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Pdf Des Bandes Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von der Stiftung Historisches Kolleg Kolloquien 43 R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 1998 Stalinismus vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Neue Wege der Forschung Stalinism before the Second World War New Avenues of Research Herausgegeben von Manfred Hildermeier unter Mitarbeit von Elisabeth Müller-Luckner R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 1998 Schriften des Historischen Kollegs im Auftrag der Stiftung Historisches Kolleg im Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft herausgegeben von Lothar Gail in Verbindung mit Manfred Erhardt, Arnold Esch, Etienne Frangois, Klaus Hildebrand, Hilmar Kopper, Jochen Martin, Heinrich Nöth, Winfried Schulze, Michael Stollcis und Rüdiger Wolfrum Geschäftsführung: Georg Kalmer Redaktion: Elisabeth Müller-Luckner Organisationsausschuß: Georg Kalmer, Herbert Kießling, Elisabeth Müller-Luckner, Heinz-Rudi Spiegel Die Stiftung Historisches Kolleg hat sich für den Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissen­ schaften die Förderung von Gelehrten, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in For­ schung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben, zur Aufgabe gesetzt. Sie vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und ein Förderstipendium sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leistungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglichkeit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Manfred Hildermeier (Göttingen) war - zusammen mit Professor Dr. Werner Eck (Köln), Priv. Doz. Dr. Wolfram Pyta (Köln) und Professor Dr. Knut Schulz (Berlin) - Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 1995/1996. Den Obliegenheiten der Sti­ pendiaten gemäß hat Manfred Hildermeier aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Stalinismus vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg/Stalinism before the Second World War“ vom 5. bis 8. Juni 1996 im Historischen Kolleg gehalten. Die Ergebnisse des Kolloquiums werden in diesem Band veröffentlicht. Die Stiftung Historisches Kolleg wird vom Stiftungslonds Deutsche Bank zur Förderung der Wissenschaft in Forschung und Lehre und vom Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft getragen. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP Einheitsaufnahme Stalinismus vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg : neue Wege der Forschung = Stalinism before the Second World War / hrsg. von Manfred Hildermeier unter Mitarb. von Elisabeth Müller-Luckner. - München : Oldenbourg, 1998 (Schriften des Historischen Kollegs : Kolloquien ; 43) ISBN 3-486-56350-5 © 1998 R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH, München Rosenheimer Straße 145, D-81671 München Internet: http://www.oldenbourg.de Das Werk einschließlich aller Abbildungen ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzu­ lässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikrover­ filmungen und die Einspeicherung und Bearbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (chlorfrei gebleicht) Gesamtherstellung: R. Oldenbourg Graphische Betriebe GmbH, München. ISBN 3-486-56350-5 Inhalt ZurEinführung/Prefaee Manfred Hildermeier............................................................................................................ VII Verzeichnis der Tagungsteilnehmer ............................................................................... Robert C. Tucker Stalinism and Stalin. Sources and O utcom es.............................................................. 1 Manfred Hildermeier Revision der Revision? Herrschaft, Anpassung und Glaube im Stalinismus 17 Sheila Fitzpatrick Intelligentsia and Power. Client-Patron Relations in Stalin’s Russia ............ 35 Dietrich Beyrau Geiseln und Gefangene eines visionären Projekts: Die russischen Bildungs­ schichten im Sowjetstaat ..................................................................................................... 55 Hiroaki Kuromiya Workers under Stalin: The Case of the Donbas ...................................................... 79 Dietmar Neutatz Arbeiterschaft und Stalinismus am Beispiel der Moskauer Metro ................. 99 Stephan Merl Bilanz der Unterwerfung - die soziale und ökonomische Reorganisation des D orfes........................."........................................................................................................ 119 Gabor T. Rittersporn Das kollektivierte Dorf in der bäuerlichen Gegenkultur..................................... 147 J. Arch Getty Afraid of Their Shadows: The Bolshevik Recourse to Terror, 1932-1938 . 169 Stefan Plaggenborg Gewalt im Stalinismus. Skizzen zu einer Tätergeschichte ................................... 193 VI Inhalt Gregory L. breeze The Stalinist Assault on the Parish, 1929-1941 ......................................................... 209 Michail Vital’evic Skarovskij Die russische Kirche unter Stalin in den 20er und 30er Jahren des 20.Jahr­ hunderts ........................................................................................................................................ 233 Karl Schlägel Der „Zentrale Gor’kij-Kultur- und Erholungspark“ (CPKiO) in Moskau. Zur Präge des öffentlichen Raums im Stalinismus ................................................. 255 Jochen Hellheck Self-Realization in the Stalinist System: Two Soviet Diaries of the 1930s . 275 Jurij Sapoval Der russische Nationalismus und die Herrschaft Stalins..................................... 291 Jörg Baberowski Stalinismus an der Peripherie: Das Beispiel Azerbajdzan 1920-1941 ............ 307 R egister........................................................................................................................................ 337 Zur Einführung Der Stalinismus gehört zu den schwierigsten Interpretationsproblemen der so­ wjetischen Geschichte. Man hat über ihn gestritten, seit man das Phänomen wahr­ genommen hat. Anfangs stand dabei die Person des Diktators im Vordergrund, mit dem sich alle Übel zu verbinden schienen. Später kamen spezifische Merkmale der Ordnung hinzu, der er seinen Stempel aufdrückte. Die stalinscina wurde zum stalinizm, der Personalbegriff zum Systembegriff. Immer deutlicher erhielten Po­ litik, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Geistesleben eine Kontur, die sie von der vor­ angehenden und der folgenden Epoche trennte. Dabei blieb unbestritten, daß Per­ son und Regime aufs engste miteinander verbunden waren. Dies dürfte aber - von evidenten Fakten abgesehen - schon der einzige Tatbestand gewesen sein, den die Kontroversen der vergangenen Jahrzehnte aussparten. Inhaltliche Bestimmungen und Beschreibungen wurden dagegen mit erheblicher Zwangsläufigkeit zu Be­ standteilen von Deutungsvorschlägen, über die es unterschiedliche Meinungen gab. Die verbreitetsten Interpretationsmuster sind bekannt und brauchen hier nicht wiederholt zu werden1. Sie lassen sich hinsichtlich ihrer Dominanz zwar bestimmten Jahrzehnten zuordnen, bestanden aber schon deshalb fort, weil sich jedes nachfolgende ,Paradigma“ mit ihnen auseinanderzusetzen hatte (und hat). So hat die sozialgeschichtliche Sehweise die ältere, stärker politik- und herrschafts­ orientierte vor allem in den siebziger Jahren fraglos verdrängt. Aber der Rück­ blick lehrt, daß sie - wie es nicht anders sein kann - nicht das letzte Wort war, son­ dern sozusagen nur kompensatorisch und vorübergehend Aspekte der histori­ schen Wirklichkeit aufgedeckt hat, die in der vorherigen Perspektive nur am Rande bemerkt worden waren. Vor allem der Untergang der Sowjetunion zum Jahresende 1991 hat dazu beigetragen, ältere Fragestellungen nach dem Charakter sowjetischer Herrschaft wieder an die Oberfläche zu bringen und die Dimension der Macht gegenüber Eigenarten der Sozialordnung abermals stärker zur Geltung zu bringen. Doch ist dies nur ein Impuls unter anderen gewesen. In dieselbe Rich­ tung drängte ein methodologischer, innerdisziplinärer Antrieb, der bei unter­ schiedlichen Motiven und Lösungswegen auf ein wachsendes Unbehagen an der Art und Weise sozialhistorischer Betrachtung der siebziger Jahre - vielleicht nicht einmal an der Sozialgeschichte selbst - hinauslief. Schon dies war Grund genug, den Stalinismus erneut zum Gegenstand eines Kolloquiums zu machen. Hinzu kamen weitere Motive. Zum einen stellte sich bei 1 Vgl. S. Fitzpatrick, New Perspectives on Stalinism, in: Russian Review 45 (1986) 357-373, 409-413 sowie meinen Beitrag unten S. 17ff. VIII Zur Einführung der Arbeit an einem größeren Manuskript zur Geschichte der Sowjetunion, das ich im Münchener jahr fast zu Ende bringen konnte, abermals die entscheidende Bedeutung dieser Transformation der ersten Gestalt des Sowjetsystems heraus. Wer nach der Entstehung der sozialistischen Ordnung sucht, so wie sic bis zur perestrojka bestand, der muß zur ,Stalinschen Revolution“ und der institutionellen Verfestigung ihrer wichtigsten Ergebnisse im folgenden Jahrzehnt zurückgehen. Hier liegt auch die wichtigste Ursache für die Wahl der Vorkriegsperiode. So sehr das Argument zu überzeugen vermag, dal? der Stalinismus nicht nur im Weltkrieg fortdauerte, sondern danach einen zweiten ,Höhepunkt“ erlebte, der beim Ver­ such seiner deutenden Beschreibung nicht ausgeklammert bleiben darf - so sehr gilt nach wie vor die Überlegung, daß die charakteristischen Merkmale des Sy­ stems, das den Namen Stalins trägt, in den Vorkriegsjahren entstanden. Zum anderen zeigte schon ein flüchtiger Blick auf die Forschungen der
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