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Fransisken Hareketinin Ortaçağ Avrupasindaki

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Fransisken Hareketinin Ortaçağ Avrupasindaki T.C. GAZ İ OSMAN PA ŞA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ FRANS İSKEN HAREKET İNİN ORTAÇA Ğ AVRUPASINDAK İ ÖNEM İ VE ORTAÇA Ğ AVRUPASINA ETK İSİ Hazırlayan Özlem Şentürk Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Orta Ça ğ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danı şman Prof. Dr. Münir Atalar TOKAT – 2007 FRANS İSKEN HAREKET İNİN ORTAÇA Ğ AVRUPASINDAK İ ÖNEM İ VE ORTAÇA Ğ AVRUPASINA ETK İSİ Tezin Kabul Edili ş Tarihi: …./ ….. / …….. Jüri Üyeleri (Unvanı, Adı Soyadı) İmzası Ba şkan: Prof. Dr. Münir Atalar ..……………. Üye: Prof. Dr. Ali İbrahim Sava ş ……………… Üye: Yrd. Doç. Dr. İsa Tak …………… Üye: ………………………………. .……………… Üye: ………………………………. ………………. Bu tez, Gaziosmanpa şa Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulunun ..…/ ……/…… tarih ve ……. sayılı oturumunda belirlenen jüri tarafından kabul edilmi ştir. Enstitü Müdürü: …………………………….. Mühür İmza i TE ŞEKKÜR Öncelikle çalı şmamı hazırlarken sa ğladı ğı desteklerden ötürü Bölüm Ba şkanım ve Danı şmanım Prof. Dr. Sayın Münir ATALAR`a ve konumu seçerken ve Almanca kaynakları çevirirken yardımlarını esirgemeyen de ğerli hocam Prof. Dr. Sayın Ali İbrahim SAVA Ş`a te şekkür etmeyi bir borç biliyorum. Ardından çalı şmamın her safhasında maddi manevi desteklerini esirgemeyen aileme ve yorucu çalı şmam boyunca ruhsal deste ğe ihtiyacım oldu ğu her anda yanımda olan ni şanlım Psikolojik Danı şman Sayın Ahmet Genç`e şükranlarımı sunuyorum. ii ÖZET “Fransisken Hareketinin Ortaça ğ Avrupasındaki Önemi ve Ortaça ğ Avrupasına Etkisi” adını ta şıyan tezimizin amacı, dinî bir unsur olarak bugün de varlı ğını devam ettirebilen Fransiskenli ğin ilk yıllarını, liderleri St. Francis`in örgütlenme a şamasında ya şadıklarını, dü şüncelerini ve kendisinden sonra Tarikat içinde ya şanan geli şmeleri, bu geli şmelerin kilisenin egemen oldu ğu, papa-imparator çatı şmalarının yo ğun olarak ya şandı ğı Ortaça ğ dönemi içerisindeki etkilerini ula şabildi ğimiz kaynaklar yardımıyla de ğerlendirmektir. Bu tür dinî hareketlerin kilise tarafından derhal bastırıldı ğı bu ça ğda, Fransisken hareketinin bastırılmaması, dahası, kilise otoritesi içerisine alınması ise tezimizin önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Kullandı ğımız yöntem Türkçe, İngilizce, Almanca ve Fransızca kaynakların tek tek tasnif edilerek okunması, fi şlenmesi ve bu fi şlerin konulara göre ayrılarak tezimizin yazılımında kullanılması şeklindedir. Konumuzun kaynaklar ı şığında incelenmesi sonucunda görülen odur ki; Fransiskenler dü şünceleri, davranı şları ve yöntemleri ile otoriter Ortaça ğ Avrupası kilisesi tarafından onay görmü ş nadir hareketlerdendir. Dönemin insanlarını, sava şlar ve çıkar çatı şmaları yerine, herkesi sevmeye davet ederek, Rönesans döneminde ortaya çıkacak olan Hümanizm akımının temellerini atacaklardır. Fransiskenli ğe mensup olanlar, özellikle bilim alanında önemli ba şarılara imza atmı şlardır. Örne ğin; söz konusu ki şilerden biri olan William of Ockham, “Ockham`ın Usturası” adı verilen ve bugün de hâlâ bilinen ö ğretiyi ortaya koymu ştur. Yine Fransiskenler, kiliseye kar şı e şitlikçi tepkilerin oldu ğu bir dönemde, kilisenin otoritesine saygı gösterilmesi gerekti ğini savunarak kilise otoritesine katkıda iii bulunmu şlarsa da, bazı Fransisken ke şişlerinin imparator tarafında yer aldıkları da görülmü ştür. Üniversitelerde ö ğretim elemanı olarak da görev alan Küçük Ke şişler, Ortaça ğ Avrupasına özellikle dinî alanda olmak üzere birçok alanda katkıda bulunmu şlardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fransisken, St. Francis, Ortaça ğ, Avrupa iv ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis called “The Importance and The Effects of Franciscan in The Middle Ages” is to evaluate the first years of the Franciscan movement which is still a religious element today; its leaders, the life of St. Francis at the first stages of this organization, his ideas, the developments in this religious order after him, the effects of these developments in the middle ages when the church`s effects and the dispute between the page and emperor are realy apparent. The reality that the religious movements like this, were supressed by the church in the age whereas the Franciscan movement wasn`t supressed and took part in the authority of the church shows the importance of our thesis. Our method in writing the thesis is to classify the Turkish, English, German and French sources one by one, to read and to card them, to seperate these cards and to use them when preparing. In the light of this investigation of this subject, it is seen that, the behaviour, ideas, methods of the Franciscan people were approved by the church. This movement was one of the rare movements that was approved by the church. This movement invited people to like everybody instead of wars and fighting and laid the foundation of the humanism movement which would appear in the renaissance later. The members of Franciscan movement were outstanding peeople in philosophy. William Ockham is one of these people who put forward a doctrine called “Ockham`s Razor”. v Whereas there were reactions againist church about human equality, Franciscan contributed to the church`s authority by showing respect to it. But at the same time it was seen that some Christian Priests (Monks) were fort he emperor. In the following years the Christian Priest (Monks) who lived in monastery translating and copying, contributed to educational activities by working fort he universities. Key Words: Franciscan, St. Francis, Middle Ages, Europe vi İÇİNDEK İLER Sayfa TE ŞEKKÜR…………………………………………………………………………….. i ÖZET.…………………………………………………………………………………....ii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….....iv İÇİNDEK İLER…………………………………………………………………..….…..vi KISALTMALAR……………………………………………………………………..….x GİRİŞ ……………………………………………………………………………….……1 LİTERATÜR TARAMASI…….………………………………………………………..6 MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM…………………………………………….………………8 1. BÖLÜM: ORTAÇA Ğ AVRUPASI..…………………………………………. 10 1.1. GENEL PANOROMA…..……...………………………………………10 1.1.1. Ortaça ğ Kavramı…..…………………………………………………..10 1.1.2.Toplumsal Hayat………………………………………………………11 1.1.3. Ekonomik Hayat……………………………………………………...18 1.1.4. Siyasî Geli şmeler……………………………………………………..23 1.1.5. Ortaça ğ Felsefesi……………………………………………………..31 1.1.6. Yüksek Ö ğretim…………………………….………………………..44 1.2. K İLİSE VE ETK İLER İ………………………………………………….. 53 1.2.1.Ortaça ğ Avrupasında Kilise………………………………………….53 1.2.1.1.Kiliseye Kar şı Tepkiler…………………………………………65 1.2.2.Papa-İmparator Çatı şmaları…………………………………………..72 2. BÖLÜM: ASS İSİ`L İ AZ İZ FRANC İS…………………………………………..79 2.1.HAYATI……………………………………………………………………79 vii 2.1.1.Gençlik Yılları………………………………………………………..79 2.1.2.Dönüm Noktası……………………………………………………….82 2.1.3.Son Yılları…………………………………………………………….97 2.1.3.1. Stigmata………………………………………………………...97 2.1.3.2. Hastalıkları……………………………………………………...99 2.2.ESERLER İ………………………………………………………………102 2.3.DÜ ŞÜNCELER İ…………………………………………………………104 3. BÖLÜM: FRANS İSKENLER………………………………………………...111 3.1. VA İZLER……………………………………………………………….. 130 3.2. AZ İZLER………………………………………………………………...131 4. BÖLÜM: TANINMI Ş FRANS İSKENLER VE ORTAÇA Ğ AVRUPASINA ETK İLER İ…………………………………….134 4.1.YÜKSEK Ö ĞRET İMDE FRANS İSKENLER..……….………………...135 4.2.FRANS İSKENLER İN KÜLTÜREL HAYATA ETK İLER İ VE BU ETK İYİ SA ĞLAYAN TANINMI Ş FRANS İSKENLER……..….…………………140 4.2.1. Alexander of Hales………………………………………………...140 4.2.2. Roger Bacon……………………………………………………….142 4.2.3. Bonaventure………………………………………………………..153 4.2.4. Duns Scotus………………………………………………………..164 4.2.5. William of Ockham………………………………………………..171 4.2.6. Mattheus of Aquasparta …………………………………………...180 4.2.7. Richard Rufus ……………………………………………………..181 4.2.8. Anthony of Padua …………………………………………………181 4.2.9. Siger of Brabant …………………………………………………...182 viii 4.2.10. Marsilius of Padua ………………………………………………...183 4.2.11. Bernardin de Sienne .……………………………………………...184 4.2.12. Francis of Marchia ….……………………………………………..184 4.2.13. John of La Rochelle .………………………………………………185 4.2.14. Bernard of Quintavalle ……………………………………………186 4.2.15. Eudes Rigaud………………………………………………………186 4.2.16. Assisi`li Kutsanmı ş Giles……….……………………………….187 4.2.17. Eustachius of Arras…...……………………………………………187 4.2.18. Assisi`li Sylvester………………………………………………….188 4.2.19. William of Baglione (Baliona)…………………………………….188 4.2.20. John Pecham ………………………………………………………188 4.2.21. Assisi`li Rufino…………………………………………………….189 4.2.22. Walter of Bruges…………………………………………………...189 4.2.23. Antoine Fradin……………………………………………………..190 4.2.24. Agnes of Assisi ……………………………………………………190 4.2.25. William De La Mare………………………………………………190 4.2.26. Bartholomew of Bologna…………………………………………..191 4.2.27. William of Middleton….………………………………………...191 4.2.28. Betrand de Bayonne………………………………………………..192 4.2.29. Eudes deRosny…………………….……………………………....192 4.2.30. William of Ardenbach(Arcombourg)…….………………………..192 4.2.31. Guibert of Tournai (van Doornik).………………………………193 4.2.32. Thomas of York……………………………………………………193 4.2.33. Pierre Jean Olieu (Olivi)…………………………………………...193 ix 4.2.34. James of theMarches….…………………………………………...194 4.2.35. Ubertino of Casale…..……………………………………………..195 4.2.36. Simon Tunsted….….………………………………………………196 4.2.37. John Capistran…....……………………………………………….197 4.2.38. Petrus Aureoli…………………….………………………………..198 4.2.39. Walter Chatton…….………………...……………………..………199 4.2.40. Haymo of Faversham……………..………………………………..199 4.2.41. Francis Mayron (De Mayronis)…………….……………………...200 4.2.42. Alvarus Pelagius…………………….……………………………..200 4.2.43. Nicholas Bonet……………………….……………………………201 4.2.44. Richard of Middletown…………….……………………………...201 BULGULAR……………………………………….…………………………………203 SONUÇ VE ÖNER İLER……………………………………………………………...206 KAYNAKLAR………………………………………………………………………..210 ÖZGEÇM İŞ …….…………………………………………………………………….225 x KISALTMALAR c. : cilt
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