Structure of Vertebrate ised and compared with compounds A method has been developed for Germline Variable Genes: Evolutionary isolated from cataractous lenses. identifying different species of the Implication Associate Professor Ross salinity-tolerant alga Dunaliella, on Associate Professor Steele and his which is based a new Australian Lilley colleagues have determined the DNA industry producing b-carotene. The sequence patterns found among 52 1. Chemiluminescence and the catalytic powerful technique of Random related murine immunoglobulin (Ig) mechanism ofRubisco Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variable (V) genes that have impor Rubisco is the enzyme in plant leaves has been applied and conditions tant implications for the evolution of that fixes carbon dioxide from the defined that give reproducible and the IgV multigene family [PNAS vol atmosphere into organic carbon, the unique patterns for each of three 91, pp.12163-12167, Dec 1994], They end-product of photosynthesis. The species tested (D. salina, D. viridis, D. have extended these analyses to recently-discovered chemi tertiolecta). A unique band for D. salina related germ-line IgV genes from luminescence (light emission) by this was cloned into a vector and partly other vertebrate species that are enzyme provides a new probe of sequenced. available in the literature. The results 44 RESEARCH PROGRAMS demonstrate that in ail sequences ana In collaboration with the NSW lysed, variability is concentrated in a Department of Agriculture (EMAI), highly non-random fashion in the regions vaccine antigen genes of several that encode the complementarily- porcine pathogens have been cloned determining regions in the expressed and expressed in avirulent Salmonella proteins, whereas other portions of spp. The COOH-terminal of one such the germ-line V gene sequences are M. hyopneumoniae antigen gene has conserved. Furthermore, all sequence been sequenced and found to encode sets display significantly fewer than a protein analogous to the 5'proU expected stop codons that are gener linked genes of E. coli and S. ated by nucleotide substitutions. typhimurium. Recombinant overpro duction of this antigen has been Strikingly, these patterns are also achieved and the purified protein will present among two sets of chicken now be used in vaccine trials in pigs. pseudogenes. Where the available The 36 kDa antigen of E. rhusiopathiae data allowed appropriate analysis it has been expressed in avirulent was found also that the putative Salmonella spp. Initial experiments coding regions of germ-line V genes L.______indicate that this antigen promotes a were flanked by concentrations of Co-ordinator of the Program is strong T cell response after oral nucleotide insertions and deletions. Associate Professor Ross Lilley immunisation of mice. This supports the Researchers' previous hypothesis that the evolu Dr Mark Wilson tion of germ-line V genes involves bronchiseptica has been initiated. hyper-conversion events that are Studies on a protein involved in apoptosis Urease-deficient and non-motile targeted to the putative transcription Apoptosis is a form of programmed transposon mutant genes have been and/or coding units. The total nature cell death with implications in cloned and are now undergoing DNA of the patterns is incompatible with growth, development and cancer. This sequence analysis. conventional evolutionary mecha project began with the appointment of nisms but is consistent with homolo 3. Development of recombinant oral and Dr Mark Wilson to the University in gous recombination into germ-line intranasal vaccine delivery systems for March 1994. The work conducted so sites of cDNA copies of V gene mRNA the stimulation of immunity against the far has included the production of a sequences derived from antigen- porcine pathogens Erysipelothrix variety of stably transfected cell lines selected B lymphocytes. rhusiopathiae and Mycoplasma which inducibly express the protein hyopneumoniae clusterin. Clusterin has been impli- Dr Mark Walker 1. Development of acellular and live oral recombinant vaccines against the whooping cough bacterium, Bordetella pertussis Oral immunisation with recombinant, live, avirulent Salmonella spp. express ing pertussis toxin (PT) subunits SI, S2 and S5 has been shown to develop Dr Mark Baker, anti-PT immune responses in mice. among whose Expression of PT subunits in the research interests are the molecular cell avirulent Salmonella spp. system may biology of the serine lead to the development of an oral protease inhibitor whooping cough vaccine. A system PAI-2 and the cell has been developed to allow over biology of the expression of the PT antigen in processes involved in human cancer avirulent and virulent B. bronchiseptica. cell spread 1. Molecular and genetic analysis of Bordetella bronchiseptica The molecular analysis of both urease and flagella biosynthetic genes of B. 45 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Dr Wilson has also been involved in negotiations concerning the further development of an amplification technology evolved by him for use in enzyme immunoassays. Agreement has been reached with an Australian company for kit trials to start early in 1995. Dr Salwa Woodroffe Effect of cytomegalovirus infection on the expression of mRNA for plasminogen activator inhibition in human cells Under normal conditions, the plas minogen activation cascade is tightly regulated at the surface of endothelial cells partly through the activity of their inhibitors (PAI-1). Disruption in regulated synthesis of PAI-1 could result in alteration of the thrombogenic properties of these cells and can affect their controlled prolif eration and cell division. Increased production of PAI-1 causes the inhibition of TGF6, a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation. Dr Woodroffe's investigations on infection of human endothelial cells by cytomegalovirus showed an increase in their proliferation and cell division. This was followed by investigating the expression of mRNA for PAI-1. A massive increase in mRNA for PAI-1 in these cells at 2-3 days post-infection was revealed. Increased production of PAI-1 production could induce the prolifera tion of endothelial cells by suppress Dr John Fitter and Miss Tanya Dalla-Pozza are working on the development of new ing inhibitors for endothelial cell vaccines against S a lm o n ella proliferation. cated in a number of biological This system was developed to obtain functions, including regulation of a transfected cell in which expres complement and lipid transport, sion of clusterin at the cell surface which operate at the cell surface, and could be induced. These transfected the researchers have shown that cells have been used in a variety of 'normal' cells, when stressed, express functional assays designed to clusterin at the cell membrane. In one ascertain the genuine biological case, they engineered a fusion protein function of clusterin. Results ob consisting of clusterin fused at its tained suggest that clusterin is not a carboxy terminus to a short linker physiological regulator of the peptide and a glycosylphosphatidyl complement system but may be inositol anchor. involved in lipid transport. 46 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Fundamental and applied research providing engineering solutions to industrial problems involving bulk solids handling and particulate technologies Bulk Materials Handling and Physical Processing Co-ordinator: Professor Peter Arnold (tel 042 21 4566) embers of this Program final-year undergraduate thesis Screw conveyors have been in use actively engage in students are studying dust generated since Archimedes but when used as fundamental and from a falling stream of dusty mate feeders under bin outlets the mechan applied research in the rial. ics of screws are not well understood. Marea of bulk solids characterisation, A PhD project, supervised by Profes flow, storage, conveying and physical Dust generation research sor Peter Arnold, is developing design processing. These activities have been Some aspects of this project are strategies to establish optimal con undertaken at the University for more illustrated: (a) a schematic of the test figurations and make accurate power than three decades. Members also rig to measure dust generation from a predictions for screw feeders. The actively pursue the transfer of the falling stream of material; (b) an approach taken aims to eliminate the technology developed to the indus experiment under way; (c) typical current reliance on empirical factors tries which can benefit from that quantitative results from a laser and replace them with parameters research. Courses concerned with a particle counter. that are based on bulk solid flow range of bulk solids handling and processing topics are presented as Line drawing illustrating the dust-generation rig used in the Program part of the undergraduate and postgraduate programs at the Univer sity as well as to industry through short courses and conferences. Control of dust generation in materi als handling operations is important in many industries. Novel research, under the supervision of Dr Paul Cooper, aims to record, analyse and model dust and fume generation and flow mechanisms. At present three Members Dr Paul Cooper, Dr Zhihing Gu, Mr Oliver Kennedy, Dr Arnold McLean, Dr Renhu Pan, Profes sor Nick Standish, Professor Michael West, Dr Peter Wypych 47 RESEARCH PROGRAMS continue in 1995 as part of an indus trially sponsored ME thesis project. Throughout the year Dr Peter Wypych, Dr Arnold McLean and Dr Renhu Pan continued to make significant progress in the advancement and understanding of pneumatic convey ing systems, both lean and dense phase, stepped-diameter pipeline technology, scale-up procedure, system configuration, material/ system selection and pneumatic- injection strategies. Particular mention is made of: (i) The NERDDP/ACARP funded project 'Development of Handling Techniques for the Injection of Coal into Boilers', Project No C1571, for which the final report was submitted in July. The technology, hardware and operating procedures developed were shown to be successful in • providing a stable, controllable and continuous injection rate of pulverised coal under high pressures, • ensuring that all transfer operations for the feeding/ injection vessel are completed without any effect on the injection process (during all batch, manual- and auto- continuous modes of transport), • eliminating flow/pressure fluctuations during start-up The dust rig experiment in progress and any transfer operation, • developing accurate scale-up procedures for the determina properties and screw geometric the feed hoppers of twin-hopper feed tion of pneumatic conveying considerations. systems for blast furnaces is the characteristics and hence subject of a project being undertaken reliable operating conditions for An external PhD student working by a final-year honours student under different configurations of with Portland Aluminium in Victoria the supervision of Dr Arnold McLean. pipeline. and supervised by Professor Peter This research, utilising a scaled model This project was successful in Arnold is making a significant of the blast furnace feed system, has maximising the operational and contribution to the development of identified the fact that significant combustion efficiency of coal- improved feeders to meter alumina segregation of the feed ingredients fired boiler applications, such as powder into the reduction cells. The occurs during charging. The work is direct ignition for light-up and work involves not only improved particularly relevant as No 6 Blast support energy. The developed materials handling but also material Furnace is constructed at Port Kembla. technology has already been selection, maintenance strategies and Improvements examined include implemented in power stations in feeder control algorithms. geometric design changes to the feed New South Wales. Seeking to identify, quantify and chute system and hopper internal The Australian Coal Association improve the extent of segregation in fitments. Aspects of this work will selected the project to receive the 48 RESEARCH PROGRAMS inaugural 'Excellence in Research Award' for the best Coal Utilisa tion Research Project completed during 1994. (ii) Bo Mi completed his PhD 'Low- 4 .5 0 E Velocity Pneumatic Transporta 4 .0 0 E + 0 4 tion of Bulk Solids' research, 3 .5 0 E + 0 4 which resulted in the develop 3 .0 0 E + 0 4 ment of an original model to 2 .5 0 E+04 predict the velocity and pressure 2 .0 0 E + 0 4 drop for low-velocity multiple 1.50 E slug-flow conveying systems. This mode of transport has been 1.00 E developed specifically for fragile and/or granular bulk solids 7 3 0 (plastic pellets, wheat, rice, puffed 0 cereals, muesli) and has been Drop height i) proved over the past 20 years to be the most complex and difficult method of transport to investigate and model accurately. Despite these difficulties, Bo Mi devel Graph showing some results of the dust-generation research oped a series of bench-type experiments to measure certain particle and bulk properties for explain the generally poor education in bulk solids and particu the estimation of slug velocity, suitability of local soft coals late technologies with short courses wall pressure and ultimately (characterised by high Hardgrove being run at the University in Novem pipeline pressure drop. Accurate Grindability Index) for use in ber, in New Zealand in February, predictions were confirmed by Direct Coal Injection (DCI) Melbourne in August, Gold Coast and testing a range of fine and coarse systems. In contrast, hard coals Sydney in September, and in-house bulk solids through various large- (low HGI) appear to be extremely for several companies (ACI Glass scale pipelines - 50 m long x 100 good candidates for DCI, can be Packaging, Melbourne, February; mm nominal bore (NB), 100 m x reliably handled and reveal a Alcoa of Australia, Perth, May; 100 mm NB, 50 m x 150 mm NB. greater tolerance over a much Penrice Soda Products, Adelaide, The developed technology has wider range of system operating July). Overseas seminars/workshops also been used successfully in the were presented in April and May to parameters and configurations design of other industrial sys Du Pont, Wilmington DE, Dow (including multiple pipelines). tems: Chemical, Midland MI, Pennsylvania This work also seeks to identify State University, University of • 40 t h 1 of plastic pellets through whether the coal can be ground to Pittsburg and at the Powder and Bulk 200 m and 400 m pipelines for a a suitable size consist by suitable Solids Continuing Education Pro chemical corporation in Korea. adjustment or optimisation of mill gram, Chicago. Program members • 15 and 30 t h'1 of urea through a parameters. This project has throughout also carried out 70 125 m pipeline for a company identified, by use of both bench projects for industry. in Victoria. scale measurements and pilot scale pneumatic conveying At the end of 1993 Professor Peter (iii) Research has continued on Arnold was elected to the Fellowship testing, that vast differences in explaining the handle ability of the Australian Academy of Techno characteristics occur between differences between various logical Sciences and Engineering in seemingly similar PFs. pulverised coal fuels (PF) during recognition of his contribution to the dense-phase pneumatic convey Members of the Program continued science and practice of bulk solids ing in direct coal injection sys their contributions to continuing handling technology. tems (DCI). This work, conducted as a sub-contractor to the Austral ian Combustion Technology Centre (a division of ACIRL) and funded by ACARP, seek to 49 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Privacy and confidentiality of information networks Data integrity, database and access security Cryptographic and hashing algorithms Computer Security - Technical and Social Issues Co-ordinator: Professor Jennifer Seberry (tel 042 21 4327) HENOMENAL growth of Ms Robyn Lindley's research has vances in security technology on information and desire for shown the need to review and individual rights and developing its rapid dissemination have reframe new technology product concerns regarding the use of infor led to an explosion in the design. A critical evaluation of results mation superhighways. informationP services, communications obtained by information based Security tends to focus on keeping and computer industries, accompa technology trials to date indicates that unauthorised people out. In address nied by growing concern about a large number of unexpected prob ing issues of database and network confidentiality, privacy and accuracy lems arise as a consequence of user security, is important that a balance of information. This situation has led resistance and concerns. be maintained between providing members of the Centre for Computer Ms Lindley's work provides the adequate access to information Security - Technical and Social Issues sociotechnical basis for smart card contained in online databases and to the study of a broad range of issues design practice and seeks strategies to protecting the interests of database related to computer and communica overcome the concerns regarding the providers and other network users. tions security, privacy and ethics. management of the information and Large amounts of useful and other Professor Jennifer Seberry has spoken perceptions of security which have so wise unobtainable data are provided three times on ABC radio in the past far limited the number and type of in electronic databases, and means year about the dangers to individual applications. need to be found to provide the freedom which may arise from the widest possible access, while protect In the past consumers' concerns have insensitive use of cryptographic and ing the integrity of database content been treated as afterthoughts. Ms other security techniques. Security and financial returns to database Lindley's work is devoted to building concerns have to be tempered by the providers. Means also need to be a sociotechnical frame work which rights of individuals to privacy and found to protect the users and may well offer an effective technique freedom even though these may be in providers of value-added network for indtorucing new smart card conflict. services. technology and providing a basis for ongoing technological improvement Centre members are regularly asked and enhancement of products while to give keynote lectures at confer M embers addressing user-needs and concerns ences: Ms Lindley has been asked to about privacy and trust in some speak in Sydney and Hong Kong and Associate Professor J Peiprzyk, detail. Professor Seberry to speak in Bris bane, Melbourne and Maryland, USA. Dr R Safavi-Naini, Dr Y Zheng, The Centre has actively co-operated Dr T Hardjono, Dr C Charnes, with the Australian Human Rights Members such as Professor Seberry, Dr X Zhang, Associate Profes Commission's Privacy Section, with Associate Professor Josef Pieprzyk, nine members co-operating to prepare Drs Reihaneh Safavi-Naini, Thomas sor J Cooper, Ms C Alcock, four papers and presentations on Hardjono, Yuliang Zheng, Janusz Ms R Lindley matters related the impact of ad Getta, Mirka Miller, David Steel, Yan- 50 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Xia Lin and Mr Hossein Ghodosi have been working directly with industry, to use our LOKI '93 encryption codes, HAVAL message hashing algorithm and statistical techniques to ensure data integrity, privacy and security for database information. Work by T Tokita, T Sorimachi and M Matsui of Mitsubishi Electric Corporation of Japan showed that LOKI is twice as strong as the Des (Data Encryption Standard) algorithm. Centre members are regu larly reviewing for interna tional program committees, for example, Professors Seberry and Pieprzyk have been Program Chairs for AUSCRYPT '92 and ASIACRYPT '94 respectively and official program commit- M em bers of the Program - cards, computer disks, compact discs and keys on the table - discuss tee members for w ays and means of achieving, and maintaining, high levels of security EUROCRYPT '92, EUROCRYPT '93, CRYPTO '93, EUROCRYPT '94, Codes and Cryptography, Transactions of and the Lawrence Livermore Labora CRYPTO '94, CRYPTO '95 and 1994 IEICE (Institute of Electrical, Information tories. The Centre is intending to International Symposium on Informa and Communications Engineers), setup an ftp site for international tion Theory and Its Applications (ISA Proceedings of the IEEE ( Institute of collaboration in this important area. '94) Drs Safavi-Naini, Zheng and Mu Electronic and Electrical Engineers), The email address for the Instrusion Yi have also been deeply involved in Transactions of the IEEE on Information Detection Systems Mailing List is reviewing for these prestigious Theory, Journal of Combinatorial Theory, [email protected]. conferences. Ars Combinatoria, Journal of Statistical Centre members consistently work Ms Lindley presented a paper and Planning and Inference, and Australasian with overseas colleagues. Drs Zheng Chaired, Day Two of the IBC Confer Journal of Combinatorics. and Hardjono have worked closely ence Proceedings on Mart Cards '94: Professor Seberry has previously with scientists from Asian countries Maximising Provable Applications served on the editorial boards of five including Japan and Korea. Conference, Sydney Hilton, Sydney, journals. This year she was asked to 25-26 October, 1994. join the board of the first electronic Professor Seberry and Dr Xian-Mo Many members of the Centre are computing journal to be published Zhang have collaborated with re regularly asked to referee for interna yearly on CD-ROM by Springer- searchers in China, Greece, France tional journals. Dr Chris Charnes Verlag entitled Journal of Universal and the United States. referees for Ars Combinatoria and Computing. Dr Zhang has continued his pioneer Designs, Codes and Cryptography Mr Justin Lister has taken the initia ing work in bent functions and their and Dr Yi for the top journal Physical tive to establish and Intrusion Detec application to cryptographic design. Review/Physical Review Letters. tion Systems Mailing List which now During the year his work with Professors Seberry and Pieprzyk and has over 260 subscribers from six Professor Seberry and Dr Zheng has Drs Safavi-Naini and Zheng have continents. Our pioneering efforts in led to the disproof of an important refereed for the following journals: this field has created enormous conjecture of Professor Stafford Australian Computer Journal, Journal of interest among researchers designing Tavares with regard to the structure Cryptology, Information Processing European Standards, as well as many of bent based functions and has led to Letters, The Computer Journal, Designs, members of the SRI Group, Haystack a profound new understanding of 51 RESEARCH PROGRAMS quadratic boolean functions and their Mr Anish Mathuria were able to attendees among those from ten other intrinsic value in secure cryptographic successfully implement the BAN logic countries and many Canadian De design and hashing algorithms. Drs used to analyse protocols. Their fence Personnel. Zheng and Zhang, Professors implementation was successfully used She spoke on 'Systematic Generation Pieprzyk, Seberry Mr Tor Nordhagen in analysing several well known of Cryptographically Robust S-Boxes' and other students have applied bent authentication protocols. and 'How to Improve the SAC' both functions to design HAVAL, one of Dr Safavi-Naini successfully super by Drs Xian-Mo Zhang, Zheng and only two survivors of the RIPE vised Mr Mathuria for an herself, which showed new relations (European) project to break hashing MSc(Honours) in Automating BAN between bent functions, quadratic algorithms. Logic. Dr Zheng successfully super functions and some criteria crucial for This year it has been shown that vised Mr Azad Jiwa in Network VLSI implementation. She also Professor Pieprzyk's revolutionary Security and Mr Chenthurvasan presented a far-reaching paper by concept of non-linearity is exactly Duriaisppan in Secure Communications. Assoc Professor Pieprzyk, Dr Charnes what is needed to immunise crypto This research has been accepted for and herself on Linear Approximation algorithms against the differential presentation at refereed, international Versus Nonlinearity which expanded cryptanalysis attack. conferences. on previous work of Seberry, Zhang and Zheng, to show the crucial Professor Pieprzyk is working in a Professor Pieprzyk has conducted importance of an earlier result of large number of areas related to book review for Addison Wesley and Pieprzyk to the protection of computer security. He is currently Prentice Hall. Professor Seberry has cryptanalytic algorithms from a new, working on provable secure crypto continued to review books and powerful attack by M Matsui called systems and, with Dr Charnes, on articles for Zentralblatt fur Mathe- Linear Cryptanalysis. hashing algorithms. matik and Mathematical Reviews. While Dr Safavi-Naini has been From Kingston Professor Seberry At Crypto '94, Jean-Pierre Tillich and appointed to the Board of Computer went to Perugia in Italy to attend the Gilles Zimor from France presented a Security Reviews. extremely prestigious EUROCRYPT hashing algorithm which they claimed '94 Conference. Less than one-in-four was secure. Dr Charnes and Professor Members of the Centre continued to papers submitted to this conference Piepryzk showed at ASIACRYPT '94 Review Grants for the Australian were accepted. Five were accepted that their scheme, in fact, is not Research Council, NSA, NCERC, as from Australia which was the second secure. They are now working to well as the Austrian and Swedish largest from any country: USA has repair the algorithm. Research Boards. Members have twenty-four accepted papers. There continued to examine and average of Professor Pieprzyk is also working on were six Australian attendees among two external PhD or Masters Honours society oriented cryptography such as the three hundred and ninety regis theses from overseas and Australia, secure electronic voting, secure trants from over twenty five coun per member, per year. electronic transactions, secure data tries. base design and access schemes with Ms Lindley is actively involved in Professor Seberry delivered four Messrs Hossein Ghodosi and Ahmad consultancy. She has received an papers at the conference: Authentica Dastjerdi. ongoing grant for consultancy tion Codes in Plaintext and Chosen- services of $4,000 per quarter from the Dr Zheng has also worked extensively Context Attacks by Dr Safavi-Naini NSW Department of Business and with Dr Yi and Dr Lin on the amazing and her PhD student, Mr Leonard Regional Development (B&RD). The new area of quantum cryptography. Tombak, regarded as an important services provided include new initial contribution to authentication design Professor Pieprzyk has worked with a product development support for and practice; How to Break and Repair large group of other Centre members, individuals and organisations re of the Leighton and Micali's Key Agree and others, to understand and ferred by staff from the B&RD ment Protocol by Dr Zheng which cryptanalysis the former Soviet department. In a number of indi drew comment from the eminent Dr Union's GOST family of crypto vidual cases additional grants are also Adi Shamir of the Rivest-Shamir systems. This research has aroused given for further work and support. Adelman (RSA) public key crypto considerable interest from former Professor Seberry undertook an system; Comments on the Soviet Warsaw pact countries. extensive conference lecture and Encryption Algorithm (GOST) by Dr Safavi-Naini has a broad range of research trip during the year. She Associate Professor Peiprzyk, Dr Luke interests in temporal logic, protocol presented three papers at the Selected O'Connor, Dr Safavi-Naini, Dr security, provable security, authenti Areas in Cryptography Workshop (SAC Charnes and Dr Zheng, about the cation codes and secure systems. This '94) held in Kingston, Ontario. This Russian cryptographic standard year Dr Safavi-Naini and her student workshop had four Australian 'GOST' which drew an enormous 52 RESEARCH PROGRAMS amount of interest from previously Nickolas entitled Some Remarks on the On day three Professor Hideki Imai Eastern European countries; and Logic of Gong, Needham and Yahalom at (Invited Speaker, Professor of Electri Relationships Among Non-Lineary the 1994 International Computer cal Engineering, the University of Criteria by Seberry, Symposium (ICS '94) held at the Tokyo, Japan) spoke on Information National Chiao-Tung University, Security Aspects of Spread Spectrum Zhang and Zheng which presented Taiwan, in December. Systems. He covered most of the important results on the design and security issues related to broadcast analysis of cryptographic algorithms Professor Pieprzyk, Drs Safavi-Naini systems such as mobile phone ones. using bent functions. and Charnes all had papers accepted at the IEEE International Symposium on Sessions of regular papers were Professor Seberry left for Athens to Information Theory, in Trondheim, delivered on Secret Sharing, Stream work with statisticians at the Univer Norway. Ciphers, Cryptographic Functions, sity of Athens and the Technical Authentication and Digital Signa The highlight of the year was ASIA- University of Athens. tures, Cryptanalysis, Hash Functions, CRYPT '94, an extremely high quality Key Distribution, Public-Key Cryptog After Athens, Professor Seberry flew security conference held at and raphy and Block Cipher Algorithms. to Curacao in the Netherlands sponsored by the University of Antilles for the International Informa Wollongong, in co-operation with the The number of participants exceeded tion Processing Conference - Security International Association for Crypto all numbers from previous ASIA '94 (IFIP)-Sec '94. At this conference logic Research (IACR). Centre mem CRYPT conferences - there were 120 Professor Seberry presented two bers were all program committee or participants from all continents papers. The first, Exploring minimal organising committee members. (excluding Antarctica). BAN Logic Proofs of Authentication Protocols by Mr Mathuria, a PhD The conference was opened by Vice- Australia was very well represented student of Dr Safavi-Naini and Dr Chancellor Professor Ken McKinnon. by people from government agencies Peter Nickolas: an automated tool for He expressed his delight that the (DSTO, Defence Department, etc), analysing authentication protocols. University hosted ASIACRYPT '94 industry (Telecom, Westpac, NAB, CB She also presented the paper Anony and totally supported the general aim etc) and academia (QUT, UOW, U of mous Verifiable Databases: Towards a of the conference - 'to make our world Adelaide, U of Tasmania, U of Practical Solution, by Drs Hardjono, more secure' (by application of Queensland). cryptology). Zheng and Professor Seberry, this There were 99 submissions for the work is of particular interest because The first talk was given by Professor conference and after rigorous (blind) it provides practical and not just Thomas Beth (the Director of Euro review, the Program Committee theoretical solutions. pean Institute for Systems Security selected 30 best papers for presenta Professor Seberry, Drs Zhang and and Professor of Computer Science at tion (local papers were sent to over Zheng were the only Australians to the University of Karlsruhe, Germany) seas referees). on Multifeature Security Through have their paper accepted at the The proceedings of the conference Hommomorphic Encryption. This prestigious CRYPTO '94 Conference. will be published by Springer-Verlag presentation gave the audience a good This Conference had a less than one in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. in five acceptance rate. understanding of how public-key cryptography (such as RSA) can be The year marks a great rise in the Research students within the Program used for many different security Centre;s profile: overseas, members have been particularly successful in applications to provide a wide range are asked to contribute academically having their research papers accepted of secure services. to more social and practical discus by prestigious conferences in Aus sions of the implementation of secure The morning talks on the second day tralia and overseas: Mr Chenthur- technology; at home we are asked to started with the invited presentation vasan Duraiappan has had a joint make more media presentations to by Dr Catherine Meadows (US Naval paper with Dr Zheng, accepted at the TV, radio and print. Fifth International Conference on Research Laboratory, Washington DC) Professor Seberry has been invited to Speech Science and Technology (SST on Formal Verification of Cryptographic '94) Conference in Perth. Mr Jiwa has Protocols: A Survey. The talk gave an join the committee to award the Australia Prize. had papers accepted at ACIS '94 in up-to-date on the area. Melbourne and the European Sympo sium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS '94) in Brighton, UK. Mr Mathuria presented a paper by himself, Drs Safavi-Naini and 53 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Multidisciplinarity in education policy analysis Resource allocation in education Performance technology in education and training Education Policy Co-ordinator: Professor Carla Fasano (tel 042 21 3957) ITTLE WOULD have pleased Barry Harper and John Hedberg. The Industry Association (AIMIA) award Associate Professor Barry program enables students to take a for the best education multimedia Harper more than shaking series of biological, chemical or title, and the Australian Society for hands with Prime Minister physical measurements to investigate Educational Technology (ASET) Paul Keating. Actually, yes, some the various ecosystems that exist in award for educational computer thing did. It was the sight of the PM the open lake, the estuary, the software, as well as its premier award slipping a copy of the award-winning mangrove swamp and the surround for the most innovative product for Investigating Lake Iluka in his pocket, ing urban environment. 1994. Quality recognition has also to take it home, to the Lodge, to his come from overseas, where Apple has Nearly 20 simulated scientific de own children. Indeed the year was included Investigating Lake Iluka in the vices, including thermometers, propitious for the Education Policy bundle of educational software hygrometers, pH meters and water- Program. Its Interactive Multimedia offered in their marketing campaign quality testers, are available as group has undoubtedly taken centre to US schools, the first time an investigative tools. Students are able stage in the media through its multi Australian-developed educational to look at changes caused directly and award-winning streak, while, like the software package has been so hon indirectly by natural phenomena and other Program members, increasing oured. human interference. They measure, its presence in a variety of national record, analyse, interpret, evaluate and international publication outlets Nor has international recognition and present data during their investi and policy making bodies. failed to be bestowed on other gations of the lake environment. Program members. Professor Ken In 1994, the Australian Teachers of As well as exploring the four ecosys Gannicott's work in recent years has Media (ATOM) established for the tems, additional information can be made a distinct contribution to first time an Award for the Multime gathered by students from a Field educational policy in Asia-Pacific, and dia category. It went to the group's Study Centre, through illustrated particularly in the neighboring Science Education CD Investigating plant and animal and general refer countries of Papua New Guinea and Lake Iluka , produced under the ence books, newspaper clippings, the Pacific Islands. His work on PNG, leadership of Associate Professors simulated radio and television news carried out directly for the Australian reports, interviews and informational International Development Assistance video clips. Peter Tapp, ATOM Bureau, has made a direct contribu publications manager and award tion to Australia's aid program for M embers judge, said the judges were extremely that country. impressed with the inaugural winner. Dr B Harper, Mr B Ferry, Ms C More recent work on population, 'The quality of the material and the education and economic development Brown, Mr G Rowland, Mr I level of research behind Investigating in the South Pacific has received very Brown, Associate Professor J Lake Iluka are unprecedented in wide coverage throughout the region educational multimedia software.' Hedberg, Associate Professor at the highest levels of policy making. John Patterson (Dean) Profes Similar opinions were expressed by Professor Carla Fasano's work for the sor K Gannicot, Dr M Harris, the judges of the other Awards won OECD and the Italian National by the package this year: the Aus Council for the Social Sciences on the Dr M Gillett, Dr W Cheung tralasian Interactive Multimedia construction and development of 54 RESEARCH PROGRAMS From left are Professor Carla Fasano, Associate Professor Barry Harper, Margaret Cameron, Associate Professor John Hedberg, Lorraine Morris - holding a 'Basket of Awards' for Investigating Lake Iluka, produced by the Interactive Multi- media Development team. Designed for secondary school students, the Program is enjoying international success National Council for Art Education performance indicators, a hot political Together they were the foundation to with a key role in developing the issue in current educational policy a review of pre-service and in-service National Register for Art Education debates, has also come to fruition with teacher education programs, policies Supervisors and Researchers. research papers published nationally and provisions for the Government of and internationally. Her appointment Pakistan. The report flowing from this No doubt being part of policy making to the Amelia Earhart Awards review, extending to more than 100 in education facilitates, these Program Committee of the Chicago-based pages, is currently being considered members' ability to bridge the gap ZONTA International Foundation has by the Pakistan Ministry of Education. between policy and research in their provided further testimony to her respective areas to the advantage of Policy making has also been on the reputation overseas. all Program members. Everyone's agenda of Associate Professor John research becomes more attuned to Also in the international policy field, Hedberg as an executive member in what is needed and feasible in Associate Professor Malcolm Harris such national and international education. Credibility with policy undertook a study program in the research bodies as the Association for practitioners adds to peer-endorsed USA in September/October, to Educational Communications and recognition as researchers. The examine current trends in teacher Technology (President Elect for outcome is a research output of education. His discussions with International), the Australian Society increasing quality. academics at the Universities of Texas for Educational Technology (AJET (Austin), North Carolina, North Journal Editor), the National Society Increased quality, has indeed, charac Carolina Central, Wisconsin (Madison for Performance and Instruction terised the output from others in the and Milwaukee), Michigan (Lansing) (Pacific Rim Co-ordinator) and Program. Research in the area of and California (Berkeley) comple ASCLITE (member of editorial implementation of policy and pro mented his knowledge and experience board);and on that of Ian Brown, who grams has seen Associate Professor gained over several years in East Asia. is now part of the Executive of the John Patterson co-edit books on 55 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Health and Physical Education; Ian of the teacher as a software evaluator, annual conference of the Australasian Brown progress with his work and at the AARE conference in Australia Institute of Tertiary Education publications on the implementation of and the international IFIP conference Administration. At present the Art Education policies in Australia, in the US. prototype is being included in the with a special focus on the impact of work of the UniOn group, within the The focus on electronic support for national curricula and aesthetic overall CASMAC project, for possible learning has also proved a success: outcomes; and Dr Nita Temmerman implementation in this and other John Hedberg presented the results of publish a series of articles on the issue universities. a research study on the role of agents, of Commonwealth policy and support guides and wizards to a conference on The second project aiming at multi- for music/performance arts in educational applications of computers disciplinarity in policy and manage Australia. Dr Temmerman shared her in Auckland. ment research has seen its understanding through invited foundations set by Professors Carla lectures at the International Research Christine Brown presented a synopsis Fasano and Jim Walker (University of Centre for Music Education of the of her work to the new managing Western Sydney, Nepean) through the University of Reading, UK, and at director of Apple Computer Australia launching of a Special Interest Group New Mexico State University, US. and has received enthusiastic offers of in Policy Processes in Education with support from the company for her Focusing on the management and the AARE. Their proposed rationale efforts. Dr Wing Cheung has received programs in professional develop and plan of action was presented at an ARC grant to work with Dr Bill ment on the national scene, Greg the annual conference of the AARE Winser (Social Literacy Research Rowland has pursued his collection of and attracted the interest of more than Group) on the learning of English data on the management of school- 25 educational researchers and policy using a computer-based approach. based, staff-development programs in analysts from 14 Australian universi NSW, Queensland and Tasmania, To complete the presentation of the ties, the ACER and the NSW TAFE feeling quite happy on the much- Program's output in 1994 it is appro Commission. Co-operation in a higher-than-average response rate to priate to mention new kinds of number of policy research enterprises his very large questionnaires sent to research directions which, ranked as a is expected to be established in 1995. every secondary school in these states. priority in previous years, have In 1994, the 13-researchers-strong Results will be presented at confer materialised only recently. They refer Program survived its second triennial ences in Australia and US in 1995. to what is currently considered a evaluation and was confirmed by the 'must' in policy and management Working at the higher-education end Unversity as a research centre. Over research: the need to shift from mono- of the area, professional development time, the Program has grown disciplinary to multi-disciplinary has preoccupied Dr Max Gillett, who stronger, as a variety of performance approaches. Two activities have has researched and published on the indicators (research, publications, allowed Program members to imple needs of academics to improve their conference presentation and software ment the decision. One, now com teaching and relevant clinical models production) show. It has also changed pleted, has been the Quality to support performance objectives. to be distinct from its origins. Assurance Project of the University of Performance support for teaching has Wollongong. Under the co-ordination Initially, the Program involved a also been the focus of 'technology' of Professor Carla Fasano, the R&D variety of research foci and strands in researchers such as Brian Ferry, project, funded by a large DEET policy, planning, management and Christine Brown and Dr Wing grant, has seen two other Program performance technology, more or less Cheung, who have explored different members, Associate Professors John equally represented. After six years of facets of the problem and developed Hedberg and Barry Harper, join a operation, the balance among research solutions. The multi-media journal multi-disciplinary team in the design directions has changed, with one of approach developed for Design and and development of a user-driven the strands, Performance Technology, Technology Education Teachers by information system and user interface brought to take a prominent position Brian Ferry and Christine Brown was to support quality management in the through the growing contribution by presented at several conferences, University. The work of the team, the interactive multimedia research including the NSW Science Teachers comprising colleagues from the ers. This development has been Association annual conference, the Department of Management (Profes recognised as a strength and is AARE annual conference and the sor Gill Palmer) and the University's reflected in the Program name change Engineering Education conference, Planning and Marketing Branch for 1995. Next year's report will not be and received very well. Dr Cheung (David Macpherson and Brenda from the Educational Policy Program. presented research papers on the Weeks), was published with consider It will be from the Centre for Educa analysis of instructional events in able success as a book, including a tional Policy and Performance educational software and on the role presentation CD, and presented at the Technology Research (CEPPTER). 56 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Research in industrial automation technology and systems to help keep industry efficient and competitive Industrial Automation Co-ordinator: Professor Chris Cook (tel 042 21 3065) O MODERN country can moves in a modern factory unless an gram. This work requires expertise in have a sound economy electric motor or actuator moves it. such areas as signal processing and without a thriving Actuator research aims to enhance neural nets, also used in other IARC manufacturing industry. performance - higher torque-to- programs. NThe productivity and competitiveness weight ratios, faster response and (ii) Mechatronics and control refers to of its industry depend on the quality superior efficiencies. This requires the integration of a number of actua of automation available to it. It new types of motors (requiring better tor systems, such as those developed follows then, that research in indus modelling and understanding of their in (i), with computer software and trial automation is essential to de fundamental physics), combined with hardware, embedded controllers and velop adequate systems for the future. new types of motor control using electronics and sensors, in order to The Industrial Automation Research power electronics, high-speed comput make up a mechanism or automation Centre (IARC) concentrates on such ing and innovative control strategies. 'cell' such as an assembly system or research, grouping it into three major, Such systems interact with the mains robot arm. Research in this area aims interdependent program areas: power supply, so improvement in to produce greater accuracies, supe (i) Power engineering describes that power-system quality and perform rior flexibility, ever-higher speeds, part of the research which concen ance is also supported by the Pro greater decision-making capacities trates on hardware and software for actuation and materials handling purposes, and on the systems which condition and control electric power. Mrs Bronwyn Evans, an IARC PhD Student, is working on the dynamic control of This work is highly relevant for most robot arms Industry sectors because very little Members Dr J F Chicharo, Dr P Doulai, Dr A L Elshafei, Associate Professor V J Gosbell, Mr V Ilango, Dr F Naghdy, Dr G Naghdy, Dr P O Ogunbona, Dr B S P Perera, Dr D Platt, Ms G Sadagopan, Dr G W Trott, Dr J A Fulcher, Dr J Grey, Dr P McKerrow, Dr A Zelinsky, Dr E Siores 57 RESEARCH PROGRAMS An autonomous mobile robot, built by the industrial Automation Research Program, navigates its way through a maze and autonomy within a cell. The delivered to the right place at the right vanced industrial automation by research includes development of time (requiring mobile robots and supporting research in the three inter new embedded controllers for scheduling systems). Again, process related program areas outlined. It intelligent sensing and processing, the ing speed is of the essence, and so continued to support the setting up, development of new control algo research into distributed manipula operating and maintaining of research rithms and other decision-making tion and parallel control methods infrastructure (most of its budget is strategies such as neural nets and must be pursued. The controlling allocated to equipment, facilities and fuzzy logic. computers require better sensors to professional engineering support for Both the development of innovative provide more accurate information its generally experimentally-intensive control theories and that of new about the environment in which they research work), continued attracting control applications for neural nets are working. The IARC therefore research grants, obtaining industry and fuzzy logic are applicable to most supports projects to support powerful interaction, the gaining of substantial automation areas, and such tech (and computer-intensive) sensing industry support and the dissemina niques can also be used in the other methods such as image processing. tion of its research through academic two interrelated IARC programs. Members of this Program comprise 14 publications. (iii) Intelligent manufacturing academic staff and three professional Examples of the way it strengthened concentrates on the interaction officers as well as 20 postgraduate research facilities during the year between and autonomous integration students, currently enrolled in included the setting up of a mecha- of the combination of automation Honours Masters or PhD programs, tronics laboratory (currently 40 cells and systems, such as those who have thesis topics in various percent complete), and assisting in the developed in (ii), which make up automation areas. In addition, in 1994 operation of the Manufacturing complete manufacturing systems. For more than 20 final-year electrical Research Laboratory (also partly example, operators have to be able to engineering undergraduate students funded by the University and the interact with, monitor, and control the completed their final-year theses in Faculties of Engineering and production process (requiring novel automation areas. Informatics). These facilities will software architectures and user Meanwhile, the IARC continued to provide better access to robots, interfaces), and materials have to be produce research outcomes in ad actuators and servo-systems for 58 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Power (the Energy Efficient Research Centre Ltd) continued to provide a substantial amount of power elec tronic and variable speed drive expertise to Industrial customers with the assistance of IARC researchers. A few of the specific projects under taken in the general areas outlined above in 1994 include: i) Power Engineering Researchers are Drs Platt, Perera, Doulai, Associate Professors Gosbell and Chicharo and Mr Ciufo Industrial drives and power electron ics: Modern power electronic equip ment, when connected to the electricity supply mains, can produce undesirable 'pollution' affecting Supervised by Professor Vic Gosbell, Mr Ali Jalilian is also working on the effects of mains voltages and currents, and can harmonic 'pollu tion' of the electrical m ains also have undesirable effects on the equipment, such as electric motors, they are controlling. Several projects are under way to devise and imple researchers, and undergraduate and Because the IARC supports the ment improved signal processing and postgraduate research students. implementation in Industry of control techniques to help reduce such manufacturing and industrial auto The Manufacturing Research Labora pollution. mation technology, it continues to tory is also intended to combine the have interaction with and be influ Actuators and Electric Motors: The resources of the IARC and several enced by Industry. For example, IARC designs and manufactures other groups on campus in order to during 1994 the R&D company set up prototype motors for research pur foster an interdisciplinary approach to jointly by the University with Pacific poses. For example, a large ARC grant manufacturing systems research by encouraging the building of co operative research groupings which cross faculty and departmental Mr Ali Jalilian, another IARC PhD candidate, stands by a 'calorimeter', funded by an boundaries. One of the projects in this AESIRB grant, to measure, to a high degree of accuracy, losses in electrical machines laboratory which the IARC is setting up is a robotic assembly cell using a very fast robot manufactured by ADEPT, a manufacturer in the USA. One development in 1994 was the setting up of additional interdiscipli nary work with other groups. This results from the fact that some Industrial Automation areas, such as image processing, high-speed compu ter processing, sensing, and neural nets can all have wider applications. For example, the IARC has already funded work in image processing applied to Health applications, and has also funded projects jointly with the Applied Mechanics program in the area of flexible robot arms and the development of grippers and assem bly methods. 59 RESEARCH PROGRAMS member of the IARC, is working with ANCA on the development of sys tems to improve the speed and accuracy of these machines. To achieve this it is desirable to provide full digital computerised control over the modern electric motors used to give the precision and speed of movement necessary in ANCA's machines. The intention of this project is to incorporate recent research developments at the University into products for ANCA. Good progress was made during the year, with new engineering research staff employed, design of relevant electronics com pleted and implementation work Mr Dominic Cuiri, Senior Research Engineer with the Energy Efficient started. Research Centre Ltd, prepares to test an electronic 250kW, 11000, compact Other projects continuing in 1994 inverter developed by the Program to control electrical power for mining included robot control, force and applications compliant control, robot gripper design and the application of tech niques developed for automation to with Newcastle University has Because the presence of unwanted medical areas such as surgery and recently been obtained to enable the harmonics affects the operation of the decision-making in intensive care. modelling and control of a novel power system in general, the IARC electric motor. This motor is likely to also has a research interest in power (iii) Intelligent Manufacturing have significant cost and performance systems. For example, work has been Researchers are Drs Naghdy G, Naghdy benefits over conventional machines. carried out to better understand and F, Ogunbona, Zelinsky, Trott, Mr Ciufo, Additional novel machines have also forecast electrical loads on the power Professor Cook been analysed using finite element system using neural network tech One project in this area involves techniques, and their performance niques. collaboration with Loughborough quantified. Such research also some University in the UK. A common times requires novel control sytems to ii) Mechatronics and Control industrial problem, with CIM (com be designed and implemented to Researchers are Drs Li, Trott, Naghdy, puter integrated manufacturing), is control these unconventional motors, Doulai, Platt, Asssociate-Professors Basu, the integration of many different and a number of these systems, using Gosbell, Professor Cook, Ms Evans, Mr machines and processes in a factory heavy current power electronic Ciufo, Mr Lachsz so that the whole factory operates as a devices, have been developed. One major IARC project in mecha single co-operating, communicating Power Quality and Power Systems: A tronics is being carried out with the and well-controlled manufacturing harmonic analyser to assist in detect Co-operative Research Centre (CRC) system. This project addresses such ing and better understanding the in Intelligent Manufacturing Systems integration problems by providing a pollution effects described above, and and Technologies. This CRC, set up software-based 'platform' which is a load testing facility to accurately and funded by the Australian Govern sufficiently general to provide monitor electric motors controlled ment, combines the abilities of a assistance for most CIM systems. from such equipment are two new number of private manufacturing Other continuing projects in 1994 IARC projects undertaken in 1994. companies, several universities and included the development of general The IARC also has work under way the CSIRO, to form one of Australia's ised architectures for distributed which is intended to produce new major research institutes in manufac robots and systems and the use of methods of reducing this pollution by turing. image processing techniques to developing different methods of One of the CRC's partners is ANCA, a provide enhanced information not controlling the electronic switching manufacturer and exporter of ma only to machines but also for various devices which produced it in the first chine tools, and Dr Don Platt, a medical applications. place. Much of this research work is supported by industrial collaborative research grants. 60 RESEARCH PROGRAMS 'In our pursuit of intelligent polymers we have developed strategies that enhance our level of communication with the molecular and biomolecular world - so much so that truly cellular communications are now possible' Intelligent Polymer Systems Co-ordinator: Professor G G W allace (tel 042 21 3127) HOSE OF US involved in the However, it is the study and utilisa possible to grow conducting polymers development of Intelligent tion of their unique chemical and throughout the gel while maintaining Polymer Systems strive to biological properties that is now the properties of both components. A assemble structures (from having a greater technological impact. particular advantage of this discovery the molecular level) that are capable These properties have enabled the is that the structures produced are of monitoring and responding to their design and development of new biocompatible. We have used this in environment to produce enhanced sensors and response actuator sys developing systems that allow us to performance without human inter tems. communicate with living cells. Truly vention. cellular communication! We have, for example, developed a We are in a sense communication new biosensing technology based on The research activities of IPRL are engineers at the molecular level. We conducting polymers. In one version divided into the following areas: strive to produce sensing and moni an antibody is immobilised in the Processing dynamic polymer toring technologies to access new conducting polymer sensor and with sources of information. We also the use of electrical stimuli we are systems pursue the design and development able to monitor and control the Intelligent behaviour can only be of new response systems based on protein-polymer interaction. This was expected if the polymeric structure is appropriate molecular assemblies. a clue that we could communicate multifunctional and dynamic. At a These functions are then combined with biosystems by utilising conduct molecular level this means the system into practically useful structures using ing polymers: ie the first step towards is delicately poised and input of even innovative processing technologies. biocommunications. Using these small amounts of energy can alter its properties. As with all materials We instigated studies into the unique materials, IPRL has also developed processing, construction of intelligent dynamic chemical properties of molecular response systems: mem polymers requires that energy be electronically conducting polymers. branes that can be stimulated in-situ injected into the system; however, These materials, discovered in the to allow the passage of ions, mol their delicate nature demands that early 'seventies, were first noted for ecules and even macromolecules. this energy level be more tightly their unique electrical properties. Our recent focus has been on the controlled. integration of conducting polymers into other structures that provide The process must be so designed that infrastructural support for these mechanical properties are optimised functional components. Of particular while chemical and electrical proper Members interest is the incorporation into ties are maintained. Invariably, this requires the use of composite systems Dr A Hodgson, Dr N Barisci, hydrogels (polymer systems contain ing large percentages of water). They with more conventional polymers (eg Dr M Imisides, Dr W Price, Dr S in themselves are useful molecular poly vinyl chloride or polyurethane) Ralph, Dr H Zhao, Dr G Spinks, response systems since they can be providing the structural support. Professor L Kane-Maguire, Dr F made to undergo a phase transition IPRL has contributed to this area (shrink/expand) with appropriate during 1994 with the development of Chen, Ms K Gilmore, Dr R John, stimuli: the basis of artificial muscles novel processing techniques. We have Dr CO Too and novel drug delivery systems. It is invented a new method to produce 61 RESEARCH PROGRAMS conducting polymer colloids (ex materials characterisation methods. tremely small particles) that can then During this year we have developed a be readily mixed with other polymers. method that allows the mechanical We have also developed techniques properties of dynamic polymer for growing conducting polymers systems to be measured in-situ as throughout other polymer (hydrogel) electrical stimuli are applied. This is structures. important in many application areas (eg actuators and membranes - see This latter approach enables the later) where mechanical integrity spatial distribution of function (for must be retained as the polymers are example, sensors separated from stimulated. actuators) within a totally synthetic polymer system. This information is also important to another emerging area in intelligent We are also concerned with the polymer research, the development of Figure 1: An example illustrating how the molecular events occurring during artificial muscles. IPRL initiated a additives used during polymerisation polymer processing and how this influence conformation of the polymeric research program in this area during influences the eventual properties of chains at the molecular level 1994. It II II II :: o i i $m i i mm ii The microchip measures 1cm wide Sensors and actuators IPRL continues to lead the interna tional research community in this area. During the last year we have devel oped a system (in collaboration with Oxford University, UK) that enables us to carry out multicomponent analysis for chemical components on Figure 2: the micro density chip the polymer. It is in the course of such Characterisation techniques studies that we discovered an ex Since conventional methods of tremely simple approach to making material characterisation cannot be chiral conducting polymers (see performed in operational environ Figure 1). This example illustrates ments they provide limited informa how the additives used during tion on dynamic polymer systems. polymerisation influence the confor mation of the polymeric chains at the Consequently we continue to be molecular level. involved in the development of new 62 RESEARCH PROGRAMS m m Relaxing by one of the University's landscaped ponds - the entire IPRL team a device the size of an electronic chip A new generation o f substrates. Preliminary data suggest (Figure 2). intelligent systems that the growth and differentiation can even be controlled through These systems are applicable to This area involves the development of application of electrical stimuli during detection of ions, small molecules and intelligent polymer systems that growth of the structure. Part of this even macromolecules such as proteins. communicate with living cellular effect may be mediated by the release components. It is envisaged that the We have developed polymer based of crucial cellular messages from the use of naturally occurring compo membrane systems that can initiate polymer. We have recently shown nents in construction of intelligent chemical events in response to that large macro molecules can be polymers will facilitate enhanced electrical stimuli. For example, incorporated into the polymers. These performance. membranes that can regulate the can be released in a controlled fashion transport of selected ions, molecules All the above elements of research - by applying electrical stimuli to the and macromolecules have been processing, characterisation, sensing polymer. This has important implica constructed. These chemical events and actuation - are embraced in this tions for delivery of new recombinant are response systems in themselves project, albeit at an embryonic stage. protein drugs and vaccines. but can also be used to initiate other We have shown, for example, that a electrical responses (eg changes in range of mammalian cells, eg fibro As well we have shown that intact resistance), physical effects (change in blasts, human carcinoma cells, living cells can be incorporated into colour) or even mechanical effects endothelial cells and PC-12 cells, can the polymeric structure during (electrochemical actuators). be grown on our dynamic polymer synthesis. Molecular events occurring 63 RESEARCH PROGRAMS at the cell membrane surface can then and with Dr M Boutelle (Oxford Separations technology be regulated and monitored, enabling University, UK) as well as our Materials characterisation truly cellular communications. commercial collaborators Gamma Sensor technology Biologicals, Dionex. Their input is Biomaterials Collaborative activities invaluable. Colloid technology IPRL has established an extensive Controlled release domestic and international research Summary of research projects Cell culturing Processing of conducting polymers network. Without the input of such IPRL projects cover a wide range of Actuators expertise from various disciplines we interest. Listed below are industrially Multifunctional polymers and would not have advanced our re focused areas, community related structures search activities as we have. Our links areas such as biomedical technologies Intelligent polymers and structures with Dr A Mau (CSIRO, Chemicals and environmental monitoring, and and Polymers), Dr D Barnett (CSIRO, visionary areas such as Closing remarks Food Science), Professor J Unsworth multifunctional and intelligent Advances in communications have (UTS), Professor R Burford (UNSW) polymers and structures, which are and our commercial collaborators in always resulted from advances in the materials of the future. Many are materials science and technology. To Australia CRA, Pasminco, MM Cables truly collaborative projects in that date however, this has only given us and Tecra Diagnostics are invaluable. staff and students travel on exchange improved intersystem communica A strong link with the Illawarra Area visits between the respective estab tions. There is indeed a need to Health Service has been forged and a lishments. develop more independent material new collaborative Research Unit has Selected industrial projects systems capable of intrasystem been established at the Wollongong Development of smart membrane communication and then intelligent Hospital. technology behaviour. In addition, we have overseas re Corrosion protection Now advances in molecular assembly search links with Dr D Kaplan Sensors and biosensors are improving our ability to construct (USARO, USA), Professor S W Kim Electrode materials development such systems. We are developing the (University of Utah, USA), Professor Selected postgraduate projects ability to produce systems capable of N Ogata (Sophia University, Japan), Monomer synthesis intrasystem communication and Professor Y Osada (Hokkaido Univer Chiral polymers hence enhanced performance without sity, Japan) Professor C Y Kim (KIST) Conducting polymer/hydrogels human intervention. 64 RESEARCH PROGRAMS How labour markets function in conditions of high unemployment and rapid international competitive change Disadvantaged labour groups and regional industrial developments Labour Market Analysis Co-ordinators: Dr Chris Nyland a n d Associate Professor Ray Markey (tel 042 21 4027) HE LABOUR market in labour groups have all contributed lished in leading journals such as recent years has continued to both to theory and policy. The History of Political Economy and the be a major focus for Austral Program has strong links with other Journal of Industrial Relations. His ian policy-makers. Encour research groups (eg ACIRRT) as well leadership was instrumental in agedT by the impact of micro-economic as regional state and national trade developing the new focus on regional reform on labour, the government is unions and employers. Links with labour markets. He is also involved now examining closely the effects on overseas scholars have been strength with D P Chaudhri and Robert Castle labour of its labour market, education, ened and collaborative research is in a project on the effects of child health and regional policies. The bring undertaken with academics in labour in developing economies. several countries on an international Program has been closely involved in Ray Markey's landmark history of the steel project and on industrial democ high-quality research on these issues, NSW Trades and Labour Council - In racy projects. which has contributed to policy Case of Oppression: The Life and Times of making at Federal, State and Regional The Program has also placed great the Labour Council of New South Wales - levels. In addition, the Program's emphasis on collaborative research was published during the year, work has contributed to the develop between its members. This has been complementing his earlier work on ment of theory in economics and most evident in the research into the origins of the Labour Party in industrial relations in both national disadvantaged labour market groups NSW and reinforcing his credentials and international publications. such as Aborigines (Castle-Verrucci) in the labour history of the state. His and women (Nyland-Kelly-Harvie). links with the Free and Unfree Labour Don Lewis's work on education and Project based in Amsterdam and his health; Ann Hodgkinson's study of This collaboration has led to new continuing work on industrial regional industry policy and labour initiatives focusing on regional policy democracy with colleagues in Europe market training; Chris Nyland's in the context of the integration and and the USA have further enhanced research on management and health internationalisation of the global the international reputation of the and safety; Ray Markey's work on economy. Active regional policy is a Program. trade unions and industrial democ key to enabling labour in regional areas to participate in and benefit racy; Di Kelly's international steel Don Lewis continued his work on from the emerging global economy. project; and the work of many health and education with the publi program members on disadvantaged Chris Nyland increased his interna cation of two major reports on the tional reputation over the year in two economics of health care for the fields - the history of management Department of Health and the Per and the status of women in economic formance of Students admitted via Members theory. He has presented papers at Alternative Modes for the Department Associate Professor Rob Castle, leading universities in the USA and of Employment and Industrial England (Duke and Cambridge) and Relations. He is involved in several Ms Di Kelly, Dr John Rogers, was invited to act as a discussant at projects with health-care profession Dr Joan Rogers, Dr Charles the International History of Economic als; his standing in the field of health Harvie, Ms Ann Hodgkinson, Thought Conference held in Boston, economics was recognised by his USA. He continued his record in appointment as Chairman of the Ms Nada Verrucci, Professor obtaining ARC funding for the sixth Australian Health Economists Society Don Lewis, Mr Gary Fulton successive year and by being pub in 1994. Don is in strong demand as a 65 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Labour Market Analysis Program members have been involved in issues which have contributed to policy-making at federal, state and regional levels of government consultant and his work has impor emphasis of the new World Trade Nyland and Ray Markey both re tant implications for other studies Organisation (WTO) on labour and ceived ARC Small Grants for 1995. undertaken by the Program on environmental issues in the context of Over the next year, the Program will women and other disadvantaged a liberalised global trading system labour-market groups. makes this work particularly impor be strengthened by the addition of tant and fits well with the new new members — Joan and John Di Kelly's work on the steel industry regional/global emphasis of the Rodgers, whose primary research received national and international Program. Charles Harvie's work on areas are poverty and internal migra recognition. She was invited to join a the impact of macro-economic shocks tion, and Gary Fulton, who is working major international steel research on economies and regions also reflects on the impact of overseas manage project co-ordinated by Professor this thrust. ment practices on Australian labour. Kockan of the Sloan School of Man Nadia Verrucci and Rob Castle's work The primary questions asked by the agement as well as an Australian on the labour market as it affects Program about the ways in which the project co-ordinated by Professors Aboriginal Australians demonstrates internationalising of the global Lansbury and Nyland for the Univer continuing concern for disadvantaged economy impacts on disadvantaged sities of Sydney and NSW. The latter labour-market groups within the sectors of the labour market at group received nearly $180,000 in a Program. Rob Castle and Jim Hagan regional, national and international three-year multi-campus Large ARC received multi-year ARC funding to levels are of central concern to all Grant in 1994 in addition to earlier complete a History of Aboriginal involved in labour market issues in funding from BHP. Di has presented involvement in the Australian the late 1990s. The expertise devel papers on this project and on the economy in 1995. oped by the members of the Program status of women at Cornell, Warwick, will continue to be called on by Cardiff and Toronto Universities and The Program received funding from policy-makers as the social and has published in leading journals. Her the ARC through both Large and economic impacts of these policies work has special significance for the Small Grants, DIER, Department of impact on labour markets. Wollongong region: linking between Health, BHP and other sources. This regional and international concerns increasing success rate in obtaining The Program will tie into the planned clearly demonstrates the new focus of outside funding reflects the develop International Business Institute and the Program. ment of the Program in recent years. this will provide further focus and The involvement of more than a direction to our activities. In short, the Ann Hodgkinson's work on regional dozen research students at Doctoral Program had a successful year in 1994 and environmental issues continued and Masters level also reflects the and is well placed to build on that to attract attention and support. The maturity of the Program. Chris success in the coming years. 66 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Critical analysis of the discursive formation of subjects within culture, nation, modernity, decolonisation and global media Literature and the Colonial Legacy Co-ordinators: Professor James Wieland (tel 042 21 3677) a n d Dr P aid Sharrad (tel 042 21 3705) HE LITERATURE and the environmental and media studies Gerry Turcotte (English) and Luke Colonial Legacy Program now overlaps with analyses of McNamara (Law), and New Literatures has been innovative in its urbanity and modernity central to Review has won a challenge grant to research in textual and Cultural Studies. For this reason, the upgrade its presentation and interna Tcultural production and has reflected Program will change its name in 1995 tional profile. This will involve developments in a rapidly broadening to the Centre for Research in Textual cooperation with 'post-colonial' staff research field. Screen and media and Cultural Studies (Incorporating at Macquarie and Tasmania Universi studies are necessary and important the New Literatures Research Centre). ties. inclusions in our research brief, as are Another project will develop around the study of electronic texts, the Research projects the 1994 challenge grant to establish internet and desktop publishing. The 'biography and autobiography' Law/Text/Culture, a journal on law and The 'colonial legacy' is one of national focus of the past two years involved literature produced jointly by Joseph formations, but recent movements in staff and postgraduate students in Pugliese and Maurie Scott from the theory and in nationalities and producing several conference papers Department of English and Penelope cultures have problematised this at outside the University, Sharon Pether and Robin Hanley from the both multi-national and micro Clarke's literary biography of Sumner Faculty of Law. Through articles, national levels. Theorising of gender Locke-Eliot, to be published in 1995, artwork and poetry, Law/Text/Culture and discourse analysis in legal, the 'Self, Life and Writing' conference crosses boundaries and reflects the in July 1994 at Wollongong and a societies and cultures in which the number of related theses to be law operates. Launched in October completed in the next two years. 1994, the first issue included a poem 'Self, Life and Writing: Post-colonial by Ruby Langford-Ginibi of the Members Perspectives' focused on life-narra- Bundjalung people, crime writer Sara Dr Graham Barwell, Ms Kate tives from Australian, Pacific and Paretsky's contentious 'The protocols of the Elders of Feminism' and Bowles, Dr Melissa Hardie, Asian post-colonial writers. Keynote speaker was Professor Sidonie Smith Professor Richard Weisberg's 'Codifi Dr Richard Harland, Ms Efi of Binghamton University, USA, and cation of Western Law and the poetics Hatzimanolis, Dr Tom author of a seminal work in the field, of Novelistic Disclosure'. The journal will offer opportunities to people who Jagtenberg, Associate Professor A Poetics of Women's Autobiography: Marginality and the Fictions of Self- have not usually had access to Dorothy Jones, Dr Anne Lear, Representation. Anne Lear and Paul academic journals and who have Dr Kate Newey, Ms Margaret Sharrad are co-editing the conference traditionally been relegated to 'sub' or Nixon, Dr Joseph Pugliese, proceedings. marginal cultures. Associate Professor Gaetano Paul Sharrad's major research project, Journal projects 'A Systematic Analysis and Biblio Rando, Dr Louise Ravelli, Australian Canadian Studies will graphic Listing of Literary Criticism Mr Maurie Scott, Dr Gerry continue to be produced out of the of South Asian Writing in English Turcotte Program, through the collaboration of Since 1970', is now the priority 67 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Members of the Research Program seen here met to discuss preparation for publication of the 1944 proceedings of the Self, Life writing conference. In the group are, from left, Mr Marvin Gilman, Ms Kate Bowles, Dr Anne Lear, Ms Efi Hatzimanolis. Dr Joseph Pugliese and Dr Paul Sharrad research project being undertaken by Knows (with Susan Turnbull) was of theatre historians in Australia the Program. His work on the Pacific published early in 1994. (UNSW, September 1994), and will be is continuing, with the publication of involved in the editing of a volume of Graham Barwell and Kate Bowles his Readings in Pacific Literature and Australian plays 1830-1930, for the have set up a new project area, his project on Pacific life narratives Academy Editions project. On her researching the management of the with post-graduate research student current study leave, she was invited Internet in Canada and Australia, Michael Hayes. by the Moscow Times to visit Russia to looking at issues of censorship and observe the theatre there, and was self-regulation, the production of Kate Bowles's book on Women and invited to present a paper at the meaning, gossip and ritual, and the Australian Television (with Dr Susan Dickens Project, University of Califor challenges to policy nationalism Turnbull and Professor Ina Bertrand nia, Santa Cruz, in August 1994. from the Media Centre at La Trobe which the Internet represents. University) is scheduled for publica Anne Lear presented papers at the In December 1994 Graham Barwell tion in 1995. Crediting Women: Women 1994 'Religion, Literature and the chaired the session on electronic and Australian Television is the first Arts' conference (Australian Catholic scholarly editions at the Modern book on this subject, and is a good University, Sydney): in 1995 she will Language Association Convention, example of what can be achieved be presenting a paper on the 17th- San Diego. between textual and cultural studies, century writer Alice Thornton's using industry interviews, program Kate Newey was invited to present a construction of the self in her autobi content analysis and audience re paper on her current research project ography. search. Ms Bowles's book on Austral 'Nineteenth Century Women Play As part of her work on sexual repre ian soap-operas, Only Tomorrow wrights' at the inaugural conference sentation, Melissa Hardie presented a 68 RESEARCH PROGRAMS paper entitled: 'Woman, Camp and 'Reader in Australian Literary Criti paper on Women under Apartheid at Emulation' at the Fin de Siecle cism' are all proceeding on schedule. the 'Self, life and Writing' conference, Feminisms Conference at UNSW in Kerry Goddard presented a paper on September and attended the Modern Visiting Fellow Elizabeth Jolley at the Association for Language Association Convention in Professor Anna Rutherford, head of the Study of Australian Literature San Diego in December. Australian Studies at Aarhus Univer conference (ADFA, July), and had an article on Jolley published in the Dorothy Jones's research in the field sity, Denmark, and director of journalSPAN. of post-colonial women's writing has Dangaroo Press, spent several months in Wollongong as Visiting Fellow resulted in several publications and Glenda Moylan-Brouff presented a with the Program. Professor conference papers. The Report of the paper on Geronimo at the American Rutherford has been a pathfinder in AVCC Standards Panel on the Studies Association Conference the field of post-colonial studies, and Teaching of English in Australian (Melbourne University, July), and was one of the founders of the Universities, to which Dorothy Jones Antoinette Holm presented a paper at Association of Commonwealth contributed as one of its seven the 'Body in the Library' Conference Literature and Language Studies. members, was published during the at the University of Queensland. Professor James Wieland is collaborat year. Michael Hayes presented papers at ing with Professor Rutherford on an the 'Self, Life and Writing' conference, Richard Harlancl spent two months issue of the journal Kunapipi, dealing at the 'Colonial Inheritance in the visiting universities in England with Australian war writing. lecturing on his newly-published Pacific' conference at the ANU book, Beyond Superstructuralism, Pacific theatre project: new (December, 1993) and the conference, which expounds his original syntag- initiative 'Identities, Ethnicities and Nationali ties in the Asia/Pacific Region' matic theory. An exciting initiative arising from the (LaTrobe, July). Efi Hatzimanolis Margaret Nixon's current research is Program's existing work on Aborigi wrote two chapters in books pub in the area of television studies and its nal and Pacific literatures is the lished during the year and was an connections with cultural studies, establishment, within the Program, of invited speaker at the XIV Interna focusing particularly on the social the Australian branch of the Pacific tional Comparative Literature Con semiosis of television texts viewed Theatre Project. Organised from the gress, University of Alberta, Canada, from a cross-cultural perspective. University of Santa Cruz and based in August and the 'Fin de Siecle During a research trip to the United on a writing centre in Western Samoa, Feminisms' conference (UNSW, this is an informational database, States, she attended the conference, September). Console-ing Passions: Television, electronic journal and library of Video and Feminism, (University of theatre material from the Asia-Pacific Greg Ratcliffe published an article on Arizona in April). She also presented region. The Program has been con Michael Ondaatje in New Literatures two papers at IASS (International sulted on contacts in Singapore, PNG, Review and two reviews in Australian/ Association for Semiotic Studies), Fiji and India. It will receive a dedi Canadian Studies. Lorraine Barrow was University of California, Berkeley in cated computer terminal with modem published in Hecate and Melissa June. and annual funding of $10,000. Boyde in Kunapipi. Marvin Gilman presented a paper at the CRNLE Assisted by a grant from the Cana Conference at Flinders and was dian Government, Gerry Turcotte has Postgraduate research published in Australian Canadian spent several months in Canada The Program's Postgraduate Associ Studies. Geoffrey Sykes presented working on his comparative study of ate Members have made a major papers at both the 1994 and 1995, indigenous Australian, Canadian and research contribution during the past Religion, Literature and the Arts' New Zealand writers. His book on year. Sharon Clarke's book on Sumner Conferences, and his play Dream Australian writer Jack Davis was Locke-Eliot, mentioned earlier, Machine, on Lawrence Hargrave, was published in 1994. James Wieland's commissioned by Angus and produced by Theatre South. 'Australian Critical Bibliography' is in Robertson, is in its final draft form. press, and his 'Shaking Hands with Marilla North has been contracted by The close relationship between Shadows: Australian Responses to Allen and Unwin to write a biography teaching and research in the English War' is in its final-draft stage. The of Australian writer Dymphna Department provides a strong, program's other Australian projects, Cusack. Karen Brooks interviewed cohesive foundation for a group of Maurie Scott's 'Aboriginal Theatre expatriate writer Shirley Hazzard in researchers and the Program contin Database', Gaetano Rando's 'Italians New York and presented papers at ues to give a sense of 'critical mass' in Australia' project, Louise Ravelli's the 'Self, Life and Writing' conference and collegiality that will become more 'Linguistics in Australia' project, and and the CRNLE conference at Flinders necessary with increasing expansion James Wieland and Joseph Pugliese's University. Jeanette Dean presented a into team and interdisciplinary work. 69 RESEARCH PROGRAMS '...the historical sense involves a perception not only of the pastness of the past, but o f its presence...' T S Eliot Quaternary Environmental Change Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Colin Woodroffe (tel 042 21 3359) NDERSTANDING modification. Quaternary studies also environment from different sources present-day environmental provide an opportunity to rationally (eg vehicles, industrial sources, waste change often requires a assess whether aspects of present day disposal) and identify the geological knowledge of environ environmental change are part of deposits from which the lead was mental changes that have occurred in natural, ongoing phenomena, or the derived. recent earth history. Studies of the results of human agency. Lord Howe Island Quaternary Period, the last two The Australasian region has a distinc million years of the earth's geologic Field work continued on Lord Howe tive Quaternary record, which in record, provides a framework to Island, site of the world's some respects differs significantly to evaluate the nature of earth surface southernmost coral reef. Further that of the northern hemisphere, and processes. Quaternary studies permit, samples were collected for dating by has led to considerable attention by for example, assessments of the several methods (eg amino acid overseas researchers to the findings of magnitude and recurrence time of racemisation, radiocarbon, the Quaternary Environmental geologic hazards such as earthquakes, thermoluminescence and uranium- Change Research Centre. As in floods, volcanic activity and droughts, series dating) as well as detailed previous years, members of the which may not always be determined stratigraphic analyses of ancient Quaternary Environmental Change on the basis of human instrumental dunes and fossil soil deposits, be Research Centre have maintained a records alone. Similarly, in attempts lieved to have formed when sea level high level of research productivity to rehabilitate landscapes to their was slightly lower than present levels. examining Quaternary records from former 'natural' state, information Shallow seismic sections were also diverse settings in Australasia. gained from Quaternary sediments taken in the back-reef lagoon in attempt to identify older reefal may assist in determining the original Quaternary Projects nature of a landscape, particularly for deposits. Lead in estuarine systems regions that have experienced a Archaeological studies lengthy history of human-induced Collaborative research by Dr Bryan In a paper presented to the World Chenhall with Drs Brian Gulson and Archaeological Congress in New Massimo Chiaradia (CSIRO - North Delhi in December 1994, Drs Lesley Ryde) was initiated late in 1994 Head and Richard Fullagar (Austral examining the sources of lead in ian Museum, Sydney) explored the M embers estuarine systems. The research possibility of identifying in the involves finger-printing the source of Associate Professor Ted Bryant, archaeological record, hunter-gatherer lead in sediments based on isotopic Dr Bryan Chenhall, Professor attachments to place. They compared analyses using high resolution a particular dreaming story, symbolis Allan Chivas, Dr Lesley Head, thermal ionisation mass-spectrometry. ing present-day relations to the land, Associate Professor Brian Core samples were collected from from the Keep River region, north Lake Illawarra and other estuarine Jones, Mr John Marthick, west Northern Territory with the environments and preliminary archaeological evidence from the Dr Colin Mur ray-Wallace, analyses were undertaken. Prelimi Jinmium rockshelter in the same Ms Toni O'Neill, Mr David nary results indicate that it is possible region. The dreaming story links a to identify lead introduced to the Price and Dr Colin Woodroffe series of rocky hills that share two 70 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Dr Bryan Chenhall collecting sediment samples for lead isotope analysis from a core collected from Lake Illawarra Lord Howe Island site of the southernmost coral reef. In the middle distance, emergent shore platforms provide evidence for a higher sea level during the past 6000 years with the sea at least 600 km away and tive artefacts are found throughout about 140 m lower than present, they the deposits. In innovative work would have been even more promi comparing starch residues on stone nent. Second, individual hills provide tools and in the sediments themselves, important hunter-gatherer resources the use of yams over a very long that are archaeologically visible. period from yet another hill on the important characteristics. First, they Paintings on the rockshelter walls and track is being elucidated. Drs Head are the most permanent features of ground ochre in the excavated and Fullagar suggest that while the the landscape. Today they are promi sediments are traceable to an ochre antiquity of the story itself can of nent points on an alluvial and coastal mine on one of the hills. On another is course never by known, the antiquity plain. Eighteen thousand years ago, found a silcrete quarry whose distinc of mapped landscapes, and of per- An oblique aerial view of the Macquarie Rivulet Delta, a coastal feature of Lake Illawarra that has formed in the past few hundred years. A large portion of the delta has developed since European settle ment and is the focus of a lead isotope study 71 RESEARCH PROGRAMS past 300,000 years. Several graduate tal shelf. A chronology of sediment Ancient dune sediments on Lord Howe students are involved in this research, deposition based on amino acid Island. The sloping beds indicate former which will ultimately provide one of racemisation and radiocarbon dating, dune surfaces. A plant root has also been the most comprehensive overviews of indicates that there are distinct replaced by calcium carbonate fluvial stratigraphy and chronology, intervals when sediment is deposited encompassing a full glacial cycle in on the outer shelf Thick shell beds ceived links with specific places, can the world. comprising abundant scallops (Pecten be traced to the Pleistocene. fumatus) and other shallow water Recent work examining flooding of molluscs formed on the outer shelf Central Australia Cooper Creed in SW Queensland during glacial maxima when sea level Research continued on the response of shows these events to be widespread was some 120 m below present. The dune building episodes and river flow (ie tens of km in extent) but not to be ultimate aim of the research is to regimes to climate change in central very erosive. Velocities are low and refine models of Quaternary sea-level and northern Australia during the they transport surprisingly little and climate change. sediment - mostly mud and some Coastal records of rapid change Gypsy Jinjair demonstrates the use of the sand. In contrast, floods in the high pounding stones to process starchy plant energy channels of the Kimberley Increasing attention has been drawn foods such as yams region, affected by the northwest recently to the effect of high intensity monsoon, are catastrophic in nature, events such as storms and tsunami ripping huge slabs of rock from the (often incorrectly termed tidal waves) channel floor and stacking them like on the evolution of coastlines. Tsu dominos downstream of waterholes. nami have been identified as a The frequency with which these significant geomorphic process along events occur is not known but is being the southeastern Australian coastline evaluated by Associate Professor during the Pleistocene. The cause of Gerald Nanson. these tsunami is uncertain but earth quakes, underwater slides and New South Wales outer continental volcanism are all possibilities in the shelf Tasman Sea region. Research commenced examining the Further field work along the southern chronology of depositional events on New South Wales coastline was the outer continental shelf of New undertaken in 1994 by Dr Ted Bryant South Wales. Dr Colin Murray- and Associate Professor Bob Young, Wallace in conjunction with Dr Marie examining evidence for tsunami Ferland (Sydney University) and Dr sedimentation. Evidence for tsunami Peter Roy (NSW Geological Survey) along the New South Wales coastline have undertaken extensive analyses of was compared with previously core-sediments of the outer continen documented examples from Scotland 72 RESEARCH PROGRAMS An example of the enormous slabs of rock that have been moved by catastrophic flows along the Durrack River in the K im berley region of W estern Australia. The scale is five m etres long during fieldwork conducted by Dr Ted Bryant in the Shetland Islands in 1994. Similar geomorphologic features were noted in both settings lending further support to the tsunami interpretation. Spatial analysis Geographic Information Systems have become an important tool for under standing, monitoring and predicting environmental change. A Mechanism C grant in 1994 awarded to Ms Toni O'Neill led to an upgrading of the spatial analysis laboratory facilities with a new Silicon Graphics work station and suite of new GIS software. GIS research has centred on the Illawarra and the Shoalhaven. Several projects commenced in 1994 that involve modelling changes in the The sinuous bedrock channel of the Prince Regent River in the north-west of distribution and extent of wetlands, the Kimberley region of Western Australia, one of the areas being investi avian habitats, introduced weeds as gated by Associate Professor Gerald Nanson and his postgraduate students well as mapping fire history and land- use change. Remote sensing research has focussed been shown to reflect radiation climatic change. Lichen crusts, for on environmental change in the semi- slightly differently. The aim of this example, are sensitive to humid heat. arid region of western New South research is to spectrally characterise They occur in areas where summer Wales. Recent research has combined the mix of these plant types. By rains are uncommon. If the climate monitoring the spectral changes it biogeographic studies and remote changes and rainfall patterns change, may be possible to delineate subtle sensing techniques. Results show that it is predicted that the distribution of effects due to climate change. although there is considerable sea the lichen crusts will change. Research sonal and annual variation in plant Another indicator of change high completed this year has shown that species due to unpredictable rainfall lighted in this research is the ground- the distribution and photosynthetic events, some plant groups are both cover of microphytic crusts in the condition of crusts can be monitored ecologically and spectrally-distinct. semi-arid region. These crusts play an using high spectral resolution re For example, the two major groups of important role in soil stabilisation, motely sensed data. Further research plants, C3 and C4 plants, which differ nitrogen fixation and water infiltra is planned utilising only recently in their utilisation of carbon and tion. Crusts can also be used as available hyperspectral-resolution energy at different temperatures, have important ecological indicators of airborne remotely-sensed data. RESEARCH PROGRAMS Understanding and managing science and technology in their social and cultural contexts Aspects of sustainable development Science and Technology Analysis Co-ordinator: Dr Brian Martin (tel 042 21 3763) EMBERS of the Science Stan Aungles has continued to work and one on trends in environmental and Technology on information technology and ism in Australia at Osaka University. Analysis (STA) Re higher education, looking at compu Dr Beder has also continued to search Program are ter literacy, computerised curricula, research, write about and give papers involved in promoting and integrat university libraries, educational on various aspects of sustainable ing research into the nature, dynam technology (including open learning) development, especially the ethical ics, impact and management of and secretarial work. He approaches and political aspects of environmen science and technology in their social these areas using organisational tal economics. and cultural contexts. Most STA theory to analyse the way organisa Professor Jim Falk continued to members are from the Department of tional changes relate the particular develop the Technology and Envi Science and Technology Studies with configurations of information and ronmental Strategies research a few from other parts of the Univer communication technologies. grouping (TES) which he directs. In sity. Richard Badham has been engaged 1994 the group carried out several The main formal activities of STA are on a major ethnographic study of major projects for government seminars, several discussion groups - human-centred manufacturing, using agencies including the National covering areas including environ the approach of action research. Review of Greenhouse Information ment, economics and sociology of During 1993-94, the project focused Materials and Programs which was scientific knowledge - and production on Hoover Australia. Detailed commissioned by the Australian and of STA working papers, which have dictaphone notes, minutes and New Zealand Conservation Council been distributed to dozens of centres interview information were collected. (ANZECC) as part of the govern around the world. Some of the In order to introduce a comparative ment's National Greenhouse Re activities of STA members during the dimension to illuminate unique and sponse Strategy. The Report is to be year are described below. shared elements of human-centred published in 1995. TES has also won initiatives at Hoover, a series of case a grant from the Environmental Trust study analyses was begun during (NSW) - in collaboration with the 1994 in two other companies using Graduate School of Environmental M embers smart manufacturing techniques, Studies at Macquarie University - to Mr Stan Aungles, Associate carried out by Associate Professor carry out a feasibility study for Professor Richard Badham, Badham and Dr Paul Couchman. The developing a National Clearing project will continue in the coming House for Environmental Education. Dr Sharon Beder, Professor Jim years. The study involves the development Falk, Mr Greg Hampton, of both traditional and electronically In July, Sharon Beder was invited to networked systems and will be the Dr Richard Joseph, Mr David Japan as a guest of Tokyo Metropoli basis of a proposal for the develop Mercer, Dr Glenn Mitchell, tan University (TMU). While there ment of a full-scale clearing house. Ms Rhonda Roberts, Mr Brian she delivered a public lecture on science and technology education for Working in TES, Greg Hampton Rogers, Dr Stewart Russell, social responsibility. She also gave carried out a study of community Associate Professor John papers at two symposia; one on preferences and attitudes towards Schuster engineering codes of ethics at TMU the East Coast Armaments Complex, 74 RESEARCH PROGRAMS a proposed armaments depot at Jervis Researching electronic Bay. The construction of this depot mail: Stan Aungles is investigating the effect will have environmental impacts in of communication the form of destruction of seagrass technologies, including beds and disturbance to the habitat of e-mail, on patterns of a variety of marine species. The social academic work; Dr impacts of the construction involve Brian Martin, middle, in collaboration with loss of visual and recreational amenity Mary Cawte, is in the Jervis Bay area and an increase researching the agis in hazards associated with the possible uses of :i§® transportation and storage of arma science and technology for nonviolent ments. Economic impacts involve a struggle, with a special possible decrease in income from focus on e-mail; Dr tourism and a possible increase in Richard Joseph has employment opportunities in the been studying the way Nowra area, though the extent of this e-mail can be used as a form of social control increase is disputed. Community preferences for the construction of the depot were assessed by telephone survey using the random digit Czechoslovak resistance to the Soviet manufacturing. Over the past several dialling sampling method, and the invasion of 1968, radio has been years he has studied sites in New relationship between preferences and extremely useful in non-violent South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, attitudes towards the impacts of the struggle. The paradox is resolved by and has visited salt museums in construction were investigated. noting that a completely unified Europe. His studies bring together an Dr Richard Joseph has continued his resistance - as was the case in Czecho historical overview, detailed attention work in the areas of electronic mail, slovakia - is not hindered by the uni to artifacts and sites, assessment of information policy and telecommuni directionality of broadcast media. The processes used in salt manufacture, cations policy. He takes a critical view introduction of diversity in the and conclusions about the relation of many of the 'reforms' of telecom resistance shows the superiority of ship between technology and society. munications, arguing that the concept network media, and even in Czecho of 'deregulation' is much too simple slovakia the active phase of the Dr Stewart Russell continued his to explain the complexity of the resistance finished as soon as the research on combined heat and power changes that are occurring in Aus Soviets took over the radio system. in Britain. He wrote a specially commissioned historical study for the tralia and other countries. He looks at Rhonda Roberts has been working to Swedish National Board for Industrial these changes as part of a longer-term complete her PhD thesis, which looks and Technical Development which involvement of the Australian govern at high technology 'incubators' was published this year. ment in confronting and shaping designed as an innovation manage processes of technological and ment tool to accelerate rates of Associate Professor John Schuster has institutional change. His focus is on innovation in high technology continued work leading towards a the use of political rhetoric which industries. Her case study is an new overall interpretation or master- hides many of the social impacts of investigation of the negotiations narrative of the period known as the the changes. between the Australian and Japanese 'Scientific Revolution'. This project, governments to build the Multi Dr Brian Martin, in collaboration with involving the participation of honor function Polis. Her analysis critically Mary Cawte, continued his ARC- ary fellow Alan Taylor, aims to revive examines the MFP incubator design funded project on science and tech large-scale narrative as both research process discussing implicit assump nology for non-violent struggle. They strategy and outcome for historians of tions made about the nature of have focused on communication science. The study questions current innovation and cultural difference in technology, looking closely at a interpretations of the Scientific innovation management. Also certain paradox: in general, network Revolution, both the traditional heroic discussed is the use of incubator communication media (such as narrative of Western science as developments by governments and telephone and electronic mail) are internally driven, uninterrupted business to fulfil private agendas and progress and the apparently contrary expected to be more helpful in non how this influences incubator design. violent struggle than broadcast media view explaining developments in (such as radio and television), but in Brian Rogers has continued his work terms of external economic and some specific cases, notably the on the historical archaeology of salt political influences. 75 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Engineering risk assessment and quality issues in the geo-water environment Geomechanics and mining Environmental engineering and management Water Engineering and Geomechanics Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Robin Choivdhnry (tel 042 21 3040) COMMON theme of the additional research funds totalling the United States as well as Australian Water Engineering and $300,000 were attracted from outside urban water quality data have been Geomechanics Research the University. The Program co analysed. Based on this analysis, a Program is the under organised a national conference pollution wash-off model has been standingA and analysis of issues related during this year and successfully developed to predict significant to safety, quality, risk and reliability hosted three new short courses. pollutants washed from urban areas. in the geo-water environment, Work related to real-time monitoring including natural hazards as well as Urban stormwater quantity of stormwater quality in two West infrastructure and resource develop and quality management Dapto streams is also in progress. A ment. This Research Program is Under the leadership of Associate remote-control facility has been unique among university engineering Professor Boyd, work is continuing on developed at the University, through departments in adopting strategies for the design of detention basin storage cellular phone hook-up, to monitor interdisciplinary work alongside to control floods in urban areas. In water quantity and quality data traditional discipline-based research. practice, it is possible to use a small during storm water events from two During 1994, six PhD projects were number of large detention basins or a creeks in West Dapto. Associate completed and 33 other PhD projects large number of small detention Professor Sivakumar's team is devel were continued. In the same period, storages located on the many devel oping new strategies for modelling oped sites on the catchment. The pollution control ponds in urban second approach is the recent trend in areas. These projects are being Australia. It has been found that undertaken with funding and assist performance over the total catchment ance from a number of authorities should be considered in evaluating a including ARC, WCC, PWD, EPA and M embers system rather than the performance of CALM. Dr Richard Arenicz, Dr Ernest individual sites. The work is being supported by Wollongong City Baafi, Associate Professor Engineering applications of Council, whose engineers are actively waste materials and reinforced Michael Boyd, Dr Bruce participating in computer modelling soils and other aspects of the research. Cathers, Dr Hagare A major project - Biofly brick - is Dharmappa, Dr Mohammud Associate Professor Sivakumar and concerned with the use of fly ash and Hadi, Dr Buddhima Indraratna, his group are working on three sewage sludge in making construction projects, modelling water quality of materials like bricks. This project is Associate Professor Denis urban catchments, red-line monitor supported mainly by Pacific Power, Montgomery, Dr Ian Porter, ing of catchment water quality and the Water Board and Boral Resources. Professor Raghu Singh and design and analysis of stormwater The project leader, Associate Profes pollution control structures. Extensive sor Sivakumar, reports that Stage II of Associate Professor (Siva) data collected by the NURP (National the Biofly project is about to be M Sivakumar Urban Run off Program) study from completed. Stage III will include 76 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Associate Professor Sivakumar points out to colleagues the flue in the upper reaches of the gas-measuring system of the Biofly Project. In the foreground, seated, is Professor Robin Chowdhury (Co-ordinator of the Program). Others, from left, are Dr Richard Arenicz, Messrs Norm Gal and Jim Britton, Professor Raghu Singh, Dr Ian Porter, Mr Fady Sidrak and Associate Professor Denis Montgomery 77 RESEARCH PROGRAMS PhD students in conference mode. Considering aspects of the Bubbleless aeration project with their Supervisor, Associate Professor Siva Sivakumar, are, from left, Messrs Saied Boronnard-Nasah, Cheng-Ching Shriau, Fidelis Rutundo Musari and Mehdi Ghomesh planning and design of an appropri Slope stability and geotechnical this research is to prepare reliable ate Biofly brick plant and a market risk maps of slope stability for the Greater acceptability study. Fundamental research concerned with Wollongong area of the Illawarra region and to develop procedures for The use of slag for road and pavement conceptual advances has been contin assessment of risk concerned with engineering applications has been ued. At the same time research of proposed development of individual undertaken by a PhD student under practical value concerned with slope zones or sites. the supervision of Associate Professor stability in the Illawarra has been Montgomery and Dr Arenicz with carried out, primarily by two research Professor Chowdhury was invited to students. One student (working under application to the third runway for present a keynote paper and to chair a the joint supervision of Associate Sydney Airport. session at an International Conference Professor Chowdhury and Associate on Landslides Slope Stability and the Dr Arenicz has continued his research Professor Jones of the Department of Safety of Infrastructures held in Kuala work on the behaviour of reinforced Geology) has just completed a PhD Lumpur, Malaysia, in September 1994. earth walls and dams and a PhD thesis concerned with the influence of This year he will visit the Public thesis was completed by Mr M R major geotechnical and geological Works Research Institute in Japan as Maghareh during the year. factors on the stability of slopes along part of an International Collaborative the coastal escarpment. This research Dr Hadi has initiated work on the Exchange Project recently funded by will enable improvement of methods analysis and modelling of recycled to reduce environmental degradation the Department of Industry, Science flexible pavements under static and of slopes and cliffs and of engineering and Technology. dynamic loads. approaches or development processes ► Associate Professor Montgomery has to minimise the risk of failure and spent six months study leave with damage. The work of another PhD industry and during this time has student, supervised by Professor developed a user-guide for the use of Chowdhury, is supported by a slag products in flexible and bound scholarship from an APA(I) award (cementitious) pavements. involving ARC and WCC. The aim of 78 RESEARCH PROGRAMS Mining geomechanics, geo Modelling of dams and founda artificial neural networks for deter statistics and minewater tions mining the optimal dosage of chemi engineering Current research in this area is led by cals and the operating parameters of Several projects are concerned with Dr Indraratna and encompasses various processes. the analysis and design of support constitutive modelling of the behav systems, pillar design, strata control, iour of construction materials under Geotechnical earthquake groundwater modelling and mine saturated and partially saturated engineering inundation. Research work supervised conditions. The concepts of soil It is important to understand the by Dr Ian Porter and Professor Raghu mechanics have been extended to response of embankments, earth dams Singh has led to several successfully evaluate the behaviour of mine waste and slopes to earthquakes. The completed research theses. Dr and fine coal tailings, with special consequences of failure may be very Buddhima Indraratna has also started reference to their undrained failure serious and far-reaching, especially if a significant research activity related mechanisms, including liquefaction. the waters of a reservoir are released to modelling of groundwater flow in Dr Indraratna presented several as part of the failure process. Work mines. professional development seminars in has continued with the development this research area at the National Professor Singh and colleagues have of methods for computer simulation Building Research Organisation in Sri continued work on methods of of the behaviour of earth structures. Lanka. analysis of problems concerned with Success has been achieved in under minewater in surface and under Water treatment and re-use standing how localised failures may initiate as a consequence of degrada ground mining operations. Several Increasing deterioration in the quality tion of shear strength of soils, includ engineers have been trained and have of natural water together with ing strain-softening and increase of developed short courses, which have stringent water quality requirements excess pore water pressures. been well received by the mining warrant better and more efficient industry. treatment facilities for the provision of During 1994, short courses were Dr Baafi has continued his studies and drinking water. Work undertaken by organised on 'Engineering Seismol research with geostatistical modelling Dr Dharmappa is focusing on model ogy' and 'Geotechnical Earthquake of mining resources and mining ling and optimisation of individual Engineering'. Participants from operations. A workshop on model processes as well as the modelling of different parts of the country included ling, planning and evaluation of whole systems. A similar approach engineers from government and resources on computers has also been could also be applied to wastewater industry concerned with the safety of developed. treatment systems, with further dams and infrastructure. Research emphasis on the application of needs related to geotechnical earth artificial neural networks to water quake engineering and dam safety treatment systems. Dr Cathers is under earthquake conditions were the developing a methodology using focus of all discussion periods. 79 RESEARCH GROUPS Differential equations, functional analysis, logic, topological groups Distinguished mathematicians visit Wollongong Analysis Research Co-ordinator: Professor Sid Morris (tel 042 21 3843) HE YEAR 1994 was excellent travel to Russia to do joint research Indiana University. This research for the Analysis Research during 1995. appears in a series of papers on least- Group. Associate Professor gradient problems. In recognition of his overall perform Rodney Nillsen's monograph ance and, in particular, his research Until the establishment of the Analy entitledT 'Difference Spaces and performance, Dr Philip Laird was sis Research Group there were no Invariant Linear Forms' was accepted promoted to Associate Professor. PhD students in pure mathematics at for publication by Springer-Verlag, Associate Professor Laird was se the University of Wollongong. With one of the premier international lected by the Institution of Engineers, the establishment of the Group, Dr mathematics publishers. Australia, as the winner of a national Williams and Associate Professor A major achievement over the past competition for his paper on transport Nillsen began to do joint research and three years was greatly increased joint analysis. The paper which was took on a PhD student, Mr Wai-Lok research activity, attracting to Wollon entitled 'Increasing Energy Efficiency Lo. Mr Lo is progressing satisfactorily gong more than 20 distinguished In Australian Land Freight Transport' on his doctoral studies and has visitors from Canada, China, Czecho in part reported on the Land Freight presented a paper at a conference and slovakia, France, Germany, Israel, Transport Energy Project completed submitted one for publication. A Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, in 1993 for the Energy Research and second PhD student has now been Oman, Russia, USA and Vietnam, Development Corporation. taken on - he is Mr Weiju Liu, and he some half of whom, during their visits is working on control theory for Associate Professor Martin Bunder or since have carried out joint re partial differential equations. Dr won an ARC grant and brought to search with members of the Analysis Williams and Associate Professor Wollongong seven eminent scholars: Nillsen together with the research Research Group. Professor Morris Professor Barendregdt and Dr Dek- students have held a series of research travelled to Russia in August and kers (University of Nijmegen, Nether seminars. established an exchange relationship lands), Dr J R Hindley (University with Krasnoyarsk State University, College, Swansea, Wales), Professor J Ms Joanna Goard had her first paper and it is planned that two members of P Seldin (Concordia University, (co-authored with Professor Philip the Analysis Research Group will Montreal, Canada), Professor Phan Broadbridge), 'Non-classical Symme Dinh Dieu (University of Hanoi), try Analysis of Linear Reaction- Professor R K Meyer (ANU) and Dr A Diffusion Equations in Two Spatial Dekker (University of Tasmania). Dimensions', accepted for publication. These visits resulted in successful M embers Dr Peter Nickolas did joint research research collaborations and several with Professors Ralph Kopperman, Associate Professor Martin papers published in international Mike Mislove, Sid Morris and Doctors Bunder, Ms Joanna Goard, journals. Associate Professor Bunder's Vladimir Pestov and Sergey Svet- research is in logic and, in particular, Associate Professor Philip lichny on topological laws in wide type theory, illative combinatory logic varieties of topological groups. This Laird, Mr Wai-Lok Lo, Dr Peter and lambda calculus. research is a breakthrough in the Nickolas, Associate Professor Dr Graham Williams continued his understanding of topological laws. A Rodney Nillsen, Dr Frank research with Professor Bill Ziemer joint paper is being written which answers Prokop, Dr Graham Williams and Dr Peter Sternberg, both of a 20-year-old problem in this area. 80 RESEARCH GROUPS Researchers: from left, Dr Rodney Nillsen, Mr Wai-Lok Lo, Associate Professor Philip Laird, Ms Joanna Goard, Dr Frank Prokop, Professor Sid Morris, Associate Professor Martin Bunder, Dr Graham Williams and Dr Peter Nickolas Dr Longin Latecki from the University resulted in some joint research being Zurich. He spent some time visiting of Hamburg visited Wollongong in done with Professor Wis Comfort, Dr Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, February to work with Dr Frank Desmond Robbie and Dr Sergey where he continued his major re Prokop. They did some joint research, Svetlichny, Professor Mikhail search project on compact groups recently presented at international Tkacenko and Professor V V Tkachuk. with Professor Karl Hofmann. He also conferences, on a new model for He also completed joint research with did joint research with Professor digital images, a topic which is at the Professor Jerry Itzkowitz of City Hofmann and Dr Markus Stroppel on interface of topology and computer University of New York on the size of locally compact groups and varieties science. the Stone-Cech compactification of of topological groups. This research Professor Sid Morris was an invited locally compact groups. resulted in two papers which an speaker at an international conference Professor Morris attended, as a swered a series of questions on on topology sponsored by the Math delegate of the Australian Academy varieties of topological groups and ematical Society of Japan and held in of Science, the International Math exposed the structure of residual Lie Matsuyama in December. He deliv ematical Union Assembly in Lucerne, groups. Professors Hofmann and ered a paper on topological genera Switzerland, and the International Morris wrote three chapters of a book tors of locally compact groups. This Congress of Mathematicians in on compact groups. 81 RESEARCH GROUPS Scholarly and artistic research on interchange between artforms and cultures; new research group Contemporary Arts Practice and Performance in Australia Co-ordinator: Dr Andrew Schultz (tel 042 21 3302) HIS IS the final report of the innovation and excellence in artwork Nawalwarri (Principal in training, Research Group 'Contempo and scholarship relevant to this field. Yirrkala Community School). This rary Arts Practice and exchange was supported by a The idea of artistic exchange will be Performance in Australia'. substantial grant from the National interpreted in two primary and FromT 1995 the Group has expanded Priority Reserve Fund at the end of overlapping ways: its membership and becomes the 1994; Research Centre for Artistic Exchange 1. The creation and study of artwork that • members' involvement in criticism and Innovation (CAXI). The Group results from an interchange or collision of and theory in this area, as for was established six years ago and still cultures. example in the Sounds Australian represents a unique grouping of Projects completed and planned show journal, 'Appropriation - Tradition researchers in the Australian tertiary strong examples of this. Instances - Borrowing - Theft' and in the sector. In that time it has developed include: comparative study of epic theatre in and focussed to the point where the Australia and USA undertaken by • reciprocal art exhibitions including past activities, plans for the future, Clem Gorman. the Identities: Art From Australia stability of direction, success in exhibition that toured Taiwan in 2. Explorations of hybrid artforms achieving external funding, and 1993 and Australia in 1994-95 (Peter involving collaboration and cross growth and quality of membership Shepherd), a Turkish-Australia fertilisation between artists and the have supported a case for its upgrad exchange in 1994 (Liz Jeneid) and a application of new technologies ing as a Research Centre. planned US-Australia exhibition in Innovation in the arts often occurs CAXI will have as its field artistic and 1995 (Sue Rowley); through the crossing of discipline scholarly work that relates to inter • artwork exploring cross-cultural boundaries and the extrapolation of change and exchange between art issues by individual members of the ideas from one field to consequences forms and cultures; this is a field that group such as the epic Philippine- in another. Further, it is often related a Centre within the Faculty of Crea Australian poems of Merlinda to new and emerging technologies. tive Arts is well positioned to explore. Bobis, the operas Black River and Instances of involvement in these The aim of the Centre will be to foster Going Into Shadows by Andrew areas include: Schultz and the film The Songlines to • creative work and theory in sound be produced by Sharon Bell; art by Frances Dyson through her • exchanges and residencies such as work for the international Sound that organised by Diana Wood Cultures Committee which pub Conroy that has allowed her and lishes a journal and organises a M embers Leonie Molloy to spend time festival (approximately once every Ms Diana Wood Conroy, Mr working with Aboriginal artists at two years) in countries bordering on the Pacific rim; Andrew Ford, Mr Ian McGrath, Yirrkala in the Northern Territory. Two Yirrkala artists will exchange • the relationship of music and text in Dr Sue Rowley, Associate in 1995: Banduk Marika (Chairper various writings and compositions Professor Peter Shepherd son, Dhimarru land council) and by Andrew Ford; 82 RESEARCH GROUPS • new technologies and the develop ment of theatre direction, design and technical production by John Senczuk and Ian McGrath; • activities by a number of staff in genres such as opera that are inherently cross-disciplinary; • the enriching and development of theoretical perspective from other standpoints, as in the craft theory developed from archaeological theory by Diana Wood Conroy and Sue Rowley. As with the former Research Group, output of CAXI will not just be the conventional scholarly style of publication, but will also include artwork in all genres. In this way we hope that the Centre will be attuned to activities within the Faculty and show the ways in which artwork can reflect on significant intellectual and philosophical issues to the University and community at large. Hopefully we will also set the lead nationally in encouraging the premise of artwork as equivalent to research in the University environment. CAXI draws its members from the four arts disciplines found in the Faculty of Creative Arts and is, therefore, an interdisciplinary group ing unified by a mode of behaviour and commitment to innovation and experimentation, intellectual rigour and artistic excellence. Art Taiwan Artists, journalists and administrators from Taiwan are seen here with members of the Contemporary Arts Practice and Performance in Australia Research Group and members of the Faculty of Creative Arts. Co-ordinating the exchange visit was Associate Professor Peter Shephard 83 RESEARCH GROUPS Mathematical modelling of corrosion and impedance measurements Impingement of a liquid droplet on a thin film of fluid Energy efficiencies of Australian road and rail-freight tasks Engineering and Industrial Mathematics Co-ordinator: Associate Professor James M Hill (tel 042 21 3822) URING the year the Solid Mechanics' at the University of reactive and resistive contributions, Centre for Engineering Nottingham. In addition, Dr Xiaoping are taken over a wide range of and Industrial Mathemat Lu and Dr Songping Zhu each frequencies. ics continued its work on enjoyed a productive study leave at Interpretation of the data is usually aD wide range of mathematical model the University of Cambridge, working based on equivalent linear circuits, ling problems arising in engineering respectively with the distinguished using similar reaction-diffusion and industry. In particular, renewed mechanicians Professor John Willis FRS partial differential equation models as contact was established with several and Professor George Batchelor FRS. for the DC problem, but incorporating research scientists from BHP Research The two projects which successfully periodic boundary conditions for the and Technology Centre, which gained Australian Postgraduate AC set-up. The result will be better resulted in gaining two Australian Awards (Industry) involve the prediction of the extent of degrada Postgraduate Awards (Industry) to mathematical modelling of corrosion tion of painted and unpainted metals. fund PhD projects. Other highlights of and impedance measurements and the year included the presentation of The second project - Dr Songping Zhu the impingement of a liquid droplet the keynote lecture by Associate and Mr Cat Tu (BHP) - aims to better on a thin film of fluid. The first project Professor Jim Hill on double shearing understand the general dynamics of a - Professor Phil Broadbridge and Dr theory for granular materials, deliv liquid drop colliding with a thin Geoff Walter (BHP) - aims to improve ered at the symposium, 'Anisotropy, liquid film on a solid. This occurs the interpretation of both DC current/ Inhomogenity and Nonlinearity in during zinc coating and spray paint voltage and AC impedance measure ing of steel sheet. In particular, given ments, so that corrosion characteris the size and speed of the droplet, we tics can be monitored and predicted would like to predict the deformation more confidently. of the surface and the drop. This is a very interesting free surface problem, M embers Corrosion currents are usually predicted from DC current data by the as the evolving shape of the droplet Dr Danny Arrigo, Dr Vladimir Tafel equation, which is established must be determined as part of the Belov, Professor Phil Broad- from the kinetics of charge transfer. problem. In some situations, such as a water spray cooling a hot metal bridge, Associate Professor Des This is found, however, not to be a good predictor over some ranges of surface, the droplet may evaporate Clarke, Ms Maureen Edwards, current/potential data. In practice, before it reaches the surface. Given Associate Professor Jim Hill, corrosion rates are limited not only by this circumstance, the researchers would like to predict the heat transfer Associate Professor Phil Laird, charge transfer rates, but also by the diffusion rate of reactants to or from rate for a range of spray parameters. Dr Xiaoping Lu, Dr Tim the electrodes. In corrosion degrada Dr Xiaoping Lu carried out research Marchant, Dr Annette Worthy, tion experiments, AC impedance in the area of linear elastic fracture Dr Songping Zhu measurements, including both mechanics. Her major research for the 84 RESEARCH GROUPS year was on the analysis of three- dimensional cracks. She collaborated with Professor John Willis of Cam bridge University on the analysis of three-dimensional surface-breaking cracks with partial closure due to some residual stresses, and developed a new asymptotic procedure using the dislocation method, which has wide industrial applications. She super vised a Masters student project on the effect of curvature of plain cracks to the stress intensity factors and the closure of the cracks; the results obtained furthered her past research on this aspect. Dr Lu had also jointly worked with Dr Songping Zhu and Mr Pornchai Satravaha on the applica Figure 1: Interacting higher-order solitary waves tion of the combined Laplace trans form and DRBEM to heat transfer problems. Dr Songping Zhu contin ued his research in the area of nu numerically in studying linear $7,250 for further research on this merical modelling wave diffraction diffusion process. The method can be topic. This will involve examining the and refraction in coastal regions. A extended to solving nonlinear interaction of steeper solitary waves new model based on the dual reci diffusion problems as well. Further governed by the extended KdV procity boundary element method research is, however, still being equation to determine the precise (DRBEM) was developed for long as carried out to examine the validity of magnitude of any higher-order well as short waves diffracted and such extensions. change in amplitude during the refracted by large islands. Such a interaction. Dr Tim Marchant spent the first half model can be easily extended to of the year on sabbatical leave at the Ms Maureen Edwards continues to modelling harbour oscillations University of Edinburgh collaborat work towards the completion of her induced by waves from deep oceans. ing with Dr Noel Smyth. During this PhD thesis on the nonlinear diffusion- Nonlinear waves behind fully sub period they prepared a paper on convection equation which has a merged disturbances such as humps soliton interaction for the extended variety of applications including the and trenches were also studied with a Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. It modelling of unsaturated flow in newly developed highly efficient and porous media. Classical symmetry accurate numerical model. is well known that the KdV equation has soliton solutions. These are analysis has been carried out for the general class of equations in one, two As a result of collaboration among Dr solitary waves which interact (collide) and three dimensions and new Zhu, Dr Marchant and Mr Yinglong with each other without change of symmetries and new reductions have Zhang, the DRBEM was also applied shape, except for a phase shift. The been found. The two and three to model microwave heating proc extended KdV equation is a higher- dimensional Burgers' equation, a esses. The conditions under which hot order correction to the KdV equation, special nonlinear case of the diffusion- spots would occur were studied for valid for steeper waves in deeper convection equation which has been several different boundary geometries water. Their research focused on used to model unsaturated flow in of a heated work-piece. Some of the determining if the higher-order field soils, has been shown to possess underlying physics during a micro solitary wave solutions of the ex the greatest number of symmetries wave heating process is now better tended KdV equation are also compared to any other form of the understood with the aid of the newly solitons. They found that they are general equation. The additional developed two-dimensional numeri solitons to leading order and any symmetries allow full reduction to cal model. change in amplitude is due to the ordinary differential equations. Studying linear and nonlinear heat interaction being of higher order (see transfer and diffusion processes is figure 1). Dr Marchant presented Investigation of these ordinary another area of interest for Dr Zhu. A seminars on this topic at the Universi differential equations has led to some combined Laplace transform and ties of Edinburgh and Exeter. He also new exact non-singular time-depend DRBEM turns out to be very efficient received a Small ARC Grant for ent solutions, which satisfy feasible 85 RESEARCH GROUPS Energy Efficiencies of Selected Australian long-term trend and for their cyclic behaviour. Rotary spectra have been Freight Tasks calculated for the 'centre-of-mass' of Net tonne kilometres per MJ these storms at each of the stations Fremantle, Albany, Ceduna, Warrnambool, Gabo Island and Port Iron Ore by Rail Kembla. These spectra define how the centre-of-mass varies in latitude and Adelaide/Perth longitude during a cycle. In particu Rail Freight lar, the centres-of-mass for the storm Hunter Valley intensities off Fremantle vary in an Coal Trains almost exact alignment north-to- Sydney-Melb south, while at Port Kembla they vary Rail Freight more along a shore-normal direction to the general coastline. These spectra N.T. Road Train clearly illustrate that the movement of storm-tracks around southern Aus Intercity tralia is certainly not a straightfor Trucks ward shift in latitude. Coal Trucks Associate Professor Phil Laird contin ued his research in freight transport 10 with the assistance of Ms Gabriella de Figure 2 Battista. This extended research stems from a major ERDC Land Freight Transport Energy Evaluation Project initial and boundary conditions. Ms perturbations. They show the exist completed in 1993. The 1994 research Edwards' future work will include the ence of convective solutions, corre includes energy efficiency in freight exploitation of a transformation sponding to rectangular cells when transport, questions of relative between a special nonlinear form of the domain is a cylinder with a funding of road and rail track in the diffusion-convection equation and rectangular cross section. Australia, and a detailed study of rail the linear diffusion equation. By track alignment between Melbourne, Other research by Dr Belov includes constructing exact solutions to the Sydney and Brisbane (see figure 2). linear diffusion equation and using studying a free boundary problem for a viscous heat-conducting gas; this well known transformation, new This work has been well received, together with Dr Graham Williams, with a paper, 'Increasing Energy closed form solutions of the nonlinear Dr Belov is also investigating the Efficiency in Australian Land Freight diffusion-convection will be con structed. construction and application of new Transport', being awarded in June dynamical models for fibrous and 1994 the National Paper Prize - 1993 Dr Vladimir Belov investigated a laminated composites. Such models from the Institution of Engineers, model describing the state of a take into account the constituent Australia, National Committee on viscous, incompressible, chemically interaction and also the strain-rate Transport. In addition a Small ARC active fluid. It is assumed that the and temperature influences on Grant awarded for the project 'Model fluid fills up a bounded cylindrical material behaviour. Specifically they ling rail freight energy efficiency' will domain and is in the field of a tem use structural parameters describing allow work to proceed on more perature gradient (directed along the incompatibility of the constituent theoretical studies. The accompanying vertical axis). Gravitational forces are strains along the bonding lines graph shows energy efficiencies for included and a catalytic reaction on responding to internal microstresses, various Australian road and rail the lower and upper lids of the as well as the rate-dependent kinetics freight tasks and demonstrates clearly cylinder is assumed. of the constituents. that there is considerable scope for improving energy efficiency in A joint paper with Dr Graham Associate Professor Des Clarke has freight, both within transport modes Williams and Dr A Resnyanski of been investigating storm intensities and, where possible, by substitution Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynam around southern Australia for their of more energy-efficient modes. ics (Russia) is in preparation. In this work they investigate the motionless state of the above system in terms of stability with respect to some class of 86 RESEARCH GROUPS Coal, petroleum and oil shale source rocks; new applications for quantitative x-ray diffraction analysis of fine-grained rocks Fossil Fuels Co-ordinator: Dr Adrian Hutton (tel 042 21 3832) HE FOSSIL Fuels Group has of minerals to one per cent absolute, With the change in structure of continued to foster research but to give an accurate measurement geoscience disciplines in 1995, the through its postgraduate of organic matter in the rocks. This formation of the School of students and academic research has been undertaken by a Geosciences following the amalgama members. During 1994, four PhD PhD candidate who has shown that tion of the Departments of Geology candidates graduated after complet the methodology has applications in a and Geography, the Fossil Fuels ing their theses with research projects diverse field of geological disciplines. Group and the Tasmanides Group on topics as diverse as gas in the coal Future research with quantitative will combine to form an Earth Re measures of the southern Sydney mineralogy will focus on the use of sources and Environments Research Basin (Australia), calculation of coal quantitative XRD analysis of waste Group. Amalgamation of the two reserves and the influence of geology materials such as coal wash, fly ash Groups will permit closer collabora on the occurrence of coal in Indonesia and lake sediments. tion between their academic staffs. and the utilisation of coal from During March, Adrian Hutton was eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia. Co-convenor of the Maceral/Kerogen Dr Adrian Hutton and Mr Aivars Depers The main areas of research continue Symposium at the prestigious Ameri examine an exploration drill hole core to be the geology and organic petrog can Chemical Society annual meeting from the Southern Coalfield, Illawarra raphy of coal and petroleum source held in San Diego, California. This Coal Measures rocks, with some research on oil symposium attracted approximately shales. In relation to the latter, the 50 papers with contributions from the Group is finding new applications for Middle East, Europe, USA, Australia, quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) New Zealand and Russia. Selected analysis of fine-grained rocks. Until papers were printed in a special now, mineral compositions of these volume of Energy and Fuels, one of the rocks, obtained by XRD, have been American Chemical Society journals. semi-quantitative at best but with the Aivars Depers attended the ICCP new methodology, pioneered at the meeting in Oviedo, Spain, in Septem CSIRO, Lucas Heights, it is now ber. The ICCP is a world-wide possible not only to give percentages organisation that monitors research on the organic matter in rocks. Aivars has pioneered research on particulate materials, especially environmental applications of the organic petrogra Members phy of particulate matter. Associate Professor Ernest Adrian Hutton and Aivars Depers Baafi, Associate Professor Naj attended a meeting of the Organic Aziz, Associate Professor Brian Petrography Working Party of the Australian Standards Association in Jones, Dr Leonie Jones, Brisbane in December. Mr Aivars Depers 87 RESEARCH GROUPS Fundamental experimental and theoretical research relevant to the electro-optic and electronics industries Fundamental Properties of Semiconductors Co-ordinator: Professor Peter Fisher (tel 042 21 3556) HE PRINCIPAL aim of this The spectroscopy of impurities, previously unreported tunnelling Group is to study intrinsic excitons and other complexes not only mechanism in these structures. and extrinsic states of provides information about the semiconductors using optical 'atomic' or 'molecular' system itself, Research highlights spectroscopy, electrical techniques but also about the host crystal by Zeeman, piezo- and piezo-Zeeman effects and theoretical and computer model virtue of their interaction with it. of acceptors in bulk germanium and ling. A large resurgence of interest in Similar measurements are also made silicon fundamental electronic properties of on layered semiconductor nano The nature of the ground states of semiconductors is substantially due to structures. In narrow (-10 nm) acceptors in the classic elemental the revolution in modern crystal structures (nanostructures), quantum semiconductors, silicon and germa growing techniques. These enable the size effects become a dominant nium, is not fully understood even for engineering of microscopic (nano feature, changing bulk into quasi-two- the simplest of these impurities. The meter size) layered structures which dimensional behaviour. Among the latter are the group III impurities, are of great value for device technol structures available are hetero boron, aluminium, gallium, indium ogy and also provide controlled junctions, quantum wells, double and and thallium, all of which have conditions for studying new funda triple barrier structures and super hydrogenic characteristics in these mental physics, especially that lattices. Quasi-one-dimensional semiconductors. High field Zeeman associated with confinement of (quantum wires) and zero-dimen measurements made here are provid electronic particles. Impurities in sional systems (quantum dots) are ing for the first time significant semiconductors often form solid-state also fabricated. experimental information to indicate analogues of atoms, while electron- The significance of the experimental the way in which the models for these hole entities (excitons) bound to facility in use is that low-temperature states should be modified. Once the impurities in bulk materials form optical spectroscopy can be carried simplest acceptors have been clarified analogues of atomic and molecular out on materials of topical interest attention can be turned to the more systems. Impurity states are studied from the blue end of the visible complex systems. For example, the using photoluminescence, optical spectrum to the millimetre region properties of neutral zinc in germa absorption, reflectivity and photocon using state-of-the-art instrumentation nium are akin to those of neutral ductivity. and applied external perturbations helium. The spectrum shown in figure such as uniaxial forces and magnetic 1 is that of one of the absorption lines fields. Also, an innovative technique of neutral zinc subjected to a large has been developed recently by magnetic field, 7 T. The model M embers members of this Group to study the developed for this impurity requires Dr Carey Freeth, Dr Roger electrical characteristics of electron that some of the splittings of the same tunnelling through barriers in two- Lewis, Dr A David Martin, feature for group 111 impurities should dimensional structures. This tech recur three times in the zinc spectrum; Dr Phil Simmonds, Dr Rodney nique, together with theoretical this is indeed found to be the case. Vickers and Dr Chao Zhang modelling, has already identified a Valuable information is also obtained 88 RESEARCH GROUPS from piezo- and piezo-Zeeman studies, the latter being pioneered here. Studies on low-dimensional structures A novel technique has been devel oped here which enables previously inaccessible regions in the current- Dr Rodney Vickers voltage characteristics of a resonant (left) and Professor tunnelling device to be measured. Peter Fisher are cooling an infrared These characteristics are a rich source detector. The black of information on the physics of the cylinder in the tunnelling process - a purely quan background is the tum mechanical effect. Figure 2 shows high-field supercon the current-voltage characteristic of ductivity magnet one such structure with and without a magnetic field; both observations were made at liquid helium tempera ture. Theoretical modelling is essen tial to understand these observations quantitatively and has been successful in clarifying an hitherto unobserved effect (see below). This work is being carried out in collaboration with colleagues at the Department of Physics, University of Nottingham, UK, where the low-dimensional structures are grown. Such materials are state-of-the-art semiconductors and require expensive and highly 30 1 1 1 ■ sophisticated equipment for their — B||J = 7.0 T ' growth. 25 — B||J = 0.0T - Semiconductor theory "120 New theories are being developed for transport and optical properties in / / j j I / / \ / /I // semiconductors and various nano 5 15 structures made of different semicon /■ / 11 / / / ductors. Specific problems under 10 (W investigation are: electron-electron interaction in nanostructures and its \ y , i i , i 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 effect on resonant tunnelling; elec Voltage (V) tronic properties of impurity states due to different acceptors in semicon Photon Energy (cm4) Figure 2. Part of the current vs voltage ductors in a magnetic field; cyclotron characteristic for a layered semiconductor resonance in heterostructures and Figure 1. Effect of a high magnetic field tunnelling structure without a magnetic possible appearance of a new quan on the G line of neutral zinc in germa field (dashed curve) and with a high tum phase in a strong magnetic field; nium at liquid helium temperature. The magnetic field applied in the same direction as the current (solid curve). quantum coherence and dissipation in dashed curve is for the electric field of electron transport. We have recently the radiation, E, parallel to the magnetic field, B, while the solid curve is for E made some important progress on the perpendicular to B. problem of plasmon-assisted tunnel ling and Fermi-edge singularity- enhanced electron transport. 89 RESEARCH GROUPS Members and colleagues of the Research Group, from left, are Ms Tania Silver, Mr George Takacs, Dr David Martin and Professor Peter Fisher (seated); also sitting are Mr Shaun Stewart, Mr Duncan Fisher, Dr Rodney Vickers and Dr Chao Zhang; in the back ground (left) are Dr Carey Freeth and Dr Roger Lewis; also in the background, second from right, is Mr Richard Baker and, back ground right, Mr Andrew Warner Funding of the most outstanding solid state dimensional aspects of semiconductor spectroscopy groups in the world. The External funding for the above physics and technology. I am very senior principal investigator, Prof P activities was derived from a three- pleased to note that one of the young Fisher, has an unmatched track record year Large ARC Grant. Following are est members of the group, Dr C in pursuing high resolution spectro some of the comments by the Asses Zhang, has worked and published scopy research of the highest quality sors of this Grant. One said, This is and originality. His work on dopant with Nobel Laureate Prof Klaus von an excellent proposal by a first-class impurities in semiconductors has set Klitzing.' A third assessor said the experimental group, one that has a the standard for the field and his following about Dr Zhang, '...has a consistent record of world-class group's papers belong to the most very impressive record of publications research.' A second assessor stated, 'It cited publications on acceptors and within a short career in prestigious is with pleasure that I am writing this donors in semiconductors. The group journals, which puts him in the best review of a research proposal of one has kept pace with the new, lower world class of solid state theorists.' 90 RESEARCH GROUPS Application, development, support and evaluation of information systems in business organisations Information Systems in Organisations Co-ordinator: Professor Graham Winley (tel: 042 21 3760) STABLISHED IN 1993, this application to project scheduling edge and skills required of Informa Group aims to research problems with multiple-resource tion Systems professionals in issues related to the applica constraints; organisations in Thailand and tion, development, support • the application of knowledge-based Malaysia. This study was supported and evaluation of information sys techniques to the problems associ by a Small ARC Grant. tems in business organisations. The ated with the retrieval of statistical • Studies of the perceived usefulness Group's research interests are organ data; of information technology in the ised around three interacting projects • the production of a practical medical and veterinary professions. which address specific areas relevant framework which forms the basis This research was extended in 1994 to this general aim. for a methodology that addresses to examine software performance measures and aspects of vendor Project 1 is concerned with the the analysis, planning, knowledge negotiation and support with a investigation, development and base design, prototyping, imple much larger group of small busi implementation of knowledge-based mentation and maintenance phases information systems and associated of expert systems development. ness professionals. development methodologies for the • Preliminary work on an investiga Work on these topics has been purpose of managerial decision tion of tools, techniques and supported by industry partners support. The work focuses on three methodologies for the design and including the State Bank. Research related topics: implementation of intelligent funding has been provided by a Small tutoring systems. • the development of an intelligent ARC grant in 1994. Three doctoral heuristic search algorithm and its candidates are involved in this • The continuation of an extensive research. longitudinal study of the impact of Open Systems approaches and Project 2 addresses aspects of support architectures on information important to the efficient and effective Members technology management policy in operation of information systems in Australian organisations. Mr Ang Y Ang, Ms Deborah organisations. These include educa • An investigation of the organisa tion and training needs of information Bunker, Mr Rodney Clarke, tional issues related to the introduc systems professionals and users, the Mr Joshua Fan, Mr Edward tion of electronic commerce tools interface and interaction between and techniques. Gould, Mrs Helen Hasan, personnel and computer-based Mr Peter Hyland, Mr Colin systems, the management of informa Support for these activities has been Jones, Mrs Sim Kim Lau, tion systems resources and issues obtained from DMR Group (Aus related to the technology of electronic tralia), which is providing significant Dr Stephen Little, Mr Robert commerce. financial and other resources for the MacGregor, Dr Lawrence • A delphi study completed in 1994 Open Systems study and Telstra and Schafe, Dr Li-Yen Shue, considered the relationship between CSG (NSW Government), which has Ms Jeanne Wong new technologies and the knowl financially supported the electronic 91 RESEARCH GROUPS commerce research. Two PhD candi dates are involved in this work. Project 3 examines methodologies for the development and evaluation of information systems supporting managerial decision-making with a focus on the use of qualitative analysis. Problem areas include • Consideration of spatial aspects of information technology and the implications for emerging forms of social and commercial organisa The Support of |j in O rganisations tions. inform ation systems in organisations including: the educa tio n and jpbnals and users, human computer interaction, the m anagem ent o f ; • Investigation of the role of informa jatlonoftechnologiesandtechniques related to Electronic Com m erce,* tion systems in the transfer of users advanced manufacturing practice in Australia. This work has been conducted in collaboration with the MITOC research centre at this University. organisations with f o | • Semiotic approaches to information systems research. This work has been closely linked with that of researchers at the University of Twente, the Netherlands and Aarhus University, Denmark. An international working paper series on semiotics in organisations has a^^inv^CvoioiSsoicf been established through this international collaboration with a TO"COF*ES, cANDIDate: Ws'“80n,Stat3 focus on semiotic approaches to the DEGREE: p®tor Hyioncj j DEPARTMSNT. provision of systems development SUpERVIS0R: methodologies. abstract • An investigation of the factors affecting the successful utilisation of information systems by senior The message, as Professor Graham Winley, left, is indicating to his colleague, Mr executives in Australian organisa Edward Gould, is investigation, development and implementation of knowledge, and tions. associated development methodologies for the purpose of managerial decisions • A study of the development of Executive Information Systems in Turkey. Netherlands, as well as other Information Systems, published by • A study of the effects of networking scholars external to the University, Ajet (Canberra), continues success participated in a highly productive technologies on organisations and fully to its third volume with seminar series across 1994. households. continuing strong national and • The first Australian Journal of international support. Four doctoral candidates are associ ated with research topics in Project 3. Other achievements of the Research Group included • Thirty-four publications in 1994 from the 15 members. • Distinguished overseas visitors from the United States and the 92 RESEARCH GROUPS Comparative labour relations in Japan and other countries to the north of Australia Democracy and equity in the Australian workplace Labour History and Industrial Relations Co-ordinator: Professor fames Hagan (tel 042 21 3369) N 1994, the Group increased in relationship with those of Southeast Australia, Malaysia and Singapore; size, and is now probably the Asian and Asian countries, so mutual Rob Castle and Jim Hagan continued largest aggregation of labour understanding of industrial relations their study of Aborigines in the historians in Australia. As in becomes urgent. The Group aimed not workplace, which will be funded by previousI years, it continued to draw only to extend present knowledge, an ARC Grant in 1995 and 1996. much of its strength from its interdis but also to give it a much-needed Work of this kind brings members of ciplinary nature: its members came depth of perspective. the Group into close contact with the from the three faculties of Arts, Law The most obvious result of our efforts trade union movement. Group and Commerce. in this direction in 1994 was the members have at different times Their research in 1994 confirmed the publication of the book Industrial written several union histories, and in twin directions of the Group. Exter Relations in Australia and Japan. 1994, Ray Markey published In Case of nally, its members continued to work Professor Hagan and Dr Wells edited Oppression: The Life and Times o f the on comparative labour relations in the work, and contributed to it, as did Labour Council o f New South Wales, Japan, with some preliminary work five other members. The book was the 1871-1891. Glen Mitchell has had being done on investigating industrial second in the series on labour history accepted for publication Building change in other countries to Austral and industrial relations the Group Work: Conflict and Change in the ia's north. This work is of national publishes in conjunction with Allen Australian Building and Construction importance. As Australian govern and Unwin. It was launched in Tokyo, Industry 1942-1992, and the book ment and industry confronts the where the editors had further discus should be published in 1995. By then, problems of global competition, and sions with the Japanese contributors the Group plans to marry its theoreti as its economy moves into closer on future comparative research. In cal and empirical studies by entering this connection, Group members also into co-operative research arrange visited Seoul and Beijing, and labour ments with a number of national trade history research centres in Manches unions. ter, Warwick and Amsterdam. Members In its Australian research program, Dr Andrew Frazer, Dr Andrew Group members concentrated on the Wells, Dr Glenn Mitchell, Dr themes of democracy and equity in Henry Lee, Dr John McQuilton, the workplace. Ken Hale continued to analyse the development and applica Ms Josie Castle, Associate Profes tion of the laws prohibiting sexual sor Ken Hale, Mr Michael Organ, discrimination in the workplace; Di Associate Professor Ray Markey, Kelly was a member of ACIRRT's Mr Rob Hood, Mr Stuart national workplace survey team; Andrew Frazer combined Australian Svensen, Associate Professor and overseas research in his study of Rob Castle connections between labour law in 93 RESEARCH GROUPS Members of the Group work on comparative labour relations with Japan and investigate industrial change in other countries. As Australia continues to increase its relations with its 'near' neighbours to the north, an understanding of industrial relations assumes increasing importance and urgency As in previous years, members of the niques applicable to the teaching of Group found that their research history and industrial relations, and contributed to their effectiveness as piloted to completion the teaching of university teachers. They taught 13 an Australian history subject by postgraduate students whose work computer-assisted methods. related directly to the Centre's From the beginning of 1995, the research. At undergraduate level, Group will be known as the Labour John McQuilton continued to develop History and Industrial Relations computer-assisted learning tech Research Centre. 94 RESEARCH GROUPS Organisational strategy and performance Culture and change processes Services marketing strategies Management Strategy and Organisational Change Co-ordinator: Associate Professor A B Sim (tel 042 21 3611) e s e a r c h activities of the international strategic management Her other research is in gender in Group expanded signifi and change and their impact on management. In addition to her work cantly in 1994. Three new organisational performance. Associate on cross-cultural conflict manage members were formally Professor A B Sim is researching the ment, Associate Professor Celia admittedR to the Group and several interrelationships among strategy, Romm is also collaborating with Dr other new academic staff and re environment and control systems and Will Rifkin in a project on inter- searchers were attracted to the Group their impact on organisational cultural communication, particularly to form the nucleus of a proposed performance in different national on an integrated intervention pro research centre. This is part of the contexts (particularly Australia and gram to enhance communication and Department of Management and Asia-Pacific countries). His other learning. Taking cognisance of the Research Group's strategy to recruit research is on Australian businesses Asia-Pacific region as an important new academic staff members with in the Asia-Pacific region. area to Australia, Mr Michael Zanko's established research records and research focuses on comparative These projects involve other interna potential to strengthen and add focus human resource management systems tional research collaborators. Dr to its research profile and reputation. in South-East Asia with the objective Robert Jones examines change of developing a database for bench As a result of expansion, the research management strategies and practices marking and comparative study. This interest and activities of current in small and medium sized firms project has direct collaborative links members focused on three main areas which have experienced rapid growth with MITOC (Management of Inte of research. The first emphasis is on as a result of rapid internationalisa grated Technological and Organisa tion. Mr Les Kirchmajer's interest is in tional Change). the new venture-creation process and The rapidly emerging services sector small-business management in is the third area of research focus in Members Australia and selected overseas the Group. Professor Michael Hough's countries. Dr Muris Cicic, Mr John main area of research is on linking Flanagan, Associate Professor The second major area of research is human resource management tech Liz Fulop, Dr Constance Hill, human resource management, niques to service quality outcomes. focusing on cultural diversity and Associate Professor Paul Patterson Professor Michael Hough, Dr change. Professor Gill Palmer has and Dr Muris Cicic are collaborating Robert Jones, Mr Les Kirchmajer, done extensive research on Total on their research project on export Professor Stephen Linstead, Mr Quality Management and employ decision-making processes among ment relations and is extending her Australian service organisations, Anthony Naughton, Associate scope to study culture-sensitive focusing on the profiles of exporting Professor Paul Patterson, Profes modes of management education and service firms, barriers to exporting sor Gill Palmer, Dr Will Rifkin, development in terms of diverse and success factors. Their other social processes, utilising bureau research interests are in services Associate Professor Celia Romm, cratic, political and cultural frames of marketing and international market Mr Michael Zanko references. ing respectively. 95 RESEARCH GROUPS Co-ordinator of the group, Associate Professor A B Sim (standing), at a planning research strategy meeting with Professor Gill Palmer (right), Dr Roland Jones and Professor Stephen Linstead These three major areas of research refereed journals and presenting The Group continued to play an activities will constitute the basis for a papers in international conferences active role in postgraduate training proposed research centre on interna and seminars in different parts of the and research, with members supervis tional management and diversity globe. External reputation and ing 11 PhD and two M Commerce (CIMAD). As indicated earlier, linkages were enhanced by participa (Hons) students. Dr Constance Hill several new staff members and tion of members in international successfully completed her PhD researchers have been recruited to be research groups and networks in the degree in 1994. Seminars on research part of the Group and the new US, Europe and the Asia-Pacific methodology and latest developments research centre, In 1994 these in region. in relevant fields were held for the cluded Professor Stephen Linstead, benefits of postgraduate students and Distinguished visitors to the Group with an international reputation in members of the Group. included Professor Tamer Cavusgil of research on the management of Michigan State University, who In 1995 the Group will expand cultural diversity, and Associate conducted a series of seminars on further, to become the research Centre Professor Liz Fulop, an established international business and marketing researcher in the area of regional for International Management and and research methods; Professor Mark strategy and capacity building for Diversity (CIMAD) and will continue Cusson of the University of Reading regional bodies to become interna its momentum of growth in quality (seminar on international business tionally competitive. The research research, enhancing its reputation, research) and Professor Amos Drory centre, CIMAD, has been approved both nationally and internationally. of Ben Gurian University, Israel for 1995. (seminars on cross-cultural conflict During the year, the international management strategies). These reputation of the Group continues to distinguished scholars enhanced the grow with members publishing their international exposure both of the research findings in top international Group and University. 96 RESEARCH GROUPS Multi-disciplinary analysis of socially significant medical innovations and their policy implications Medical Innovation: Society, Law, Policy Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Evelleen Richards (tel 042 21 3627) HIS RESEARCH Group was perspectives, becoming increasingly major report on operational guide established in 1994 in aware of the need for a broader lines for the ethics of social and response to the recognition approach to the problems confronting behavioural research for the Depart that medical innovation is an medicine and the choices that must be ment of Human Services and Health areaT that has profound social, eco made. Biomedical decision-making which contracted and funded their nomic and political implications for necessarily relates to such broad research. Following on this report, in Australia's future. It is also a politi questions as the justice of resource December, at the invitation of the cally-charged and socially-contentious allocation, the nature of judgements Federal Minister for Human Services area that presents particular ethical, about efficacy and risk, the legal and and Health, they submitted a review legal and social difficulties for social responsibility for medical of the role and functioning of Institu informed decision-making and policy injuries, and the governance of tional Ethics Committees, particularly implementation. It can no longer be science and medicine. in terms of their appropriateness for assumed that old certainties and the discharge of their responsibilities The Group employs a collaborative approaches can resolve the complex under the Clinical Trials Notification multi-disciplinary approach to the ity of problems posed by modern scheme. In 1995, these three research analysis and interpretation of a range medical technologies or address the ers plan to extend and review this of important areas and issues in multi-faceted challenges they present research and present their findings at medical innovation and policy in the policy arena. Many of these a specially convened workshop and formulation. Members have special problems flow directly from the conference to be organised by expertise in social aspects of the failures of past policies and from Vivianne Morrigan, a postgraduate evaluation and use of prescription reliance on a too-narrowly-biomedical student and associate member of the drugs; medical, social, philosophical approach to their formulation. Policy Group. and legal aspects of fertility and makers, researchers, practitioners, reproduction; most areas of health Catherine Berglund (Science and consumer-advocates and the lay law, history and sociology; and social, Technology Studies) was also success public are all, from their different ethical, and legal aspects of human ful in obtaining a two-year grant from subjects research. They have pub the Department of Human Services lished widely and are experienced in and Health under the General Practice developing and critiqueing policy Evaluation Program to co-investigate Members position papers in these areas. ethical issues in general practice with researchers from the Faculty of The Group's current research is Ms Rebecca Albury, Medicine at the University of New focused within three principal areas: Dr Catherine Berglund, South Wales. Ethics in social and biomedical research: Dr Susan Dodds, Professor Institutional and social contexts Drug evaluation and policy research Helen Gamble, Associate In mid-1994, Susan Dodds (Philoso Evelleen Richards (Science and Professor Colin Thomson, phy), Rebecca Albury (Sociology) and Technology Studies) and Catherine Berglund continued researching a Dr Natalie Stoinoff Colin Thomson (Law) completed a 97 RESEARCH GROUPS Research Group members have particular command in the areas of the evaluation and use of prescription drugs and most areas of health law, history and sociology, and have published widely in their areas of special expertise multi-year ARC-funded project on the With Helen Gamble (Law), Evelleen these conceptual problems through impact of AIDS on drug evaluation Richards also began work on a project comparison of Canadian and Austral and regulation in Australia and the on Drug Regulation and Women's ian policy responses. United States. This major project aims Health in Australia. This project will Natalie Stoianoff (Law) who joined at providing a detailed, sociologically take as its examples Hormone Re the Group late in 1994, began work on informed, comparative analysis of the placement Therapy (HRT) and RU- a number of legal issues affecting development, clinical assessments 486, the so-called 'abortion pill', in medical technology, including and consumer demand for the drug order to develop appropriate models intellectual property, consumer popularly known as AZT (zido for decision making in the regulation protection and medico-legal and vudine, formerly azidothymidine, of prescription drugs, specifically commercial law. In connection with tradename Retrovir) in the contexts of targeting 'well' women. It is also this research, she intends to evaluate medical, regulatory, activist and intended to prepare guidelines for the current legislative regimes and offer community responses to the AIDS dissemination of information about alternatives where possible. crisis in the USA and Australia. It is the risks and benefits associated with such drugs. intended to draw out the implications Summer Vacation Higher of this case study for consumer Medical technology: policy, politics and Degree Research Experience participation in the evaluation and the law Award implementation of new medical treatments. During the year, Susan Dodds and In keeping with the Group's aim of Rebecca Albury used support from providing opportunities for graduate Dr Berglund resigned as full-time the Group to begin researching a students to pursue research in this Research Associate on this project at project on a Comparative Evaluation challenging area, the Group funded a the end of 1994 to take up a Visiting of Canadian and Australian Re competitive Summer Vacation Higher Fellowship at the University of New sponses to New Reproductive Tech Degree Research Experience Award South Wales. In 1995, her position on nologies (NRTs). They were awarded for 1994/5. The award went to the project will be filled by Karin a Small ARC Grant to continue this Danielle Mills who is completing an Garrety, who is currently in the final research in 1995. They intend to Honours Degree in Arts/Law and has stages of researching a PhD thesis on examine critically conceptual prob a particular interest in research into the social shaping of the cholesterol lems in government regulation of social and legal aspects of new controversy. NRTs and explore implications of reproductive technologies. 98 RESEARCH GROUPS Can regular physical activity improve the health of ageing Australian men and women? Effect of ageing and exercise on cardiovascular function, neuromotor control and biomechanics Physical Activity and Ageing Co-ordinator: Dr Steve Boutcher (tel 042 21 4093 or 21 3881) N THE Australian population vascular status. We have also exam autonomic response. Overall these the proportion of older people ined the cardiovascular response of data indicate that older aerobically has increased dramatically over fit and unfit older individuals to a trained males are significantly fitter the past 20 years. For example, battery of clinical tests. Results and have more efficient cardiovascu duringI the last two decades the demonstrate that highly trained older lar response during rest, exercise, number of Australians aged over 65 runners and cyclists have nearly and cardiovascular challenge. has grown by 89 percent. It has been double the aerobic fitness of un During 1994 we have also initiated a predicted that by 2030 the elderly will trained older males. Their maximal new research program into the be the fastest-growing segment of the oxygen uptakes were also some 70 cardiovascular health of post population and the number of people percent greater than a group of young menopausal women. In Australia, aged 80 years or more will have Wollongong male students. At rest cardiovascular heart disease is the increased by over one million. The these older trained individuals also leading cause of death in women, majority of the Australian elderly possessed significantly lower heart and the risk of heart disease rises population currently suffer from a rates and greater vagal tone. dramatically at the onset of meno variety of chronic diseases and During cardiovascular challenge the pause. Recent research has shown functional problems that are expected trained showed lower cardiac reactiv that hormone replacement therapy to increase substantially in the future. ity and a more efficient pattern of can reduce the incidence of cardio- During 1994 the Group has focused on the effect of ageing and exercise on cardiovascular function, neuromotor control of movement and changes in the mechanics of daily living skills. Cardiovascular Research Laboratory (Boutcher) Research has focused on comparisons of highly trained older males and their untrained age-matched counter parts. In a series of studies we have compared aerobic fitness (see picture), resting autonomic, cardiac, and Members Dr Mark Brown, Ms Julie Steele, Professor Len Storlien, Dr Nigel Taylor 99 RESEARCH GROUPS each stoop lift (a sign of increased Medial Hamstrings stress). Subsequent experiments have A.U. already begun to determine whether chronic exercise can maintain the quality of muscular control during lifting and thereby diminish the potential for injury through this everyday task. These experiments will ErectorSpinae be the focus of the group's efforts in 1995. Another 1994 study investigated the influence of age on the ability of skeletal muscle to be rapidly acti vated, slow muscle activations in part being responsible for the slow pace at which the elderly appear to move. A Hand Position cm further study utilised a similar paradigm to investigate muscle 80 activation rates in youths with Downs 40 " syndrome. 0 Biomechanics Research Laboratory (Julie Steele) During 1994 previous research related to the biomechanics of rising in elderly disabled patients was devel oped to focus on investigating the effects of using an Eser Ejector Chair on elderly female patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. The Ejector Chair uses a spring-loaded action to gently assist patients to rise from a Time (ms) seated position to stand upright. Aids Muscle electrical activity and hand position associated with the stoop lift in the elderly. Note the near cessation of activity (silent period) at the bottom of the lift where such as this chair are vital to enable the trunk is supported by its soft (eg ligaments) and hard (eg bone) tissues only many elderly people to continue independent living. The results of this study indicated vascular problems in post-menopau Neuromotor Control Research increased seat height and use of an sal women by over 50 per cent. Laboratory (Brown) Unfortunately, hormonal replacement ejector mechanism both facilitated 1994 saw the completion of several therapy possesses a number of rising. Both chair modifications on-going projects with the publication disadvantages (eg, hyperlipidemia appeared to compensate for those of three papers in international and elevated blood pressure). Aerobic patients with lower-extremity muscle journals. Two studies into the muscu exercise may help reduce many of the weakness and may help prevent risks associated with the menopause lar control of stoop-lifting in the excess joint damage when rising from and could possibly be used to help elderly have shown (see diagram) that a chair. The ejector mechanism had reduce the side-effects of hormonal ageing deleteriously affects the ability the added benefit of reducing forces replacement therapy. The significance of the muscles of the back to control generated by the upper limbs, thereby of this project is that very few studies the trunk during a stoop-lift. Dimin preventing excess upper-extremity have been carried out, particularly in ished muscle strength and inflexible joint damage. This work was con Australia, concerning exercise, joints both combine to reduce the ducted in conjunction with the cardiovascular health and hormonal effectiveness of these muscles, Institute of Rehabilitation and Allied replacement therapy administration resulting in shorter 'critical phases' Health at the Illawarra Regional in post-menopausal women. (muscle deactivation) at the bottom of Hospital. 100 RESEARCH GROUPS Applying health and nutrition research to improve Australians' well-being Service development and risk assessment Public Health and Nutrition Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Ross Harris (tel 042 21 3463) URING 1994 the Public To participate in the University's comes of health interventions, an Health and Nutrition planned restructuring of research international priority area in which Research Group main activities, the group identified two new techniques for measurement tained its track record of major domains of research activity have recently been developed. productivity in the study of important which could become hubs of increas Epidemiology, psychometry and factors in improving the health and ing University research pre-eminence: sociology are the core disciplines well being of Australia's population. namely, health service development which have produced outcome and risk assessment/health outcomes measures in domains such as func The total amount won by the Research research. In 1995 it is expected that tional status, emotional/cognitive Group from all external sources to the research group, in new format, health and interpersonal /organisa support research and enquiry in the will maximise opportunities for tional competencies. Public Health, calendar year 1994 was $1,333,000. Of enquiry in these two areas, each of Community Health, Mental Health this, approximately $1,100,000 were which is of great importance to the and Hospital Services are increasingly won from competitive, refereed grant public's health. seeking outcome information in these applications; and $233,000 were won areas. Researchers in the group are by submission of proposals for Notable achievements of individuals involved in outcome studies on injury undertaking consultancies. These and coalitions of researchers are as prevention, occupational safety, usually consist of specified research follows: management of chronic illness and service evaluation activities. Risk Assessment Group (asthma, diabetes, mental illness), (Co-ordinator, P Ricci) services such as geriatric care, mater nal care and services development Researchers in risk assessment use innovation, such as shared care. mathematical and statistical methods Members applied to epidemiology and toxicol Health Service Development Professor Dermis Calvert, ogy within the context of environmen Group (Co-ordinator, K Eagar) tal health and decision making under Ms Deanne Condon-Paoloni, uncertainty. The thrust of the group is This group has pursued the theme of Professor Christine Ewan, to develop processes in which least- casemix classification and funding models in association with a number Ms Mary Harris, Dr Lindsey cost solutions are achieved in respect of the 'precautionary principle'. of local, state and national organisa Harrison, Professor Don Hindle, tions. Projects have included using David Cromwell, John Halsall, The group has recently produced a health outcome data in a model to paper for publication in a peer- Ms Kathy Eagar, Ms Heather determine the mix of acute inpatient reviewed Journal and for presentation services that would most benefit a Yeatman, Ms Linda Tapsell, Paul to national and international confer local community; model development O'Halloran, Brian O'Neill, ences, ranging from analytical epide to explain cost variation within DRGs miology to cancer risk assessment. Gordon Lambert, Dr Barbara by linking it to variation in disease severity; the development and Meyer, Boris Gazibarich, Dr Health Outcomes Group (Co implementation (for the Common David Jeffs, Dr Victoria Westley- ordinator, R. Jayasuriya) wealth Department of Human Wise, Dr Rohan Jayasuriya and The researchers in health outcomes Services and Health) of a National Hospital Price Index applied to Associate Professor Paolo Ricci focus on the measurement of out 101 RESEARCH GROUPS updating DRG cost weights; in association with the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the exploration of ways for improving management of elective surgical admissions. The Centre has estab lished international research linkage, specifically with North Health, New Zealand, to develop models for the purchasing of public health care. Risk assessment research was under taken into the public health implica tions of sewer outflows; air pollution in California and 'new methods to fuse and propagate uncertainty' (P Ricci - who is also editing a special issue of the Journal of Energy Engi Dr Rohan Jayasuriya Mr Gordon Lambert neering). In association with the University of Sydney, a study funded by the Joint Coal Board Research Trust, commenced into the risks of injury in NSW coal mines, specifically relating to the prevention of leg and ankle injuries in coal miners (R Harris). Health outcomes research is enhanced by a Workcover grant to examine and improve the occupational injury data base used by major employers of the Illawarra (Workcover Corporation), (R Jayasuriya and R Harris). In terms of management for improved outcomes, studies were conducted to investigate specialist support for general practitioners, in association Associate Professor Paolo Ricci with the Illawarra Division of General Practice, funded by the General Practice Evaluation Project, and for incorporation into the training of networks of care to improve outcomes student dietitians and for potential Ms Kathy Eager of people with serious mental illness, application to other courses at the funded by the NSW Department of University and nationally. Health (M Harris). Research on Health Information Support for New Public Health action Awarded a Word Health Organisation Systems in developing countries has at district level. During his sabbatical, travelling Fellowship, H Yeatman been continued by Dr Jayasuriya and Dr Jayasuriya carried collaborative undertook six case-studies of food he was selected as the Chairperson on research and presented a seminar at policy councils operating in the USA an Expert Committee for the World the London School of Hygiene and and subsequently made recommenda Health Organisation that released a Tropical Medicine on 'Decentralisa tions to the Commonwealth Depart Technical Report on Information tion of Health Systems'. ment of Human Services and Health on the development of similar initia tives in Australia. Awarded a CAUT grant, Linda Tapsell developed self-directed teaching/ learning materials, including a manual, 102 RESEARCH GROUPS Exploring social and educational problems through studies of symbol systems - language and mathematics National curriculum developments Social Literacy Co-ordinator: Dr William Winser (tel 042 21 3963) NE OF the highlights of The second ARC Grant (Harris, Particular studies using linguistics the year's work for the Winser and Trezise) is for a study of have been carried out by Elizabeth Group was its success in younger students' acquisition of Thomson and Louise Ravelli. gaining two ARC multi reading at school and the role of texts, Thomson has been working on a yearO Grants totalling $112,000. The text interpretations and readers. This major function of language in Japa first - Winser, Torr (Macquarie second team completed preliminary nese, looking particularly at the University) and Derewianka - is a work for the project during the year. notion of Theme and its existence as a study of language development and Associated with this work has been functional category in Japanese. She curriculum that investigates language Bill Winser's theoretical study of a has determined that it does, in fact, development in the school years and linguistic model of reading; Wing exist and is now working to deter the relation of this to the new English Cheung has collaborated with him in mine the constituents of Theme in curricula. Beverley Derewianka's a study of computer delivery of Japanese; she also plans to start a joint work will support this study; she has English-language instruction for project on Grammatical Metaphor in completed a study of language Chinese speakers (also ARC funded). English and Japanese with Louise development in the transition to This program will be trialled in China Ravelli. Ravelli has continued her adolescence, clarifying some major in 1995. research and consulting with the problem areas in later language Australian Museum, exploring More specifically in the equity area, development and finding in her case various aspects of text-production for Jennifer Jones has completed her study that the language development Museum visitors. She contributed the studies in gender equity and second of a child exhibited features of mature linguistic analysis of student texts in ary school Maths and Science, and is language use earlier than had been the three reports evaluating the embarking on the next phase of this predicted; she has also begun a study Disadvantaged Schools Project 'Write work, on gender equity aspects of of approaches to the introduction of it Right' produced jointly with Bill national curriculum developments, grammar teaching in English. Winser and Jan Wright in 1994. These while Jan Wright continues her own three reports completed a two-year discourse work in studies of meaning evaluation study of the Project by the about the body in mature women. team. Penny Pether has published on the Members topic of the construction of feminine In the field of maths and language, Associate Professor B sexuality in Victorian literary and Jan Wright and Neil Hall have been legal texts, and is working on 20th working with secondary school Cambourne, Dr W Cheung, century developments in this field for mathematics teachers to investigate Ms B Derewianka, Dr C Fox, a book to be jointly edited with language and mathematics learning. Mr N Hall, Ms J Hammond, Professor Threadgold, of Monash This work has resulted in a profes University. She is one of the founding sional development book, together Dr P Harris, Dr J M Jones, editors of the new interdisciplinary with two conference papers, and they Ms D Konza, Ms P Pether, journal Law/Text/Culture. She antici are in the process of writing further Dr L Ravelli, Ms E Thomson, pates completing her work on the material from the data gathered construction of the nation in the work during this investigation. Neil Hall Ms J Trezise, Dr J Turbill, of E M Forster and Virginia Woolf in has gathered data on infants and Dr W Vialle, Dr J Wright 1995. primary school children working in 103 RESEARCH GROUPS Four members of the Social Literacy Research Group plan a new project on verbal and visual meanings. Members from left are Neil Hall, Deslea Konza, Dr Bill Winser (Co-ordinator) and Dr Wilma Vialle computer mediated environments, involved in implementing a model of Wilma Vialle has completed the first investigating the learning outcomes evaluation based on the principles phase of a study of the role of lan and the kinds of language used, while inherent in 'Responsive Evaluation' at guage in assessing intelligence in children work with computers in the classroom level. minority children in several schools, classrooms. He has continued to The results showed that the model and has co-authored a book on investigate the use of a self-regulatory could be implemented by teachers teaching from a multiple intelligence teaching strategy as young children and that the theoretical concepts perspective. Deslea Konza's work has learn mathematics while working underpinning Responsive Evaluation been in the area of reading disability; with computers, as well as the use of a are congruent with and supportive of she has begun a study in the area of the NSW DSE English K-6 syllabus. procedural analogy theory in the attention deficit disorder and its The second project was an on-going teaching of mathematics to primary relation to reading development. school children. evaluation of the effect and impact of Jennifer Hammond's study of the the integrative/interactive staff grammatical construction of literacy School-based work has continued as development model underpinning the the main focus of the Group. Brian Frameworks Staff Development in primary students, is completed, Cambourne and Jan Turbill have been Program. The data comes from with findings which indicate that involved in two main projects. The teachers who have participated in the teacher sensitivity to linguistic aspects first, in the area of literacy evaluation, program, comprising reflections on of literacy is a factor in successful involved collaboration with teachers the course, mailed surveys and group literacy teaching. Jillian Trezise is and schools and employed a 'Teacher- interviews. Results so far indicate that continuing to work on her study of as-Co-Researcher' methodology to teachers' expectations have been met the construction of educational explore the issues and strategies at a high level of satisfaction. discourse in popular magazines. 104 RESEARCH GROUPS The Research Group brings together researchers concerned with the social, cultural and political effects of globalisation, economic restructuring and social change Sociological Analysis of Political and Cultural Change Co-ordinator: Professor John Bern (tel 042 21 3745) ROUP members achieved constitution of institutions and Electronically monitored home imprison considerable recognition groups and the social processes ment program - Ann Aungles in 1994 through competi affecting their cultural content and A review of the range of ways in tive grants, publications political situation. Although the which electronically monitored home andG conference participation. The specific themes and locations of the imprisonment is being implemented Group also increased its links with the projects vary, they are inter-related in Australian penal jurisdictions with academic and policy communities through their common focus on social a special focus on the intersection throughout the year. change and its human consequences, between domesticity and penality. and through the objective of linking The central theme of social change at Penal discourses on parenthood in NSW the local with the global. local, national and international levels - Ann Aungles during the year was a sharpening of Locally-based research dealt with This project involves monitoring of focus for the Group to issues of social various community groups in the the various and contradictory ways in diasadvantage and strategies to Illawarra (trade unions, women's which prisoner parenthood is consti overcome this. The theoretical and groups, ethnic groups, indigenous tuted in legal penal discourses. Much analytical approaches included people), while the national and of the research has been carried out in aspects of globalisation, class, gender international components addressed conjunction with the Children of and ethnic and racial relations. non-governmental bodies, govern Prisoners Support Group. ments and international organisa The Group carried out empirical The hunter in transition: Political and tions. The Group's projects help fulfil social research using a variety of social re-adjustment in a major industrial the University's commitment to methods (surveys, qualitative studies, region - John Bern research which serves community content analysis) in the Illawarra and ARC funding of this project ended at needs. elsewhere. Stress was laid on analyti the end of 1994. All field research has cal and theoretical grounding of all now been completed. A number of Work in progress work. In each of the projects there was papers are in various stages of emphasis on on both the cultural Crime victimisation on the Illawarra rail completion. line - Ann Aungles A comparison between recorded and National aboriginal politics: Self unrecorded incidents of crime determinations from landrights to victimisation on the rail system and reconciliation and return - John Bern This project is current and topical. Members an investigation of gender differences in victimisation and vulnerability Work during 1994 involved interview Dr Ann Aungles, Professor among train commuters. The survey ing key Aboriginal political leaders Stephen Castles, Dr Mike of commuters has been completed focusing on the negotiations with the Donaldson, Dr Chris and reports are being written for Government for the Native Titles Act 1993. An overview paper was pre Everingham, Dr Tom Jagtenberg, various groups. Support for this research came from the State Rail pared for the World Congress of Dr Jenny Jones, Dr Ellie Vasta Authority. Sociology July 1994. 105 RESEARCH GROUPS International migration and the New Germany - Stephen Castles The aim of this project was to examine changes in international migration to Germany since 1990, as well as issues concerning existing ethnic minorities in Germany. The project has led to a number of publications, focusing on issues of racism and citizenship. Hegemonic masculinity - Mike Donaldson This project culminated in being guest keynote speaker at a major conference in Bielefeld, Germany, in July, 1994, on gender relations. The paper is to be published in the conference proceedings. Time and society - Mike Donaldson Work is progressing well on this project, with one major monograph with publishers at University of Western Australia, entitled Taking our Time: Remaking the Temporal Order. Rights or welfare?- Chris Everingham The overall aim is to identify and analyse the discourses used by agency workers concerned with providing The second stage involves researching community based services for women, speaking backgrounds (NESB) state and community sector policies from diverse socio-cultural back women in the Illawarra and the input and programs relevant to NESB grounds. The preliminary work began of NESB women into the development women and the third stage will entail on this project in 1994, with the of relevant policy and service delivery interviews to ascertain the effective identification and selection of these at state and community levels. The ness of these policies and an analysis agencies, and this will continue in project has three phases, the first of of the level of NESB women's involve 1995 with interviews and compilation which entails data collection in the ment in the process. This project of written material. Illawarra and production of a profile develops from preliminary findings in of needs and access to policy and Peer group influences on students in high the ARC funded Fairfield study. school - Jennifer Jones programs. Current work on this research has involved preliminary investigation observing and interviewing Year 10 students at various high schools. This will be expanded to involve Year 8 and 9 students over the next year. Data collected so far has involved one selective school and one Catholic girls school. Work to be carried out in 1995 will involve the gender roles in peer pressure regarding subject and career aspirations. Social justice and social change: the position of migrant women in the state and community sector - Ellie Vasta This project examines the socio economic position of non-english 106 RESEARCH GROUPS Enabling technologies in artificial intelligence, perception, neural networks, parallel processing and human interfaces with applications in telecommunications, databases, mobile robotics and education Software Engineering and Intelligent Systems Co-ordinators: Professor Fergus O'Brien (tel 042 21 3859) an d Dr Phillip McKerroiv (tel 042 21 3771) HIS RESEARCH Group had munications Information Network its best year ever, with the Architecture Consortium (TINA-C). successful completion of two The initial three-year program for large projects, the award of a TSRC is successfully completed to the T Large ARC Grant, the award of a satisfaction of Telstra. Unfortunately, Targeted Institutional Links (TILs) while negotiations were under way grant, the receipt of funding for pilot with Telstra for funding for a further projects from the Department of project, Professor O'Brien tendered Science and Technology Organisation his resignation from the University. (DSTO) and Fujitsu, and the running Further work on the project will be of a parallel computing conference. undertaken at RMIT. The quality of the Group's work is shown by the fact that PhD students John Fulcher's work in face recogni working in the group presented five tion for airport security with neural Garry Stafford contemplating papers at the Australian AI confer networks came to a successful conclu artificial life ence in Armidale in November. sion. His team developed a system which captures facial images of Professor O'Brien and his team in the based on polynomial activation passengers passing through airports Telecommunications Software functions for application in economic and compares these to a local data Research Centre (TSRC) achieved modelling for financial forecasting. base. Neural network techniques are further international recognition used because recognition must be Dr McKerrow and Dr Zelinsky through their involvement in the performed in real time. Two PhD received a $165,000 TILs grant for International Federation of Informa students are writing their theses from collaborative research in Intelligent tion Processing (IFIP) working parties this research. As a result of this Autonomous Systems with the and collaboration with the Telecom- research, John has written two articles University of Tsukuba, Japan. Profes for New Scientist, and three chapters sor O'Brien and Dr McKerrow visited for Oxford University Press's forth Tsukuba in November to plan the coming Handbook of Neural Computing. research projects that will be under The team has applied for an Austral taken as part of this collaboration. Members ian patent. Professor Yuta and Dr Ohya visited Wollongong in December to meet the Associate Professors G Doherty, Following a visit to Wollongong by Dr two PhD students who will work on N Gray, Drs B. Balachandran, Asakawa from Fujitsu's Multimedia these projects. M Cross, J R Getta, J P Gray, Systems Laboratories in Kawasaki, Japan, Fujitsu has provided pilot Dr Zelinsky continued to work at ETL IG Pirie, G Stafford, A Zelinsky, funding of $50,000 to John Fulcher to in Tsukuba and has started to imple M Zhang, Mr J Fulcher develop higher-order neural networks ment his navigation scheme on a 107 RESEARCH GROUPS mobile robot. This project is funded Dr Stafford collaborated with Dr select and implement secondary by the Real World Computing Tognetti to begin research in Artificial indices when designing a large Partnership (RWCP). During their Life. They are investigating tech database system. His main objective is visit to Japan Professor O'Brien and niques that will allow self-directed to generalise the concept of a second Dr McKerrow met with Dr Shimada, modifications of program behaviour ary index in order to capture informa Director of the RWCP, to discuss the to accommodate to a changing tion about the queries which have continuation of collaboration on this environment. The focus of their been processed by the data base project when Dr Zelinsky returns to research is on the effects of change on particularly their multi-attribute data Wollongong. the acquisition and extinction of dependencies. behaviours. Dr McKerrow was awarded a one- Finally, Associate Professor Gray year Large ARC Grant of $50,000 for Dr Getta is investigating multi completed research into the teaching research in Echolocation Modelling. attribute and partial indexing in of object orientated programming This project involves the development database systems. His research is with the publication of a text book, and testing of models of ultrasonic focused on the problem of how to Programming with Class. backscatter in air for use in visualising wave motion and for developing improved ultrasonic sensing systems for mobile robots. This grant has Alex Zelinsky working on Autonomous Robot Navigation with the Real enabled the development of new World Computer Partnership in Tsukuba, Japan electronic equipment for use in the experimental validation of the models. Dr McKerrow also received a research grant of $22,000 from DSTO for a pilot research project in data fusion. The High-frequency Radar Division (HFRD) of DSTO is responsible for the operation of the Jindalee Over-the- Horizon Radar Network (JORN). Correct tracking of aircraft involves complex data fusion. DSTO is provid ing funding for data fusion research with ultrasonic sensors on a mobile robot. Many of the problems are similar and DSTO is interested in applying the results of the research to JORN. The Group is thus able to do research on an unclassified system that is of direct application to the development and control of a classi fied system without Wollongong researchers having to be involved in the classified work. Following the success of their work shop in 'Parallel Software Engineer ing', in Aachen, Germany, in 1993, Jon Gray and his colleagues ran a second workshop in Como, Italy, in Septem ber 1994. Also, Jon, with some help from Fazel Naghdy, organised a two- day conference 'Parallel Computing and Transputers Conference (PCAT- 94)' at the University of Wollongong in November 1994. IOS Press (Amster dam) published the conference proceedings. 108 RESEARCH GROUPS Improved formulae established for analysis of punching shear strength; tests of precast reinforced concrete connections and of engineering construction materials Structural Engineering and Construction Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Yew-Chaye Loo (tel 042 21 3039) atisfactory progress was Australian Standard AS3600-1994 concrete frames for low and medium- made during 1994 in all the tends to overestimate the strength of rise buildings. Group's research projects, these half-scale structures. This long-term project was aimed at notably the major investiga In practice this means that punching providing such information by testing tionsS into punching shear strength of shear design of post-tensioned flat a total of 24 half-scale beam-to- post-tensioned concrete flat plates, plates based on the Standard could be column connections. Two types of strength and deflection characteristics unsafe. precast construction methods recom of precast reinforced concrete beam- mended by Precast/Prestressed to-column connections, damping Based on the data and results of the Concrete Institute and Australian characteristics of cracked reinforced experimental study, semi-empirical Prestressed Concrete Institute were concrete beams and construction formulae have been established for used to manufacture these models. materials. the analysis of the punching shear Tests were carried out under static, strength. The accuracy of these Punching shear strength of post- unidirectional repeated and cyclic explicit formulas are found to be tensioned concrete flat plates loading. The last six models of the superior to the Australian Standard series (tested under cyclic loads) were This is the third and last year for this provisions. ARC Large Grant project. The punch completed this year. A test model ing shear test program on a series of As part of this project, non-linear after failure is illustrated in Figure. 2. four half-scale models with torsion finite-element analysis procedure is Comparisons of results from the two being developed. When completed, strips or spandrel beams was success types of precast connections and the this procedure will allow an accurate fully completed. Figure 1 shows the corresponding monolithically con prediction of punching shear strength failure crack pattern of a model with structed models show that the precast and the accompanying failure crack spandrel beam. Note the severe connections were stronger and in cracking developed around the pattern to be carried out via a per most case more ductile. The two sonal computer. column heads; this is an indication of precast connection methods can be punching shear failure. Analysis of Earlier findings of this project have safely used in building frame con the test results confirms that the been presented at various interna struction. tional conferences on structural A paper discussing the tests and engineering and mechanics. behaviour of the two types of precast Strength and deflection characteristics of connections has been accepted for precast reinforced concrete beam-to- publication by the prestigious Members column connections Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Dr A Basu, Associate Professor The strength and serviceability Journal, Chicago, USA. M J Lowrey, Associate Profes behaviour of the beam-to-column Damping characteristics of cracked sor D G Montgomery, Dr Y W connections is the most important reinforced concrete beams information necessary for the design This project involved the testing of Wong of safe and efficient precast reinforced 109 RESEARCH GROUPS over 32 full-size reinforced and damping behaviour of flexural under dynamic loads such as those partially prestressed concrete beams. members of a building. This informa generated by an earthquake. The main objective of the study is to tion is important for predicting the The analysis of the test results from quantify the effects of cracking on the structural response of the building this project are those available in the literature has led to the development of a set of formulas for predicting the crack widths and spacings of concrete beams. This is the first step towards establishing the relationship between damping and cracking of reinforced and partially prestressed concrete beams. Back Construction materials Column Work has continued on projects concerned with the behaviour and applications of engineering construc Beam tion materials. The first draft of a guide to the use of slag in Flexible and Bound Pavements was developed and Front written. This document will be assessed by industry and will be used by engineers and other professionals in the design and construction of roads containing blast furnace slag Precast beam and steel furnace slag materials. The guide will be jointly published by the Australian Slag Association and the Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW. Figure 1: Crack pattern on top and sides of Model P4 Current projects Figure 2: Crack pattern for CPA2 - Type A connection Current projects of the Group also include: • Flexural and shear strength of unconventional composite beams. • Development of a transient heat transfer model coupled with Navier-Stokes equations to simulate the heat transfer and fluid flow in the weld pools during GMAW process. • Use of PFIOENICS package to calculate temperature distribution, velocity profile and weld head geometry. Satisfactory progress was made in each of these projects, as evidenced by the publication of some of the re search findings by the principal investigators. The projects will continue in 1995 and beyond. 110 RESEARCH GROUPS Studies of the ancient bedrock of eastern Australia provide an understanding of past earth environments and processes, as well as a framework for resource exploration and exploitation Tasmanides Co-ordinator: Dr Chris Eergnsson (tel 042 21 3860) HE TASMANIDES is the One of the highlights of the year that geology to the east and southeast of Palaeozoic (250-570 Ma old) has implications for the direction of Mudgee has been revised. In May, mobile or orogenic belt that the Group's research and teaching John Pemberton, Gary Colquhoun, makes up the bedrock of has been collaboration between and Tony Wright organised a geologi Tmuch of eastern Australia. It repreGroup members with the Geological cal field trip for the Geological Society sents the roots of ancient mountain Survey of New South Wales and the of Australia on the field geology of belts that developed from interactions Australian Geological Survey Organi the Mudgee district. between the ancient Pacific Ocean sation under the auspices of the A new large ARC project began plate and a plate dominated by the National Geoscience Mapping Accord earlier this year on the 'Tectonic former large continent of Gondwana (NGMA). The NGMA was devised as Significance of Ordovician rocks in (including Australia, Africa, India, a joint venture between the Federal southeastern Australia' (Principal South America, Antarctica, India, and and State governments in an attempt Investigator Chris Fergusson). PhD much of South-East Asia and parts of to address the inadequacy of the student Sue Murray began work in China). The Tasmanides Research geological data base by producing mid-year and has started detailed Group is concerned with contributing new vastly improved geological maps geological mapping of the Ordovician both data and an interpretation of the covering areas of major interest to the volcanic and sedimentary succession development of the Tasmanides. This general community and exploration in the Oberon district as part of the leads to an improved understanding industry. This is being achieved by a NGMA (see above). of the geology of eastern Australia new generation of geological map with benefits for the mineral explora ping using closely spaced radiometric This was the final year of funding of tion industry. Although emphasis of and aeromagnetic line surveys the Anakie Inlier Large ARC Grant the Tasmanides Research Group has carried out by low-flying aircraft. (Principal Investigators Paul Carr and been on the geology of eastern These data-bases can effectively be Chris Fergusson with collaboration of Australia, similar and related geologi used to penetrate vegetation and soil Bryan Chenhall). Tim Green (PhD cal problems encountered around the cover to reveal details of sub-surface student) completed his field studies in globe and particularly in Indonesia, geology. This project also involves the inlier and has since been concen Iran, North America and New geochronological studies using the trating on the laboratory component Zealand have been examined by the Sensitive High Resolution Ion of the project. Age dating of the rocks Group. Microprobe (SHRIMP) at the Re continues to be a problem and is now search School of Earth Sciences at the being addressed with the collabora Institute of Advanced Studies at the tion of Mark Fanning at the Research Australian National University. School of Earth Sciences (Australian National University) using the Members of the Tasmanides Group SHRIMP (see above). Paul Carr and including Chris Fergusson, John Bryan Chenhall have been working in Members Pemberton, Tony Wright and PhD the Centre for Isotope Studies (CIS) at Dr Paul Carr, Dr Bryan student Gary Colquhoun are involved CSIRO North Ryde, where sophisti in the geological mapping of the Chenhall, Associate Professor cated analytical equipment is avail Mudgee 1:100,000 Geological Sheet. Brian Jones, Dr John Pemberton, able to the Group as members of an This work includes use of the new ARC-funded consortium. Associate Professor Tony Wright geophysical data base and already the I l l RESEARCH GROUPS basaltic-andesitic volcanic qtz sands lava shield / / emergent silicic volcanic arc to west J ~ T \ coarse silicic detritus including *3 1 volcanic and plutonic quartz coarse mafic-intermediate 2J detritus variably mixed epiclastic s a n d s reworked basaltic sands Block diagram reconstruction of volcanic environments that existed along the ancient Queensland coastline (Mackay-Proserpine district) about 360 million years ago (from paper by Fergusson, Henderson and Wright, published in 1994) Continuing joint research on Lachlan student) has completed his thesis on ago. This work is in collaboration with Fold Belt fossils includes studies of the basin analysis of fluvial systems in the Geological Survey of Iran and a Silurian graptolites by Tony Wright the Triassic Narrabeen Group to the joint field trip to his PhD study area and Dr Barrie Rickards, Cambridge. north of Wollongong. Earlier in the with Chris Fergusson was conducted These graptolites are most important year Hossein Memarian (PhD student) in September. Ali Hamedi is complet as they provide accurate age data for completed his thesis on the fracture ing his PhD thesis on the Early the rocks. Research is also continuing systems in the Sydney Basin along the Palaeozoic stratigraphy of central in the New England Fold Belt (see coast to the north of Wollongong. Iran. Tony Wright and some overseas Figure 1). Surono has also submitted Research continues on aspects of the collaborators are studying new and his PhD thesis on the stratigraphy and geology of Iran. Paul Carr visited Iran exciting assemblages of fossils from sedimentology of rocks in southeast in May for three weeks and examined east-central Iran. Stable isotope ern Sulawesi, Indonesia. igneous rocks in various localities in studies have been conducted by Mr The Tasmanides Research Group the research areas of PhD students Ahmad Mazaheri (PhD student) and continues to support research in the Abbas Moradian and Abolfazl Soltani, Dr Bryan Chenhall on an economi southern Sydney Basin. Stuart Tye who are now carrying out detailed cally important iron-rich skarn in (PhD student, scholarship funded by geochemical and isotopic studies of Iran. Skarns form from the interaction Tasmanides) is completing his study their rocks. Mohammad Mohajjel of magmatic fluids and limestone host of the stratigraphy and sedimentology (PhD student) has been conducting rocks. of the southern Sydney Basin. Kerrie field work in the Zagros region of Iran Bann (PhD student) continues to to investigate metamorphic rocks In summary, 1994 was a highly study trace fossils in the same succes formed by the collision of Iran and the successful and busy year for the sion; and Mohammad Dehghani (PhD Arabian Peninsula about 60-70 Ma Tasmanides Research Group. 112 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS Large doctoral program expands Group research and enhances its international reputation Is 'creative accounting' dead? Accountability and Financial Reporting Co-ordinator: Professor Michael Gaffikin (tel 042 21 3718) NCE AGAIN members of changes in the membership. This year, closely tied to the values placed on the Developmental Group however, we were strengthened by the generating facilities and the travelled to many parts of the addition of a new professor with a relevant sections of the national the world to present significant research profile - Professor electricity grid. In the past a notional papersO at international conferences, David Johnstone. David was ap charge for the capitalised element has reinforcing the Group's already pointed to strengthen our finance been a common method for GTEs in significant reputation. Papers were offering and has been able to help calculating their charge-out rates and presented in Sweden, Italy, the UK, colleagues develop their research this has been a major difference the USA, the Netherlands, Indonesia, programs as well as working on his between government and commercial New Zealand and elsewhere. own. accounting. With the governments wanting to move towards commercial As mentioned in last year's Report, Another feature of our activities last (accrual) accounting, issues such as the Group is departmental-based so year was that many doctoral students valuation assume a gigantic propor yet again there have been some have now completed their degrees tion. It is not only the GTEs that will and are about to graduate or are in the be involved but some of the bodies process of submitting their theses for traditionally considered as offering examination. Supervision of these services to the public - even muse students has been time-consuming ums, art galleries and botanical Members but, hopefully, will be rewarded gardens! Mrs Anne Abraham, Mr Ari through enhanced recognition as Ariyadasa, Mr Larry Blackett, Mr publications flow from the projects. Sudhir Lodh has completed his study of the change in a reporting system at The Public Sector Accountability Anwar Chowdhury, Dr Kathie a large Australian steel company. The project continues to grow in strength Cooper, Dr Barbara Cornelius, company has now implemented the with Professor Michael Gaffikin and new system and it is hoped that Dr Mary Day, Dr Warwick David Johnstone working on a Sudhir can investigate post-implica Funnell, Mr Adrian Gardiner, program to determine the most tion factors. A major project such as appropriate basis of asset valuation Mr Gerhard Gniewosz, Professor this certainly has a lot of implications for government trading enterprises for entities wishing to change their David Johnstone, Ms Mary (GTEs). The problem of asset valua systems of internal reporting. The Kaidonis, Associate Professor tion for GTEs is crucial because as accounting considerations are the they move towards commercial-type Gary Linnegar, Dr Sudhir Lodh, most significant of such business accounting (as opposed to the tradi Associate Professor Michael information systems as in the final tional government fund accounting) analysis it is the financial considera McCrae, Mr George Mickhail, valuations will be a large determinant tions that will be the most relevant to of the pricing of their service to the Ms Janet Moore, Mr Ron Perrin, decisions. Thus, any system will need public. For example, the price con Dr Hema Wijewardena and to articulate with or have as a major sumers pay for electricity will be more Mr Robert Williams component the accounting reporting. 113 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS The financial reporting of Australian companies project completed yet another edition of its publication Mrs Mary Kaidonis, examining extant practices of the top Professor Michael 150 companies in the country. This Gaffikin and Professor project is undertaken in collaboration David Johnstone with the University of Western consider the results of investigation into Sydney Macarthur and Charles Sturt company financial University, Wagga, but the greatest reporting contribution comes from this Univer sity. The Australian Accounting Research Foundation includes the book as part of its research program so it is a well accepted project - in the commercial sector. The objective is to highlight Associate Professor Gary Linnegar Venice, Italy with four representations both the good and the bad in com travelled to Indonesia as part of his from the Group. Accounting history is pany reporting in the hope that the study leave and presented the case for a research interest of many of the level of financial reporting in the modern management accounting members of the Group and we are country will be lifted. There is evi techniques such as just-in-time and committed to the belief that an dence to show that reporting practices activity based costing to groups of understanding of our history is are improving so the 'creative ac interested students and business important for an understanding of our counting' of the 1980s may well be people. This continues the strong link present. Bob Williams spent some dead. the Department and Group have built months in the archives at Manchester, The Department has recently offered a up with Indonesia. Another example England uncovering the early devel finance specialisation in the bachelor is the consulting editorial assistance opment of cost and management of commerce degree, so much of the provided in the setting up of a new accounting systems as evidence in energy of those involved in the Indonesian accounting journal - one some of the early industrial revolution finance project has been directed to which publishes the results of re organisations - Bolton and Watt and teaching. Nevertheless, members did search but is also aimed at the practis others. Janet Moore is concerned with meet regularly to debate their work in ing arms of the profession. the early colonial accounting records progress and no doubt from the of Australia. Her papers on early The small business financial manage heated debates some quality publica colonial accounting have attracted the ment section of the Group has contin tions will emerge. ued its work. Barbara Cornelius's attention of many historically minded One very pleasing feature has been research interest is in venture capital, international scholars. One of the so it overlaps with this section and the doctoral students has completed his the award of research grants from the finance section of the Group. She has thesis investigating similar character Australian Society of Certified presented papers at finance forums istics in the development of account Practicing Accountants to Connie and small enterprise research groups. ing in Indonesia and the effect of the Spasich and Anne Abraham - Connie Her paper at a Swedish finance Dutch colonisation. to further develop her work on gender issues in public accounting conference was considered of suffi The Group was well represented at firms and Anne to investigate the cient merit to be shortlisted for a best the Third Interdisciplinary Perspec financial reporting practices of some paper of the conference award and tives on Accounting conference at charitable bodies. her paper to the SEANZ Conference Manchester in the UK. Some members in Auckland, New Zealand was well created considerable interest by Overall we feel that there has been received. Hema Wijewardena also expounding quite radical views of the considerable energy devoted by continues to have success with his processes of publishing research members of the Group towards their research on international comparisons results and challenged the 'establish research and we continually grow of education and small business. ment'. Connie Spasich's paper on stronger. The success of a large The year 1994 was significant for gender issues in accounting firms was doctoral program will certainly bear accounting in that it marked the five very well received. The critical fruit as the results of the doctoral hundredth year of modern bookkeep accounting issues section continued to research are published. In addition we ing so it was well marked by those challenge accepted wisdom in the have had greater success at attracting with a historical interest. A major hope of developing improved ac research grants as the merits of our international conference was held in counting. research become even better known. 114 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS 'Data! data! data!' he cried impatiently. 7 can't make bricks without clay' - Sherlock Holmes Applied Statistics Co-ordinator: Mr John Rayner (tel 042 21 4308) N 1994, the Group held its first cal analysis of agriculture data from integration. A preliminary result has planning day. In addition to Bangladesh, to identify regions of been obtained. presentation of individual increased rice production. John Rayner also had a successful research plans, strategies for Drs Pam Davy, Chandra Gulati and year, with one paper published and collaboration and winning grants Yan-Xia Lin and Professor David two accepted for publication. Joint were discussed. Griffiths have had joint discussions work with John Best of the CSIRO Project 1: Statistical Modelling with members of the Institute for IAPP Biometrics Unit continues. The Telecommunications Research current focus is extending non- Researchers: Mr Wai Kong Chan, concerning statistical modelling of parametric tests to assess not only Dr Pam Davy, Mr Bernard Ellem, Ethernet traffic. Some challenging location but also dispersion and other Professor David Griffiths, Dr Chandra problems are being considered, and a moment differences between treat Gulati, Dr Yan-Xia Lin and Mr John seminar describing some of these was ments. Joint work with Wai Kong Rayner given to the Department of Applied Chan, a PhD student in this Depart Dr Chandra Gulati continued his Statistics. Yan-Xia also did some work ment, has resulted in a draft manu research in the area of decision theory. with researchers in the Computer script on the effect of model failure in The optimal reward for a non Security Research Program. testing for an exponential scale shift. communicating team is compared with the total optimal reward when Yan-Xia Lin had a successful year, Bernard Ellem furthered his doctoral individual members do not form a with one paper published, a second research in presenting a paper to the team. The results of this joint research accepted for publication, and several 12th Australian Statistical Conference (with Prof Prem Goel, Ohio State appearing as preprints. Joint research at Monash University on 'Curvature University) will be given in a paper with Professor Gail Ivanoff (Univer Measures for Generalised Linear 'To team or not to team'. A draft of sity of Ottawa, Canada) and Professor Models'. He also wrote a technical this paper is nearly complete. Ely Merzbach (Bar-Ilan University, report on the same topic and another Chandra is also carrying out a statisti- Israel) was continued. Some impor on 'The Exponential Connection and tant technical problems have been Canonical Links for Generalised solved, and they yielded a joint paper Linear Models'. titled 'Weak Convergence of Set- indexed Point Processes and the Project 2: Statistical Design Poisson Process'. This paper suggests and Analysis a method of attack on the central limit Researchers: Professor David Griffiths, M embers theory of general set-indexed proc Dr Chandra Gulati, Dr Ken Russell, Dr Mr Wai Kong Chan, Dr Pam esses, which will be examined in 1995. David Steel Davy, Mr Bernard Ellem, Yan-Xia also undertook joint research Dr Ken Russell continued his research Professor David Griffiths, Dr with Dr Linhu Zhu, a visiting scholar into carry-over designs. These are Chandra Gulati, Dr Yan-Xia from China. They considered an area plans for the conduct of experiments between stochastic analysis and in which subjects receive a sequence Lin, Ms Anne Porter, Dr Ken functional analysis, looking for a new of different treatments over consecu Russell, Dr David Steel theoretical system in stochastic tive time periods. In any time period, 225 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS Project 3: Statistical Education Research Researchers: Dr Pam Davy, Professor David Griffiths, Ms Anne Porter, Mr John Rayner, Dr Ken Russell, Dr David Street With her doctoral supervisors, Anne Porter presented three joint confer ence papers, the first two at the Bridging Mathematics Conference in Sydney and the third at the Deakin University symposium on Research in Mathematics, Science and Environ mental Education: A statistical and mathematical tertiary preparation course; The role of language and experience in the teaching of statistics; and (Re)con- structing knowledge in statistics through reflection, articulation and language. With John Rayner, Anne also pre From left, the researchers are Mr John Rayner, Dr Pam Davey, Dr David Steel, Professor David Griffiths, Dr Chandra Gulati and Dr Ken Russell sented a joint talk to Mathematics head teachers in the Metropolitan East (Sydney) area on Teaching statistical the subject is assumed to receive the 'near-balanced' incomplete block concepts: Reflections on the school direct effect of the treatment currently designs. curriculum. being administered and also the Dr David Steel continued his work on carry-over effect of the treatment During his study leave visits to the the analysis of aggregation effects in applied in the previous period. Such UK and Singapore, David Griffiths social data. Analysis of group level experiments are used in areas as evaluated multimedia packages in data is an option used widely in social diverse as agriculture, telecommuni Statistical education. and health research. However, these cations and psychology. analyses are subject to the ecological Statistical Consulting Service In late May, Ken visited Dr Sue Lewis fallacy, which occurs when spatially Principal consultants: Dr Ken Russell at the University of Southampton to aggregated data are analysed and the and Dr David Steel continue joint work that examines results are incorrectly assumed to how to devise the best experimental apply to relationships at the indi Under the aegis of the Graduate plans when the direct effect of a vidual level. Dr Steel is developing Faculty, the Department of Applied treatment interacts with the carry the statistical theory and practical Statistics provides statistical consult over effect of another treatment. At methods for adjusting the outcomes of ing services to assist the research of the end of the year, Dr Lewis visited the analyses based on spatially the staff and postgraduate students of Wollongong to begin further work aggregated data to yield estimates of the University. Advice is given in the that examines how resistant the the underlying individual-level planning of investigations, the common experimental plans are to relationships. This will provide collection of data, data analysis, and departures from the standard as methods for researchers to avoid the the presentation and interpretation of sumptions about the variability ecological fallacy in their analysis of the results. associated with the data. census and other small-area data. More researchers were assisted in During the year Dr Steel presented 1994 than in any previous year. A research student, Sifa Mvoi, is also papers on this topic at the Annual Clients came from nearly every working on carry-over designs. He is Research Conference of the US Bureau Faculty of the University. It continues seeking good designs when the of the Census in Washington and at to be the case that most investigators treatments are combinations of the annual meeting of the American would gain more from the consulta several factors and there is interest in Association of Geographers in San tion process if they would visit the knowing the effects of each factor Francisco. He also visited the Univer Service at the very beginning of their individually and in combination with sity of Southampton, where he is investigations. others. involved in a joint research project In a joint project with David Griffiths, funded by the UK Economic and Ken has derived various optimal Social Research Council. 116 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS Exploring the conceptual underpinnings of clinical psychology Evaluating services for clients and community members Pioneering interventions to reduce AIDS Clinical Psychology Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Linda L Viney (tel 042 21 3693) HIS RESEARCH Group has Projects that they have a life-threatening achieved good external These ten projects have been the main disease (Linda Viney and Professor financial support, as well as focus of the Group, and together fulfil B Raphael, University of Queens high levels of participation the following objectives: land). in national and international confer A. Rationality and logic of explana G. HIV prevention in adolescent ences, links with national and interna tion in clinical psychology, involv offenders and school-based tional researchers, publications in top ing conceptual analysis of the adolescents, using psychodynamic quality international journals, schol existing literature ( Nigel Mackay). and constructivist group work. arly and professional books, and Group work strategies have been B. Spread of social support and the workshops. developed. The small groups are development of close relationships currently being conducted and Members continue to work towards (Beverly Walker and Professor L. supervised in high schools and six goals: to explore the often-ignored Leitner, Miami University, Ohio). Juvenile Justice Centres, together intellectual underpinnings of clinical This work uses the Dependency with the collection of data before psychology (achieved by Project A); to Grid to assess dependency disper and after the groups. Funded by devise new methods of assessment for sion and an interview to assess CARG for 1994 and 1995. (Linda them (achieved by Projects B, C and intimacy. Viney and Rachael Henry). D); to develop and evaluate better C. The link between confirmation of H. Editing selected Proceedings of the treatments in these areas (achieved by personal meanings and emotions 10th International Personal Con Projects D, E F and G); to liaise with (Linda Viney and Barbara Tooth, struct Psychology Congress, local clinical, counselling and health now at the Queensland Institute of Personal construct psychology: A services to conduct research relevant Technology). psychology of the future (Beverly to their needs (achieved by Projects E, D. Service delivery to people with Walker and Linda Viney). Funded F and G); to provide channels of developmental disabilities (Isla by the Congress Committee. communication about research in Bowen, Margaret Gerry and I. Supervision of personal construct these areas (Project H); and to evalu Barbara Tooth). ate postgraduate training programs in therapy (Linda Viney and Larry E. Counselling services for survivors clinical psychology, to which this Leitner). of sexual assault. The community research is closely linked (Projects I J. Evaluation of the objectives need for these services and the and J). achieved in the training of clinical appropriateness of the counsellors' psychologists (Linda Viney and responses to their sexually as Rachael Henry). saulted clients are both being assessed (Linda Viney and Rachael Some of the outstanding achieve Members Henry). Funded by ARC (Industry) ments of this Group during the year Ms Isla Bowen, Mr John Free Award for three years, from 1994, included the publication of a book co with members of the Wollongong stone, Ms Margaret Gerry, edited by Beverly Walker, The con Counselling Interagency. struction of group realities: Culture, Dr Rachael Henry, Dr Nigel F. The transition from HIV to AIDS, society and personal construct psychol Mackay, Dr Barbara Tooth and examining the psychosocial ogy. Also, Linda Viney's recent book Dr Beverly Walker reaction of people who now know on psychotherapy for the elderly, Life 117 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS stories, has been translated into Italian and republished. This year Linda added to her membership of the New South Wales Psychologists' Registra tion Board and chairing of the Illawarra Area Health Service Depart ment of Psychiatry Commmunity Consultative Committee, membership of the New South Wales Institute of Psychiatry Research Committee. Linda Viney and Rachael Henry have been invited to run a number of training workshops in psychotherapy, Linda Viney on personal construct psychotherapy with the elderly, and Rachael Henry on psychoanalytically- based psychotherapy at the other end of the life span, the under-fives. Nigel Mackay published an important article on cognitive therapy, con structivist metatheory and rational From left are Dr Rachael Flenry, Dr Beverly Walker and Associate Professor explanation. Linda L Viney 118 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS Working together in evaluation, development and innovation in educational theory and practice Curriculum Research Co-ordinator: Dr Christine Fox (tel 042 21 3882) ESEARCH, evaluation and the CRG brings to the Group a research is in progress (Gray, Ferry) professional development in particular expertise in one or more with publications emanating from teaching and learning are curriculum areas or cross-curriculum their research, and two members who . central to the work of staff interests, including music education, completed their doctorates in the past andR students in the Faculty of Educa outdoor education, coaching/physi two years (Fox, Temmerman) and are tion. The Curriculum Research Group cal/health education, history educa now increasing their publishing (CRG) plays a vital role in fostering tion, environmental, science and output. Research publication outputs such research and development both social science education. Other now total 107, of which 40 were nationally and internationally. The important research interests include already published, in press or submit CRG undertakes research and evalua outcomes-based and competency- ted in 1994; 39 in 1993, and 28 in tion at all levels of the education based curriculum, multicultural/ 1991-92. system, Kindergarten to Year 12, and international perspectives, Aboriginal from early childhood to adult educa education, contexts of learning, equity Research considtancies tion. Curriculum research and issues, and the management of Members have been successful in evaluation encompass a broad range curriculum change. obtaining research and/or consul of interests and issues in curriculum The growth of CRG over the last year tancy grants in these areas. In 1994, Dr policy, planning and practice in is evidenced by its increased funding Grace Masselos obtained a Small ARC formal and nonformal teaching and and research output: Grant for 1995 to continue her re learning and professional training. search into children's socialisation Research and evaluation also focus on Landing patterns in early childhood educa the social, environmental and eco tional contexts. Dr Michael Wilson has As an infant 'development' group nomic contexts of learning, whether just completed a study of curriculum CRG was allocated $7,000 by the across systems, at an institutional issues in competency based VET University in 1992, $11,500 in 1993 level or in terms of the language of policy. Dr Nita Temmerman has been and $10,000 in 1994. After its first curriculum texts. engaged to develop a music curricu year, Project monies were sought, and lum for early childhood. The main The Curriculum Research Group successful outcomes included funding thrust of Tonia Gray's research (CRG) has six full members and five from DEET ($35,000 of the total involves two significant educational associate members: Dr Grace $140,000 History project 1993), BIPR areas: the investigation of the effects Masselos, Brian Ferry, Neil McLaren, ($11,000 of the total $59,000 1993-94), of outdoor education in extended Stan Warren and Ray Crawford, with the Australian Sports Commission school settings and the AIDS-related Dr Robyn Iredale to arrive in 1995 as ($2000); Dept Science ($1,500 of behaviours of pre-service health an associate member. Each member of $40,000);DSE ($35,000 for 1994-95); educators. Her work in the Outdoor DSE ($6,000 for Music Education); Education field is widely recognised IMP ($3,000 pa for Maths Project). and has generated a high degree of Members Research output professional interest Australia-wide. The number of publications has Brian Ferry has continued to research Dr Ted Booth, Tonia Gray, increased significantly. In terms of and develop a Science Kit for Primary Dr Nita Temmerman, Dr Paul doctorates in progress and completed, Schools. His other intensive research Webb, Dr Michael Wilson the Group has two members whose for the CRG, with Neil McLaren, is 119 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS focused on environmental education; their work was presented at a national conference on sustainable develop ment in 1994. Other research consultancies include an investigation into the impact of immigration on education and training in NSW, funded by the Bureau of Immigration and Popula tion Research (BIPR) with Project co ordinator Dr Robyn Iredale (Centre for Multicultural Studies ) and Dr Christine Fox as a Chief Investigator. The resulting report, Immigration, Education and Training in NSW, was launched by the NSW Minister of Education and Youth Affairs in September. A new research study Members and associate members get together to plan the next three years. From left are funded by the NSW Department of Paul Webb, Brian Ferry, Michael Wilson, Christine Fox (Co-ordinator), Stan Warren, Nita Temmerman, Ted Booth, Neil McLaren and Ray Crawford School Education to be undertaken by Dr Christine Fox for 1994-95 is an investigation into the feasibility of a school-based teacher education project During the year, three CRG members iv. to develop initiatives and create with Aboriginal educators in NSW. (Temmerman, Fox and Gray) have a higher public profile for been on study leave establishing key research in and evaluation of Internationalisation links with universities in the UK, specific Key Learning Areas and In a climate of internationalisation of Canada and the USA. Associate specific curriculum issues; universities, the CRG has been a member Brian Ferry and full members v. to work collaboratively to forerunner in the Faculty for encourag Tonia Gray and Nita Temmerman in nurture and enhance individual ing the participation of international particular, have been successful in members research and publica doctoral students in its program, and increasing their international publica tion output and setting up cross-cultural professional tions profile. vi. to act as mentor and collaborator development programs and projects in for an increasing number of the Pacific. Research by Fox, Booth Fonvard planning research students in the Curricu and Wilson is progressing. Their After three years of developmental lum Post-Graduate Teaching comparative study of curriculum operation, 1995-97 will be a time of Program. innovation in three Pacific states has consolidation and expansion as a full The CRG plans to expand on its now reached its next phase of the Research Group at the University, interdisciplinary work over the next research timetable. Dr Michael Wilson with a new emphasis on curriculum three years. The Group has already has also been engaged in evaluating evaluation. The Group's research aims developed links with the Centre for Science and Technology project over the next three years are, in Multicultural Studies, with the proposals for Australian International summary: Creative Arts Faculty, with the Development Assistance Bureau i. to foster collaborative research, Environmental Research Institute and (AIDAB). Booth undertook a further innovation and evaluation in with the Aboriginal Education Centre. qualitative investigation into the curriculum at all levels of Some members of the Curriculum professional development of teachers education in a variety of contexts Program are part of the Asia-Pacific through an overseas practicum in Fiji in Australia and internationally; Research Network of the University. in June 1993. Booth successfully ii. to promote innovation and As part of a projected three-year plan, conducted a three-month investiga reflection in pre-service and in- the new CRG will initiate discussions tion of student retention in the service practice and policy; for further collaborative work both Bangladesh education system for an iii. to work towards developing a within the University of Wollongong Asian Development Bank funded Research Centre in curriculum and with other Australian and project. In 1995, Fox will be undertak and evaluation; overseas universities. ing research funded by AIDAB into female participation in education and employment in Papua New Guinea. 120 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS Probing the chemistry of air, water, soil and fire, and the impacts of chemical pollution Environmental Chemistry Co-ordinator: Associate Professor David Griffith (tel 042 21 3515) HE ENVIRONMENTAL Atmospheric trace gases from landfills work was funded in large part by a Chemistry Research Group and agriculture new three-year grant from the ARC. was formed in 1994 to co The National Greenhouse Gas Inven Precision measurements of trace gases in ordinate University research tory, an integral part of Australia's clean air on the behaviour of chemical species response to the International Frame The daily, yearly and long-term in the atmospheric, aquatic and soil work Convention on Climate Change variations in the concentration of an environments. Several general themes and released during 1994, pointed out atmospheric trace gas tell us much underlie current research within the the large uncertainties in estimates of about its sources, sinks and Group: the sources and sinks of many geochemistry, but to be useful • sources and sinks of atmospheric atmospheric trace gases. This work is measurements must be very precise trace gases, especially greenhouse aimed at reducing these uncertainties. and well calibrated. Michael Esler, a gases During the year, David Griffith, PhD student co-supervised by David • temporal variations of trace gas Honours student Fred Turatti, and Griffith, Stephen Wilson and Dr Paul concentrations in the atmosphere new member Ian Jamie, took part in Steele at the CSIRO Division of two extended field campaigns using a • atmospheric ozone levels and UV Atmospheric Research, has con new mobile Fourier Transform radiation structed a dedicated FTIR-based Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer devel • trace metals in water and soils system which provides measurements oped by the Research Group for high- • trace organic pollutants of very high precision for several precision trace-gas analysis. The first • pollution of estuaries and inland gases simultaneously. The system has made measurements of the emissions waters. been extensively tested against of methane from municipal solid existing state-of-the-art techniques at Research projects aim at both funda waste in a landfill (Mugga Lane, CSlRO's GASLAB, and will shortly mental understanding of the chemical Canberra) for three weeks in August. undergo field trials at the Cape Grim processes taking place in the environ The second was a part of OASIS '94, a Baseline Air Pollution Station at Cape ment, as well as specific studies of the co-ordinated campaign of measure Grim in Tasmania. release, transport, deposition and ments of energy, water and trace gas chemical degradation of chemical exchange between the agricultural Solar spectroscopy, atmospheric chemis pollutants. environment and the atmosphere try and UV-B radiation based at Wagga Wagga in south- This report focuses on the atmos The spectral analysis of sunlight central NSW in October. At OASIS, pheric aspects of the Group's activi transmitted through the atmosphere measurements were centred on ties: provides a wealth of information on exchange of the greenhouse gases the composition of the atmosphere methane, nitrous oxide and carbon and damaging UV-B radiation. There dioxide. Both campaigns involved are two parts to Group research, extensive collaboration with CSIRO focused on the infrared and ultravio Members and university research groups, let/visible (UV/vis) parts of the sun's particularly the CSIRO Centre for Associate Professor John Ellis, spectrum. David Griffith and German Environmental Mechanics and visitor Peter Muller have constructed Dr Ian Jamie, Professor John External Group members Dr Tom an optical sun-tracker to collect and Morrison, Dr Stephen Wilson Denmead and Dr Ray Leuning. This focus sunlight continuously into the 121 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS Detection of Stratospheric Change. Active collaboration between David Griffith, Stephen Wilson and the National Institute for Water and Air Research, New Zealand (NIWA) continues, aided by a bilateral collabo rative grant from the Federal Depart ment of Industry, Science and Technology. Bushfires and atmospheric trace gases ARC-funding of a project by David Griffith and collaborators on emis sions of trace gases from bushfires came to an end in early 1994. The results from this work have been used extensively in the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, compiled and published during 1994. The work will continue in collaboration with the Northern Territory University in 1995. External activities Dr David Griffith (right) and Dr Ian Jamie are setting up a mobile Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer, used for obtaining measurements of emissions of greenhouse Group members were involved in a gases from soils number of professional activities both national and international. Stephen Wilson was an invited laboratory for spectral analysis. The during 1994. Together, the solar speaker and session chair at the World tracker is currently coupled to a high spectroscopy projects aim to make Meteorological Organisation Regional resolution FTIR spectrometer for parallel measurements of many trace Workshop on Clean-Air Monitoring in infrared analysis, with UV /visible gases as well as solar UV-B radiation. Beijing, China, and served as a analysis to be added in 1995. The measurement programs are co member of the Atmospheric Reference A separate UV/visible spectrometer ordinated with those of the Bureau of Group of the Commonwealth State of mounted on its own tracker was used Meteorology (with external member the Environment assessment working by Stephen Wilson and Honours Dr Bruce Forgan), Cape Grim group. He also took part in the student Kaylene Atkinson to obtain (Stephen Wilson and Bruce Forgan), Strategic Review of the Cape Grim low resolution UV / visible spectra and the international Network for Baseline Atmospheric Pollution Station. David Griffith was accepted as Complementary Investigator of the Network for Detection of Strato spheric Change, took part in the second ESMOS (European Spectroscopy for Monitoring of the Stratosphere) intercomparison of algorithms for analysis of solar infrared spectra, and served on the working group 'Non-C02 gases from the biosphere' which compiled that part of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. John Morrison was chair of a technical review panel of the South Pacific Regional Environment Pro gram and continues as technical adviser. 122 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS University of Wollongong nurses are involved in a variety of research projects reflecting local national and international issues in health care Health Practices Research Co-ordinator: Dr John Sibbald (tel 042 21 3471) HE HEALTH Practices well as specialised vocabularies and and treatment of chronic leg ulcers in Research Group, located in discourse demands of the content and the Illawarra area. This is being the Department of Nursing, pragmatics of specific disciplines. It is carried out in collaboration with has completed its first year believed that through addressing the Brenda Ramstadius who is Would ofT existence. In the past year the teaching and learning issues identi Care Co-ordinator for the Illawarra emphasis has been on establishing fied in Aboriginal learners' experi Area Health Service (IAHS), and has various research projects, and devel ences, the learning of all students $1500 funding from the IAHS. Data oping research relationships with would be greatly enhanced and that being collected from a number of nurse clinicians in the local area there would be a greater likelihood of nursing homes, community health Health Service. equity of learning outcomes. centres, hospitals and general practi tioners, will provide information on Rhonda Griffiths, working in collabo Noteworthy projects completed types of ulcers encountered and ration with Robert Moses, physician during the year include that of Irene treatments used for them. Worldwide, Stein, working in collaboration with and VMO with IAHS, completed a chronic leg ulcers are a costly health study concerning the babies born to Russell Gluck and Jan Hancock of the problem and it is hoped that the data mothers with gestational diabetes Aboriginal Studies Unit. They com obtained from this study will enable mellitus (GDM). Specifically they pleted a study on the integration of the IAHS to develop policies for more investigated whether these babies university preparation and first year efficient and cost-effective treatment. degree study for Aboriginal and require routine care in a Neonatal Torres Strait Islander nursing stu Unit. At the Wollongong Hospital it Jenny Fares and Marilyn Hales, in dents. In general terms the students has been routine practice to admit all collaboration with Kathy Rhodes of demonstrated that there are positive babies of mothers with GDM to the IAHS, are currently engaged on a outcomes to be obtained from a Neonatal Unit for observation for up study of the hospital work environ comprehensive program that ad to 24 hours. Separation of mother and ment and its impact on job satisfaction dresses the literacy of learning in its baby is stressful to parents and and retention of nursing profession broadest sense eg literacy of organisa imposes additional costs on the als. This study, which is part of an tion patterns, literacy of practices and hospital. This study was undertaken international project involving similar processes of academic contexts, as to determine if these babies did have studies in Canada and Israel, is being an increased risk of hypoglycaemia carried out in some IAHS institutions that warranted observation in a and has the full support of IAHS special care environment. It was nursing administration. Nursing staff supported by a grant of $5,000 have been invited to attend an Members awarded by the IAHS. The results of information session and fill in a Ms Isla Bowen, Ms Jenny Fares, the project suggest that there is no detailed questionnaire. So far partici particular advantage in separating pation rates have been encouragingly Ms Margaret Gerry, Associate mother and baby. high. The data this project yields will Professor Rhonda Griffiths, have an immediate local effect in that Some projects were begun in 1994 and it will enable IAHS to review and, if Mr Brin Grenyer, Mr Bill Janes, are still in progress. Annette Hoskins necessary, improve its employment and John Sibbald are currently Ms Tracey McDonald, Ms Irene conditions for nursing staff. On a engaged in a study of the incidence Stein, Dr Felix Yuen wider scale the data will also contrib- 123 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS ute to the international literature on the provision of health service personnel. Jenny Fares is also involved, with Brin Grenyer, in a study of substance (drug) use among registered nurses. This project involves the assistance of the NSW Nurses Registration Board, who are compiling a random sample of 2000 registered nurses and mailing out questionnaires. This will be taking place in early and mid 1995. Margaret Gerry and Isla Bowen are nearing completion of a longitudinal study of community attitudes to people with developmental disabili ties. This project has been going since 1987 and involves a large amount of data, which was augmented in 1994 by the efforts of a B. Nursing Honours student. Currently data analysis is nearing completion. This study will . , . , . , , , , , A blood sample is taken from a gestational diabetic show how community attitudes have developed over the study period. It will highlight areas in which further community education is required and will contribute to the future planning of developmental disability services. Late in 1994 we held an evening seminar session designed to raise the research awareness of currently practising nurses and to attract potential clinical researchers. This evening, attended by more than 20 practising nurses, has resulted in the development of some potentially promising academic-clinical relation ships. Currently the group is explor ing research opportunities both in the medical institute of IAHS and with community health. The group received two setbacks in 1994 with the resignation first of Dr Barbara Tooth and later in the year of Professor Carol Morse. Both were experienced researchers and their departures have meant the loss of two good research mentors. Drs Tooth and Morse will be carrying on their researches in Brisbane and Melbourne respectively and we wish them well for the future. 124 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS Australian export trends and opportunities analysed Imports, international investment and finance First Australian International Conference on Islamic Banking International Business Co-ordinator: Associate Professor Mokhtar M Metivally (tel 042 21 4017) h e international overseas as a university with an The conference attracted a great deal Business Research Group especially internationalised emphasis of publicity from the electronic media (IBRG) was established in on research. and the press. The conference hit the 1993 to consolidate and front page of the Financial Review on enhanceT research activities in the Research activities November. 11 The article continued on page 39. As a result of this publicity general field of international business The Group embarked on a major with emphasis on trade and invest research topic in 1994 titled 'Export dozens of calls have been coming to the University, inquiring about the ment. The Group is interdisciplinary Australia' whose aims were to study outcome of the conference. and covers theoretical and applied future trends in Australian exports aspects in accounting, economics and and market shares, identify market management. However the Group opportunities and needs through concentrates on four specific areas: analysis of industry and consumer 1. International business practices and requirements, assess customers' education and the impact of cultural attitudes and motivations towards aspects on international businesses Australian goods and services, 2. Export-import relationships and analyse the impact of changes in international marketing international money and capital 3. International investment policy and markets on investment in particular relationships, money and capital lines of production and evaluate the markets effectiveness of the industry's promo 4. Global banking and finance. tional activities and marketing strategies on the dynamics of interna The activities of the Group contribute tional marketing. towards the University's objectives of pursuing international distinction in The Group organised an International research and providing an internation Conference on Islamic Banking which ally-oriented intellectual environment was the first conference of its kind to in order to be known in Australia and be held in Australia. It is recognised that Islamic banking is a new concept in finance which has important implications for international busi ness. In an Islamic system, as interest is prohibited, banks are expected to Members operate solely on the basis of profit Mr Anwar Chowdhury, Dr and risk sharing. The Conference was extremely successful in throwing Barbara Cornelius, Mr Gerhard some light on the theoretical founda Gniewosz, Mr Kamel Michael, tion and practical experience of Dr Nelson Perera, Ms Liliana Islamic banking. Vlachos 225 DEVELOPMENT GROUPS Members from the International Business Development Group are, from left, Dr Muris Cicic, Mr Kamel Michael, Ms Ann Hodgkinson, Ms Barbara Cornelius. Associate Professor Mokhtar Metwally (Coordinator), Dr Nelson Perera and Mr Gerhard Gniewosz 126 RESEARCH CENTRES Advanced Manufacturing and Industrial Automation (c a m ia ) Director: Professor Gunter Arndt (tel 042 21 3378) Intelligent Manufacturing Systems with Australia taking on the Chair DIST in Canberra (ph: 06-2761214). (G Arndt) manship during 1997 and 1998. Apart from Professor Arndt's involve ment in the organisational aspects of While on study leave during 1994, HE TWO-YEAR IMS Feasi this program, the contribution of the Professor Arndt, apart from his bility Study of the Global University of Wollongong towards it research into TQM implementation, IMS Program, in which is via the CRC in IMS&T, effectively investigated IMS activities in the USA, Professor Arndt was member the 'Australian Flagship' in this Germany and Japan, with all coun ofT the International Steering Commit program, described elsewhere in this tries presently preparing for this ten- tee, involving all six participating report. year program, including Australia. regions Australia, Canada, the Euro Calls to Australian industry for Robotised Asparagus Harvester (Dr pean Union (EU), the European Free participating in it are presently Richard Rudziewjewski and Associate Trade Association (EFTA), Japan and proceeding, with projects covering the Professor Victor Stewart) the USA, was successfully completed following technical themes: total in January 1994 with the sixth and Development of an advanced proto product life cycle issues, manufactur final meeting of this steering commit type of an automated selective ing processes, strategy/planning/ tee. The feasibility study was based asparagus harvester continued during design tools, human/organisational/ on projects involving clean manufac 1994. The period saw major modifica social issues, and virtual / extended turing, global concurrent engineering, tions being made to both the cutting enterprise issues. Other themes are manufacturing in the 21st century, units and the controller. Also, a test rig possible, and it is strongly recom Holonic manufacturing systems, rapid to conduct research and evaluate the mended that Australian industry, product development, and the harvester in a laboratory situation was research institutes and universities systemisation of manufacturing designed, constructed and put into take advantage of this collaborative knowledge. The above meeting operation. Significant improvements in IMS research program. recommended that the full-scale ten- reliability were achieved with the year program (estimated at US $4Bn) Further information can be obtained modified prototype during field trials at be started at the beginning of 1995, from Professor Arndt and/or from Jugiong, NSW in late 1994. Photograph showing the prototype harvester undergoing pre-field trial tests at the University of Wollongong 127 RESEARCH CENTRES Centre for Court Policy and Administration Directors: Professor Helen Gamble (tel 042 21 3638) a n d Dr Richard Mohr (tel 042 21 4632) HE CENTRE for Court Gender Bias and Women as 'The Appointed Place' Policy and Administration Litigants in the Civil Legal was established in 1991 to System of New South Wales Grant: University Project (initial) $2,000 foster research and teaching Dr Richard Mohr, (tel 042 21 4632) on the policy and practice of the Grant: Law Foundation of New South This study was supported in 1993 management of courts and tribunals Wales $45,000 with a Small University Project Grant. in Australia. The Centre conducts It investigates the concept of 'place' postgraduate courses for those Professor Helen Gamble (tel 042 21 within a legal context and examines employed in the management of 3638), with Dr Richard Mohr and Ms whether courts are significant sites for courts, in both judicial and adminis Carol Carter from the NSW Depart ritual in secular white Australian trative positions. It also offers short ment of Courts Administration society. Dr Mohr travelled to Phoenix, courses and workshops. The project was one of three spon Arizona in June to deliver a paper, The Centre has been responsible for sored by the NSW Ministry for the 'Appointed Place or Occupied three research projects in 1994: Status and Advancement of Women Territory?' to the Law and Society and funded by the Law Foundation. Annual Meeting. The study continues The other two projects concerned and has formed the basis of an Gender Bias and Women Working in application for an initial Large ARC the Legal Profession and Gender Bias Grant in 1995. and Women in the Criminal Justice System. One of the Centre's graduates Administrative Tribunals (and a current Masters student), Ms Research Project Carol Carter, was seconded from the Grant: ARC Small $5,000 (1992) Department of Courts Administration Grant: ARC Small $2,000 (1993) to assist on the project. Associate Professor Robin Handley, The research centred on the District (tel 042 21 3726) with Professor John Court of New South Wales and asked Goldring and Dr Richard Mohr the question whether assumptions The background for this project is the about the nature and roles of women continuing proliferation of tribunals and men were influencing the con in Australia, at both State and Federal duct and outcomes of women's cases. levels. In recent years governments Cases involving women as plaintiffs have set up an increasing number of were observed in three courts and all tribunals to make primary administra involved in the litigation, the woman tive decisions, which might formerly litigant, the judge, and the barrister have been reviewed by courts. The and solicitor representing the woman, establishment of these tribunals seems were interviewed. Women who did to have been largely an ad hoc process not have cases before the Court were and no attempt had been made to also interviewed in a series of focus collect information about tribunals groups to determine their attitudes to across Australia, nor to identify the the resolution of disputes. models used. This project developed a research methodology by which such The research resulted in a discussion information may be gathered. The paper to be used by the Ministry to methodology was trialled in two New assist in its public consultations on the South Wales tribunals, the Guardian issue of gender bias in the courts. ship Board and the Residential 128 RESEARCH CENTRES Tenancies Tribunal and can now be The project will be conducted in 1995. ment to members of the two courts. applied in the establishment of a It is designed to research, test and database for information about develop methods of monitoring, Postgraduate Degrees and Australian tribunals. evaluating and improving courts' Diplomas, Seminars and Work service to their clientele. The project is shops Collaborative Research with seen as the first step towards the The Centre continues its program of the New South Wales Local development of national standards for postgraduate teaching and seminars Australian magistrates' courts. Courts Board and workshops for court managers in Australia and neighbouring countries. Grant: ARC Collaborative $80,000 Visit by Singapore Courts The courses have attracted students Professor Helen Gamble (tel 042 21 In June a delegation from the Singa from Papua New Guinea, Vietnam 3638) with Dr Richard Mohr and pore Subordinate and Supreme and New Zealand and applications Associate Professor Ted Wright, Courts visited the Centre to investi from Pakistan, Fiji and Croatia. There Faculty of Law, University of New gate possibilities of collaboration in is a growing demand for delivery of England, in collaboration with the the delivery of education programs. courses in court management in Local Courts Board of the Department The delegation was led by Mr Richard countries beyond Australia and the of Courts Administration, New South Magnus, Senior District Judge of the Centre is investigating ways of Wales. The Department has seconded Singapore Subordinate Courts and cooperating with interested courts. a member of its staff, Mr Brendan included judicial and administrative Plans were made in 1994 to begin new Condie, to assist with the research. Mr officers from the two courts. Plans Masters degree courses in court Condie is a graduate from the Centre were made for members of the Centre management, at pass and honours and is currently enrolled in a masters to visit Singapore in 1995 with a view levels. Enrolments for those courses in degree in Court Management at the to delivering training in court manage 1995 have been good. Centre. 129 RESEARCH CENTRES Key Centre for Mines University of Wollongong Division Director: Associate Professor Naj Aziz (tel 042 21 3449) HE KEY Centre for Mines is Professional training various parts of the mine. In the wake a joint initiative between the The Wollongong Division conducted of this initial success, further surveys University of Wollongong five short courses, out of a total of 20 are being conducted at various sites and the University of New offered jointly by the Universities of with negotiations in progress to have South Wales, funded by the Federal Wollongong and New South Wales. the product manufactured and Government to provide distant The courses included Mine Water - marketed world-wide. The project is education to mining industry profes Origin, Inflow Predictions and headed by Associate Professor Naj sionals through a combination of Control, Strata Control, Longwall Aziz assisted by Dr Ernest Baafi. accredited short courses and industry Mining, Mining Law and Mine Findings of this project have been based research work. Tailings Disposal. They attracted 75 published in journals and conference proceedings as shown in the publica The Centre was very active in 1994, participants. tion lists elsewhere in this Report. offering short courses for mining Thirty students are enrolled in the One PhD thesis and two undergradu personnel and continuing its research Key Centre for Mines (KCM) post ate theses have been produced as a activities. graduate degree program in both result of this work. institutions. At the end of 1994 the first two KCM-enrolled students from Longwall mining Wollongong completed the Master of This research is on floor failure Mining Management. Their industry induced by lateral stress ahead of based theses were: longwall supports in coal mines. Floor 1) Removal of Anionic Surfactants failures at longwall faces have been from Mine Water Discharges traditionally associated with soft by Luca Rocchi floors. Failure driven by the lateral 2) Eye Safety Awareness in Coal displacements of strata is primarily Mines associated with the in-situ stress relief by Robert Grant and the displacement of yielded coal Academic staff from the University of towards the goaf. The immediate roof Wollongong participate in the deliv and the coal at the face are laterally ery of short courses offered by the unconfined and both are free to move Key Centre for Mines at both Univer towards the goaf. Lateral movement sities. of the floor can be inhibited by the existing floor in the goaf and the Research pinning action of the powered supports. Dust control The main objective of this study is to Following the successful development present the principles and the model of the longwall venturi scrubber, a of the floor failure as it is influenced project funded jointly by ACARP and by the in-situ stress relief, vertical the Joint Coal Board of NSW, research abutment, coal failure and the differ continued on modification of the ences in Poisson's Ratios. Field system for dust control in the stage observations and a theoretical ap loader crusher. Accordingly, intensive proach, including a numerical model, fieldwork has been carried out at BHP will provide the mining industry with Elouera mine with results so far more versatile design solutions useful confirming that the system can be in evaluating the risks involved with effectively used for dust reduction in floor failure at the longwall face. 130 RESEARCH CENTRES Currently Mr Jan Nemcik, a PhD Feasibility Study of Sayan Dalam postgraduate student, is engaged on Coal Deposit of Indonesia the project, which is jointly super Mr Emil Milawarra has completed ME vised by Dr Indraratna and Associate (Hons) project on Sapan Dalam Coal Professor Aziz. deposit of Indonesia. The project was supervised by Dr Ernest Baafi of the Rock mechanics Department of Civil and Mining A three-year research project was Engineering. Mr Milawarra used awarded to Mr A Herath by the KCM Gemcom Service Inc's suite of mine to work on the 'Stability of Jointed planning software (PC-XPLOR, GEO Rock-Mass Structures in Mining MODEL, GEM-SOLID and PC-MINE) Engineering'. The project is concerned and WHITTLE 3D pit optimiser to with the effect of joint surface features evaluate the economic viability of the (geometry and distribution of asperi deposit. ties) on the shear behaviour of model discontinuities. Mathematical tools Members of the Key Centre such as the Fouries approach are used for Mines to provide an alternative approach to The members of the Key Centre for the more common stochastic model Mines include Associate Professor ling. The project is in its second year Najdat I Aziz, Associate Professor in of the study and has yielded signifi Mining Engineering and Deputy cant results. Results of the initial work Director, Key Centre for Mines, Dr have been published, as shown in the Ernest Baafi, Senior Lecturer in publications pages. This research is Mining Engineering, Dr Buddhima jointly supervised by Dr Indraratna Indraratna, Lecturer in Mineral and Associate Professor Aziz of the Processing, Dr Ian Porter, Lecturer in Department of Civil and Mining Mining Engineering, Professor Tibor Engineering. Rozgonyi, Professor of Mining Engineering and Dean, Faculty of Mine gases and outburst Engineering, and Professor Raghu N This project is partly funded by the Singh, Professor and Co-ordinator of KCM and currently Mr Nihad Ridha Mining Engineering, Department of is engaged in investigating the Civil and Mining Engineering. relationship between particle size Members from the Department of distribution of drill cuttings and Geology are Dr Bryan Chenhall, outburst proneness of coal. The Lecturer, Dr Paul Carr, Senior Lec project is jointly supervised by turer, Dr Adrian Hutton, Senior Associate Professor Naj Aziz and Dr Lecturer, Dr Chris Fergusson, Senior Adrian Hutton. Mr Ridha will be Lecturer, Associate Professor Brian submitting his thesis to attain a Jones, Acting Joint Head of School of Master of Mining Management in Geosciences and Associate Professor 1995. Anthony Wright, Senior Lecturer. 131 RESEARCH CENTRES Centre for Multicultural Studies Director: Professor Stephen Castles (tel 042 21 3779) HE CENTRE for Multi policy-formation as members of However, independent academic cultural Studies (CMS) government advisory committees and research is also a central part of the carried out research and as consultants to international agen objectives. teaching on international cies such as the International Labour migration,T ethnic relations and social Organisation and the United Nations CMS staff are involved in a range of policy in a multicultural society. Population fund. projects, often in co-operation with Operational since 1978, the Centre is colleagues at other universities in funded partly by the University of In recent years, CMS has increased its Australia and overseas. Participation Wollongong as a service to the involvement in comparative work on in local and international conferences community, and partly through global patterns of migration, cultural is also an important part of the consultancy work for the Federal change and the emergency of new Centre's role. In 1993-94 CMS staff government and other bodies. The personal and political identities. An were responsible for many publica projects listed below give some idea important focus is emerging patterns tion in the form of books, monographs of the wide-ranging policy research of migration in the Asia-Pacific region and articles, as listed in the research carried out by the Centre. In addition, and their consequences for social, publications section later in this CMS staff play an active role in economic and political development. report. 232 RESEARCH CENTRES Centre for Natural Resources Law and Policy Directors: Professor David Farrier (tel 042 21 3456) a n d Professor Martin Tsamenyi (tel 042 21 4120) HE OBJECTIVES of the research activities on different aspects particularly legal and fiscal instru Centre for Natural Resources of natural resources law. ments, to induce private land holders Law and Policy are: (a) to in Australia and the USA to retain and conduct interdisciplinary Research Activities manage natural areas. postgraduateT courses in natural The following projects are being Local Government and Resources resources law and policy issues; (b) to undertaken by members of the Centre Researcher: Andrew Kelly conduct and promote research in the Fisheries Law and Policy The aim of this project is to examine law relating to the development and Researcher: Professor Martin Tsamenyi the powers of Local Government to conservation of natural resources; and This project is concerned with the law regulate natural resources develop (c) to publish material and dissemi relating to fisheries conservation and ment and conservation. The following nate information about the law management within the 200 nautical issues are of immediate concern: (a) relating to the development and mile exclusive economic zones of the attitudinal change by Local conservation of natural resources and Australia and those of countries in Government towards the natural policy. the South Pacific. The major focus has environment; (b) the historical role Since its establishment, the Centre has been on the following issues: (a) and functions of Local Government in achieved remarkable success in its fisheries law relations between the relation to natural resources extrac teaching and research activities. The Commonwealth, States and Territo tion; (c) the integration of Local Centre teaches courses leading to the ries and the implications of such Government's role in environmental Graduate Diploma and Master of relations for fisheries management; legislation; (d) the reach of the Natural Resources Law and Policy. In (b) the regulation of foreign fishing planning legislation to attain environ 1994 the Centre also launched The activities within Australia's fishing mental objectives; and (e) Local Australasian Journal of Natural Re zone; (c) the management of common Government initiatives in conserving sources Law and Policy, the first journal or straddling stocks by Australia and the natural environment. New Zealand, particularly bluefin of its kind in Australia. The Centre Legal Reasoning under Uncertainty tuna; and (d) the Torres Strait Treaty has, within the first two years of its in Environmental Law and the regulation of traditional establishment, distinguished itself as Researcher: Associate Professor Ricci fishing, and the law and policy a leader in natural resources law and This project focuses on ways to deal aspects of fisheries law enforcement. policy research. Already, the Centre with scientific uncertainty and data has received some industry funding International Environmental Law variability in environmental decision and some of the staff of the Centre and Natural Resources making and in the resolution of have been invited to present keynote Researcher: Professor Martin Tsamenyi environmental disputes. addresses at international and na The aim of this project is to examine Indigenous Autonomy and Natural tional conferences. the implications of international Resources Management environmental law for the manage The establishment of the Centre has Researcher: Luke McNamara ment of different types of natural helped to bring together the different Following the High Court's decision resources in Australia, with particular perspective and research efforts in in Mabo and the enactment of the emphasis on fisheries, mining and natural resources law currently being Native Title Act 1993, the relationship petroleum. undertaken by different faculty between Aboriginal rights (including members. The Centre has also pro Biodiversity Conservation on Private autonomy rights) and the use of moted the concentration of research Land natural resources has become crucial effort in the Faculty by encouraging Researcher: Professor David Farrier and in need of further examination. In the younger and less experienced This project is aimed at designing the next three years, attention will be members of staff to focus their appropriate policy instruments, focused on the implications of the 133 RESEARCH CENTRES Native Title Act for the management to the prosecution of environmental of different types of resources and the offences. The project reviews develop policy implications of such manage ments in other common law countries ment regimes. Comparisons will be with a view to making recommenda made with the US, Canada and New tions for policy change. Zealand, which have all dealt with Business Entities in the Natural different aspects of the issue. Resources Sector Taxation Law and Environmental Researcher: Damien Considine Protection With a range of environmental law Researcher: Penelope Watson statutes in place, it is clear that the This project examines the extent to choice of 'persons' to be prosecuted is which tax law can be used to change important in assessing the effect of the corporate behaviour to incorporate different regulatory regimes. 'Persons' environmentally sensible approaches. to be prosecuted range from individu The project also focuses on current als as individuals, individuals as initiatives in other overseas jurisdic directors and individuals as members tions such as Canada, the US and the of partnerships or trusts, to corpora European Community. tions which may or may not be part of, or be controlled by, other corpora Tort Law as a Vehicle for Environ tions. This project constitutes the first mental Protection stage of a long-term project which will Researcher: Penelope Watson examine the choice of business The aim of this project is to examine vehicles in the natural resource, the traditional areas of tort law which agriculture and other industries could apply in the environmental which impact on the environment and context. It will examine the efficacy of which are the subject of environmen tort law in providing a remedy for tal regulation. environmental damage. External impacts on Protected Areas Researcher: Professor John Whitehouse Expert evidence in Environmental The aim of this project is to evaluate Law external impacts on protected areas; Researcher: Patricia Blazey-Ayoub to examine the current legal regime The project examines the relevance of for the protection of such areas and to current rules of evidence, in particular canvass alternative models for the the use of expert evidence in relation protection of such areas. RESEARCH CENTRES Centre for Research Policy Director: Professor Stephen Hill (tel 042 21 3256) HE CENTRE for Research Nineteen ninety four was the year system, all 888 university research Policy is a national centre for when the Centre brought together the centres, the organisation of new research on policy and results of its previous three-year universities, quality strategies across a management of science and program into a series of major final range of campuses, university- technology and the officially endorsed outcomes - both empirical and industry linkages across the whole international centre for STEPAN, the theoretical. Over this period the system, and the entire output of UNESCO-based Science and Technol Centre had undertaken the task of publications (for 1991) from Austral ogy Policy Asian Network, as well as 'mapping' the organisation and ian universities. for APEC's human resource develop direction of the research system of In addition, the Centre had studied ment and industrial technology Australia, providing critical missing the development of the Cooperative (HURDIT) programs. The Centre was information about the major transfor Research Centres since their incep supported through 1994 under Special mation that have been occuring since tion, completed a major in-depth Research Centre funding of the the mid-1980s. By 1994 separate major study of four divisions of CSIRO, and Australian Research Council (ARC) studies had been completed of, for conducted comparative work interna and through contract income, earning example, university research infra tionally across the Asian region on a total direct external income of $1.05 structure, planning and research many of these same issues. By 1994 million for the year. management across the university Professor Stephen Hill, left, Director of the Centre for Research Policy, formally handing over the chair of STEPAN, the UNESCO science technology policy ASEAN network from Australia to Indonesia, to Rahardi Ramelan, deputy chairman of Indonesia's economic development planning council at the end of 1994 135 RESEARCH CENTRES the Centre therefore had a very strong of France and UNESCO in September, Economics in Costa Rica in October platform of knowledge about what is to Wellington, New Zealand by the and an international conference held happening in research organisation New Zealand Government in October, in Wollongong in December. The both in Australia and internationally. to Jakarta by UNESCO in November, basic research project involved As 1994 arrived, the Australian to Manila to address the Association collaborators from the USA, UK and Research Council officially released for Science Cooperation in Asia in the Netherlands, international two major products of this work, the early November and, finally, the missions were supported by Austral first a three-volume monograph Director of the Centre was invited by ia's Department of Industry, Science entitled 'Crossing Innovation Bounda Perez de Cueller, ex-Secretary General and Technology (DIST) - to allow ries: the Formation and Maintenance of the United Nations, to address the collaboration, and the project was of Research Links between Industry Global Commission on Culture and linked with a major OECD workshop and Universities in Australia', and the Development on this work in Manila held in Paris during September. second a monograph entitled 'A in late November. Numerous presen The Centre's wider international Study of Quantitative Indicators of tations were also made around program - as international centre for Research'. Both documents have been Australia, for example, to business UNESCO and APEC - also continued formative in subsequent government audiences in Perth, to the Pro Vice- with overview of a dozen interna policy. Chancellors (Research), CSIRO, and a tional collaborative projects, the variety of university seminars. The chairing of international APEC What the Centre has been able to Centre also embarked on the develop meetings in Canada (January), Korea show by such a comprehensive ment of workshop series for universi (June), and STEPAN in New Zealand empirical data base is that a 'New ties in Australia feeding back its (October), representation on Order of Science' has emerged over findings and assisting research staff to UNESCO's Advisory Board for Asia the past decade. Significant changes develop new management strategies. and the Pacific; completion of the have occurred - world wide - in the These were inaugurated in Murdoch building of Malaysia's Science and way that research is performed and University and followed through at Technology Information Centre communicated. Globally, the leading Macquarie, Newcastle and Wollon (MASTIC), the completion of an edge of research is set increasingly in gong Universities. international survey of intellectual an industrial application context so it property rights legislation across is very hard to identify any clear The empirical work of the Centre Asia, and the development (with dividing line between basic and through 1994 built on these basic applied research; disciplines have premises. Two internationally ten DIST) of the first international given way to multidisciplinary teams dered projects were won from the conference on S&T indicators that in the driving of research agenda; tacit ARC, one on links between basic brought together OECD national or informal knowledge transfers are research and socio-economic objec experts with those from Asia (April). of equal significance to formal tives, the other on ecologically The Centre was able to use its interna technical knowledge; networking and sustainable development (ESD) tional role to fund two of the Univer personal relationships are at the core indicators in research. Both projects sity of Wollongong's other centres, of research breakthroughs and were completed during the second Multicultural Studies and MITOC, in innovation. Through 1994 the Centre half of 1994, and monographs report Asian-orientated programs on skill has therefore been invited to many ing the results were committed for development and organisation best international fora to present these publication in early 1995. Both practice. At the end of 1994 the Centre findings - to Mexico City by the projects were also conducted on an successfully tendered - with Monash University of Mexico in February, to international collaborative basis. The University and UNSW - for recogni Seoul by the Korean government as ESD project was complemented by an tion and funding as Australia's official the keynote message inaugurating the Asia-wide survey of ESD indicators APEC Study Centre Consortium; from founding of Korean-ASEAN S&T conducted for UNESCO and by 1995 CRP will have specific responsi relations, to Manchester by the invited presentation of the findings to bility for Australia's S&T and human Manchester Business School in a United Nations conference on resource development programs August, to Paris by the Government Practical Applications of Ecological under APEC. 136 INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS Faculty of Arts Victoria: manhood suffrage, essential and cultural policy and the other on for democracy, came in Victoria in liberalism and identity in Australia, 1856, long before it was conceded in both of which will be published Department of History Britain or in any other British colony. during 1995. He also delivered a and Politics Having achieved a democratic regime, paper on culture, humanism and the Lalor followed on to sit in the Victo university to a colloquium of the Dr Stephen Brown rian Legislative Assembly, where he Sydney Society of Literature and worked hard to ensure that democ Aesthetics; that, too will be published (tel 042 21 3619) racy was firmly established without in 1995. impediment. In particular, during his I spent much of 1994 writing up the last seven years, as Speaker of the results of my research in recently- Victorian Legislative Assembly from Department of Modem opened Soviet archives in Moscow the 1880 to 1887, he put in place proce Languages previous year. I am researching the dures that were to protect the demo origins of Communist rule in Russia, cratic achievement. Rather than run focusing upon the Russian Civil War Associate Professor the risk of a rebellion, the squatters of 1917-20 and the formation of the Brian McCarthy who controlled the other colonial Red Army during that period. (tel 042 21 3720) parliaments made democratic conces sions which ensured the survival of My research activities over the past democracy in Australia. year have been closely linked to the Associate Professor development of computer-aided Colm Kiernan language learning software. The main (tel 042 21 4385) Dr Gregory Melleuish focuses have been: (tel 042 21 4395) • integration of CALL software into I completed work on Voltaire's Les Serfs university teaching programs, du Mont Jura which was published in During 1994 Dr Melleuish pursued his • the transferability to other lan Dictionnaire de Voltaire, ed. Raymond research in the following areas: guages of templates designed for a Trousson, Jeroom Vercruysse and Australian intellectual history and specific foreign language, Jacques Lemaire, Brussels 1994, pp political thought, contemporary • the effect on software design of 214-215. The Dictionnaire was com Australian history and political and competing influences: language piled by an international group of cultural theory. system, teaching methodology and Voltaire scholars to commemorate the computer logic, 300th year since Voltaire was born in In the first area he completed the • the adaptation of the linguistics of 1694. The editors are members of the revisions of his manuscript Cultural real-life communication to linguistic Free University of Brussels. Liberalism in Australia, which will be realism in computer-assisted lan published by Cambridge University I have been contracted to complete the guage learning activities and Press in October 1995. As well, he entry on 'Peter Lalor' for the New signed contracts with University of • the sequencing of micro activities Dictionary of National Biography, to New South Wales Press to co-edit two within CALL modules designed to be published by Oxford University volumes, the first a reader in Austral provide a comprehensive review of a Press. This is to update the original ian political thought and the second a given language feature. Dictionary of National Biography, collection of essays entitled Australian first published in 1904, and is a major Political Thinkers. He also began work project requiring great accuracy, as it on a study of Australian conservatism, Professor Brian Moloney is often where research on a historical also to be published by UNSW Press. (tel 042 21 3676) character begins. As a result of my research for the project, I have In the second area Dr Melleuish Brian Moloney has continued to embarked on a book, 'Peter Lalor and continued work on his manuscript, collect material for his projected Rebellion', which will incorporate currently entitled A Post-modern history of the novel in Italy and for new material I have discovered in the Australia? which was completed in the production of a Repertorio National Archives in Ireland. early 1995. A paper from the book bibliografico dell' Ottocento. He is was delivered at the 1994 Australasian So far I have written 40,000 words on collaborating in this latter project with Political Studies Association confer 'Peter Lalor and Rebellion'. The claim scholars based in England and Italy. ence held at Wollongong. is being made that the Eureka rebel He has also made further progress on lion, 1854, was important for the In the third area Dr Melleuish wrote his book, Italian Novels of Peasant establishment of democracy in two papers, one on cultural studies Crisis, which is nearing completion, 137 INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS and on a critical edition of tales by Faculty of Commerce rationale for the prohibition of certain Italo Svevo, to be published in the commodities such as cannabis and series Piccola biblioteca di letteratura heroin. In particular I am interested in italiana. Inediti e rari, which will Department of Economics whether the existing prohibition include unpublished early redactions maximises social welfare. In order to of the tales. Professor Dudley Jackson examine such a question I have adapted an existing theoretical model He has also written further articles on (tel 042 21 4016) for alcohol which I have subsequently Svevo, Silone and Vittorini, and is estimated. This work is about to be developing an interest in the publish Study leave research continued the presented in the form of a Departmen ing history and textual revisions of research program for a textbook on tal working paper. Silone's Fontamara. the microeconomics of production and of costs and profit, intended for The originality of his work was students of management, accountancy recognised by invitations to lecture in and engineering. This involved study Florence and Trieste, and by the leave research in the libraries of award of an ARC major grant for the Cambridge University Faculty of three years 1995-6-7. Engineering and Cambridge Univer sity Faculty of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Creative as well as Cambridge University Arts Dr Susan Yates library itself, to gather relevant (tel 042 21 3636) illustrative case studies. The intended Dr Frances Dyson textbook will use 'real world' data (tel 042 21 4623) Dr Yates continued her interdiscipli drawn from collected cases to assist in a nary research on the role of the doctor better understanding of basic micro- in 19th century French society and his ecomomic concepts and principles. Frances Dyson's current research is relations with the bourgeois wife. She focused on developments in new investigated the theme of the medecin media and communications technolo des dames, or ladies' doctor, whose gies, with particular attention to their success with women patients is Mr Frank Neri impact across culture and the arts. In attributed not to his medical compe (tel 042 21 4671) addition, Dyson is preparing her PhD tence but to his charm and wit in the dissertation 'The Silencing of Sound: salon or to his collusion with his I joined the Economics Department in Philosophy, Media, Technology' for patients in covering up their shameful January 1994 as an Associate Lecturer. publication, editing a new refereed secrets — illicit love affairs, miscar At that time I was completing my journal Sound Culture, and collaborat riages, abortions, etc. Despite this MComm(Hons) from the University ing with Canadian composer Michael seeming alliance with the female of New South Wales. So for the most Century on a reading/performance patient, the doctor is essentially an part 1994 was spent completing the piece for the 1995 International ally of bourgeois male patriarchy, requisite coursework and writing up Symposium on Electronic Arts. providing 'scientific' rationalisation my research report. I successfully completed my degree in January 1995 for traditional religious beliefs about Mr Richard Hook female inferiority and, by his opposi and will graduate shortly. My re (tel 042 21 4271) tion to birth control, increasing the search report investigates the idea of sexual prerogatives of the male within convergence of real per capita gross the couple. This phenomenon of domestic product between the states Richard Hook held a joint exhibition expanding male control of female and territories of Australia since 1861. of paintings and screenprints with a sexuality is, in turn, part of the Part of my research involved the Thai colleague in the Silpakorn process of the medicalisation of the construction of estimates of state and University Art Gallery, Bangkok, from family and sexualisation of women territory real per capita GDP for December 9 to 24. The exhibition then and children which is so brilliantly various years since 1861 and I believe transferred to the Australian Embassy illuminated for us by Foucault and that these are the first such estimates from February 13 to 28. which Dr Yates hopes to trace, as far constructed for Australia. I am The work shown was a response to as possible, in the realist and natural currently in the process of writing a aspects of the Illawarra environment, ist fiction of the period and in particu final draft paper based on my report especially the contrasting structures of lar in the novels of Balzac. which I hope to have published. On the industrial landscape and the another tangent, I have for some time rainforests. also been interested in the economic 138 INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS A more recent project investigates, via preparatory work included visiting in universities, in collaboration with drawing and painting, the expressive prehistoric, Celtic and Roman sites the Head of Student Services, Dr potential of the dot-screen matrix, where onsite drawings and notes Allen Barlow, of Western Sydney utilising newsphoto images of war were made. University, Nepean, and Dr Denise casualties. Buch, of Canberra University. A Artist books made in Paris were survey of academics' judgements shown in 'Passages of Time', a group about students' English writing exhibition of artist books and works Ms Liz Jeneid competence at the University of on paper shown at the Long Gallery (tel 042 21 3048) Wollongong has been completed, and in July 1994. a paper based on it has been pre Liz Jeneid, in association with Dr In September Liz exhibited her own sented at an Australian and an Mehmet Saclioglu from the Faculty of and students' work at the first Artist international conference, and is under Fine Arts, Marmara University, Book Fair to be held in Australia, at consideration for publication. Istanbul, Turkey, worked on a project the State Library of Queensland. which included an exchange exhibi Professor Ron King tion of student textile work and an (tel 042 21 3575) exchange of lecturers in 1994. Liz travelled to Turkey to work with students at Marmara University and Faculty of Education Research includes: to hang the exhibition, which was 1. Learning and cognition. The most shown in two venues in Istanbul, at Associate Professor recent output from this work deals with a long-standing impasse in the State Gallery in Beyoglu and at the Philip de Lacey Marmara University Gallery. Student theory of learning and knowledge; (tel 042 21 3728) work from the Faculty of Fine Arts at namely the lack of convincing logical Marmara Universty was subsequently explanation as to how we acquire shown in the Long Gallery at the Research undertaken during 1994 has knowledge. It challenges aspects of University of Wollongong. included: the so-called mechanical theories of 1. Enquiries into the effects of early- learning underpinning the transmis Funds from the Department of childhood, enrichment education, sion view of teaching that permeates Foreign Affairs and Trade were used based largely on the Bourke experi much of education and schooling. A for freighting work from Australia to mental preschool, for whose program neuroscientific basis for resolution of Turkey and for producing a cata the writer is responsible. Follow-up the impasse has now been proposed logue. Support from the International data show that there has been a and is being progressively published Department of the University of steady rise in both entry and exit (see Science Education 78[3]). Current Wollongong made the exhibition of levels of verbal performance over the activity includes the location of sites, local artists possible. past 25 years, though the encouraging such as problem-based medical The second part of this project results might be a little overstated education and training, to establish an occurred in August when Dr Mehmet owing to subject-mortality effects. evidential base against which the Saclioglu came to the Faculty of Antecedents of the finding are under newer forms of constructivist theory Creative Arts as lecturer in residence further investigation. A monograph may be tested in practical ways. and brought an exhibition of Turkish describing enrichment preschooling in This work is being carried out in student work with him which was some detail is with the publisher, and collaboration with Dr G D Hendry shown in the Long Gallery. An two papers have been presented on (Faculty of Medicine, Sydney Univer exhibition of work by Turkish artists this subject at conferences. sity). living in Australia, curated by Liz 2. Implications of the relationship of 2. Policy in higher education. This Jeneid, was shown in the Long locus-of-control characteristics of ESB research continues and consolidates Gallery at the same time. and NESB children in primary schools policy formulation activities under From April to June 1994, Liz Jeneid are being studied, in Australia and taken during a lengthy secondment as took up a residency at the Cite Iran, especially consequent on Counsellor to the Higher Education Internationale des Arts, Paris and encouraging and discouraging Council. It incorporates work on showed two works in 'Exposition feedback, with a former PhD student, alternative modes of delivery in Collective', an exhibition at the Cite whom the writer supervised. A paper higher education, cross-sectoral and Gallery in Paris. While working in the reporting this research is under intra-sectoral articulation and transfer studio she was researching and consideration for publication. of credit, and the strengthening of preparing for an exhibition at the City 3. Problems of English usage, cognitive skills in workplace perform Gallery in Wollongong in 1995. The particularly writing, are being studied ance improvement programs. 139 INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS 3. Family and community history. Faculty of Informatics nature of scholarly publications as a Undertaken in collaboration with result of the many new options Professor N J Kyle from Queensland opened up now that electronic University of Technology, this work Department of Computer publication has become economically covers the issues of how family and Science / Mathematics feasible. The key question to be asked community history are done and, is just what is the structure of the from this researcher's viewpoint, Dr Keith Tognetti most suitable hierarchy which will psychological aspects of the construc best satisfy the conflicting needs of (tel 042 21 3826) tion of history. A linkage has also the writer, the reader and the many been established with the earlier levels of scholars. Project A mentioned educational policy re With graduate student B Bates 'On the search through a study of government reports on education over the past Periodic Points and Symmetries Of century. In particular, the relationship Iterates of the Gauss Map'. The Gauss between the effectiveness / adoption of map is fundamental to the process of division and underlies the operation report recommendations and the Faculty of Law inclusion of historical and social of evaluating continued fractions. context in reports appears to be Considered as a chaotic map iterates Ms Margaret Bond significant. have been shown to have very rich symmetries. (tel 042 21 4378) Project B With honours student R Janssen Margaret Bond is examining the 'Equitable Sequences and the Stick appropriate test or standard to be Breaking Problem'. applied by judicial officers in deter Faculty of Health and mining whether they are disqualified We place points 'evenly' around a from sitting in proceedings by reason Behavioural Sciences circle, one at a time at each instant in of bias or apprehended bias. The the hope that, whenever we stop, the actual or apprehended bias or preju gaps between points as we go around dice of mind can arise from conflicts Department of Nursing the circle will be about the same size. of interest and duty, or as a conse The unconstrained version of this quence of prejudgment. The question Ms Irene Stein problem leads us into the stick of disqualification for bias has (tel 042 21 3766) breaking model of resource allocation received a considerable amount of and things logarithmic. The stick judicial attention (not all of it consist Inter-institutional relocation of represents the total resources to be ent) in the recent past. On a related the aged shared evenly among recipients who matter, Margaret is considering the arrive individually. On each arrival This study examines the effects of a appropriate test or standard to be the stick must be broken in such a forced inter-institutional relocation of applied by officers of the Independent way that each recipient gets an the aged. It details the individuals' Commission Against Corruption in equitable share. (This relates to the reactions to the relocation from one NSW (including the Commissioner) in well-known Lorenz curve, which is nursing home to another by measur determining whether they are dis often used to highlight iniquities such ing stress-related indices. A General qualified from conducting an investi as the top five per cent of the popula Health Questionnaire and Affecto- gation by reason of bias or tion capturing 48 per cent of the meter 2 were used to gauge well apprehended bias. wealth). being both before and after the relocation took place. The results are The sequences of points as we go being processed. around the circumference is found to Mr Charles Chew have properties which occur widely in (tel 042 21 4379) folding structures. In particular it has been shown that the number repre One of Charles Chew's major research sentation implied by the Sarkovskii projects is concerned with a compari ordering may characterise folding son between the investment laws in even in structures which are not Australia and Indonesia. Such a chaotic. comparative study is useful Project C pedagogically in throwing the Work has begun on re-examining the outlines and details of our legal 140 INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS system into sharper relief. It shows Professor John Goldring Professor Goldring explores a number the limits Australian law sets in (tel 042 21 3382) of related issues in this article. respect of a number of initiatives and guidelines in our foreign investment Professor John Goldring, Foundation policies. It enables us to understand Dean and Professor of Law, has been Mr Scott Grattan our own foreign investment laws and examining the possible changes in (tel 042 21 4423) indeed our own legal system more methods of teaching law that may be objectively and encourages us to needed as a result of changes in the Scott Grattan is examining the realise that the rules of our jurisdic structure and financing of Universi jurisdiction-selecting methodology tion are not necessarily god-ordained ties and changing demands for legal employed in Australia, England and and the inevitable embodiment of education. In an article, 'Coping with Canada in the resolution of multistate reason. the Virtual Campus', to be published disputes. The focus is on choice of law The other major study involves an shortly in the Legal Education Review, tort and contract. A comparison is investigation of the law of guarantee he questions some assumptions about being made between the philosophical in our banking system. Much has the use of technology in encouraging foundations of jurisdiction-selection been written about guarantees 'deep' approaches to learning. and those of the American rule- generally in our financial system but Future students may 'telecommute' to selection methodologies of govern little research has focused on the a 'virtual campus'. New technologies mental interest analysis and the banker's guarantee. There is an already have a significant effect on substantive law technique. The investigation of the effect of the recent opportunities for people to learn. influence of rule-selection on judicial, Consumer Credit Code on bankers' While policies concentrate on provid legislative and law reform develop guarantees in terms of disclosure ing places to school leavers and ments in the jurisdiction-selection requirements and indemnity against a members of 'equity-targeted' groups, tradition is being explored. minor. Avoidance of liability, misrep high demand for places in LLB The purpose of the research is to resentation and undue influence in courses means that many students ascertain the extent to which jurisdic connection with bankers' guarantees with good school results cannot study tion-selection is a viable and princi are other issues being looked at. law. Other potential law students do pled approach to the resolution of not decide to study law until late in disputes arising from multistate life. Opportunities for part-time on- activity. Mr Damien Considine campus study are declining. (tel 042 21 3629) Open or distance learning courses may provide the only opportunity for Associate Professor Ken Hale The first stage of Damien Considine's many Australians to study law. Fees (tel 042 21 3730) research project involving investiga may be introduced for all second tion into the relationship between degrees, so graduates who wish to legal forms of business enterprise and study law must find a mode of study Associate Professor Ken Hale was specific sectors of the economy has which will allow them to stay in paid invited to prepare an entry on Human resulted in articles in both interna work. Rights and the Workplace for inclu tional and national journals. sion in the Human Rights volume of A central question is whether open or the Law of Australia which is sched The second stage of this project is distance learning delivers the same or uled for publication in early 1995. under way and will involve manipu similar learning outcomes of similar Work was substantially completed on lation of ABS data and consideration quality to full-time, on-campus, this project, which arises out of the of similar data from other countries. It traditional legal education. Once the Industrial Relations Reform Act 1993 is hoped that the outcome of these desired outcomes are articulated, (Commonwealth). It examines the use investigations will result in a better some questions may be asked about of International Instruments (Interna understanding of the process of the appropriateness of traditional tional Labour Organisation and choice when choosing a legal struc styles and techniques of teaching and United Nations Conventions and ture for a business enterprise. The learning. If the traditional techniques Covenants) in Australian domestic third stage of this project will involve and approaches are not yielding the law utilising the external affairs considerations of the relationship desired outcomes as well as might be power in the Australian constitution. between the forms of association hoped, it is necessary to ask what discussed in the first two stages. An changes might result from new Work continued on the Sex Discrimi example of this is to consider how a approaches and techniques. Some nation in Employment Project, which company deals with a partnership in techniques of distance education may is designed to identify and analyse the legal terms. improve on-campus learning. impacts discernible in the implemen- 141 INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS tation and application of this rela Ms Jane Innes Canadian experience) with the results tively new law in the employment (tel 042 21 4121) achieved by other forms of interven context. tion such as informal conciliation and determination by human rights Work also continued on the enhance Ms Jane Innes has been examining the tribunals. It also considers the rela ment of the technology associated legal response to social and techno tionship between racial vilification with The Australian Corporate Law logical change brought with the laws and official policies of multi- Data Base Project. This research expanding use of broadcasting, culturalism. project was created and is maintained computer and telecommunications by Associate Professor Hale and technology. It looks at global re An investigation of the operation of Professor Jim Jackson (previously of sponses to technological change and hate propaganda laws in Canada the University of Wollongong and at international measures developed (including interviews with relevant now Professor of Law and Foundation as a result of this change. It concen departments, agencies and interest Dean of Law at Southern Cross trates on the copyright aspects of groups) was carried out in 1994 with University). It involves the applica intellectual property ownership and the support of a Canadian Studies tion of computer technology to law the general regulatory framework Faculty Research Award and a grant and enables sophisticated research provided by the law in respect of from the Law Foundation of New into the increasingly complex area of ownership and control of information. South Wales. Australian corporate law. The data Ms Innes is also involved in a joint The current phase of the project base contains an analysis of over 2500 project with Professor Tim Turpin of focuses on the operation of racial cases and over 1000 articles on the Centre for Research Studies which vilification laws in New South Wales, corporate law from all Australian is partly funded by UNESCO. The as administered by the New South jurisdictions. This covers all reported legal component of the work involves Wales Anti-Discrimination Board. cases and all published journal a summary and compilation of the articles on Australian corporate law various intellectual property laws of Other activities include continuing since 1961. Selected cases and journal China, the Philippines, Thailand and research on legal frameworks for articles prior to 1961 which are still Korea. Existing legislation and legal Indigenous autonomy and co-editing relevant and important are also systems are being examined in the (with Gerry Turcotte, Department of included. The project has produced context of the World Trade Agree English) the multidisciplinary journal, several major outcomes including ment and obligations arising under Australian-Canadian Studies. books, journal articles and, impor the Trade Related Intellectual Prop tantly, an on-line computerised erty Agreement (the TRIPS). The database of Australian corporate law. policy implications of the new Ms Sandra Mercado Once the new technology is in place, regulatory approach adopted under (tel 042 21 4291) work will proceed towards the next the TRIPS and the impact of this edition of The Australian Corporate Law change on the various countries is Sandra Mercado is currently explor Reference. being explored. ing the content and scope of the right of political discussion in Australian law, particularly in relation to defa Associate Professor Mr Luke McNamara mation and vilification laws, and in Robin Handley (tel 042 21 4415) the context of a wider enquiry into (tel 042 21 3726) access to information generally in the Luke McNamara's major research electronic age. Associate Professor Robin Handley, project is a comparative study of in conjunction with Ms Penny Pether racial vilification laws in Australia (Law School, University of Sydney), is and Canada. This research examines Dr Thomas Musgrave developing A Critical Bibliography of the different approaches to the legal (tel 042 21 4633) Law and Literature. This includes regulation of racial hatred which have been adopted in two 'multicultural' devising appropriate classifications, Dr Thomas Musgrave is currently countries, with a view to assessing the searching for relevant material, and working on two pieces of research. adequacy of current responses to preparation of a critical commentary. The first involves a chapter on the racially-motivated vilification, status of refugees in International and harassment, intimidation and vio Australian Law, which is to be lence. published in a forthcoming text, The project compares the impact of entitled International Law in the criminal sanctions (drawing on the Australian Context, edited by Professor 142 INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS M Tsamenyi, Associate Professor S chemistry to student gender and thermal (0.025 ev) or epithermal (2 -20 Blay and Dr R Piotrowicz. Secondly, gender of peers and of instructors. keV) neutrons. When a neutron is Dr Musgrave has recently completed Work on this collected material is captured by boronlO, the nucleus so his PhD thesis, entitled 'Self-Determi continuing. The high-school investiga formed fissions instantaneously into nation and National Minorities', tions are part of collaborative research two fragments - lithium7 and an which has been accepted for publica with Charles Sturt University and the alpha particle. These fragments have a tion by Oxford University Press, and University of Western Sydney. range in human tissue of approxi he is now in the process of transform mately 10 micro meter, which is of the Some months during 1994 were spent ing the thesis into book form. order of one cell diameter, with high on sabbatical leave in the United linear energy transfer (LET). The Kingdom. Many universities were treatment starts with first localising visited and the interactive multimedia boron compounds in the tumour cells, materials produced at the University then bombarding it with neutrons. of Wollongong were shared with The cells that have accumulated the them. boron compound will be destroyed Faculty of Science and normal cells with low concentra Department of Physics tion of boronlO would be spared. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Department of Chemistry Dr Jagdish Narain Mathur (BNCT) is still in experimental stage (tel 042 21 3507) for the treatment of cancer. Activation Dr Audrey H Wilson foil measurements on existing filtered (tel 042 21 3155) In 1990 a Neutron Capture Therapy and unfiltered neutron beams have research group came into existence been made in preparation for the Chemical education within the Physics Department. At development of a beam suitable for Interests include investigations of present it consists of two postgradu normal tissue dose tolerance studies. cognitive functioning in relation to ate students, Martin Carolan and Further measurement techniques for performance in chemistry, effects of Steven Wallace, and myself. It was the characterisation of neutron beam mode of presentation on successful formed in collaboration with the energy spectra are under develop problem-solving, methods of improv Biomedicine and Health Program at ment. Ansto. In 1993 the collaboration of ing teaching and learning in a chemi Also under development is a treat Commission of the European Com cal context, gender-associated ment planning package, based on munities, Joint Research Centre, problems in science study and the patient CT scans, utilising Monte Petten, The Netherlands, and Paul improvement of University teaching Carlo neutron transport techniques on Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzer quality. the Fujitsu super computer facility of land, was established. In my study Australian Numerical Simulation and Innovative interactive multimedia leave in 1993,1 visited both the Modelling Services (ANSAMS). materials for pre-laboratory instruc research centres for about three weeks Prototype models have already been tion were produced for use with first- each. year chemistry students as a result of installed and successfully run, com a first-round CAUT grant. These Direct result of this collaboration was puting dose distributions throughout provide an alternative to the more that MC and SW went to Petten in the brain. Monte Carlo micro dosimetric traditional print mode of presentation 1994 to do some vital measurements simulations of radiation damage to and submission. They were used connected with Boron Neutron microvasculature also make use of the during 1994 and evaluations carried Capture Therapy (BNCT) using three ANSAMS supercomputer. This code out which involved soliciting student phantoms. The best treatment of when complete will enable clinicians attitudes to the materials and student- cancer would be a method in which to plan therapeutic neutron irradia favoured presentation mode and all cancerous cells are killed without tions and determine dose distributions. damaging the normal healthy tissues. comparing teaching and learning The ultimate goal is to develop outcomes from these two methods. The BNCT is a treatment of cancer filtered epithermal neutron beams Investigations of gender-associated that comes very close to the above- and eventually design a patient problems in science study have mentioned goal. It also offers signifi treatment facility using the High Flux involved both first-year chemistry cant promise for the treatment of Australian Reactor at Lucas Heights students at the University of Wollon previously intractable cancers. The or its replacement. gong and high-school students in all principle of BNCT is based upon the states of Australia. They have resulted nuclear reaction between boronlO, a in data relating performance in non-radioactive isotope of boron, and 143 INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS Dr Paul Nulsen Astronomy and and have been scheduled time on (tel 042 21 3523) Astrophysics the Australia Telescope National Facility's Compact Array in mid Clusters of galaxies consist of as many Associate Professor 1995 to obtain high-resolution maps as several thousand galaxies plus hot Bill Zealey of these neutral flows. gas, often exceeding the galaxies in (tel 042 21 3522) • Millimetre observations total mass, bound together by gravity. During 1995 millimetre wave observations will begin on the A new technique to determine the Protostars and Jets distribution of mass in clusters was ATNF's Mopera radio telescope. Mass outflow plays a major role in the developed and applied by Dr H Observations of CO emission, early life of most Young Stellar Boehringer (MPE Munich) and planned for mid 1995, will provide Objects [YSOs]. Because YSOs are Nulsen to data from the ROSAT X-ray a more complete view of neutral usually deeply embedded in molecu satellite to find the mass distribution and low excitation material in and lar clouds, there is considerable of the Virgo cluster. around the flows. interaction between their supersonic Gas near to the centres of many outflows and the ambient interstellar Experience gained with this single clusters cools by emitting X-rays, medium. The current understanding dish system will allow us to utilise causing surrounding gas to move of the dynamics and emission mecha similar receivers when they become inward in a 'cooling flow'. Much is nisms of outflows is rudimentary and available on the AT Compact Array. known about the structure of cooling is largely dominated by observations Studies of the Surface of Venus flows in clusters, groups and, to a at visible wavelengths. In 1990 NASA's Magellan spacecraft lesser extent, isolated elliptical We are making a major contribution began to image Venus using radar. galaxies. Professor A Fabian (Institute to the study of outflows by concen The availability of radar images on of Astronomy, Cambridge) and trating on infrared and radio mapping CD ROM and access to PC-based Nulsen showed that cooling flows can of outflows. image analysis systems has allowed also occur during the formation of • Survey and Image Catalogue of us to engage in planetary physics galaxies like our own. More recently, Outflows projects at an early stage of the they have shown that a cooling flow Magellan mission. Graeme Melville ESO/SERC Sky survey plates in J R forms major components of galaxies completed his MSc on lava tubes in and I bands were digitised by Stacy comparable in size to the Milky Way early 1994. or larger. Mader, using our video digitising system. These images will form the Work on identifying and modelling The gas within clusters of galaxies is basis of a catalogue of HH objects. impact structures associated with more extended than other cluster • Large Field H2 Survey and the oblique impacts on Mars and Venus is constituents, requiring that it be mapping of low-velocity shocks continuing. The Department of heated more than they are during The AAO's IRIS infrared imaging Physics now houses a complete set of cluster formation. P Maguire and system is ideally suited to imaging CD ROMs containing radar imaging Nulsen showed that the additional four-arc-minute fields around and altimetry data from the Magellan heat in a given mass of gas is about outflows in infrared emission lines. mission, and imagery from the Viking the same for a wide range of clusters. We have now imaged more than 20 missions to Mars. Boehringer, Nulsen, Fabian and Dr R major outflow complexes in the Braun (NFRA, Dwingeloo) compared southern sky in molecular emission radio structure near the centre of the This survey is providing informa giant elliptical galaxy M87 to the X- tion on the molecular content and ray emission from there. The X-ray morphology of southern outflows emission is strongest close to regions considerably faster than could be of strong radio emission. They achieved at millimetre wavelengths. showed that the enhanced emission is • Radio Observations of Neutral due to gas that is cooler and more Hydrogen Winds [21cm radio] dense than other gas nearby. The cool HI emission has been observed in gas is produced when hot gas mixes only a few flows. During 1994 we with radio plasma, forming light observed HI profiles from three bubbles which float up through the outflows, using the Parkes radio remaining gas. This process has telescope. We have observed important implication for the forma features in HH46/HH47 and B335 tion of the radio source. consistent with neutral HI outflows 144 Published by the University of Wollongong Northfields Avenue Wollongong NSW 2522 Produced by the Research Office Typesetting by Mary Street Assistance and support from Joanne Hickey and Andrew Amos Editing, typography, design and electronic assembly by Lion Editorial Pty Ltd Cover by Eymont Kin-yee Hulet Pty Ltd Pictures by Rob Martin © Crown copyright 1995 ISSN 1032-0741 Printed by National Capital Printing, Canberra