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The Impact of Large-Scale Social Restriction Phases on the Air Quality Index in Jakarta

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The Impact of Large-Scale Social Restriction Phases on the Air Quality Index in Jakarta atmosphere Article The Impact of Large-Scale Social Restriction Phases on the Air Quality Index in Jakarta Bens Pardamean 1,2,* , Reza Rahutomo 2,3 , Tjeng Wawan Cenggoro 2,4 , Arif Budiarto 2,4 and Anzaludin Samsinga Perbangsa 2,3 1 BINUS Graduate Program—Master of Computer Science Program, Computer Science Department, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia 2 Bioinformatics and Data Science Research Center, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia; [email protected] (R.R.); [email protected] (T.W.C.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (A.S.P.) 3 Information Systems Department, School of Information Systems, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia 4 Computer Science Department, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: We reported the result of our study on the impact of Large-Scale Social Restriction (LSSR) phases due to the COVID-19 outbreak on the air quality in Jakarta. Specifically, this study covered the Citation: Pardamean, B.; change of Air Quality Index (AQI) based on five pollutants, PM10, SO2, CO, O3, and NO2, contained Rahutomo, R.; Cenggoro, T.W.; in Jakarta’s air before and during LSSR. The AQI data were provided by the Ministry of Environment Budiarto, A.; Perbangsa, A.S. and Forestry, Indonesia, from January 2019 to December 2020 at five different locations in Jakarta, The Impact of Large-Scale Social with missing data for March and September 2020 due to unknown reasons. These data were grouped Restriction Phases on the Air Quality into the period before the LSSR from January 2019 to February 2020 and the period during LSSR Index in Jakarta. Atmosphere 2021, 12, from April 2020 to December 2020. In order to measure the change in the air quality of Jakarta before 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ and during LSSR, we ran a chi-squared test to the AQI for each location and LSSR phase as well atmos12070922 as paired one-sided t-test for the seasonal trend. The result of this study showed that, in general, LSSR improved the air quality of Jakarta. The improvement was mainly contributed by reduced Academic Editors: Gunnar W. Schade, transportation activities that were induced by LSSR. Further analysis on the seasonal pollutants trend Nicole Mölders, Begoña Artíñano, showed a variation of AQI improvement in each phase due to their unique characteristics. Daniele Contini, Gabriele Curci, Francesca Costabile, Prashant Kumar Keywords: air quality; Jakarta; lockdown; large-scale social restriction; COVID-19 and Chris G. Tzanis Received: 21 May 2021 Accepted: 14 July 2021 Published: 17 July 2021 1. Introduction Since the first case was confirmed in November 2019 in Wuhan, China [1], COVID-19 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral has quickly spread worldwide, which was declared as a global pandemic on 11 March 2020 with regard to jurisdictional claims in by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2]. The quick spread of COVID-19 is caused by published maps and institutional affil- its highly contagious characteristic in terms of human-to-human transmission. Therefore, iations. the most effective approach to suppress the growth of the spread is to administer a form of social restriction. However, because it tends to reduce economic activities, the local government needs to consider the regional economic condition in determining a suitable level of social restriction without harming the economy of the region. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. In Indonesia, the government issued a policy called Large-Scale Social Restriction Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. (LSSR), which is a more tolerant version of lockdown, as a countermeasure to control the This article is an open access article COVID-19 spread. The LSSR policy was put into action beginning on 10 April 2020 to distributed under the terms and control the spread of COVID-19 while preventing any potential economic crisis that might conditions of the Creative Commons emerge due to excessive social restriction. The typical strict lockdown is not suitable to Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// be implemented in Indonesia because even with LSSR, Indonesia still suffered substantial creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ impairment to the national economy [3]. 4.0/). Atmosphere 2021, 12, 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070922 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere Atmosphere 2021, 12, 922 2 of 14 LSSR was a flexible policy that allowed the Indonesian government to adjust the level of anthropogenic activity restriction according to the current economic situation and spread of COVID-19 in a certain region. In Jakarta, LSSR has been implemented in four phases with different levels of restriction. The first phase was implemented under the DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation No. 33/2020 [4] from 10 April 2020 to 23 April 2020. This phase was similar to the typical lockdown in other countries, which was characterized by a total shutdown of operations in all sectors except the vital sectors such as basic needs logistics, public services, and communication. The second phase was dubbed the transition phase by the Jakarta government, delivering a message that the lockdown-like restriction in the previous phase was replaced with a more relaxed restriction as long as the spread of COVID-19 was manageable. This phase was implemented under the DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation No. 51/2020 [5] from 4 June 2020 to 13 September 2020. The key characteristic of this phase was the relaxation of the social activities prohibition of the previously restricted sectors. For instance, an office of the previously restricted sectors can be occupied by 50% of workers. The restricted occupation rate also applied to other types of public enclosed spaces such as factories and schools. In order to prevent any potential COVID-19 transmission caused by the relaxation, the government conducted a massive public education of health protocol during this phase. This phase aimed to observe if further relaxation can be implemented, for example, increasing the percentage of office room occupation by 75%. However, because of the increase in COVID-19 spread during this phase, the government applied more restrictions starting from 14 September 2020. This was officially dubbed the second regular LSSR phase by the government, which was implemented under the DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation No. 88/2020 [6]. The restriction was not as strict as the first regular LSSR phase, in which 25% of office room occupation was allowed. This phase ended on 11 October 2020 and was replaced by the second transition with the same characteristics as the first transition phase. This phase was effectively applied until December 2020 under the DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation No. 101/2020 [7]. In Table1, we summarized the LSSR phases that have been implemented from April 2020 to December 2020 in Jakarta. Table 1. LSSR Phases in Jakarta from April 2020 to December 2020. Name of the Phase Period Key Characteristics Total shutdown of social The 1st regular LSSR phase 10 April–3 June interaction in non-vital sectors Fifty percent of office room occupation was The 1st transition phase 4 June–13 September allowed for the previously restricted sectors Twenty-five percent of office room occupation The 2nd regular LSSR phase 14 September–11 October was allowed for the previously restricted sectors Fifty percent of office room occupation was The 2nd transition phase 12 October–21 December allowed for the previously restricted sectors As a metropolitan city, the sources of air pollution in Jakarta are mostly from trans- portation sectors [8]. Thus, the anthropogenic activity changes induced by LSSR should Atmosphere 2021, 12, 922 3 of 14 improve the air pollution in Jakarta. This hypothesis is supported with global evidences of the improvement of air quality with the implementation of anthropogenic activity restric- tions due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The improvement was first confirmed via satellite observation [9–12]. Other studies also observed the air quality improvement from pollu- tant concentration data in specific regions such as East Asia [13–16], South Asia [17–19], Southeast Asia [20–23], Europe [24–33], North America [34,35], and South America [36–38]. The studied pollutants vary between studies but include at least one of the particulate matter (PM) pollutants and/or the gaseous pollutants (e.g., SO2, CO, O3, and NOx). Specifically in Jakarta, the effect of LSSR on air quality has been studied by Anugerah et al. [22]. The air quality they studied was based on the concentration data of five pollutants: PM10, SO2, CO, O3, and NO2. The data were obtained from five locations in Jakarta, each representing the cities in Jakarta, i.e., Central, North, South, East, and West Jakarta. The study provided descriptive statistics of the air quality change in Jakarta due to LSSR as well as a statistical test on the air quality change before and during LSSR for five pollutants in five cities in Jakarta. They also presented the descriptive statistics of the air quality in three different periods: pre-LSSR (1 January 2020–9 April 2020), during LSSR (10 April 2020–4 June 2020), and post-LSSR (5 June–30 June). The post-LSSR period defined in the study is actually part of the aforementioned first transition phase of LSSR, which still prohibited unnecessary anthropogenic interactions but with a more lenient restriction. Other than the aforementioned five pollutants, PM2.5 reduction was also observed during LSSR in Jakarta [23]. Although the social restriction policy of LSSR can improve the air quality in Jakarta, each phase in LSSR might have a different effect on the air quality. This is due to the different levels of restrictions applied in each phase. Therefore, we conducted a detailed investigation on the air quality change in Jakarta for each LSSR phase. Specifically, we tested the overall Air Quality Index (AQI) changes between the period of the LSSR phase in 2020 and its corresponding period in 2018 and 2019 with a chi-squared test as well as the seasonal AQI trend of each pollutant with a t-test.
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