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Copyrighted Material Index α-amy gene family, 119 acid rain, 228–32 allergens, 201, 206 α-ketoglutarate, 175 acidosis, 223 Allium cepa see onion ABA see abscisic acid actinomorphic flowers, 194, 302 allantoic acid, 54 ABA-binding/receptor proteins, 80–81 action potential, 161–2 allantoin, 54 ABC model, 195 action spectrum (pl. spectra), 87, 90–91, 170, allelopathy, 260, 302 ABCE model, 195–6, 214 192, 302 Alopecurus myosuroides see black grass ABI genes/ABI proteins, 106, 115 actin, 15, 35 alpine environment, 218, 237 Abies lasiocarpa see subalpine fir actin filament/microfilament, 15, 34–6, 212 alternation of generations, 5, 11–13, 94 abscisic acid, 26, 75, 79–81, 139, 163, 204 active transport (across membranes), 134–6, alternative intron splice sites, 70 antagonizes cytokinins, 79 139 alternative oxidase, 47 antagonizes GA, 79, 106, 115–16, 119 acyl carrier protein/ACP, 48–9 alternative poly-adenylation sites, 70 in control of cell division, 41 acyl transferase, 49 alternative transcription start sites, 70 inhibition of flowering, 80 adaptation, 124, 128–9, 162, 181–2, 187, 214, alternative translation start sites, 71 inhibition of germination, 116 235–59, 270–271 aluminium interaction with ethylene, 109 concept, 216, 235 hyperaccumulators, 255 involvement in abscission, 187 aequorin, 85 tolerance, 252–5 involvement in stomatal closure, 224 aeration, 130, 222 toxicity, 133, 230–232, 254 involvement in stress responses, 224–6, 238 aerenchyma, 130, 240–243, 302 Alzheimer’s disease, 255 modes of action/signalling pathways, 80, 225 Aesculus hippocastanum see horse chestnut tree Amazon, 286–7, 289 prevention of precocious germination, Africa, 151, 209, 239, 245–6, 261, 263, 267, 294 Amborella trichopoda,10–11 105–6 AGAMOUS (AG) gene, 196, 202 amine oxidase, 217, 277 regulation of LEA synthesis, 104 Agave americana, 182, 191 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid see regulation of synthesis of storage Aglaophyton major,7 ACC compounds, 105, 119 AGPs see arabinogalactan proteins ammonia/ammonium, 54–5, 139, 141–2, 177, response element/ABRE, 86, 225 agriculture, 203, 226–7, 260, 262, 266, 269–70, 222 role in cereal endosperm PCD, 109 273, 281–2, 285–6, 289, 291, 297–300 Ammophila arenaria see marram grass role in seed desiccation, 106 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 72, 78, 258, 265, Amos, 113 role in seed dormancy, 115 269, 272 amurca, 263 role in seed maturation, 105–6, 109 Agrostis capillaris see common bent grass amylase, 43 abscission, 186–7, 230, 243 AHK2, AHK3 cytokinin receptors, 78, 186 amylopectin, 117 absolute zero, 217 AHP, histidine phosphor-relay protein, 78–9 amyloplast, 26, 28, 107–8, 143, 160 Acacia, 270 AINTEGUMENTA transcription factor, 202 amylase, 117 Acanthus,75 air pollution, 228–30, 274 Androsthenes, 158 ACC, 223, 225, 241 Airy, H., 147 anaerobiosis, 222–3, 240, 242, 252 oxidase (ACO), 81, 109, 113, 223, 237, 241 AKT1 channel, 139 anaphase, 40–41 synthase (ACS), 81, 109, 113, 223 Al see aluminium anaphase-promoting complex/APC/cyclosome, Acer COPYRIGHTEDalanine, 180, 302 MATERIAL40–41 palmatum see Japanese maple albumins, 101–3, 302 anaplerotic reactions, 47–8, 302 platanoides see Norway maple Alchornea ilicifolia, 109 ancestry of land plants, 6 pseudoplatanus see sycamore aleurone, 107, 109 androecium, 190, 302 saccharum see sugar maple role in mobilisation of reserves, 119–20 Anemone, 191 acetaldehyde, 218 alfalfa, 91, 115, 145–6, 298 angiophytes see pan-angiosperms acetic acid, 222 algae, 1, 3–6, 174, 232, 254, 297 Angiospermae/angiosperms, 127–8, 139, 146, acetyl CoA, 45, 48–51, 117 alkaloid, 236, 267 149–150, 175, 195 acetyl CoA carboxylase, 48 alleles, 210–11, 213 alternation of generations, 12 Functional Biology of Plants, First Edition. Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 309 310 Index Angiospermae/angiosperms (continued) Artemisia, 260 bacterium (pl. bacteria), 136, 139, 141–2, 175, arrival of, 8–10, 58, 214 Arum, 42, 205, 217 268–9, 271–3, 278 basal, 115, 195 maculatum, 205, 207 anaerobic, 1, 2, 222 essential features of, 8, 189 Ascomycota, 272 aerobic, 1, 2, 3, 140, 222 fossil record, 9–10 ascorbate/ascorbic acid/vitamin C, 20, 236 Gram-negative, 1, 272, 278 monophyletic origin, 8–9 biosynthesis, 51–3 Gram-positive, 1, 270, 272 number of species, 10, 261, 270 location in plant, 52 methanogenic, 222, 241, 284 primitive, 10–11 oxidase, 20 photosynthetic, 2 reproduction, 198–200, 204–5, 210 peroxidase, 236, 277 pathogenic, 272, 275, 277–9 ANITA grade, 10–11, 214, 302 asexual reproduction, 152, 272 purple, 174 annual plant, 148, 151, 153, 191 asparagine, 142, 212, 302 bacteroid(s), 141–2, 302 ant(s), 270–271 aspartic acid (aspartate), 179–80, 302 Bahrain, 158 Antarctic, 285, 289 aspen, 124 BAK1 gene, 83 antennae proteins see light-harvesting proteins Astrebla lappacea see Mitchell grass baking, 108, 304 anther, 190, 199, 201–4, 210 atmosphere, 139, 155, 168, 174, 177–8, 181, bamboo, 153–4, 191 anthophyte hypothesis, 9 184–5, 220, 222, 224, 229–30, 284–8 banana, 206 anthropocentric, 290 AtHK1 osmosensor, 224–5 barberry, 275 anti-nutritional factors, 101 AtNAP transcription factor, 186 BARELY ANY MERISTEM 1 and 2(BAM1/2) anti-oxidant, 20, 51, 86, 257 ATP, 133, 135–6, 142, 169–74, 176, 179, 185, genes, 202–3 antipodal cells, 199–200, 302 218, 223 bark, 151, 239, 263, 275 antiporter, 136, 249, 302 hydrolysis, 135, 141 barley, 107–8, 119, 174, 227, 240, 294 Antirrhinum, 194–6 synthase (F0F1), 25–6, 28, 46–7, 66, 135 yellow dwarf virus, 273 anti-sense RNA, 71–2 synthesis, 171, 173 basal cell, 94–5, 97–8 ap Rees, T., 43 ATPase, 135, 186, 218, 224 Basidiomycete, 280 APETALA genes (AP, AP1 and AP2), 196–8 atrazine, 264 bats, 206, 209, 271, 295 aphid, 266, 268 AURORA kinase, 40 bean, 104–5, 107, 110, 157, 159, 227 Aphis fabae see black bean aphid Australia, 288–9 broad, 56, 58 Aphrodes bicinctus see strawberry leafhopper Australian mountain ash, 152 castor, 99, 105, 118, 121 Apicocomplexa, 4 Austria, 226 common/French, 70, 120–121, 248–9 apicoplast, 4 Austrobaileyales/Austrobaileya,10 field, 56 apomixis, 109–10, 198, 302 autotroph(ic), 175, 266 runner, 95, 159 apoplast(ic), 133–4, 136–8, 219, 237–8, 254, Aux transcriptional repressor, 76, 78 Becium homblei, 254 278–9, 302 AUX-LAX gene family, 97 bee(s), 194, 204–5 apoprotein, 174 auxin, 75–8, 85, 147–8, 160, 202 bee orchid, 208 apoptosis, 75, 186 binding proteins, 76, 78 beech, 231 apple, 261, 268, 282 in cell division, 38, 41, 78 beetle(s), 204–5, 214, 263, 268–9, 281 scab, 280 in cell expansion/extension, 20, 78, 160 Belarus, 233 aquaporin, 23, 139, 162, 209, 238, 302 in DNA endoreduplication, 42 Belehradek, J., 221 Arabidopsis halleri, 255 BELL transcription factor, 202 in embryogenesis, 94–7, 106 Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, 25, 29, 31, 40, Beltsville, MD, USDA Research Station, 87 in endosperm development, 100 56, 69–70, 78, 81, 89, 91, 95–7, 99, 101, beneficial elements, 132–3 in fruit development, 110, 112 106, 110, 120, 127–8, 147, 159–61, 186, benzimidazoles, 280 in leaf development, 122 193–7, 202, 213, 218, 223–5, 236, 249, Berberis vulgaris see barberry in phototropism, 76–7 254–5, 280–282 berries, 112 interaction with cytokinin(s), 78, 110, 112 arabinans, 16 BES1, BIM, BZR1 transcription factors, 83, interaction with GA, 110, 112 arabinogalactan proteins, 18, 21, 102, 209–10 203 mode of action/signalling pathway, 76, 78, arabinogalactans, 16 Beta maritima see sugar beet 85, 203 arabinose/L-arabinose, 16 Betula see birch response elements/AREs, 76 arabinoxylans, 17 bicarbonate, 179 response factors/ARFs, 76, 78, 96, 130 Araceae, 205 Bienertia cycloptera, 180 synthesis, 202–3 Arachis hypogaea see peanut biennial, 191 transport, 147, 160 Archaefructus,10 Biffen, R., 281 Avena sativa see oat Arctic, 284, 289 bikont, 3 avirulence (avr) genes, 278 arctic environment(s), 218, 237 bindweed, 262 avocado, 104 Arctium lappa see burdock biodiesel, 294–5 AXR1 signalling pathway, 78 arid environment(s), 129, 155, 177–8, 181–2, biodiversity, 284, 288–91, 295–7, 300, 302 azoxystrobin, 280 226–7, 235, 239, 244–6 bioethanol, 294 Argentina, 298 biofuel, 284, 291–7, 298, 302 arginine, 302 B see boron biogas, 292, 294, 302 Argonaute (AGO) proteins, 72–3 ß-alanine, 250 biogeochemical cycles, 286–8 Armeria maritima see sea pink ß(beta)-carotene, 241, 295, 298 biological control, 263, 274 Arnon, D.I., 132 β-oxidation, 51, 117 biomass, 255, 284, 291–3, 296–7, 302 arsenic, 133 Bacillus thuringiensis, 270 Biorhiza pallida see oak apple gall wasp Index 311 biotrophs, 271 plain tiger, 263 sink (global), 287, 289 birch, 163 butyric acid, 222 store, 131 bird, 204, 206, 208, 295 carbon dioxide (CO2), 132, 221–22, 226, 246, Blaauw, A.H., 160 C-repeat binding transcription factors (CPF), 294 black bean aphid, 266 238 absorption, 183, 245, 257, 287–8 blackcurrant, 112 C-value paradox, 57 atmospheric, 168, 178, 284–7 black-grass, 265 compensation point, 256 C3 photosynthesis, 1, 79, 181 bladders, 242, 248 emissions, 229, 286, 288, 294 C3 plants, 174, 177–82, 220, 285–6, 298 blue-green algae see cyanobacteria fixation, 157, 168, 173–4, 177–9, 233 C4 photosynthesis, 178–81, 298 bluebell, 232, 256 Carboniferous period, 7–8 C4 plants, 178–82, 286, 292 BODENLOS (BDL) transcriptional + cardiolipin, 28, 303 Ca (Ca2 ) see calcium regulator, 94 Carnegiea gigantea see saguaro Ca-dependent protein kinase, 53 bog, 130, 162 carnivorous plant(s), 162, 270–271 CAAT box, 60 bone, 234 carotenoid(s), 25–6, 148, 171, 201, 236 Cactaceae, 128 boojum tree, 148–9 carpel(s), 189–91, 194–5 cactus (pl.
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