Center for Economic Studies and Research Data Centers Research Report: 2013 Research and Methodology Directorate
Issued May 2014
U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU census.gov Mission The Center for Economic Studies partners with stakeholders within and outside the U.S. Census Bureau to improve measures of the economy and people of the United States through research and innovative data products.
History The Center for Economic Studies (CES) was established in 1982. CES was designed to house new longitudinal business databases, develop them further, and make them available to qualified researchers. CES built on the foundation laid by a generation of visionaries, including Census Bureau executives and outside academic researchers.
Pioneering CES staff and academic researchers visiting the Census Bureau began fulfilling that vision. Using the new data, their analyses sparked a revolution of empirical work in the economics of industrial organization.
The Census Research Data Center (RDC) network expands researcher access to these important new data while ensuring the secure access required by the Census Bureau and other providers of data made available to RDC researchers. The first RDC opened in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1994.
Acknowledgments Many individuals within and outside the Census Bureau contributed to this report. Randy Becker coordinated the production of this report and wrote, compiled, or edited its various parts. Matthew Graham and Robert Pitts authored Chapter 2, C. J. Krizan authored Chapter 3, and Lucia Foster, Todd Gardner, Christopher Goetz, Cheryl Grim, Henry Hyatt, Mark Kutzbach, Giordano Palloni, Kristin Sandusky, James Spletzer, and Alice Zawacki all con- tributed to Chapter 4. Brian Holly provided the material found in Appendix 3. Our RDC administrators and executive directors helped compile information found in Appendixes 2 and 6. Other CES staff contributed updates to the other appendixes.
Linda Chen of the Census Bureau’s Center for New Media and Promotions and Donna Gillis of the Public Information Office provided publication management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media.
Benjamin Dunlap of the Census Bureau’s Administrative and Customer Services Division provided printing management.
Disclaimer Research summaries in this report have not undergone the review accorded Census Bureau publications and no endorsement should be inferred. Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Census Bureau or other organizations. All results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed. Center for Economic Studies and Research Data Centers
Research Report: 2013 Issued May 2014 Research and Methodology Directorate
U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary Patrick Gallagher, Performing the Duties of Deputy Secretary Economics and Statistics Administration Mark Doms, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU John H. Thompson, Director SUGGESTED CITATION U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies and Research Data Centers Research Report: 2013, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2014
Economics and Statistics Administration Mark Doms, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU John H. Thompson, Director Nancy A. Potok, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer Thomas A. Louis, Associate Director for Research and Methodology Ron S. Jarmin, Assistant Director for Research and Methodology Lucia S. Foster, Chief, Center for Economic Studies Contents
A Message From the Chief Economist ...... 1
Chapters
1. 2013 News ...... 3
2. Providing Key Insights When Disaster Strikes: OnTheMap for Emergency Management ...... 9
3. Mining the Potential of International Trade Microdata . . . . 17
4. Recent Research at the Center for Economic Studies . . . . 25
Appendixes
1. Overview of the Center for Economic Studies (CES) . . . . . 39
2. Center for Economic Studies (CES) Staff and Research Data Center (RDC) Selected Publications and Working Papers: 2013 . 41
3-A. Abstracts of Projects Started in 2013: U.S. Census Bureau Data ...... 53
3-B. Abstracts of Projects Started in 2013: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Data or National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Data . . . . 61
4. Center for Economic Studies (CES) Discussion Papers: 2013 . 75
5. New Data Available Through Census Research Data Centers (RDCs) in 2013 ...... 79
6. Census Research Data Center (RDC) Partners ...... 83
7. Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) Partners . 85
8. Center for Economic Studies (CES) Organizational Chart (December 2013) ...... 89
A MESSAGE FROM THE CHIEF ECONOMIST
The publication of our annual report provides an opportunity to reflect on the accomplishments of the past year and to pro- vide a preview of research in the coming year. Our mission at the Center for Economic Studies (CES) is to undertake research and development activities that benefit the Census Bureau by creating new data products, discovering new ways to use exist- ing Census products, and suggesting improvements to existing Census data products and processes. CES also facilitates the research of others through the Census Research Data Center (RDC) network, the Survey Sponsor Data Center (SSDC) network, in our role as the data repository for Census researchers, and as the archivist for Census business data. All of these activities either directly or indirectly enhance our understanding of the U.S. economy and its people.
This year’s annual report has four chapters. The first and last chapters provide an overview of activities at CES (“News” and “Recent Research”). “Recent Research” demonstrates the breadth of CES research by summarizing six recent staff working papers. These papers explore such varied phenomena as productivity dynamics, trends in worker demographics, employer contri- butions to health insurance, the relationship between childhood housing and adult earnings, employment dynamics, and self-employment.
The second and third chapters provide in depth examples of our product development and research activities, respectively. The data product OnTheMap for Emergency Management (OTM-EM) is described by researchers Matthew Graham and Robert Pitts in Chapter 2. As its name suggests, OTM-EM provides information critical for managing responses to emergencies as varied as hurricanes, fires, and floods. Originally designed to provide information on the impact of emergencies on workforces, OTM-EM now provides information on both workers and residents. During Hurricane Sandy, OTM-EM provided information on the impact on commuters in the New York–New Jersey area. Meanwhile, in Chapter 3, one of CES’s trade economists, C. J. Krizan, provides an overview of the international trade microdata available at CES and the RDCs and some of the research that has been done with these data. This research has taught us much about international trade and the nature of firms that engage in importing and export- ing, yet there is still a vast array of insights to be gained from these data.
In addition to innovations in research and development, CES continues to provide expert research support. Research to improve Economic, Demographic, and Decennial programs at the Census Bureau depends critically on the data processing activities of our research support (Continued)
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 1 A MESSAGE FROM THE CHIEF ECONOMIST—Con.
staff. We also continue to improve and expand the Census Research Data Center network. By add- ing locations, we have increased accessibility to the research community. Equally important, CES has increased its efforts to host data from other federal statistical agencies at the RDCs.
In sum, it has been an exciting year as our research and development activities continue to help the Census Bureau meet its challenges in providing information about the U.S. economy and its people.
Over the coming year, we are looking forward to the completion of a development project led by Javier Miranda to add innovation and globalization measures to the Business Dynamics Statistics. The Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) recently received approval to work on a joint project developing micro-level measures of productivity. This research project will examine the feasibility of the BLS and Census jointly publishing a statistic on productivity dispersion. In the area of health economics, we are looking forward to further collaborations within Census, fostered by the creation of the Census Health Research Group cofounded by Alice Zawacki and Kristin McCue. Finally, we expect to produce job-to-job flows information from the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics program.
Thank you to everyone who contributed to this report. Randy Becker compiled and edited all of the material in this report. Design services and editorial review were performed by Linda Chen of the Center for New Media and Promotions and Donna Gillis of the Public Information Office. Linda Chen produced the cover art. Other contributors are acknowledged on the inside cover.
Lucia S. Foster, Ph.D. Chief Economist and Chief of the Center for Economic Studies
2 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 1. 2013 News
EXPANSIONS AND Journal of Political Economy, and use of Census Bureau microdata, IMPROVEMENTS TO THE Quarterly Journal of Economics. and a visit to CES where they RDC NETWORK meet with staff economists and RDC researchers include many present research in progress. As it enters its third decade, graduate students working In 2013, CES accepted one new the Research Data Center (RDC) on their Ph.D. dissertations. participant into the program and network continues to thrive. At Currently, there are about 60 has had 20 since the program the close of 2013, the Center such students from 19 differ- began in 2008. for Economic Studies (CES) was ent universities, including 50 busy preparing for the open- who use Census microdata. The microdata available to ing of three new RDC loca- Many of these doctoral candi- researchers has also expanded. tions in 2014, at the University dates are eligible to apply to Among the notable releases of Southern California, the CES Dissertation Mentorship are eight years of historic Pennsylvania State University, Program. Program participants data from the Services Annual and the University of California, receive two principal benefits: Survey and the 2012 American Irvine. Once open, these three one or more CES staff econo- Community Survey 5-year file. new locations will bring the total mists are assigned as mentors See Appendix 5 for more details. to 18. and advise the students on the
The RDC system currently hosts over 550 researchers working on over 150 different projects. Publications by RDC Researchers and In 2013, 43 new RDC proj- CES Staff: 2013 and Forthcoming ects began. Of those, 19 use
Census Bureau microdata (see Economics journals RDC Appendix 3-A), while 5 use data (by rank) researchers CES staff Total from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and 23 AAA (1–5) 7 0 7 use data from the National AA (6–20) 13 5 18 Center for Health Statistics (see A (21–102) 12 4 16 Appendix 3-B). B (103–258) 11 7 18 C (259–562) 6 5 11 Meanwhile, RDC researchers D (563–1202) 1 0 1 continue to be tremendously prolific, with at least 65 publica- Journals outside tions and another 80 working of economics 10 1 11 papers in 2013 (see Appendix Book chapters 5 3 8 2). As the accompanying table shows, RDC-based research is TOTAL 65 25 90 being published in many of the Note: Based on publications listed in Appendix 2, excluding working papers. best peer-reviewed journals. Ranking of journals in economics is taken from Combes and Linnemer (2010). For Recent and forthcoming articles the purposes here, the relatively new American Economic Journals are assumed to be A-level journals, as is the Papers and Proceedings issue of the American appeared in 11 of the top 20 Economic Review. In a couple of other cases, a ranking was imputed using the journals in economics, including journal ranking from RePEc. several articles in the American Economic Review, Econometrica,
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 3 Releases of Public-Use relevance young firms play in To help visualize BDS statistics, Data the economy. Notably, young the Census Bureau also launched firms were especially affected the Business Dynamics Statistics Updates and improvements to by the recent collapse in home Visualization Tool. The tool has four CES data products were prices. States that experienced three major components, includ- released in 2013. Business the biggest declines also expe- ing an interactive thematic map Dynamics Statistics and rienced the largest declines in for the 50 states, interactive Quarterly Workforce Indicators job creation. bar charts that give side-by-side provide information on labor markets. OnTheMap and OnTheMap for Emergency Management are mapping tools that provide informa- tion on labor markets and disaster events.
In July 2013, the Census Bureau released the 2011 Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS), which provides annual statis- tics on establishment openings and closings, firm startups and shutdowns, employment, job creation, and job destruction, from 1976 to 2011, by firm (or establishment) size, age, indus- trial sector, state, and metropoli- tan area status.
The latest statistics continue to show the disproportionate
comparisons of states and busi- ness sectors, and time series data comparisons.
More information about the BDS can be found at
The Quarterly Workforce Indicators (QWI) are a set of economic indicators—includ- ing employment, job creation, earnings, worker turnover, and hires/separations—available by Examples of the Business Dynamics Statistics Visualization Tool in action. different levels of geography,
4 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau industry, business character- This year’s releases of These new variables allow istics (firm age and size), and OnTheMap extended the under- policymakers, academics, and worker demographics (age, sex, lying data through 2011 and economic development and educational attainment, race, introduced firm age and firm transportation analysts to mea- and ethnicity). In 2013, the size as additional variables. sure the economic impact of Census Bureau launched the LED Extraction Tool. This easy-to-use interface allows users to extract THE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL and download only those QWI PRACTICES SURVEY indicators (of the 32 available) How much does management matter for the success of a and categorical variables (i.e., business? In January 2013, the Census Bureau released the worker and firm characteristics, results from its first-ever management survey, the Management geography, year and quarter) and Organizational Practices Survey (MOPS). The MOPS rep- they are interested in, rather than resents a collaboration between Census Bureau staff—includ- having to download the entire ing CES staff—and researchers from Stanford University, the set of tables. To begin extract- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the London ing and downloading comma- School of Economics. The National Science Foundation also con- separated value (CSV) files, visit tributed to the collaboration via a grant to the research team.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 5 young/old firms or small/large overview of OTM-EM. Among The lunchtime keynote address firms in relation to commuting the improvements in the latest was given by Martha Bailey, patterns and worker charac- release are updated workforce associate professor of econom- teristics. Other improvements data (through 2011), updated ics at the University of Michigan, include a complete redesign of Census geography, and more who discussed the use of the PDF report output, provid- detailed weather event map dis- restricted data to understand ing a publication-quality docu- plays and reporting. OnTheMap the effects of early childhood ment with high-quality graphics. for Emergency Management interventions, focusing on OnTheMap can be accessed at version 3.0 can be accessed at the role of family planning.
6 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau JOHN HALTIWANGER 12TH CONFERENCE ON THE COMPARATIVE HONORED ANALYSIS OF ENTERPRISE DATA John Haltiwanger, Distinguished University Professor of The 12th Conference on the Comparative Analysis of Economics at the University of Enterprise Data (CAED) was held in Atlanta on September Maryland and long-time associ- 18–20, 2013. Since the first one in Helsinki in 1996, the aim ate of the Center for Economic of CAED conferences has been to promote research using Studies, received the 2013 business microdata. This was the second CAED to be held in Julius Shiskin Memorial Award the United States and the second in which CES played a cen- for Economic Statistics. The tral role in organizing. The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta award recognizes unusually hosted the conference. original and important contri- The conference program included 78 papers, organized into butions in the development of 27 themed sessions over three days. Participants came from economic statistics and in the 16 different countries. CES staff were well-represented on use of statistics in interpret- the program with over a dozen papers. Two distinguished ing the economy. The Shiskin keynote speakers addressed the conference. Steven Davis of Award was established in 1980 The University of Chicago spoke on private equity, jobs, and by the Washington Statistical productivity. Kathryn Shaw of Stanford University discussed Society and is now cosponsored empirical studies of the effects of management practices on with the National Association worker productivity. The next CAED conference will likely be for Business Economics and in 2015. the Business and Economics Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association. Maurine Haver, president and founder of Haver Analytics Inc., was a corecipient of this year’s award.
The award committee cited Haltiwanger’s leading role in developing longitudinal data- bases at the Census Bureau and in using those databases to develop measurement method- ologies that are now widely used newly available data and Opening the workshop were to quantify the contribution enhancements to data keynote speakers Nancy Potok, of firm dynamics to aggregate applications, including QWI 4.0, Deputy Director of the Census productivity, investment, and LODES/OnTheMap, OnTheMap Bureau, and Erica Groshen, employment growth. The gross for Emergency Management, Commissioner of the Bureau job creation and job destruction the LED Extraction Tool, and of Labor Statistics, who spoke methodologies developed by QWI Explorer. CES staff also about labor market conditions. Haltiwanger (with Steve Davis) in presented some recent research Over 160 people attended the late 1980s and early 1990s in a session devoted to trends the workshop, including have become a standard for in employment dynamics. representatives from 42 states. statistical agencies around the Presentations for the 2013 world. In the United States, CES’s workshop (and those from The 2014 LED Partnership Business Dynamics Statistics and previous years) can be found at Workshop will be held on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 7 He serves on the executive BLS–CENSUS RESEARCH WORKSHOP committee of the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth On June 6, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Census (CRIW), has coedited two CRIW Bureau hosted a workshop featuring empirical research by volumes, and has contributed economists from both agencies. These annual workshops are articles to NBER/CRIW volumes intended to encourage and nurture collaboration between on the measurement of capital, researchers at BLS and Census. This year’s workshop consisted productivity, firm dynamics, and of three themed sessions with two papers each—one from each labor markets. In addition, he agency—with discussants from the other agency, as well as was a member of the Committee one paper with authors from both agencies. Papers included: on National Statistics (CNSTAT) • Wage Effects of Unionization and Occupational Licensing of the National Academies of Coverage in the U.S. Science from 2004–2010, served • How Do Professional Licensing Regulations Affect on the steering committee for a Practitioners? New Evidence CNSTAT workshop on benefits of interagency business data shar- • Storms and Jobs: The Effect of Hurricanes on Individuals’ ing, and coedited its 2007 report Employment and Earnings Over the Long Term on business dynamics. • Productivity Growth in Construction Haltiwanger began his asso- • Reallocation in the Great Recession: Cleansing or Not? ciation with CES in 1987 as a • Actuarial Values of Employer Provided Health research associate. He became Insurance Plans the Census Bureau’s first Chief • Employer-Provided Health Insurance in a Model With Economist in 1996, and led Labor Market Frictions CES from 1997 to 1999. He The fourth annual BLS–Census Research Workshop will be held has continued his association on May 19, 2014. with CES since then, first as a research associate and currently as a senior research fellow for the Longitudinal Employer- program both rely heavily on He has been a member of the Household Dynamics (LEHD) these methods. To develop Federal Economics Statistics program. similar measures for other coun- Advisory Committee since 2000. tries, Haltiwanger worked with the OECD, World Bank, Inter- American Development Bank, and the Conference Board.
Haltiwanger has coauthored or coedited six books and more than 100 peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals and books, many of which used Census Bureau microdata. He has also supervised more than 60 dis- sertations, many of which also used Census Bureau microdata. The award committee also noted his many contributions to economic measurement and John Haltiwanger (left) and Bob Parker, chair of the Julius Shiskin Memorial the federal statistical system. Award Committee.
8 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 2. Providing Key Insights When Disaster Strikes: OnTheMap for Emergency Management
Matthew R. Graham and Robert Pitts, Center for Economic Studies
Americans are increasingly living of affected groups and the sec- Employer-Household Dynamics and working in areas affected tors of the economy impacted. (LEHD) program of the Center by a variety of natural disasters, for Economic Studies (CES) has Historically, answering such and the economic impact of developed an innovative tool questions has been a challenge such events may be on the rise.1 called OnTheMap for Emergency due to the disparate nature of Management, available at To better enable planning, social and economic data on
Table 2-1. Emergency Events and Source Agencies
Event Source Details
Hurricanes National Weather Hurricane and tropical storm data are updated up to Service’s National six times daily from the NHC and include forecasted, Hurricane Center current, and historical storm areas. (NHC)
Flooding and National Weather Significant flooding, snowfall, and freezing rain data are winter storms Service’s updated daily by the HPC and include areas with a high Hydrometeorological likelihood of impact within the forecast period. Prediction Center (HPC)
Wildfires Geospatial Multi- Wildfire data is supplied daily by the GeoMAC, a Agency Coordination consortium of wildfire organizations including the Group (GeoMAC) Department of Interior and Department of Agriculture. The data includes wildfire perimeters which measure the areas burned to date.
Disaster Federal Emergency Federal disaster declaration areas are updated daily by declaration areas Management Agency FEMA. (FEMA)
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 9 This geographic information is Figure 2-1. then automatically integrated A Report Generated by OnTheMap for Emergency with a select set of population Management and housing variables from the Census Bureau’s 2010 Decennial Census (Summary File 1) and workforce data from the LEHD Origin Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) database.
OnTheMap for Emergency Management makes it easy for users to choose and view the location and extent of past, current, and forecasted natural hazards on a map and to see detailed reports containing selected population, workforce, and housing characteristics for affected areas. For an example, see Figure 2-1.
Responding to Emergencies
OnTheMap for Emergency Management is organized into (1) a map for visualizing the location and extent of disaster events and affected residents and workers, and (2) a control panel with tools for searching for, selecting, cus- tomizing, viewing, and exporting events and their associated tabu- lations. With the simple choice of an event from the map, users can quickly access a series of report templates containing detailed statistics about the local popula- tion, housing, and workforce as well as view thematic maps showing the density and distri- bution of residents and workers Figure 2-2 shows OnTheMap Sandy is clearly visible off the for the affected area. Ease of for Emergency Management east coast of Florida, moving access is emphasized, so users on October 25, 2012, when a north. variety of natural hazard events, do not need to have emergency Figure 2-3 shows the tool pro- including hurricanes, wildfires, management or Geographic viding an estimate of the num- disaster declarations, and winter Information System (GIS) exper- ber of people being potentially storms, were affecting different tise in order to access these affected by Hurricane Sandy as communities across the conti- reports and to uncover useful it was making landfall along the nental United States. Hurricane statistics about an event. mid-Atlantic states four days
10 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Figure 2-2. The OnTheMap for Emergency Management Interface
Figure 2-3. Hurricane Sandy in OnTheMap for Emergency Management
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 11 later. In this example, various workforce reports. The NJSDC Additional demographic population statistics tabulated worked with CES staff to assem- data. When OnTheMap for by county are provided for the ble a standardized workflow to Emergency Management was area being impacted by high produce maps and tabulations initially built, it contained only winds (outlined in orange). that would be useful to local workforce information. In 2013, The report shows over 71 mil- communities recovering from selected population and hous- lion people residing within the the storm. Some of the outputs ing statistics from the 2010 affected area while the thematic of this collaboration can be seen Decennial Census were added map provides a visualization at
12 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau New report types. Also under Text Box 2-1. development are a redesigned Requirements for Emergency Event Sources set of reports. The new designs will simplify data tabulations Clear Event Definition and make it easier for users Emergency event areas need to be well-defined, both in space to access specific variables of and meaning. Even though a hurricane covers a large area with need. The highlights of each variable impact, the event area definition utilized in OnTheMap dataset will be presented within for Emergency Management is clearly defined and demarcated the context of emergency plan- by the National Hurricane Center. ning and preparedness and economic recovery. Within this Scale Compatibility set of reports, not all variables Some types of emergency events cannot be integrated with from the source datasets will statistical datasets because of incompatible geographic reso- be shown. Input from users lutions (e.g., county-level data would not be appropriate or on future improvement to the useful for an event defined by a few city blocks). Therefore, reports is always welcome by the smallest geographic reporting units of the statistical data the development team. should be significantly smaller than the emergency event area. Accessibility and usability Data Access enhancements. A consistent Event datasets must be available in the public domain from priority of development for a reliable and automated source so that OnTheMap for the OnTheMap for Emergency Emergency Management is able to discover, access, and Management team is ensur- manipulate these geographic data. Data sources that do not ing the tool is easily accessible have standardized formats, consistent structures and schemas, and usable for the public. As or stable and reliable release procedures cannot be integrated Web programming technology into OnTheMap for Emergency Management in an automated and best practices change and fashion. improve, and with feedback Identifiability from users, the application will Emergency events should be identifiable by users—preferably be changed and improved. Since with a publicly-known name or widely understood standard- the beginning, OnTheMap for ized ID—within both the set of all similar events as well as the Emergency Management was time domain. That is, a single event of interest (e.g., a hur- designed to give users quick ricane) should be differentiable from all other events of the and easy access to tabulations same type using a characteristic other than geographic loca- of relevant social and economic tion. Hurricanes, with official names that are seldom reused, data for emergency events, are good examples. Having such an identifier makes the set of and this will continue to be its events easily searchable, which improves overall usability. primary goal.
Organizability Developing new geo- Events should be able to be organized and capable of being statistical techniques. tracked as they may evolve through time. If an event cannot Combining disparate statistical be linked from one time period to the next, then some of the and geographic data sources important functionality of the application will be lost, such as accurately for practical use is the ability to easily track through time the potentially affected a nontrivial problem. Initially, population. OnTheMap for Emergency Management (and OnTheMap before it) glossed over this issue This continued integration and Management as a broad eco- by tabulating very small units dissemination of Census Bureau nomic and demographic tool for of data (census blocks) relative datasets will further enhance understanding potential impacts to the event areas. Here, census OnTheMap for Emergency of emergency events.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 13 blocks were either in or out of very edge of an event are in or declaration areas), generate a the analysis area, and a single out) is a new and developing series of reports and thematic block was assumed to have little geo-statistical technique. The maps, and export data in several marginal effect on the statistics applicability of this functional- formats for use in other applica- for large events. Also, block- ity is not limited to OnTheMap tions. To handle rapidly chang- level errors were not tabulated for Emergency Management or ing event areas, the tool auto- in the public-use applications. even to the specific data sources matically incorporates real-time As new and differently struc- currently available in the appli- data updates from authoritative tured statistical datasets have cation. It applies to any case in federal sources and provides been added, there has been which real world analysis areas a simple and efficient way of more incentive to explicitly (i.e., areas that conform more determining the number and address the issues of arbitrary to physical geography than location of people living and tabulation areas. statistical/political geography) working within affected areas are mixed with complex sets of and identifying impact to vari- Specifically, when considering a public-use data. While a special ous demographic groups and set of estimates like those from tabulation of the underlying sectors of the economy. the ACS, in which the margins (confidential) microdata would of error are relatively smaller As data sources change and provide significantly better data for bigger geographies, it is user needs evolve over time, the quality and smaller errors, these beneficial to construct statistical application will adapt to serve a are not readily produced due to aggregations from the largest wide range of uses for statisti- constrained resources, and the areas possible. Thus, the appli- cal, economic, and demographic public-use methodology may be cation must take an arbitrary data during emergency events. the best that we can offer to a event (e.g., hurricane or flood wide audience. area) and select the best combi- References nation of standard geographic Conclusion National Climatic Data Center. areas for which published 2014. “Billion-Dollar Weather/ statistics exist. This is defined To meet the growing public need Climate Disasters.”
14 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau OnTheMap for Emergency Management : Innovations and Benefits
OnTheMap for Emergency Management grew out the highly acclaimed application OnTheMap, which allows users to explore the spatial distributions of workers’ employment locations and residences and the connections between the two. In 2010, the OnTheMap developers were recognized by the Secretary of Commerce with a Gold Medal Award for Scientific and Engineering Achievement. First launched in 2010, OnTheMap for Emergency Management continues this legacy. It too represents innovative use and dissemination of data that benefit the public by: • Adding value—by providing a public archive of emergency events along with a new service that integrates social and economic data with the events; • Improving efficiency—through automation, intra- and inter-agency public data sharing, and stan- dardized data integration; and • Expanding data use—from making the data and tools easier to access for a wider range of users, including novices and those just browsing. Here, we highlight some of the main innovations of OnTheMap for Emergency Management : Emergency Event Archive At the core of the OnTheMap for Emergency Management system is the live database of emer- gency event areas. This database is a consistent, standardized, single point of access for frequently requested emergency events. By adhering to a standard set of rules (see Text Box 2-1), other event types can be added to this database in the future and made available to users at a relatively small development cost. Lower Costs, Greater Efficiency, and Wider Access OnTheMap for Emergency Management initially was developed as a response to the increasing num- ber of requests for tabulations of the LEHD Origin Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) data for emergency events. Each request required a GIS analyst to gather various data sources (event geogra- phy and workforce and demographic data), perform a series of geographic data processing steps, and manually construct an ad hoc report. By automating the access to disparate geographic and statistical data, defining a standard set of rules for their integration, and tabulating to a standard set of reports via a public Web-based interface, the cost of constructing a single query for a single event shrinks to near zero. This makes dissemination consistent and very efficient. Because creation of the reports is automated and made available through an online archive, many more users are now able to access and make use of the data than was previ- ously possible. In addition, the tool’s use of standardized methods allows events and their potential effects to be compared over time and across data sources.
Real Time Tabulation and Reporting Automation of the tabulation and report process allows the application to take advantage of real-time access to live data feeds from the various federal agencies that supply information (see Table 2-1). Data feeds are queried every six hours, and a full set of reports is pretabulated for the emergency event area boundaries from those feeds. Whereas manual tabulations can require anywhere from several hours to several days to complete depending upon the study parameters and available resources, the automated method utilized by the application allows users to access the results in near real time (at most six hours of delay) and at any time of the day, regardless of the availability of staff resources.
Ease of Use Significant effort is focused on making sure OnTheMap for Emergency Management is easy to learn and to use for novice users, as well as making it consistent, reliable, and function-rich for returning advanced users.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 15
Chapter 3. Mining the Potential of International Trade Microdata
C.J. Krizan, Center for Economic Studies
International trade is a vital The Sources particular, the Census Bureau’s metric of the U.S. economy, Foreign Trade Division (FTD), Whenever a good is imported or and trade statistics, along with with assistance from U.S. exported, the responsible busi- inflation and unemployment, Customs and Border Patrol and ness must complete a customs are some of the most widely the BEA, aggregates the data declaration form, which includes cited economic indicators. Trade to provide detailed statistics the Employer Identification measures are critical inputs into on the shipment of goods into Number (EIN) of the business, Bureau of Economic Analysis’ and out of the United States.1 the Harmonized System (HS) (BEA) national accounts, esti- These statistics are reported on code of the good, the value mates of GDP, and U.S. balance an annual or monthly basis by of the transaction, quantity, of payments statistics. Moreover, a number of categories includ- weight, date, and the country of many businesses and trade asso- ing HS code, port, state of origin origin/destination. Text Box 3-1 ciations use these statistics to of movement, and country of describes the case of a hypo- find new markets and suppliers thetical importer. and to monitor existing ones. The data from these customs This chapter describes the trade forms are then used to produce 1 Shipments must meet a minimum transaction microdata that cutoff value of $2,500 for exports and aggregate trade statistics. In underlie both the aggregate $2,000 for imports. import and export statistics released to the public as well Text Box 3-1. as the Longitudinal Foreign A Hypothetical Importer and “Factoryless” Trade Transaction Database Manufacturer (LFTTD) created by the Center A number of recent papers have documented an increasingly for Economic Studies (CES). The important trend among U.S. firms to break apart their activi- chapter also discusses findings ties into components that can be outsourced to other firms from research that have used the (e.g., Fort 2013, Kamal et al. 2013). When a company retains all LFFTD as well as some ongoing, entrepreneurial aspects of its business (e.g., product develop- innovative efforts with these ment, supply chain development, advertising, sales) but out- data by CES. sources the physical transformation of its goods, it becomes a The trade microdata at CES have “factoryless” manufacturer. To illustrate this phenomenon, and been used in many widely cited some of the details involved in importing, let us consider the research papers, expanding our hypothetical case of a small domestic toy company with plans understanding of both the trad- for a new product. ing process and the nature of One of the easiest and increasingly common ways for a com- the firms that engage in interna- pany with a new design to find a manufacturer is through an tional trade. Yet much more can online search engine. For example, Thomasnet.com specializes be learned. Researchers have in U.S. contract manufacturing, while Alibaba.com and Hong barely scraped the surface of the Kong Traders Direct focus on foreign producers, particularly possibilities presented by these those in China. A search on “toys” yields 70 potential domes- data, and many new avenues of tic matches from Thomasnet.com, while Alibaba.com yields investigation remain virtually over 7,000 potential matches in China. While a factoryless unexamined. (Continued next page)
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 17 (Continued from previous page)
manufacturer need not be an importer, the much larger number of overseas options often means they are.
The toy company narrows the pool of prospective factories to a small set of overseas factories that make goods similar to their new design. The firm can require that these prospective factories have third-party certification of their business licenses and production capabilities. Such services are provided by both Alibaba.com and Bureau Veritas. Another step for the firm may be to contract with a U.S. factory specializing in rapid prototyping, so that it can provide the prospective for- eign suppliers with physical examples of the toy. According to Thomasnet, there are about 5,000 domestic factories that can supply such a prototype.
The firm then requests quotes from their candidate factories as well as samples of goods they cur- rently produce. The samples help the toy company gauge the quality of these factories’ production, and the quotations include information such as the price per unit, production lead time, and the minimum order quantity. After weighing all of this information, as well as intangibles such as the responsiveness of the manufacturer, the toy company chooses its supplier.
Next, both parties agree on the terms of the sale, including quantity, currency, price, terms of ship- ment, and delivery date. All of this information is contained in a commercial invoice that the two parties sign. For small businesses such as these, this is something of a formality, as most small- and medium-sized companies would find the process of contract enforcement in a foreign legal system daunting if not impossible. Trust and relationship building are a very important part of the international trading process (Spiers 2001).
For production to begin, the importer usually pays a deposit, often between 30–50 percent, which the manufacturer often uses to cover the costs of material inputs. When the order is finally ready, the balance is paid and the exporter delivers the goods to the importer.
While there are several ways that delivery can be arranged (“Incoterms”), the most common is “Free on Board” (FOB), which means that the supplier agrees to arrange for the transport of the goods onto the ship and the buyer is responsible for transporting the goods to the final destination. While it is possible for the supplier to arrange for transport to the toy company’s warehouse, importers generally prefer to be in charge of their own transport costs and schedules, since their interests during the trip and those of the exporter may differ.
To get the finished goods into the United States, the toy company hires a freight forwarder and customs agent. While these are often the same firm, freight forwarders arrange shipment and customs brokers fill out the required documentation and ensure that applicable laws are followed. The information collected by the U.S. Customs Bureau includes such things as the toy company’s Employment Identification Number (EIN), the Harmonized System (HS) code of the particular toy, the value of the shipment, quantity, weight, shipment date, country of origin, arrival date, port of entry, and an identifier for the foreign manufacturer. Of these, the HS code is perhaps the most important since both import restrictions and tariff rates are based on the type of goods being traded. In general, since the import documentation is used both for law enforcement and tax pur- poses, and violation of either can have serious consequences for the parties involved, the informa- tion on the forms is believed to be of high quality.
Finally, the toys are delivered to the toy company’s warehouse, and the firm can begin the process of marketing and selling its goods.
18 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau origin/destination.2 Some of the transactions to the U.S. firms surveys.3 For further details on best-known reports produced that undertake them. That is, the LFTTD, see the appendix to with these data include: U.S. it links export transactions to Bernard et al. (2009). International Trade in Goods and the U.S. exporter and import As the only data that allow Services, U.S. Exports [Imports] transactions to the U.S. importer, investigators to explore the of Merchandise—Monthly, U.S. allowing researchers to explore firm-level dynamics of trade, Exports [Imports] by State, and the nature of trade growth the LFTTD has been the basis U.S. Exports [Imports] by Port. and describe the kinds of for a large number of important firms that drive it. The LFTTD papers. Bernard et al. (2009) Delving Deeper is constructed by matching use the LFTTD to describe the transaction-level data to While these aggregate trade multiple attributes of firm-level the Census Bureau’s file of the statistics are very valuable, the engagement in international universe of businesses (Census’ microdata from the declaration trade. Figure 3-1 shows that Business Register). The LFTTD forms can provide a deeper only a very small share of firms links export transactions to the understanding of international U.S. exporter and import trans- 3 trade and the firms respon- Another source of data on interna- actions to the U.S. importer. With tional activity is the Economic Census sible for it. The LFTTD, created itself. In particular, the Censuses of a common firm identifier, the by CES, is a unique database Manufactures, Wholesale, and Retail Trade LFTTD can be further combined each ask businesses whether they are that links individual trade exporters and what share of total sales with other Census data, includ- are exports. A more recent addition to the ing the Longitudinal Business Economic Census is a series of questions 2 The origin of movement is the on outsourcing activity, either domestic location from which the goods start the Database (LBD), the Economic or foreign. Several recent research papers journey to the port of export. This may Censuses, and other business have begun to exploit this information, to be the factory that produced the goods or examine both outsourcing and offshoring an intermediary’s warehouse located away activities and their effects on firm perfor- from the factory. mance measures (e.g., Fort 2013).
Figure 3-1. Firms Engaged in Trade, 2000 Percent of employment 50 Percent of firms
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 Import or Export Exporters Importers Both Just Export Just Import
Source: Derived from Bernard, et al. (2009).
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 19 actually engage in international those firms that conduct related- There is also a great deal of trade, but they account for a party trades compared to those entry into and exit from export- hugely disproportionate share of that only trade with unrelated ing. Kamal and Krizan (2012) employment. Interestingly, not parties. In addition, the mix of document how the extensive only is overall economic activity within/outside firm trades is dif- margin of trade varies by firm disproportionately concentrated ferent for imports and exports, characteristics and also explore in exporting firms, but trade with intrafirm trade higher for the characteristics that are itself is heavily concentrated in imports while cross-firm trade is associated with being a success- the top trading firms. In par- greater for exports. ful new exporter. They find that ticular, Bernard et al. (2009) entry and exit patterns differ Bernard et al. (2007) further show that the top 1 percent of significantly by firm character- document how trading and non- firms (by value of trade) account istics and that successful new trading firms differ, including a for 80 percent of the overall exporting firms tend to be older, number of interesting stylized value of international trade by retail firms making larger initial facts about the intensive and U.S. businesses, and the top 10 trades. By contrast, firms that extensive margins of trade. percent of firms account for 96 only export once tend to be As shown in Figure 3-3, most percent of trade. young, small, nonmanufacturing firms that trade do so with just firms that engage in between- These authors also find that one product and one partner firm (or “arms-length”) transac- these top firms tend to be multi- country. On the other hand, tions with bordering countries. national corporations engaging firms that trade with businesses in a great deal of within-firm (or from a large number of coun- Meanwhile, other research exam- “related-party”) trading. Figure tries also export a wide variety ines the roles of trading firms 3-2 shows that the total volume of products. in the domestic economy. Kurz of trade is much greater for and Senses (2013) examine the
Figure 3-2. The Share of U.S. Trade That Flows Through Multinational Firms
Percent 100
90 ts ts
s 80 ts ts
70 , Expo rt ts 60
Arms-length impor .S. Impor 50 Arms-length impor
40 s s Arms-length expor Arms-length expor Share of U rt rt 30 ts ts
20 tra- rm impo tra- rm impo In 10 In tra- rm expor tra- rm expor In In 0 1993 2000 1993 2000 1993 2000 1993 2000 Arms-Length Importers Related-Party Importers Arms-Length Exporters Related-Party Exporters
Source: Bernard, et al. (2009), Figure 14.1.
20 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Figure 3-3. The Share of Exporting Firms by Number of Products and Export Destinations, 2000 Percent Firm exports 1 product 50 Firm exports 2 products Firm exports 3 products 45 Firm exports 4 products Firm exports 5 or more products 40
35
30
25
20 e of Exporting Firm s
Shar 15
10
5
0 1 2 3 4 5+ Number of Countries Exported To
Source: Derived from Bernard, et al. (2007).
connection between trade and country’s intellectual property al. (forthcoming), which uses the employment growth and volatil- rights policies and the volume foreign manufacturer identifier ity. They find that employment of U.S. exports it receives. While to examine the links between volatility among trading firms only 9 percent of manufacturing buyers and sellers in interna- is correlated with trade dura- firms have patents, they account tional transactions. This research tion and intensity, the number for about 90 percent of exports. is finding that most new export- of products traded, and the Furthermore, the preliminary ers to the United States drop characteristics of their trading findings indicate they are sensi- out very quickly, but those that partners. tive to the destination country’s do survive rapidly expand their level of intellectual property volume of trade. They also find While the LFTTD allows measure- rights protection. that U.S. importers tend to trade ment of firm-level trade, export with two or more foreign firms, activity at the plant level is While most of the research with while foreign firms exporting available in the Annual Survey of the trade microdata to date has to the United States supply only Manufactures (ASM) and Census focused on exports, the import one U.S. firm, on average. With of Manufactures (CM). Lincoln transaction data present special these and other findings, the and McCallum (2011) utilize research opportunities. In partic- researchers have built a search these two data sources to docu- ular, the import data also contain and learning model of export- ment an 18 percent increase in a unique firm-level identifier for ing that estimates the costs of the share of plants that export. the foreign company supplying finding a trading partner and Lin and Lincoln (2013) combine the good. Research is underway maintaining the relationship. the ASM, CM, and LFTTD to look that exploits this novel informa- The model also quantifies the at the connection between a tion, including that by Eaton et effects of learning on exporter
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 21 behavior. The combination of and its Business Register, an For example, the combined learning and trade costs creates effort both divisions have previ- data can be used to estimate frictions and irreversibilities ously pursued independently. how the population of program in export responses to market One goal of this effort is to participants differs, if at all, from shocks. They then simulate the augment the statistics produced firms that did not participate in effects of these frictions on by CES in its Business Dynamics an export promotion program. export dynamics. Statistics (BDS). The BDS is a In particular, were there differ- widely used, publicly-available ences in employment growth or In related work, Monarch (2014) data product that exploits the in exporting behavior, includ- uses the import transaction longitudinal linkages in the ing starting to export, increas- data to look at the costs from Longitudinal Business Database ing exports, exporting a new switching export partners. He to provide an array of annual product, and exporting to a new finds evidence suggesting that measures of the U.S. economy, country? there are substantial barriers to including the number of busi- changing partners. Nearly half of nesses, establishment openings Conclusion arms-length importers maintain and closings, firm start-ups and the same partners across years, A wealth of international trade shut-downs, employment, job and those that do switch tend data are available at the Census creation, and job destruction, to find a new partner in the Bureau. Although many impor- by characteristics such as firm same city. tant research papers have used size, age, industrial sector, and them, the data still have much The Economic Census recently state. Once trade information is to teach us about the dynam- began to ask establishments successfully integrated, similar ics of exporting and importing whether they outsource or off- information will be published as well as the nature of firms shore any of their activities (see by the trade status of firms, that engage in international Jarmin, Krizan, and Tang 2009). allowing the exploration of job trade. For example, most stud- Fort (2013) utilizes this informa- creation and destruction among ies have focused on describing tion to examine how differences U.S. exporters and importers. the large firms that account for in labor costs, geographic dis- In another effort, the LFTTD and the vast bulk of exporting. By tance, and communication tech- other Census Bureau microdata contrast, little work exists on nology affect firms’ domestic will be linked to data from the small- or medium-sized export- and foreign sourcing behavior. U.S. Department of Commerce’s ers. Similarly, most studies of She finds that domestic sourc- Global Markets (GM) export international trade have focused ing is much more common than promotion program. Once this on exports, but the import data, offshoring and that it is more match is complete, CES will be which identify both parties to likely when firms have access able to compare information the transaction, can teach us to communication technology. from various Census datasets a lot. Finally, data collected on In general, firms look to outside to similar information col- outsourcing provide unique and sources of production to save on lected from this outside source, potentially very useful informa- labor costs. thereby shedding light on the tion on the firms’ decisions to fragment or offshore their pro- Data and Product quality of Census data. The duction activities. Development Census Bureau will also gain information that it does not cur- International trade is a vital rently collect, such as partici- In a joint effort between CES and aspect of the economy, and the pation in an export promotion FTD, the Census Bureau is cur- firm-level microdata available at program, which will permit the rently working to improve and the Center for Economic Studies development of new statistics enhance the links between the are uniquely well-suited to help on and insights into exporting. foreign trade transaction data us learn about it.
22 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau References Fort, Teresa C. 2013. “Breaking Kurz, Christopher, and Mine Z. Up Is Hard to Do: Why Senses. 2013. “Importing, Bernard, Andrew B., J. Bradford Firms Fragment Production Exporting and Firm-Level Jensen, Stephen J. Redding, Across Locations.” Center for Employment Volatility.” and Peter K. Schott. 2007. Economic Studies Discussion Center for Economic Studies “Firms in International Paper 13-35. Discussion Paper 13-31. Trade.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21(3): 105–130. Jarmin, Ron, C. J. Krizan, Lin, Jenny, and William F. Lincoln. and John Tang. 2009. 2013. “U.S. Firm Exports and Bernard, Andrew B., J. Bradford “Outsourcing, Offshoring, and Intellectual Property Rights.” Jensen, and Peter K. Schott. Trade: Identifying Foreign University of Michigan 2009. “Importers, Exporters, Activity Across Census mimeo. and Multinationals: A Portrait Data Products.” Center for of Firms in the U.S. that Lincoln, William F., and Andrew Economic Studies mimeo. Trade Goods.” In Producer H. McCallum. 2011. “Entry Dynamics: New Evidence Kamal, Fariha, and C. J. Krizan. Costs and Increasing Trade.” from Micro Data, edited by 2012. “Decomposing Center for Economic Studies Timothy Dunne, J. Bradford Aggregate Trade Flows: New Discussion Paper 11-38. Jensen, and Mark J. Roberts, Evidence from U.S. Traders.” Monarch, Ryan. 2014. “It’s Not University of Chicago Press. Center for Economic Studies You, It’s Me: Breakups in U.S.- Discussion Paper 12-17. Eaton, Jonathan, Marcela Eslava, China Trade Relationships.” David Jinkins, C.J. Krizan, and Kamal, Fariha, Brent R. Moulton, Center for Economic Studies James Tybout. Forthcoming. and Jennifer Ribarsky. 2013. Discussion Paper 14-08. “A Search and Learning “Measuring ‘Factoryless’ Spiers, John Wiley. 2001. Model of Export Dynamics.” Manufacturing: Evidence How Small Business Trades Center for Economic Studies from U.S. Surveys.” Center for Worldwide: Your Guide to Discussion Paper. Economic Studies Discussion Starting or Expanding a Paper 13-44. Small Business International Trade Company Now. Seattle Teachers College Press.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 23
Chapter 4. Recent Research at the Center for Economic Studies
For three decades, staff at the because of market distortions. Recession, suggesting that the Center for Economic Studies For example, even a high pro- productivity-enhancing effect of (CES) have used confidential ductivity firm might not be able recessions may have been weak- survey microdata on busi- to get credit needed to survive ened. And indeed, the authors nesses and households, linked and grow if a recession distorts find that the Great Recession employer-employee data, and credit markets. has been less productivity- administrative records from enhancing than earlier reces- Previous research has found federal and state agencies to sions because its reallocation evidence that recessions— carry out empirical research was less intense and less effi- at least those prior to the on a wide variety of topics in cient. Figure 4-1 shows the pre- Great Recession—have in fact applied microeconomics, includ- dicted difference in employment been productivity-enhancing. ing (but not limited to) produc- growth rates between high- and However, the unique character tivity, firm behavior, innovation, low-productivity establishments of the Great Recession, includ- entrepreneurship, business during different points in the ing its severity and persistence, dynamics, labor and labor business cycle. In all cases, high suggests that it may be differ- dynamics, trade, health care, productivity establishments are ent from recent recessions. In industrial location, energy, and more likely to grow. However, in a recent working paper (CES- the environment. This research contrast to prior recessions, the 13-42), CES economists Lucia increases our understanding difference between growth rates Foster and Cheryl Grim and of the U.S. economy and its decreased with severity during coauthor John Haltiwanger people, yields insights that help the Great Recession. study reallocation in the U.S. improve Census Bureau surveys economy over the last 30 years The Great Recession was more and information products, and and examine whether the Great costly than recent recessions leads to the development of Recession has differed in its in terms of higher unemploy- new information products for impact on resource reallocation ment, more lost output, and public use. Here we feature and the efficiency gains associ- more lost consumption. We some recent research by CES ated with such reallocation. now know that there was also research staff. less productivity-enhancing Foster et al. find that job reallocation. THE GREAT RECESSION reallocation (creation plus AND PRODUCTIVITY destruction) was at a his- torical low during the Great Economic theories differ in their predicted effects of recessions. One theory suggests that reces- sions have a long-run “cleans- ing” or “productivity-enhancing” effect, arising because the pace of resource reallocation increases during recessions and because such reallocation typically directs resources from less productive to more produc- tive firms. Alternative theories predict that recessions will not be productivity-enhancing Lucia Foster Cheryl Grim
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 25 White over the past 50 years. Figure 4-1. Still, this high-wage local Differences in Employment Growth Rates government employment has Between High- and Low-Productivity become more diverse as the Establishments Over the Business Cycle population has changed. By 0.20 2008, Blacks became pro- portionately represented in high-wage government jobs in most large metropolitan areas, 0.15 but Hispanics and other races remain underrepresented in such jobs.
0.10 Meanwhile, low-wage local gov- ernment jobs are an interesting variation on this theme. Blacks have long been disproportion- 0.05 ately represented in low-wage local government employment, but the degree of disproportion
0.00 has been slowly declining since Normal Other recessions Great Recession 1970. Hispanics were under- Mild Sharp Mild Sharp represented in such low-wage
Source: Foster et al. (2013). employment before 1980 but have become proportionally rep- resented in recent years. These TRENDS IN THE social mobility has been such patterns are more pronounced in RACIAL AND ETHNIC employment. the historical “central cities” of COMPOSITION OF Using microdata from the decen- large metropolitan areas. LOCAL GOVERNMENT nial censuses and the American WORKFORCES Gardner also finds some regional Community Survey from 1960 variation in trends. In particular, Since lifting the immigration to 2010, Gardner divides local high-wage local government quota system in 1965, the popu- government employees into employees in the South were lation of the United States has high- and low-wage occupations, less diverse and more dispropor- become increasingly diverse, based on the median earned tionately White in 1960—prior particularly with the growth income for each occupational to the passage of civil rights leg- of populations of Asian and title in 1990. He then compares islation. By 2000, however, the Hispanic origin. Of interest is the proportion of the population diversity of high-wage employ- whether and how the racial from each of four racial/ethnic ees in the South was comparable and ethnic composition of the groups (non-Hispanic Whites, to that in the rest of the United workforce in various sectors and non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, States. In metropolitan areas in occupations has changed in this and other races) employed in the West, with larger and more time. In a recent working paper local government to the propor- rapidly growing Hispanic and (CES-13-38), CES researcher tion of that group in the local Asian populations, high-wage Todd Gardner examines the working-age population. local government employment racial and ethnic composition Gardner finds that those has had comparatively greater of local government employees employed in high-wage local difficulty in mirroring the diver- in the 100 largest metropolitan government jobs have consis- sity of the general population in areas over the last half century. tently been disproportionately recent years. Historically, one route to upward
26 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau IMPUTING EMPLOYER employer pays all/part of the CHILDHOOD HOUSING HEALTH INSURANCE premium cost, and eliminates the AND ADULT EARNINGS PREMIUM CONTRIBUTIONS need to deflate estimates. For decades, economists, soci- Measuring employers’ contribu- The differences in the estimates ologists, and policy makers have tions towards workers’ health under these two methodologies wondered whether subsidized insurance premiums is impor- are significant and suggest that housing provides a path out of tant for measuring household using the MEPS-IC captures the poverty, or reinforces it. Beyond income and for monitoring the current distribution of contribu- the direct benefit of housing Affordable Care Act’s impact on tions better than the NMCES subsidies, advocates hoped that employment-based health insur- method. For nonfederal workers, the design of housing projects ance. However, respondents to Zawacki et al. find the annual would provide stability. Others household surveys, including median contribution using the saw design flaws that concen- the Annual Social and Economic MEPS-IC was significantly higher trated poverty. The impact on (or “March”) Supplement of the at $6,159 versus $5,444 using the households’ children is of Current Population Survey (CPS), the NMCES. Similarly, the authors particular interest. However, are generally unable to report find contributions by gender, with the exception of the Moving their employers’ contributions. race, ethnicity, and educational to Opportunity experiment, Currently, the Census Bureau groups were all greater using the much of the research in this area imputes these contributions MEPS-IC than those constructed has been limited to case studies based on data from the 1977 using the NMCES. Hawaii is the and smaller survey samples. National Medical Care Expenditure only state with smaller employer In a recent working paper Survey (NMCES). In a recent work- contributions using the MEPS-IC (CES-13-48), CES economists ing paper (CES-13-41), CES econo- method. For the sake of compa- Mark Kutzbach and Giordano mist Alice Zawacki and Census rability to the NMCES method, Palloni, along with Census Bureau colleagues Brett O’Hara the authors impose the restric- Bureau colleague Daniel and Hubert Janicki compare tion of a maximum employer Weinberg and coauthors Fredrik estimates of employer contribu- contribution of $9,999. When this Andersson, John Haltiwanger, tions using the current method restriction is removed, the aver- and Henry Pollakowski, inves- to alternate estimates, devel- age employer contribution based tigate the long run effects of oped by the authors, using the on the MEPS-IC increases from subsidized housing on children. 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel $6,346 to $7,210. The authors link housing sub- Survey-Insurance Component Zawacki et al. argue that future sidy recipient data from the (MEPS-IC). In addition to utilizing research should examine the Department of Housing and more recent data, the MEPS-IC implication of this alternate Urban Development with 2000 method imputes contributions methodology on the measure- Decennial Census records and separately for different coverage ment of household income and with earnings records from types, accounts for whether the the analysis of health care reform, including the impact of health insurance exchanges on employ- ers’ offers of insurance and their contribution levels. A proposal to adopt this new imputation methodology into the Current Population Survey’s Annual Social and Economic Supplements and the Survey of Income and Program Participation production processes is now under review. Alice Zawacki Mark Kutzbach
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 27 the Longitudinal Employer- is that employment dynam- the Job Openings and Labor Household Dynamics (LEHD) ics in the United States exhibit Turnover Survey (JOLTS), and program, to examine the effect double-digit declines during the Current Population Survey of the subsidized housing of the first decade of the twenty- (CPS). Their analysis yields four 1.8 million children between first century. Figure 4-2 shows major empirical findings. First, the ages of 13–18 on their that between 1998 and 2010, the declining dynamics exhibit employment and earnings about hires and separations rates fell a “stair step” pattern, with the 10 years later. To remove the between 10 percent and 38 declines concentrated in reces- effects of selection bias in who percent, depending upon the sions and little, if any, increase receives housing benefits, the data source. In a recent working during subsequent expansions. researchers use the differences paper (CES-13-03), CES econo- Second, changes in the composi- in housing exposure between a mists Henry Hyatt and James tion of workers and businesses household’s siblings. Spletzer document and attempt can explain only a small amount to explain this recent decline in of the decline in employment Controlling for such selection employment dynamics. dynamics. Third, any expla- issues, the authors find het- nation for the decline in job erogenous effects of housing creation and job destruction subsidies on subsequent earn- will account for no more than ings and employment outcomes, one-third of the decline in hires including some positive effects. and separations. And fourth, the In particular, girls in Black decline in hires and separations households derive a consider- is driven by the disappearance able positive effect on later of short-duration jobs in the earnings from having lived in U.S. economy. voucher-supported housing, and a somewhat lesser effect from Declining employment dynam- having lived in public housing. ics could be either a good or a Meanwhile, boys in Black house- bad development for the U.S. Henry Hyatt holds fare relatively worse than labor market, depending upon girls. In contrast, girls in White the source of the decline. For households tend to have rela- example, declining dynamics tively worse outcomes than boys might be indicative of increas- in White households. ing adjustment costs or the loss of “stepping stone” jobs that In ongoing research, this help young workers begin their research team is using the quasi- careers, which might be consid- natural experiment inherent in ered “bad” for the labor market. housing project demolitions. On the other hand, declining THE RECENT DECLINE IN dynamics could be indicative EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS of increasing match quality or reduced uncertainty—both James Spletzer Over the course of the last “good” for the labor market. two decades, both the Census Hyatt and Spletzer use the four Further empirical research is Bureau and the Bureau of leading datasets of quarterly needed to differentiate amongst Labor Statistics have provided employment dynamics in the these explanations. data on hires and separations, United States—the Longitudinal job creation and job destruc- Employer-Household tion, and job-to-job flows. One Dynamics (LEHD), the Business consistent story these data tell Employment Dynamics (BED),
28 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Figure 4-2. Hires and Separations Rates
0.30 LEHD Hires
LEHD Separations 0.24
CPS Hires
0.18 CPS Separations
JOLTS Hires
0.12 JOLTS Separations
0.06
0.00 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12
Source: Hyatt and Spletzer (2013).
Entrepreneurs WITH sole proprietors and the wage extremely fluid, with large flows “DAY JOBS” and salary jobs held by these occurring in both directions. At same individuals, allowing them the same time, a large fraction Much attention has been paid to observe business owners as of business owners assume both to the kinds of incentives and they initiate business ventures roles simultaneously. Over half financing required to encourage and transition between the of sole proprietors retain a wage entrepreneurship. But entrepre- worlds of traditional employ- job during the initial years of a neurship and self-employment ment and self-employment. business’s creation. take many forms, and less attention has been paid to The authors find that the bar- These “day jobs” are found to the millions of small business rier between wage and salary impact the success of the busi- owners whose goal may not be work and self-employment is nesses these owners create. In to become the next Google or Facebook but instead to pro- vide supplemental income for an owner’s regular wage and salary job.
In a recent working paper (CES-13-45), CES economists Christopher Goetz and Kristin Sandusky, along with coauthors Monica Garcia-Perez and John Haltiwanger, use a novel dataset on the universe of Christopher Goetz Kristin Sandusky
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 29 particular, the authors find that employers, while holding a Also, having recent employment sole proprietors who embark stable job boosts the survival experience in the same industry on a business while maintain- of an owner’s business, higher greatly increases the probabil- ing traditional employment are wages actually lowers survival. ity of survival of these non- more likely to have a business employer businesses. For sole proprietors without that survives than those who employees, the authors find The evidence suggests that a do not. Sole proprietors with roughly similar patterns but business owner’s employment employees are more likely to with some key differences. Here, experience may reflect both remain employers from one higher wages boosts survival. human and financial capital that year to the next if the business And the stability of the outside translates into business success. owner had a wage and salary job is found to increase the like- job. Interestingly, for these lihood of becoming an employer.
RECENT WORKING PAPERS BY CES ECONOMISTS
CES authors are in bold. CES discussion papers can be downloaded at
When It Rains It Pours: Under What Circumstances Does Job Loss Lead to Divorce Melissa Ruby Banzhaf CES-13-62
Much of the previous research that has examined the effect of job loss on the probability of divorce rely on data from the 1970s–80s, a period of dramatic change in marital formation and dissolution. It is unclear how well this research pertains to more recent trends in marriage, divorce, and female labor force participation. This study uses data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) from 2000 to 2012 (thus including effects of the Great Recession) to examine how displacement (i.e., exogenous job loss) affects the probability of divorce. The author finds clear evidence that the effects of displacement appear to be asymmetric depending upon the gender of the job loser. Specifically, displacement significantly increases the probability of divorce but only if the husband is the spouse that is displaced and his earnings represented approximately half of the household’s earnings prior to displacement. Similarly, results show that the probability of divorce increases if the wife is employed and as her earnings increase. While the mechanism behind these asymmetric results remains unclear, these results are consistent with recent research that finds a destabilizing effect on marriages when a wife earns more than her husband.
Are We Undercounting Reallocation’s Contribution to Growth? Mitsukuni Nishida, Amil Petrin, and T. Kirk White CES-13-55
Reallocation growth occurs when an input moves from a lower marginal product to a higher mar- ginal product activity. Three recent studies use two distinct methodologies to examine the sources of the strong surge in aggregate productivity growth (APG) in India’s manufacturing sector since 1990 following significant economic reforms. They all conclude that APG was primarily driven by within-plant increases in technical efficiency and not between-plant reallocation of inputs. Given the nature of the reforms, where many barriers to input reallocation were removed, this finding has surprised researchers and been dubbed “India’s Mysterious Manufacturing Miracle.” In this paper we show that these findings may be an artifact of the way the studies estimate reallocation.
30 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau One approach counts all reallocation growth arising from the movement of intermediate inputs as technical efficiency growth. The second approach introduces measurement error into estimated reallocation by using plant-level average products—total factor productivity residuals—as a proxy for marginal products, which could be problematic as economic theory suggests that average products and marginal products are unrelated in equilibrium. Using microdata on manufactur- ing from four countries—the United States, Chile, Colombia, and Slovenia—we show that both approaches significantly understate the true role of reallocation in economic growth. In the United States almost 50 percent of reallocation growth is due to movements of intermediate inputs, meaning if India is similar to the United States then reallocation’s share of total Indian manufactur- ing APG since 1990 increases from the previous estimate of one-third to almost two-thirds.
An ‘Algorithmic Links with Probabilities’ Concordance for Trademarks: For Disaggregated Analysis of Trademark and Economic Data Nikolas Zolas, Travis J. Lybbert, and Prantik Bhattacharyya CES-13-49
Trademarks (TMs) shape the competitive landscape of markets for goods and services in all coun- tries through branding and conveying information and quality inherent in products. Yet, research- ers are largely unable to conduct rigorous empirical analysis of TMs in the modern economy because TM data and economic activity data are organized differently and cannot be analyzed jointly at the industry or sectoral level. We propose an ‘Algorithmic Links with Probabilities’ (ALP) approach to match TM data to economic data and enable these data to speak to each other. Specifically, we construct a NICE Class Level concordance that maps TM data into trade and indus- try categories forward and backward. This concordance allows researchers to analyze differences in TM usage across both economic and TM sectors. In this paper, we apply this ALP concordance for TMs to characterize patterns in TM applications across countries, industries, income levels and more. We also use the concordance to investigate some of the key determinants of international technology transfer by comparing bilateral TM applications and bilateral patent applications. We conclude with a discussion of possible extensions of this work, including deeper indicator-level concordances and further analyses that are possible once TM data are linked with economic activity data.
Childhood Housing and Adult Earnings: A Between-Siblings Analysis of Housing Vouchers and Public Housing Fredrik Andersson, John C. Haltiwanger, Mark J. Kutzbach, Giordano Palloni, Henry O. Pollakowski, and Daniel H. Weinberg CES-13-48
Research on effects of living in voucher-assisted and public housing to date has largely focused on short-term outcomes, while data limitations and challenges of identification have been an obstacle to conclusive results. In contrast, this paper assesses effects of children’s housing on their later employment and earnings, uses national longitudinal data, and makes use of within-household variation to mitigate selection issues. We combine several national datasets on housing assistance, teenagers and their households, and the subsequent earnings and employment outcomes, such that we are able to follow 1.8 million children aged 13–18 in 2000 in over 800,000 households within many different assisted and unassisted housing settings, controlling for neighborhood conditions, and examine their labor market outcomes for the 2008–2010 period. By focusing on within-family variation in subsidy treatment, we remove a substantial source of unobserved
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 31 heterogeneity affecting both a child’s selection into housing and their later outcomes. OLS esti- mates show a substantial negative effect of housing subsidies on earnings and employment out- comes. However, using within-household variation to control for selection issues attenuates these effects, and results in positive effects for some demographic groups. The large sample size allows us to study to what extent results vary by gender and race/ethnicity, and we find strong evidence of heterogeneous effects. Children in Black households who have lived in voucher-supported hous- ing and public housing often benefit in terms of positive subsequent economic outcomes. Girls raised in Black households derive a considerable positive effect on later earnings from having lived in voucher-supported housing, and a somewhat lesser effect from having lived in public housing. Boys raised in Black households fare relatively worse than girls; in contrast, girls in White house- holds tend to have relatively worse outcomes than boys.
A Comparison of Person-Reported Industry to Employer-Reported Industry in Survey and Administrative Data Emily Isenberg, Liana Christin Landivar, and Esther Mezey CES-13-47
The Census Bureau collects industry information through surveys and administrative data and creates associated public-use statistics. In this paper, we compare person-reported industry in the American Community Survey (ACS) to employer-reported industry from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) that is part of the Census Bureau’s Longitudinal Employer- Household Dynamics (LEHD) program. This research provides necessary information on the use of administrative data as a supplement to survey data industry information, and the findings will be useful for anyone using industry information from either source. Our project is part of a larger effort to compare information on jobs from household survey data to employer-reported informa- tion. This research is the first to compare ACS job data to firm-based administrative data. We find an overall industry sector match rate of 75 percent, and a 61 percent match rate at the 4-digit Census Industry Code (CIC) level. Industry match rates vary by sector and by whether industry sector is classified using ACS or LEHD industry information. The educational services and health care and social assistance sectors have among the highest match rates. The management of companies and enterprises sector has the lowest match rate, using either ACS-reported or LEHD- reported sector. For individuals with imputed industry data, the industry sector match rate is only 14 percent. Our findings suggest that the industry distribution and the sample in a particular industry sector will differ depending on whether ACS or LEHD data are used.
Don’t Quit Your Day Job: Using Wage and Salary Earnings to Support a New Business Monica Garcia-Perez, Christopher Goetz, John Haltiwanger, and Kristin Sandusky CES-13-45
This paper makes use of a newly constructed Census Bureau dataset that follows the universe of sole proprietors, employers and nonemployers, over 10 years and links their transitions to their activity as employees earning wage and salary income. By combining administrative data on sole proprietors and their businesses with quarterly administrative data on wage and salary jobs held by the same individuals both preceding and concurrent with business startup, we create the unique opportunity to quantify significant workforce dynamics that have up to now remained unobserved. The data allow us to take a first glimpse at these business owners as they initiate business ventures and make the transition from wage and salary work to business ownership and back. We find that the barrier between wage and salary work and self-employment is extremely
32 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau fluid, with large flows occurring in both directions. We also observe that a large fraction of busi- ness owners take on both roles simultaneously and find that this labor market diversification does have implications for the success of the businesses these owners create. The results for employer transitions to exit and nonemployer suggest that there is a “don’t quit your day job” effect that is present for new businesses. Employers are more likely to stay employers if they have a wage and salary job in the year just prior to the transitions that we are tracking. It is especially important to have a stable wage and salary job but there is also evidence that higher earnings from the wage and salary job makes transition less likely. For nonemployers, we find roughly similar patterns but there are some key differences. We find that having recent wage and salary income (and having higher earnings from such wage and salary activity) increases the likelihood of survival. Having recent stable wage and salary income decreases the likelihood of a complete exit but increases the likelihood of transiting to be an employer. Having recent wage and salary income in the same industry as the nonemployer business has a large and positive impact on the likelihood of transit- ing to being a nonemployer business.
Measuring ‘Factoryless’ Manufacturing: Evidence from U.S. Surveys Fariha Kamal, Brent R. Moulton, and Jennifer Ribarsky CES-13-44
“Factoryless” manufacturers, as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, perform underlying entrepreneurial components of arranging the factors of production but outsource all of the actual transformation activities to other specialized units. This paper describes efforts to measure “factoryless” manufacturing through analyzing data on contract manufacturing services (CMS). We explore two U.S. firm surveys that report data on CMS activities and discuss challenges with identifying and collecting data on entities that are part of global value chains.
Falling House Prices and Labor Mobility: Evidence from Matched Employer-Employee Data Christopher F. Goetz CES-13-43
This study uses worker-level employment data from the Census Bureau to test whether fall- ing home prices affect a worker’s propensity to take a job in a different metropolitan area from where he is currently located. Using a sample of workers from the American Community Survey, I employ a within-MSA-time estimation that compares homeowners to renters in their propensi- ties to relocate for jobs according to data from the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics database. This strategy allows me to disentangle the influence of house prices from that of other time-varying, location-specific shocks. Estimates show that homeowners who have experienced declines in the nominal value of their home are approximately 20 percent less likely to take a new job in a location outside of the metropolitan area that they currently live and work in, relative to an equivalent renter. This evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that housing lock-in has con- tributed to the decreased labor mobility of homeowners during the recent housing bust.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 33 Reallocation in the Great Recession: Cleansing or Not? Lucia Foster, Cheryl Grim, and John Haltiwanger CES-13-42
The high pace of output and input reallocation across producers is pervasive in the U.S. economy. Evidence shows this high pace of reallocation is closely linked to productivity. Resources are shifted away from low productivity producers towards high productivity producers. While these patterns hold on average, the extent to which the reallocation dynamics in recessions are “cleans- ing” is an open question. That is, are recessions periods of increased reallocation that move resources away from lower productivity activities towards higher productivity uses? It could be recessions are times when the opportunity cost of time and resources are low, implying recessions will be times of accelerated productivity enhancing reallocation. Prior research suggests the reces- sion in the early 1980s is consistent with an accelerated pace of productivity enhancing realloca- tion. Alternative hypotheses highlight the potential distortions to reallocation dynamics in reces- sions. Such distortions might arise from many factors including, for example, distortions to credit markets. We find that in post-1980 recessions prior to the Great Recession, downturns are periods of accelerated reallocation that is even more productivity enhancing than in normal times. In the Great Recession, we find the intensity of reallocation fell rather than rose (due to the especially sharp decline in job creation) and the reallocation that did occur was less productivity enhancing than in prior recessions.
Comparing Methods for Imputing Employer Health Insurance Contributions in the Current Population Survey Hubert Janicki, Brett O’Hara, and Alice Zawacki CES-13-41
The degree to which firms contribute to the payment of workers’ health insurance premiums is an important consideration in the measurement of income and for understanding the potential impact of the 2010 Affordable Care Act on employment-based health insurance participation. Currently the U.S. Census Bureau imputes employer contributions in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey based on data from the 1977 National Medical Care Expenditure Survey. The goal of this paper is to assess the extent to which this imputation methodology pro- duces estimates reflective of the current distribution of employer contributions. The paper uses recent contributions data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Insurance Component to esti- mate a new model to inform the imputation procedure and to compare the resulting distribution of contributions. These new estimates are compared with those produced under current production methods across employee and employer characteristics.
The Racial and Ethnic Composition of Local Government Employees in Large Metro Areas, 1960–2010 Todd Gardner CES-13-38
This study uses census microdata from 1960 to 2010 to look at how the racial and ethnic compo- sition of local government employees has reflected the diversity of the general population in the 100 largest metro areas over the last half century. Historically, one route to upward social mobility has been employment in local government. This study uses microdata that predates key immigra- tion and civil rights legislation of the 1960s through to the present to examine changes in the
34 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau racial and ethnic composition of local government employees and in the general population. For this study, local government employees have been divided into high- and low-wage occupations. These data indicate that local workforces have grown more diverse over time, though representa- tion across different racial and ethnic groups and geographic areas is uneven. African-Americans were underrepresented in high-wage local government employment and overrepresented in low-wage jobs in the early years of this study, particularly in the South, but have since become proportionally represented in high-wage jobs on a national level. In contrast, the most recent data indicate that Hispanic and other races are underrepresented in this employment group, particularly in the West. Though the numbers of Hispanic and Asian high-wage local government employees are increasing, it appears that it will take several years for those groups to achieve proportional representation throughout the United States.
How Firms Respond to Business Cycles: The Role of Firm Age and Firm Size Teresa C. Fort, John Haltiwanger, Ron S. Jarmin, and Javier Miranda CES-13-30
There remains considerable debate in the theoretical and empirical literature about the differences in the cyclical dynamics of firms by firm size. This paper contributes to the debate in two ways. First, the key distinction between firm size and firm age is introduced. The evidence presented in this paper shows that young businesses (that are typically small) exhibit very different cyclical dynamics than small/older businesses. The second contribution is to present evidence and explore explanations for the finding that young/small businesses were hit especially hard in the Great Recession. The collapse in housing prices accounts for a significant part of the large decline of young/small businesses in the Great Recession.
Human Capital Traps? Enclave Effects Using Linked Employer-Household Data Liliana D. Sousa CES-13-29
This study uses linked employer-household data to measure the impact of immigrant social net- works, as identified via neighborhood and workplace affiliation, on immigrant earnings. Though ethnic enclaves can provide economic opportunities through job creation and job matching, they can also stifle the assimilation process by limiting interactions between enclave members and nonmembers. I find that higher residential and workplace ethnic clustering among immigrants is consistently correlated with lower earnings. For immigrants with a high school education or less, these correlations are primarily due to negative self-selection. On the other hand, self-selection fails to explain the lower earnings associated with higher ethnic clustering for immigrants with postsecondary schooling. The evidence suggests that coethnic clustering has no discernible effect on the earnings of immigrants with lower education, but may be leading to human capital traps for immigrants who have more than a high school education.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 35 Community Determinants of Immigrant Self-Employment: Human Capital Spillovers and Ethnic Enclaves Liliana D. Sousa CES-13-21
I find evidence that human capital spillovers have positive effects on the proclivity of low human capital immigrants to self-employ. Human capital spillovers within an ethnic community can increase the self-employment propensity of its members by decreasing the costs associated with starting and running a business (especially, transaction costs and information costs). Immigrants who do not speak English and those with little formal education are more likely to be self- employed if they reside in an ethnic community boasting higher human capital. On the other hand, the educational attainment of coethnics does not appear to affect the self-employment choices of immigrants with a postsecondary education to become self-employed. Further analysis suggests that immigrants in communities with more human capital choose industries that are more capital- intensive. Overall, the results suggest that the communities in which immigrants reside influ- ences their self-employment decisions. For low-skilled immigrants who face high costs to learning English and/or acquiring more education, these human capital spillovers may serve as an alterna- tive resource of information and labor mobility.
Evolving Property Rights and Shifting Organizational Forms: Evidence from Joint- Venture Buyouts Following China’s WTO Accession Fariha Kamal and Mary E. Lovely CES-13-05
China’s WTO accession offers a rare opportunity to observe multinationals’ response to changes in property rights in a developing country. WTO accession reduced incentives for joint ventures while reducing constraints on wholly owned foreign subsidiaries. Concomitant with these changes was a more liberal investment environment for indigenous investors. An adaptation of Feenstra and Hanson’s (2005) property rights model suggests that the higher the productivity and value added of the joint venture, but the lower its domestic sales share, the more likely the venture is to become wholly foreign owned following liberalization. Theory also suggests that an enterprise with lower productivity but higher value added and domestic sales will be more likely to switch from a joint venture to wholly domestic owned. Using newly created enterprise-level panel data on equity joint ventures and changes in registration type following China’s WTO accession, we find evidence consistent with the property rights theory. More highly productive firms with higher value added and lower domestic sales shares are more likely to become wholly foreign owned, while less productive firms focused on the Chinese market are more likely to become wholly domestic owned rather than remain joint ventures. In addition to highlighting the importance of incomplete contracts and property rights in the international organization of production, these results support the view that external commitment to liberalization through WTO accession influ- ences multinational and indigenous firms’ behavior.
36 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau The Recent Decline in Employment Dynamics Henry R. Hyatt and James Spletzer CES-13-03
In recent years, the rate at which workers and businesses exchange jobs has declined in the United States. Between 1998 and 2010, rates of job creation, job destruction, hiring, and sepa- ration declined dramatically, and the rate of job-to-job flows fell by about half. Little is known about the nature and extent of these changes, and even less about their causes and implications. In this paper, we document and attempt to explain the recent decline in employment dynamics. Our empirical work relies on the four leading datasets of quarterly employment dynamics in the United States—the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD), the Business Employment Dynamics (BED), the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS), and the Current Population Survey (CPS). We find that changes in the composition of the labor force and of employers explain relatively little of the decline. Exploiting some identities that relate the different measures to each other, we find that job creation and destruction could explain as much of a third of the decline in hires and separations, while job-to-job flows may explain more of the decline. We end our paper with a discussion of different possible explanations and their relative merits.
Management in America Nicholas Bloom, Erik Brynjolfsson, Lucia Foster, Ron Jarmin, Itay Saporta-Eksten, and John Van Reenen CES-13-01
The Census Bureau recently conducted a survey of management practices in over 30,000 plants across the United States, the first large-scale survey of management in America. Analyzing these data reveals several striking results. First, more structured management practices are tightly linked to better performance: establishments adopting more structured practices for performance monitoring, target setting and incentives enjoy greater productivity and profitability, higher rates of innovation and faster employment growth. Second, there is a substantial dispersion of man- agement practices across the establishments. We find that 18 percent of establishments have adopted at least 75 percent of these more structured management practices, while 27 percent of establishments adopted less than 50 percent of these. Third, more structured management practices are more likely to be found in establishments that export, who are larger (or are part of bigger firms), and have more educated employees. Establishments in the South and Midwest have more structured practices on average than those in the Northeast and West. Finally, we find adop- tion of structured management practices has increased between 2005 and 2010 for surviving establishments, particularly for those practices involving data collection and analysis.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 37
Appendix 1. OVERVIEW OF THE CENTER FOR ECONOMIC STUDIES
The Center for Economic Studies (CES) partners with stakeholders within and outside the Census Bureau to improve measures of the economy and people of the United States through research and the development of innovative information products.
Research
CES research staff use confidential microdata from Census Bureau censuses and surveys of business and households, linked employer-employee data, and administrative records from federal and state agencies to carry out empirical research that leads to • discoveries in economics and other social sciences not possible using publicly available data, • improvements in existing Census Bureau surveys and data products, and • new statistics and information products for public use. Research findings are disseminated through publications (see Appendix 2), CES discussion papers (see Appendix 4), conferences and seminars, and this annual report.
Products
CES uses microdata from existing censuses and surveys, and from administrative sources, to create inno- vative public-use information products, including: • Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS). Tabulations on establishments, firms, and employment with unique information on firm age and firm size. • LED Data Extraction Tool. Beta tool providing easy access to the raw data products produced through the Local Employment Dynamics (LED) Partnership (see Appendix 7). • OnTheMap. Online mapping and reporting application showing where the U.S. population and work- force live and work. • OnTheMap for Emergency Management. Intuitive Web-based interface for accessing U.S. population and workforce statistics, in real time, for areas being affected by natural disasters. • Quarterly Workforce Indicators (QWI). Workforce statistics by demography, geography, and industry for each state. • Synthetic Longitudinal Business Database (SynLBD). Beta version of synthetic microdata on all U.S. establishments.
Research Data Centers (RDCs)
CES administers the Census Research Data Centers (RDCs), which are Census Bureau facilities that provide secure access to restricted-use microdata for statistical purposes. Qualified researchers with approved projects can conduct research at RDCs that benefit the Census Bureau by improving measures of the economy and people of the United States. Research conducted at the RDCs spans a variety of topics, and results from this research are regularly published in major peer-reviewed journals (see Appendix 2). Through partnerships with leading universities and research organizations (see Appendix 6), CES currently operates 16 Research Data Centers located in Ann Arbor, Atlanta, Berkeley, Cambridge, Chicago, College Station (TX), Durham, Ithaca (NY), Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, Seattle, Stanford (CA), and the Washington DC area, with more being planned.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 39 Research Data CenterS—Con.
Research proposals submitted to CES are evaluated for • potential benefits to Census Bureau programs, • scientific merit, • clear need for nonpublic data, • feasibility given the data, and • no risk of disclosure. Proposals meeting these standards are further reviewed by the Census Bureau’s Office of Analysis and Executive Support. Proposals may also require the approval of other data-providing entities. Abstracts of recently approved projects appear in Appendix 3-A.
All RDC researchers must become Special Sworn Status (SSS) employees of the Census Bureau—passing a background check and swearing for life to protect the confidentiality of the data they access. Failing to protect confidentiality subjects them to significant financial and legal penalties.
Selected restricted-access data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) can also currently be accessed in the RDCs. Proposals to use those data must meet the requirements of those agencies. Abstracts of recently approved AHRQ and NCHS projects appear in Appendix 3-B.
Partnerships
CES relies on many supporters and partners within and outside the Census Bureau, including: • Census Bureau divisions that collect, process, and produce the business and household data. These areas provide CES with o the latest census and survey microdata, which are at the foundation of the research files CES makes available (see Appendix 5 for new data releases), o expert knowledge of the methodologies underlying the microdata, and o occasional reviews of RDC research proposals. • The universities and research organizations that support the Research Data Centers operated by CES (see Appendix 6). • The National Science Foundation, which supports the establishment of new RDCs. • The members of the Local Employment Dynamics (LED) partnership (see Appendix 7), who provide employment and earnings data to CES that serve as the foundation for LEHD research microdata and a number of public-use data products, including OnTheMap and the Quarterly Workforce Indicators. • Census Bureau divisions that provide administrative and technical support, especially our colleagues in the Economic Directorate and the Research and Methodology Directorate.
40 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Appendix 2. CENTER FOR ECONOMIC STUDIES (CES) STAFF AND RESEARCH DATA CENTER (RDC) SELECTED PUBLICATIONS AND WORKING PAPERS: 2013
[Term inside brackets indicates work by CES staff or RDC researchers.]
PUBLICATIONS Atalay, Enghin, Ali Hortaçsu, Becker, Randy A., Carl and Chad Syverson. 2014. Pasurka, and Ronald J. Abowd, John M., and Martha H. “Vertical Integration and Input Shadbegian. 2013. “Do Stinson. 2013. “Estimating Flows.” American Economic Environmental Regulations Measurement Error in Annual Review 104: 1120–1148. Disproportionately Affect Job Earnings: A Comparison [RDC] Small Business? Evidence from of Survey and Administrative the Pollution Abatement Costs Bartelsman, Eric J., and Data.” The Review of and Expenditures Survey.” Zoltan Wolf. Forthcoming. Economics and Statistics 95: Journal of Environmental “Forecasting Aggregate 1451–1467. [RDC] Economics and Management Productivity Using Abraham, Katharine G., John 66: 523–538. [CES] Information from Firm-Level C. Haltiwanger, Kristin Data.” Review of Economics Bernard, Andrew B., Stephen Sandusky, and James and Statistics. [CES] J. Redding, and Peter K. Spletzer. 2013. “Exploring Schott. 2013. “Testing for Differences in Employment Bassok, Daphna, Maria Factor Price Equality with between Household and Fitzpatrick, Susanna Loeb, Unobserved Differences in Establishment Data.” Journal and Agustina S. Paglayan. Factor Quality or Productivity.” of Labor Economics 31: S129– 2013. “The Early Childhood American Economic Journal: S172. [CES] Care and Education Microeconomics 5: 135–163. Workforce: Understanding Armour, Philip, Richard [RDC] Changes from 1990 through V. Burkhauser, and 2010.” Education Finance and Blonigen, Bruce A., Benjamin H. Jeffrey Larrimore. 2013. Policy 8: 581–601. [RDC] Liebman, Justin R. Pierce, and “Deconstructing Income and Wesley W. Wilson. 2013. “Are Income Inequality Measures: Bayard, Kimberly, David All Trade Protection Policies A Cross-Walk from Market Byrne, and Dominic Created Equal? Empirical Income to Comprehensive Smith. Forthcoming. “The Evidence for Nonequivalent Income.” American Economic Scope of U.S. Factoryless Market Power Effects of Review: Papers and Manufacturing.” In Measuring Tariffs and Quotas.” Journal Proceedings 103: 173–177. the Effects of Globalization, of International Economics [RDC] W.E. Upjohn Institute for 89: 369–378. [RDC] Employment Research. [RDC] Asker, John, Allan Collard- Bonet, Rocio. Forthcoming. Wexler, and Jan De Loecker. Becker, Randy A. 2014. “High-Involvement Forthcoming. “Dynamic Inputs “Measuring Pollution Work Practices and the and Resource (Mis)Allocation.” Abatement Expenditures: Opportunities for Promotion Journal of Political Economy. The U.S. Experience.” In in the Organization.” [RDC] La Estadística Ambiental Industrial Relations. [RDC] en México [Environmental Atalay, Enghin. Forthcoming. Bozkaya, Ant, and William R. Statistics in Mexico], edited by “Materials Prices and Kerr. Forthcoming. “Labor Alfonso Mercado García and Productivity.” Journal of Regulations and European Carlos Roberto López Pérez, El the European Economic Venture Capital.” Journal of Colegio de México. [CES] Association. [RDC] Economics and Management Strategy. [RDC]
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 41 Brown, J. David, John S. Earle, Collard-Wexler, Allan. 2013. Ellen, Ingrid Gould, Keren and Scott Gehlbach. 2013. “Demand Fluctuations in the Mertens Horn, and Katherine “Privatization.” In Oxford Ready-Mix Concrete Industry.” M. O’Regan. 2013. “Why Do Handbook of the Russian Econometrica 81: 1003–1037. Higher-Income Households Economy, edited by Michael [RDC] Choose Low-Income Alexeev and Shlomo Weber, Neighbourhoods? Pioneering Collard-Wexler, Allan. Oxford University Press. [CES] or Thrift?” Urban Studies 50: Forthcoming. “Mergers and 2478–2495. [RDC] Busso, Matias, Jesse Gregory, Sunk Costs: An Application and Patrick Kline. 2013. to the Ready-Mix Concrete Feenstra, Robert C., and “Assessing the Incidence and Industry.” American Economic J. Bradford Jensen. 2012. Efficiency of a Prominent Journal: Microeconomics. “Evaluating Estimates of Place Based Policy.” American [RDC] Materials Offshoring from U.S. Economic Review 103: 897– Manufacturing.” Economic Davis, Steven J., Cheryl Grim, 947. [RDC] Letters 117: 170–173. [RDC] John Haltiwanger, and Mary Castro, Rui, Gian Luca Streitweiser. 2013. “Electricity Fisher, Jonathan D., and Clementi, and Yoonsoo Lee. Unit Value Prices and Purchase Christina A. Houseworth. Forthcoming. “Cross-Sectoral Quantities: U.S. Manufacturing 2013. “Occupation Inflation Variation in the Volatility Plants, 1963–2000.” Review of in the Current Population of Plant-Level Idiosyncratic Economics and Statistics 95: Survey.” Journal of Economic Shocks.” Journal of Industrial 1150–1165. [CES] and Social Measurement 38: Economics. [RDC] 243–261. [CES] Dinlersoz, Emin, Henry R. Hyatt, Cetorelli, Nicola. 2014. and Sang V. Nguyen. 2013. Fisher, Jonathan D., David S. “Surviving Credit Market “The Plant Life-Cycle of the Johnson, and Timothy M. Competition.” Economic Average Wage of Employees Smeeding. 2013. “Measuring Inquiry 52: 320–340. [RDC] in U.S. Manufacturing.” IZA the Trends in Inequality of Journal of Labor Economics 2: Individuals and Families: Chen, Yu, Stephanie Segers, Article 7. [CES] Income and Consumption.” and Martin J. Blaser. 2013. American Economic Review: “Association between Dunne, Timothy, Shawn D. Papers and Proceedings 103: Helicobacter pylori and Klimek, Mark J. Roberts, and 184–188. [CES] Mortality in the NHANES III Daniel Yi Xu. 2013. “Entry, Study.” Gut 62: 1262–1269. Exit, and the Determinants Fisher, Jonathan D., and Joseph [RDC] of Market Structure.” RAND T. Marchand. Forthcoming. Journal of Economics 44: “Does the Retirement Choi, Sunha. Forthcoming. “How 462–487. [CES] Consumption Puzzle Differ Does Satisfaction with Medical across the Distribution?” Care Differ by Citizenship and Drucker, Joshua. 2013. Journal of Economic Nativity Status?: A County- “Industrial Structure and the Inequality. [CES] Level Multilevel Analysis.” The Sources of Agglomeration Gerontologist. [RDC] Economies: Evidence Fixler, Dennis, and David S. from Manufacturing Plant Johnson. 2014. “Accounting Clayton, Richard L., Akbar Production.” Growth and for the Distribution of Income Sadeghi, David M. Talan, Change 44: 54–91. [RDC] in the U.S. National Accounts.” and James R. Spletzer. 2013. In Measuring Economic “High-Employment-Growth Sustainability and Progress, Firms: Defining and Counting edited by Dale W. Jorgenson, Them.” Monthly Labor Review J. Steven Landefeld, and Paul 136: 3–13. [CES] Schreyer, The University of Chicago Press. [RDC]
42 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Fort, Teresa C., John Geronimus, Arline T., John Gurak, Douglas T., and Mary Haltiwanger, Ron S. Jarmin, Bound, and Annie Ro. M. Kritz. 2013. “Elderly and Javier Miranda. 2013. Forthcoming. “Residential Immigrants in Rural America: “How Firms Respond to Mobility Across Local Areas Trends and Characteristics.” Business Cycles: The Role of in the United States and the In Rural Aging in 21st the Firm Age and Firm Size.” Geographic Distribution of Century America, edited by IMF Economic Review 61: the Healthy Population.” Nina Glasgow and E. Helen 520–559. [CES] Demography. [RDC] Berry, Springer. [RDC]
Fu, Shihe, and Stephen L. Gibson, Diane M. Forthcoming. Haltiwanger, John, Ron S. Jarmin, Ross. 2013. “Wage Premia “Eye Care Availability and and Javier Miranda. 2013. in Employment Clusters: Access Among Individuals “Who Creates Jobs? Small vs. How Important is Worker with Diabetes, Diabetic Large vs. Young.” Review of Heterogeneity?” Journal of Retinopathy, or Age-Related Economics and Statistics 95: Labor Economics 31: 271– Macular Degeneration.” JAMA 347–361. [CES] 304. [RDC] Ophthalmology. [RDC] Handwerker, Elizabeth Weber, Gallagher, Ryan M., Haydar Giroud, Xavier. 2013. “Proximity and James R. Spletzer. Kurban, and Joseph J. Persky. and Investment: Evidence Forthcoming. “Measuring the 2013. “Small Homes, Public from Plant-Level Data.” Distribution of Wages in the Schools, and Property Tax Quarterly Journal of United States from 1996– Capitalization.” Regional Economics 128: 861–915. 2010 with the Occupational Science and Urban Economics [RDC] Employment Survey.” Monthly 43: 422–428. [RDC] Labor Review. [CES] Glaeser, Edward L., Sari Gamper-Rabindran, Shanti, and Pekkala Kerr, and William Hellerstein, Judith K., Mark J. Christopher Timmins. 2013. R. Kerr. Forthcoming. Kutzbach, and David Neumark. “Does Cleanup of Hazardous “Entrepreneurship and 2014. “Do Labor Markets Waste Sites Raise Housing Urban Growth: An Empirical Have an Important Spatial Values? Evidence of Spatially Assessment with Historical Dimension?” Journal of Urban Localized Benefits.” Journal of Mines.” Review of Economics Economics 79: 39–58. [CES] Environmental Economics and and Statistics. [RDC] Herwig, Jennifer A., and Dalton Management 65: 345–360. Gray, Wayne, and Ronald Conley. 2013. “The Causal [RDC] Shadbegian. 2013. “Do the Effects of Vietnam-era Military Ganco, Martin. 2013. “Cutting Job Effects of Regulation Service on Post-war Family the Gordian Knot: The Effect Differ with the Competitive Dynamics.” Social Science of Knowledge Complexity Environment?” In Does Research 42: 299–310. [RDC] on Employee Mobility and Regulation Kill Jobs?, edited Hetling, Andrea. Forthcoming. Entrepreneurship.” Strategic by Cary Coglianese, Adam “Moving In and Out of Welfare Management Journal 34: M. Finkel, and Christopher and Work: The Influence 666–686. [RDC] Carrigan, University of of Regional Socioeconomic Pennsylvania Press. [RDC] Gardner, Todd K., and Matthew Circumstances on Economic Marlay. 2013. “Whither Grossman, Michael, Erdal Tekin, Disconnection among Low- the Jobs: Identifying and Roy Wada. 2014. “Food Income Single Mothers.” Concentrations of Prices and Body Fatness Urban Affairs Review. [RDC] Employment in Metropolitan Among Youths.” Economics Areas.” Urban Geography 34: & Human Biology 12: 4–19. 1–20. [CES] [RDC]
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 43 Hetling, Andrea, Jinwoo Kerr, William R., and Scott Duke Liebler, Carolyn A., and Meghan Kwon, and Elizabeth Malm. Kominers. Forthcoming. Zacher. 2013. “American Forthcoming. “Income “Agglomerative Forces and Indians Without Tribes in Packaging and Economic Cluster Shapes.” Review of the Twenty-First Century.” Disconnection: Do Sources Economics and Statistics. Ethnic and Racial Studies 36: of Support Differ from other [RDC] 1910–1934. [RDC] Low-Income Women?” Journal Kim, E. Han, and Paige Ouimet. Liu, Xiangping, Laura O. Taylor, of Sociology and Social Forthcoming. “Broad-Based Timothy L. Hamilton, and Welfare. [RDC] Employee Stock Ownership: Peter E. Grigelis. 2013. Holmes, Thomas J., and John J. Motives and Outcomes.” “Amenity Values of Proximity Stevens. Forthcoming. “An Journal of Finance. [RDC] to National Wildlife Refuges: Alternative Theory of the An Analysis of Urban Kritz, Mary M., and Douglas Plant Size Distribution, with Residential Property Values.” T. Gurak. 2013. “United Geography and Intra- and Ecological Economics 94: States: Internal Migration, International Trade.” Journal 37–43. [RDC] Immigrants and New of Political Economy. [RDC] Destinations.” In Encyclopedia Lybbert, Travis A., and Nikolas J. Howe, E. Lance, Lee Huskey, and of Global Human Migration, Zolas. Forthcoming. “Getting Matthew D. Berman. 2014. edited by Immanuel Ness, Patents and Economic Data “Migration in Arctic Alaska: Alex Julca, and Marlou to Speak to Each Other: Empirical Evidence of the Schrover, Wiley-Blackwell. An ‘Algorithmic Links with Stepping Stones Hypothesis.” [RDC] Probabilities’ Approach for Migration Studies 2: 97–123. Joint Analyses of Patenting Kritz, Mary M., Douglas T. [RDC] and Economic Activity.” Gurak, and Man-Ah Lee. 2013. Research Policy. [CES] Hyatt, Henry R., and James “Foreign-born Out-migration Spletzer. 2013. “The Recent from New Destinations: Maksimovic, Vojislav, Gordon Decline in Employment Onward of Back to the Phillips, and Liu Yang. 2013. Dynamics.” IZA Journal of Enclave?” Social Science “Public and Private Merger Labor Economics 2: Article 5. Research 42: 527–546. [RDC] Waves.” Journal of Finance [CES] 68: 2177–2217. [RDC] Lazear, Edward P., and James R. Kamal, Fariha. Forthcoming. Spletzer. 2013. “The United Mazumder, Bhashkar, and “Does Firm Ownership Affect States Labor Market: Status Jonathan M. V. Davis. Spillover Opportunities? Quo or a New Normal?” 2013. “Parental Earnings Evidence from Chinese Annual Proceedings of the and Children’s Well-Being: Manufacturing.” Journal of Jackson Hole Federal Reserve An Analysis of the Survey Regional Science. [CES] Conference. [CES] of Income and Program Participation Matched to Kamal, Fariha. Forthcoming. Li, Xiaoyang. 2013. Social Security Administration “Origin of FDI and Firm “Productivity, Restructuring, Earnings Data.” Economic Performance: Evidence from and the Gains from Inquiry 51: 1795–1808. [RDC] Foreign Acquisitions of Takeovers.” Journal of Domestic Chinese Firms.” Financial Economics 109: McElheran, Kristina Steffenson. The World Economy. [CES] 250–271. [RDC] Forthcoming. “Delegation in Multi-Establishment Firms: Kamal, Fariha, and Mary Liebler, Carolyn A., and Timothy Adaptation vs. Coordination E. Lovely. 2013. “Labor Ortyl. Forthcoming. “More in I.T. Purchasing Authority.” Allocation in China: than a Million New American Journal of Economics and Implicit Taxation of the Indians in 2000: Who Are Management Strategy. [RDC] Heterogeneous Non-State They?” Demography. [RDC] Sector.” CESifo Economic Studies 59: 731–758. [CES]
44 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Miller, G. Edward, and Thomas Pierce, Justin R. 2013. Walker, W. Reed. 2013. “The M. Selden. 2013. “Tax “Antidumping Duties and Plant- Transitional Costs of Sectoral Subsidies for Employer- Level Restructuring.” Review Reallocation: Evidence from Sponsored Health Insurance: of Industrial Organization 42: the Clean Air Act and the Updated Microsimulation 435–447. [RDC] Workforce.” Quarterly Journal Estimates and Sensitivity of Economics 128: 1787– Rawley, Evan, and Timothy S. to Alternative Incidence 1835. [RDC] Simcoe. 2013. “Information Assumptions.” Health Services Technology, Productivity, and Wang, Qingfang. 2013. Research 48: 866–883. [RDC] Asset Ownership: Evidence “Industrial Concentration of Ono, Yukako, and from Taxicab Fleets.” Ethnic Minority- and Women- Daniel Sullivan. 2013. Organization Science 24: Owned Businesses: Evidence “Manufacturing Plants’ Use 831–845. [RDC] from the Survey of Business of Temporary Workers: Owners in the United States.” Saldanha, Terence J. V., Nigel An Analysis Using Census Journal of Small Business and P. Melville, Ronald Ramirez, Microdata.” Industrial Entrepreneurship 26: 299– and Vernon J. Richardson. Relations 52: 419–443. [RDC] 321. [RDC] 2013. “Information Systems Osili, Una Okonkwo, and Anna for Collaborating Versus Wright, Richard, Steven Holloway, Paulson. 2014. “Crises Transacting: Impact on and Mark Ellis. 2013. “Gender and Confidence: Systemic Manufacturing Plant and the Neighborhood Banking Crises and Depositor Performance in the Presence Location of Mixed-Race Behavior.” Journal of Financial of Demand Volatility.” Journal Couples.” Demography 50: Economics 111: 646–660. of Operations Management 393–420. [RDC] [RDC] 31: 313–329. [RDC] Xu, Xiao, Stephen J. Spurr, Bin Nan, and A. Mark Fendrick. Ouimet, Paige, and Rebecca Sastry, Narayan, and Jesse 2013. “The Effect of Medical Zarutskie. Forthcoming. Gregory. 2013. “The Effect Malpractice Liability on Rate “Who Works for Startups? of Hurricane Katrina on of Referrals Received by The Relation Between Firm the Prevalence of Health Specialist Physicians.” Health Age, Employee Age, and Impairments and Disability Economics, Policy and Law 8: Growth.” Journal of Financial Among Adults in New 453–475. [RDC] Economics. [RDC] Orleans: Differences by Age, Race, and Sex.” Social Science Pedace, Roberto, and Stephanie Working Papers & Medicine 80: 121–129. Rohn Kumar. 2014. “A [RDC] Acemoglu, Daron, Ufuk Akcigit, Warm Embrace or the Nicholas Bloom, and William Cold Shoulder? Wage and Schmutte, Ian M. Forthcoming. Kerr. 2013. “Innovation, Employment Outcomes “Job Referral Networks and Reallocation and Growth.” in Ethnic Enclaves.” the Determination of Earnings Center for Economic Studies Contemporary Economic in Local Labor Markets.” Discussion Paper 13-23; NBER Policy 32: 93–110. [RDC] Journal of Labor Economics. Working Paper No. 18993. [RDC] Pekkala Kerr, Sari, William [RDC] R. Kerr, and William F. Tolbert, Charles M., F. Carson Ackerberg, Daniel A., David Lincoln. Forthcoming. Mencken, T. Lynn Riggs, R. DeRemer, Michael H. “Skilled Immigration and the and Jing Li. Forthcoming. Riordan, Gregory L. Rosston, Employment Structures of “Restructuring of the Financial and Bradley S. Wimmer. U.S. Firms.” Journal of Labor Industry: The Disappearance 2013. “Estimating the Impact Economics. [RDC] of Locally Owned Traditional of Low-Income Universal Financial Services in Rural Service Programs.” Center for America.” Rural Sociology. Economic Studies Discussion [RDC] Paper 13-33. [RDC]
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 45 Agarwal, Rajshree, Benjamin A. Armour, Philip, Richard Bernard, Andrew B., J. Bradford Campbell, April M. Franco, V. Burkhauser, and Jeff Jensen, Stephen J. Redding, and Martin Ganco. 2013. Larrimore. 2013. “Levels and Peter K. Schott. 2013. “What Do I Take with Me? The and Trends in United States “Intra-Firm Trade and Product Mediating Effect of Spin-Out Income and Its Distribution: Contractibility.” Center for Team Size and Tenure on the A Crosswalk from Market Economic Studies Discussion Founder-Firm Performance Income Towards a Paper 13-12. [RDC] Relationship.” Center for Comprehensive Haig-Simons Bloom, Nicholas, Erik Economic Studies Discussion Income Measure.” NBER Brynjolfsson, Lucia Foster, Paper 13-17. [RDC] Working Paper No. 19110. Ron Jarmin, Itay Saporta- [RDC] Alcacer, Juan, and Mercedes Eksten, and John Van Delgado. 2013. “Spatial Bailey, Martha J. 2013. “Fifty Reenen. 2013. “Management Organization of Firms and Years of Family Planning: New in America.” Center for Location Choices through Evidence on the Long-Run Economic Studies Discussion the Value Chain.” Harvard Effects of Increasing Access to Paper 13-01. [CES] Business School Working Contraception.” NBER Working Boyd, Gale and Mark Curtis. Paper No. 13-025. [RDC] Paper No. 19493. [RDC] 2013. “Evidence of an Ananat, Elizabeth, Shihe Fu, Banzhaf, Melissa Ruby. 2013. ‘Energy-Management Gap’ and Stephen L. Ross. 2013. “When It Rains, It Pours: Under in U.S. Manufacturing: “Race-Specific Agglomeration What Circumstances Does Spillovers from Firm Economies: Social Distance Job Loss Lead to Divorce.” Management Practices to and the Black-White Wage Center for Economic Studies Energy Efficiency.” Center for Gap.” Center for Economic Discussion Paper 13-62. [CES] Economic Studies Discussion Studies Discussion Paper Paper 13-25. [RDC] Bassok, Daphna, Maria 13-24; NBER Working Paper Fitzpatrick, and Susanna Chan, Sewin, Samuel Dastrup, No. 18933. [RDC] Loeb. 2012. “Does State and Ingrid G. Ellen. 2013. Andersson, Fredrik, John Preschool Crowd-Out Private “Do Homeowners Mark to C. Haltiwanger, Mark J. Provision? The Impact of Market? A Comparison of Self- Kutzbach, Giordano Palloni, Universal Preschool on the Reported and Market-Based Henry O. Pollakowski, and Childcare Sector in Oklahoma Home Value Estimates During Daniel H. Weinberg. 2013. and Georgia.” NBER Working the Housing Boom and Bust.” “Childhood Housing and Adult Paper No. 18605. [RDC] New York University mimeo. Earnings: A Between-Siblings [RDC] Belova, Anna, Wayne B. Gray, Analysis of Housing Vouchers Joshua Linn, and Richard Clapp, Christopher. 2013. and Public Housing.” Center D. Morgenstern. 2013. “Should My Car Move for Economic Studies “Environmental Regulation or Should I? A Model of Discussion Paper 13-48. [CES] and Industry Employment: Residential and Commuting Andersson, Fredrik, Harry J. A Reassessment.” Center for Choices.” Ph.D. dissertation, Holzer, Julia I. Lane, David Economic Studies Discussion University of Virginia. [RDC] Rosenblum, and Jeffrey Paper 13-36. [RDC] Coe, Norma B., and Matthew S. Smith. 2013. “Does Federally- Bernard, Andrew B., and Teresa Rutledge. 2013. “How Does Funded Job Training Work? C. Fort. 2013. “Factoryless the Composition of Disability Nonexperimental Estimates of Goods Producers in the U.S.” Insurance Applicants Change WIA Training Impacts Using Center for Economic Studies Across Business Cycles?” Longitudinal Data on Workers Discussion Paper 13-46; NBER Boston College Center for and Firms.” IZA Discussion Working Paper No. 19396. Retirement Research Working Paper No. 7621; NBER Working [RDC] Paper No. 2013-5. [RDC] Paper No. 19446. [RDC]
46 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Collard-Wexler, Allan, and Jan De Fort, Teresa C. 2013. “Breaking Garcia-Perez, Monica, Loecker. 2013. “Reallocation Up Is Hard To Do: Why Christopher Goetz, John and Technology: Evidence Firms Fragment Production Haltiwanger, and Kristin from the U.S. Steel Industry.” Across Locations.” Center for Sandusky. 2013. “Don’t Quit Center for Economic Studies Economic Studies Discussion Your Day Job: Using Wage and Discussion Paper 13-06; NBER Paper 13-35. [RDC] Salary Earnings to Support Working Paper No. 18739. a New Business.” Center for Fort, Teresa C., John [RDC] Economic Studies Discussion Haltiwanger, Ron S. Jarmin, Paper 13-45. [CES] Currie, Janet, Lucas Davis, and Javier Miranda. 2013. Michael Greenstone, and Reed “How Firms Respond to Gardner, Todd. 2013. “The Walker. 2013. “Do Housing Business Cycles: The Role Racial and Ethnic Composition Prices Reflect Environmental of Firm Age and Firm Size.” of Local Government Health Risks? Evidence From Center for Economic Studies Employees in Large Metro More Than 1600 Toxic Plant Discussion Paper 13-30; NBER Areas, 1960–2010.” Center Openings and Closings.” Working Paper No. 19134. for Economic Studies Center for Economic Studies [CES] Discussion Paper 13-38. [CES] Discussion Paper 13-14; NBER Foster, Lucia, Cheryl Grim, and Gelber, Alexander, and Adam Working Paper No. 18700. John Haltiwanger. 2013. Isen. 2013. “Mandated [RDC] “Reallocation in the Great Benefits and Firm Behavior: Davis, Steven J., John C. Recession: Cleansing or Not?” Evidence from Business Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Center for Economic Studies Regulations and the Universe Ron S. Jarmin, Josh Lerner, Discussion Paper 13-42. [CES] of U.S. Firms.” University of and Javier Miranda. 2013. Pennsylvania mimeo. [RDC] Frandsen, Brigham R. 2013. “Private Equity, Jobs, and “The Surprising Impacts Gelber, Alexander M., Damon Productivity.” NBER Working of Unionization on Jones, and Daniel W. Sacks. Papers No. 19458. [CES] Establishments: Accounting 2013. “Earnings Adjustment Delgado, Mercedes, Michael E. for Selection in Close Union Frictions: Evidence from Porter, and Scott Stern. 2013. Representation Elections.” Social Security Earnings Test.” “Defining Clusters of Related Brigham Young University Center for Economic Studies Industries.” Temple University mimeo. [RDC] Discussion Paper 13-50. [RDC] mimeo. [RDC] Gal, Peter N., Alexander Hijzen, Gervais, Antoine. 2013. Flaaen, Aaron. 2013. and Zoltan Wolf. 2013. “The “Product Quality and Firm “Multinational Firms in Role of Institutions and Firm Heterogeneity in International Context.” University of Heterogeneity for Labour Trade.” Center for Economic Michigan mimeo. [RDC] Market Adjustment: Cross- Studies Discussion Paper Country Firm-Level Evidence.” 13-08. [RDC] Flaaen, Aaron, Matthew D. IZA Discussion Paper No. Shapiro, and Isaac Sorkin. Gervais, Antoine, and J. Bradford 7404. [CES] 2013. “Reconsidering the Jensen. 2013. “The Tradability Consequences of Worker Gallagher, Ryan M., Haydar of Services: Geographic Displacement: Survey Kurban, and Joseph J. Persky. Concentration and Trade versus Administrative 2013. “Small Homes, Public Costs.” NBER Working Paper Measurements.” University of Schools, and Property Tax No. 19759. [RDC] Michigan mimeo. [RDC] Capitalization.” Center for Economic Studies Discussion Paper 13-04. [RDC]
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 47 Giroud, Xavier, and Holger M. Haltiwanger, John, Javier Isen, Adam, Maya Rossin-Slater, Mueller. 2013. “Capital and Miranda, and Ron Jarmin. and W. Reed Walker. 2013. Labor Reallocation Inside 2013. “Anemic Job Creation “Every Breath You Take— Firms.” Center for Economic and Growth in the Aftermath Every Dollar You Make: The Studies Discussion Paper of the Great Recession: Are Long-Term Consequence of 13-22; NBER Working Paper Home Prices to Blame?” the Clean Air Act of 1970.” No. 18592. [RDC] Kauffman Foundation Center for Economic Studies Statistical Brief. [CES] Discussion Paper 13-52. [RDC] Glaeser, Edward L., Sari Pekkala Kerr, and William R. Kerr. Helting, Andrea, Jinwoo Kwon, Isenberg, Emily, Liana Christin 2013. “Entrepreneurship and and Elizabeth Mahn. 2013. Landivar, and Esther Mezey. Urban Growth: An Empirical “Income Packaging and 2013. “A Comparison of Assessment with Historical Economic Disconnection: Do Person-Reported Industry to Mines.” Center for Economic Sources of Support Differ Employer-Reported Industry Studies Discussion Paper from Other Low-Income in Survey and Administrative 13-15. [RDC] Women?” Center for Economic Data.” Center for Economic Studies Discussion Paper Studies Discussion Paper Goetz, Christopher F. 2013. 13-61. [RDC] 13-47. [CES] “Falling House Prices and Labor Mobility: Evidence from Hockenberry, Jason, Jesse Janicki, Hubert, Brett O’Hara, Matched Employer-Employee Margolis, Shin-Yi Chou, and and Alice Zawacki. 2013. Data.” Center for Economic Michael Grossman. 2013. “Comparing Methods for Studies Discussion Paper “Moral Hazard and Less Imputing Employer Health 13-43. [CES] Invasive Medical Treatment Insurance Contributions in the for Coronary Artery Disease: Current Population Survey.” Graham, John R., Hyunseob An Analysis of Smoking in Center for Economic Studies Kim, Si Li, and Jiaping Qiu. the National Health Interview Discussion Paper 13-41. [CES] 2013. “Human Capital Loss Survey.” City University of in Corporate Bankruptcy.” Kamal, Fariha, and Mary E. New York mimeo. [RDC] Center for Economic Studies Lovely. 2013. “Evolving Discussion Paper 13-37. [RDC] Hsieh, Chang-Tai, and Peter J. Property Rights and Shifting Klenow. 2014. “The Life Cycle Organizational Forms: Gray, Wayne B., Ronald J. of Plants in India and Mexico.” Evidence from Joint-Venture Shadbegian, Chunbei Wang, Stanford University mimeo. Buyouts Following China’s and Merve Cebi. 2013. “Do [RDC] WTO Accession.” Center for EPA Regulations Affect Labor Economic Studies Discussion Demand? Evidence from the Hyatt, Henry R., and James Paper 13-05. [CES] Pulp and Paper Industry.” Spletzer. 2013. “The Recent Center for Economic Studies Decline in Employment Kamal, Fariha, Brent R. Moulton, Discussion Paper 13-39. [RDC] Dynamics.” Center for and Jennifer Ribarsky. 2013. Economic Studies Discussion “Measuring ‘Factoryless’ Grossman, Michael, Erdal Tekin, Paper 13-03. [CES] Manufacturing: Evidence and Roy Wada. 2013. “Food from U.S. Surveys.” Center for Prices and Body Fatness Isen, Adam. 2013. “Dying to Economic Studies Discussion Among Children.” NBER Know: Are Workers Paid Their Paper 13-44. [CES] Working Paper No. 19143. Marginal Product?” University [RDC] of Pennsylvania mimeo. [RDC]
48 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Kaplan, Daniel B. 2013. “Home Kurz, Christopher, and Mine Z. Ma, Lin. 2013. “Globalization and Health Care for Persons with Senses. 2013. “Importing, Top Income Shares.” University Cognitive Impairment: The Exporting and Firm-Level of Michigan mimeo. [RDC] Influence of Home Health Employment Volatility.” Ma, Xiangjun. 2012. Care Agency Characteristics Center for Economic Studies “Organizational Boundaries, on the Relationship Between Discussion Paper 13-31. [RDC] Transfer Prices and Export Consumer Cognitive Larrimore, Jeff, Richard V. Prices of International Firms— Impairment Status and Service Burkhauser, and Philip Theories and Firm-Level Volume and Cost.” Ph.D. dis- Armour. 2013. “Accounting Evidence.” Ph.D. dissertation, sertation, Columbia University for Income Changes over University of Virginia. [RDC] School of Social Work. [RDC] the Great Recession (2007– McCallum, Andrew H. 2013. Karaca-Mandic, Pinar, Roger 2010) Relative to Previous “The Structure of Export Entry Feldman, and Peter Graven. Recessions: The Importance Costs.” Federal Reserve Board 2013. “The Role of Agents of Taxes and Transfers.” NBER mimeo. [RDC] and Brokers in the Market for Working Paper No. 19699. Health Insurance.” Center for [RDC] Melendez-Lugo, Joel. 2012. Economic Studies Discussion “Access to Credit, Market Lee, Jonathan M., and Laura O. Paper 13-58. [RDC] Selection, and Economic Taylor. 2013. “Randomized Growth.” Ph.D. dissertation, Kehrig, Matthias, and Nicolas Safety Inspections and Risk of University of Houston. [RDC] Vincent. 2013. “Financial Exposure on the Job: Quasi- Frictions and Investment Experimental Estimates of Melzer, Brian T. 2013. “Spillovers Dynamics in Multi-Plant Firms.” the Value of a Statistical Life.” from Costly Credit.” Center for Center for Economic Studies North Carolina State University Economic Studies Discussion Discussion Paper 13-56. [RDC] mimeo. [RDC] Paper 13-11. [RDC]
Kehrig, Matthias, and Nicolas Li, Cathleen. 2013. “Bias in Meyer, Bruce, and Nikolas Mittag. Ziebarth. 2013. “Disentangling Food Stamps Participation 2013. “Misclassification Labor Supply and Demand Estimates in the Presence of in Binary Choice Models.” Shifts Using Spatial Wage Misreporting Error.” Center for Center for Economic Studies Dispersion: The Case of Oil Economic Studies Discussion Discussion Paper 13-27. [RDC] Price Shocks.” Center for Paper 13-13. [RDC] Mittag, Nikolas. 2013. “A Method Economic Studies Discussion Li, Xiaoyang. 2013. “Productivity, of Correcting for Misreporting Paper 13-57. [RDC] Restructuring, and the Gains Applied to the Food Stamp Krishnan, Karthik, Debarshi from Takeovers.” Center for Program.” Center for Economic K. Nandy, and Manju Puri. Economic Studies Discussion Studies Discussion Paper 2013. “Does Financing Spur Paper 13-18. [RDC] 13-28. [RDC] Small Business Productivity? Liebler, Carolyn A., and Timothy Molloy, Raven, Christopher L. Evidence from a Natural Ortyl. 2013. “More than a Smith, and Abigail Wozniak. Experiment.” SSRN Working Million New American Indians 2013. “Declining Migration Paper No. 2358819. [RDC] in 2000: Who Are They?” within the U.S.: The Role of Kritz, Mary M., Douglas T. Center for Economic Studies the Labor Market.” Center for Gurak, and Min-Ah Lee. 2013. Discussion Paper 13-02. [RDC] Economic Studies Discussion “Why Immigrants Leave New Paper 13-53. [RDC] Lin, Jenny, and William F. Lincoln. Destinations and Where Do 2013. “U.S. Firm Exports and They Go?” Center for Economic Intellectual Property Rights.” Studies Discussion Paper University of Michigan mimeo. 13-32. [RDC] [RDC]
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 49 Monarch, Ryan, Jooyoun Park, Rutledge, Matthew S. 2013. “The Sousa, Liliana. 2013. “Community Jagadeesh Sivadasan. 2013. Impact of Unemployment Determinants of Immigrant “Gains from Offshoring? Insurance Extensions Self-Employment: Human Evidence from U.S. Microdata.” on Disability Insurance Capital Spillovers and Ethnic Center for Economic Studies Application and Allowance Enclaves.” Center for Economic Discussion Paper 13-20. [RDC] Rates.” Center for Economic Studies Discussion Paper Studies Discussion Paper 13-21. [CES] Nishida, Mitsukuni, Amil Petrin, 13-10. [RDC] and T. Kirk White. 2013. Sousa, Liliana D. 2013. “Human “Are We Undercounting Rutledge, Matthew S., Natalia Capital Traps? Enclave Effects Reallocation’s Contribution to Orlova, and Anthony Webb. Using Linked Employer- Growth?” Center for Economic 2013. “How Will Older Workers Household Data.” Center for Studies Discussion Paper Who Lose Their Jobs During Economic Studies Discussion 13-55. [CES] the Great Recession Fare Paper 13-29. [CES] in the Long-Run?” Boston Ouimet, Paige, and Rebecca Starr, Evan, Natarajan College Center for Retirement Zarutskie. 2013. “Acquiring Balasubramanian, and Mariko Research Working Paper No. Labor.” University of North Sakakibara. 2013 “Creation, 2013-9. [RDC] Carolina mimeo. [RDC] Growth, and Destruction: The Sakshaug, Joseph W., and Life-Cycle Impact of Enforcing Pekkala Kerr, Sari, William R. Trivellore E. Raghunathan. Covenants Not to Compete Kerr, and William F. Lincoln. 2013. “Synthetic Data for on Spin-Outs and Other New 2013. “Skilled Immigration and Small Area Estimation in the Ventures.” University of the Employment Structures American Community Survey.” Michigan mimeo. [RDC] of U.S. Firms.” NBER Working Center for Economic Studies Paper No. 19658. [RDC] Strain, Michael R. 2013. “Do Discussion Paper 13-19. [RDC] Volatile Firms Pay Volatile Pierce, Justin R. 2013. Sharma, Shital. 2013. Earnings? Evidence Using “Antidumping Duties and “Environmental Regulation, Linked Worker-Firm Data.” Plant-Level Restructuring.” Abatement, and Productivity: AEI Economic Policy Working Center for Economic Studies A Frontier Analysis.” Center for Papers No. 2013-01. [RDC] Discussion Paper 13-60. [RDC] Economic Studies Discussion Tate, Geoffrey, and Liu Yang. Pierce, Justin R., and Peter K. Paper 13-51. [RDC] 2013. “The Bright Side of Schott. 2013. “The Surprisingly Silva, Rui. 2013. “Internal Labor Corporate Diversification: Swift Decline of U.S. Markets and Investment in Evidence from Internal Labor Manufacturing Employment.” Conglomerates.” Center for Markets.” Center for Economic Center for Economic Studies Economic Studies Discussion Studies Discussion Paper Discussion Paper 13-59; NBER Paper 13-26. [RDC] 13-40. [RDC] Working Paper No. 18655. [RDC] Sojourner, Aaron J., Robert J. Tecu, Isabel. 2013. “The Location Town, David C. Grabowski, of Industrial Innovation: Powers, Nicholas E. 2013. Michelle M. Chen, and Brigham Does Manufacturing Matter?” “Measuring the Impact of the R. Frandsen. 2013. “Impacts Center for Economic Studies Toxics Release Inventory: of Unionization on Quality Discussion Paper 13-09. [RDC] Evidence from Manufacturing and Productivity: Regression Plant Births.” Center for Tran, Allen. 2013. “Online Discontinuity Evidence From Economic Studies Discussion Retail and Productivity in Nursing Homes.” Brigham Paper 13-07. [RDC] Consumption.” University of Young University mimeo. California Los Angeles mimeo. [RDC] [RDC]
50 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Wang, Qingfang. 2013. Weinberg, Daniel H. 2013. Yonker, Scott E. 2013. “Do Local “Industrial Concentration of “Talent Recruitment and Firm Managers Give Labor an Ethnic Minority- and Women- Performance: The Business Edge?” Center for Economic Owned Businesses in the of Major League Sports.” Studies Discussion Paper United States.” Center for Center for Economic Studies 13-16. [RDC] Economic Studies Discussion Discussion Paper 13-54. Zolas, Nikolas, Travis J. Lybbert, Paper 13-34. [RDC] [Census] and Prantik Bhattacharyya. Webber, Douglas A. 2013. Weng, Tengying. 2013. “The 2013. “An ‘Algorithmic “Firm Market Power and the Dynamics of the U.S. Broiler Links with Probabilities’ Earnings Distribution.” IZA Industry.” Ph.D. disserta- Concordance for Trademarks: Discussion Paper No. 7342. tion, North Carolina State For Disaggregated Analysis [RDC] University. [RDC] of Trademark and Economic Data.” Center for Economic Studies Discussion Paper 13-49. [CES]
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 51
Appendix 3-A. ABSTRACTS OF PROJECTS STARTED IN 2013: U.S. CENSUS BUREAU DATA Projects in this portion of the appendix use data provided by the Census Bureau.
FIRM NETWORKS AND FIRM EXPANSION
Chad Syverson – University of Chicago Mehmet Atalay – University of Chicago Hector Perez Saiz – Bank of Canada Rui Silva – London Business School
This research seeks to charac- trade that captures the economic network structure. The analyses terize the U.S. buyer-supplier fundamentals driving the evolu- will revolve around the follow- network. Arguably one of the tion of the economy’s buyer-sup- ing questions: When are two most vital economic systems in plier network structure. Solving establishments likely to be existence, surprisingly no one to the model to generate predicted linked to one another? How are date has theoretically or empiri- vertical production patterns, shocks transmitted across linked cally modeled its structure. The they will take these to the data establishments/firms? How are researchers will begin by estab- to estimate the model’s param- shocks transmitted within firms lishing basic (yet previously eters. This will permit any one of and how is production organized undocumented) facts about the a number of conceptual exer- within firms, across their estab- U.S. input-output structure. They cises to investigate how various lishments? Finally, do shocks will then develop a dynamic policies or changes in economic to individual firms or establish- model of firm birth, death, fundamentals would impact ments have aggregate effects? expansion, contraction, and the equilibrium buyer-supplier
DISABILITY INSURANCE AND EMPLOYMENT DECISIONS
John Bound – University of Michigan Tanya Byker – University of Michigan Peter Hudomiet – University of Michigan Bryan Stuart – University of Michigan Desmond Toohey – University of Michigan
Social Security Disability the country (Krueger and Meyer, panels (core and selected mod- Insurance (DI) and Supplemental 2002). This study will examine ules) to the Master Beneficiary Security Income (SSI) for the the employment effects of DI Records (MBR) of the SSA, to disabled and blind are both and SSI and will explore chan- the so-called 831 files, and to federal programs designed to nels of disability insurance earnings records. Usage of these insure people against loss of application as well as factors SIPP surveys will be further income due to health condi- influencing disability insurance enhanced by creating monthly tions, and participation in applications. This research will and weekly person-level panels, these programs is an important use the Census Bureau’s primary and by assessing the quality of issue for millions of American survey of government transfer self-reported health status in the households. Together, DI and programs, the Survey of Income SIPP. SSI make up one of the four and Program Participation (SIPP). major insurance programs of The researchers will link SIPP
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 53 ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF BANKRUPTCY REGIMES ON FIRM OUTCOMES
Shai Bernstein – Stanford University
This study will identify the not end with zero total eco- customers, and competitors differing economic impacts, nomic value since its assets (and may be affected when a firm is measured in a variety of ways, human capital) are sold to other liquidated or reorganized. This between two forms of bank- productive firms and thereby project will examine the behav- ruptcy: the reorganization redeployed. This research will ior of other firms operating in process of chapter 11 and the quantify the costs of bankruptcy the local economies of bankrupt liquidation process of chapter 7. in terms of employment, payroll, firms in different bankruptcy Using Census microdata com- and productivity losses, rather regime, in order to quantify the bined with external data, the than just the dollar value lost to bankruptcy regime differen- establishment-level operations the bankrupt firm and its credi- tial impact. Although it is very of these firms can be observed tors. This will more accurately difficult to overcome the selec- following the bankruptcy resolu- depict from where the losses tion into the two bankruptcy tion, and the different impacts caused by financial distress regimes, the researchers will use will be quantified. Typically, come, and how large they truly heterogeneity across bankruptcy research treats the cost of bank- are. Furthermore, relatively little judges as an instrumental vari- ruptcy in terms of reduction in consideration has been given to able to estimate the unbiased the market value of the bankrupt the question of whether financial effect that compares the effects firm. However, when a firm is distress imposes externalities these bankruptcy regimes have completely liquidated, it does on other companies. Suppliers, on financially distressed firms.
THE “SAFE DESIGN PROJECT”: ADDRESSING DISCLOSURE RISK OF CONTEXTUALIZED MICRODATA IN SURVEY DESIGN
Michael Elliott – University of Michigan Kristine Witkowski – University of Michigan
Demand for contextualized spatial units that fail to meet a designs and associated mask- microdata has increased dramat- predefined population threshold ing techniques that allow more ically over the last decade and is (e.g., 100,000). Users interested geographic detail to be released expected to increase even more in studying persons nested on microdata products, with- in years to come. The Census within less-populated geogra- out increased disclosure risk or Bureau collects data to produce phies (e.g., rural counties, tracts, unnecessary survey costs. This timely population estimates on block groups) must access research will use the 2005–2009 demographic, social, housing, restricted-use data through American Community Survey and economic characteristics for data enclaves. Neither of these (ACS) data as the empirical foun- a broad spectrum of geographic approaches fully satisfies the dation, with the aim of produc- areas in the United States and growing demand for geographi- ing statistics that summarize is therefore in a unique position cally-rich microdata that is being findings from the evaluation to meet some of this demand. fueled by a variety of research- of the methodology and broad However, releasing geographic ers, analysts, decision-makers, guidelines derived from disclo- details in public-use micro- and administrators. To help alle- sure simulations, all of which are data may increase the risk of viate barriers to use, this project to be carefully constructed so as disclosure. Current disclosure will develop methodology that to ensure the confidentiality of limitation practices involve sup- supports the efficient identifica- the underlying data and disclo- pressing geographic details for tion of sampling and database sure practices.
54 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau LABOR MARKET IMPLICATIONS OF EXTERNAL SHOCKS
James Sallee – University of Chicago David Silver – University of California, Berkeley W. Reed Walker – University of California, Berkeley
The ways in which external proper understanding both of quantifying how changes in economic forces influence firm- how external economic forces demand drive employment level input and output decisions influence firm and worker deci- responses and worker outcomes have important implications for sions as well as how these deci- in the automobile industry economic welfare and social sions influence long run costs and how demand shocks in a well-being. Firms and plant- and economic incidence. This particular industry may propa- owners often make decisions to project will characterize how gate to nearby industries. The maximize profits or shareholder external market and nonmarket researchers will also evaluate value, and they may not fully forces influence firm and worker how environmental regulation internalize the effects of their behavior, while also evaluat- influences the type of worker production decisions on the ing the costs and incidence of hired at newly regulated firms. local economy in which they are sectoral reallocation of the labor In addition, this research will located. Similarly, firm owners market more generally. The evaluate how environmental or managers do not necessarily researchers will evaluate the regulation influences technol- internalize the potential long run costs and incidence of sectoral ogy choice within a firm, and costs to workers when making reallocation in the labor market how these technology choices plant layoff decisions. In some using the longitudinal earnings influence the skill mix and wage cases, these externalities cre- and employment records from structure within that particular ate market failures. Addressing the LEHD infrastructure file. This firm. these externalities requires a research will produce estimates
IMPROVING THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SPATIAL AND THE SURVEY SCIENCES
David Folch – University of Colorado, Boulder Seth Spielman – University of Colorado, Boulder
The Spatial Sciences Census uncertainty of survey estimates usability of small area estimates Research Node (SSCRN) will is to utilize ancillary informa- from the American Community foster a connection between tion about the population. Survey (ACS) by allowing users the spatial and the survey sci- Historically, very little attention to intelligently combine tracts ences. This bridge will yield has been paid to the geographic to reduce uncertainty in vari- both immediate and long‐term distribution of populations ables of interest. In addition to benefits for the estimation, dis- within these small areas. This improving small area popula- semination, and usability of the research will increase knowledge tion estimates, an improved small area statistics produced by about the organization of the understanding of the geographic the Census Bureau. Small area population within small geo- micro-structure of the U.S. popu- statistics describe the character graphic areas, and exploit new lation is of broad scientific inter- of the population within small forms of geographic informa- est and may expand knowledge geographic zones, such as cen- tion and recent advances in about socio-spatial processes sus tracts, and can be imprecise. spatial statistics, to make small like segregation and neighbor- Apart from the impractical solu- area estimates more accurate. hood effects. tion of increasing the sample This project will develop soft- size, the only way to reduce the ware tools that will enhance the
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 55 THE DETERMINANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF PERSONAL BANKRUPTCY
Jonathan Fisher – U.S. Census Bureau Tai Gross – Columbia University Nathaniel Johnson – Baruch College
This project will examine the panels, combined with external these demographics, describing determinants and consequences data on personal bankruptcy for the first time how the sample of filing for personal bank- filings from 1998–2008. The of Americans who declare bank- ruptcy in the United States. The researchers will measure the cor- ruptcy has changed over time, research will make use of the relates of bankruptcy, describ- especially since the change in Decennial Census of Population, ing the particular demographic the federal bankruptcy law in American Community Survey, characteristics of households 2005. and the Survey of Income and that declare bankruptcy. They Program Participation (SIPP) will also calculate trends in
INTRODUCTION OF HEAD START, MATERNAL LABOR SUPPLY, AND CHILD OUTCOMES
Robert Kaestner – University of Illinois at Chicago Cuiping Long – University of Illinois at Chicago
This research will estimate the nonresponse rates on maternal low-income families and poten- effect of Head Start on mater- labor force participation and tially identify the sources and nal labor supply and the effect hours worked for low-income the magnitude of this measure- of Head Start on child school mothers by mothers’ characteris- ment problem. Second, this progression. This study will use tics such as education, race, and research will provide aggregate data from decennial censuses to marital status, and document measures for the employment estimate changes in aggregate how this has changed from 1970 of low-income mothers with maternal labor force participa- to 2000, to evaluate the compa- young children (e.g., aged 3–8) tion rates and hours worked per rability between different waves by education and race, thereby week in response to the enroll- of the survey data. This will per- providing measures of the social ment of 3–5 year old children in mit evaluation of whether cur- conditions or well-being of chil- the Head Start program. First, rent weights sufficiently adjust dren in low-income families. the researchers will examine the for the nonresponse patterns for
TRADE FLOWS AT NARROW GEOGRAPHIC DETAIL AND THE LOCATION OF MANUFACTURING
Thomas Holmes – University of Minnesota Matthew Shapiro – University of Minnesota Ethan Singer – University of Minnesota
This research will examine the medical equipment by a firm produce industry-level param- flow of goods at narrow geo- in Minneapolis to Boston or eters related to transportation graphic and industry detail. This Toronto. This study will estimate cost and the use of wholesaling. will include imports, exports, an economic model of trade It will then use these esti- as well as internal flows within flows that will explicitly incor- mates to evaluate the impact the United States—such as porate the possibility that goods of increased international trade shipment of drywall from China may move through the whole- on the regional distribution of to Miami, or a shipment of sale sector. This project will manufactures.
56 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau INVESTIGATING THE BIAS OF ALTERNATIVE STATISTICAL INFERENCE METHODS IN SEQUENTIAL MIXED-MODE SURVEYS
Zeynep Suzer Gurtekin – University of Michigan
In a sequential mixed-mode American Community Survey survey data as a special case survey design, a combina- (ACS) is the most prominent sur- of a missing data problem. The tion of data collection modes vey that uses such a sequential research outcome will be revised is used sequentially to reduce mixed-mode survey design, and ACS microdata that are adjusted nonresponse bias and control therefore is an important test for nonresponse and nonrandom total survey costs. However, bed for such empirical evalua- mode effects, and corresponding nonrandom mixtures of modes tions. This research will focus on composite weights to compute yield unknown bias properties two variables in particular, per- population estimates from these for population estimates such as sonal income and health insur- microdata. Additionally, alterna- means and totals. This research ance coverage, which the survey tive subgroup allocations for project aims to develop statisti- methodology literature suggests nonresponse follow-up which cal inference methods account- are subject to mode effects. The aim to reduce cost or mean ing for both nonresponse and proposed method conceptual- square error will be investigated nonrandom mode effects. The izes the sequential mixed-mode under the ACS design.
INDIVIDUAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
Andrew Houtenville – Cornell University John O’Neill – Hunter College Purvi Sevak – Hunter College
Despite the Americans with local environment. Using the individual and environmental Disabilities Act and enormous restricted access geographic characteristics on employment. advances in assistive technol- identifiers in the American These characteristics include ogy, employment rates for Community Survey, Current health conditions, the specific people with disabilities have Population Survey, and Survey nature of the disability, demo- declined. This project will of Income and Program graphics, unearned income, model the employment of Participation, this research will human capital, family charac- working-age people with dis- examine variation both across teristics, policy variables, local abilities as a function of their and within geographic areas to infrastructure, and local eco- individual characteristics and identify the effect of different nomic conditions.
INDUSTRY AND SECTORAL VARIATION IN FIRM DYNAMICS
Benjamin Pugsley – Federal Reserve Bank of New York Sara Ferreira Moreira – University of Chicago Erik Hurst – University of Chicago This research will systemati- is expected to be explained by spend on research and devel- cally document the industry and the intensity of “nonpecuniary” opment varies inversely with sectoral variation in the distribu- entrepreneurs, a hypothesis that the intensity of nonpecuniary tion of firms and their dynamics this study will test. In addi- entrepreneurs. by estimating a set of statistical tion, this research will explore models. Some of the variation whether the propensity to
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 57 HOUSING VALUES AND EMINENT DOMAIN
Daniel Chen – Duke University
This study will use data from rights and investment in devel- household-level microdata to the American Community Survey oping countries. Theoretical examine changes in individual (ACS), American Housing Survey arguments exist as to how housing values, producing more (AHS), and Decennial Censuses takings decisions might, on net, accurate estimates of the effects to examine the impact of emi- either increase or decrease hous- of takings decisions on housing nent domain takings decisions ing values, yet relevant empirical values. This research will also on housing values in geographic work using U.S. data focuses on assess alternative methods of areas affected by those deci- producing area-level estimates imputing missing data in the sions. Most of the empirical of housing value changes. In AHS and assess the impact emi- work in this field focuses on the contrast, this research will take nent domain law has on ACS and relationship between property advantage of restricted-use AHS data collection.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PUBLIC HOUSING AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES
Sara Gleave – University of North Carolina at Charlotte Qingfang Wang – University of North Carolina at Charlotte
This study addresses the role outcomes: employment status, for physical damage from the that public housing develop- occupational concentration, and storm. Both individual- and ments play in labor market job earnings. Restricted-use neighborhood-level variables processes. This association Census microdata from 2000 will be incorporated into a series will be particularly examined and 2006–2009 will be utilized, of hierarchical linear models, in the New Orleans-Metairie- together with public hous- allowing for these variables of Kenner, Louisiana metropolitan ing data and a raster dataset different scales to be incorpo- area before and after Hurricane measuring the extent of Katrina rated into the same model. Katrina for three separate flooding, to partially control
CONSTRUCTING A GEOGRAPHY FOR CENSUS MICRODATA
Nicholas Nagle – University of Tennessee Kevin Krivacsy – University of Tennessee Matthew Ruther – University of Minnesota
This research uses restricted-use research team generates sam- and allowing researchers to microdata from the 1970–2000 pling weights for allocating choose between precision and Decennial Censuses and 2005– household records in the Public uncertainty will increase the 2009 American Community Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) utility of publicly available Survey (ACS) to validate meth- to a given census tract. This Census data. In the process of ods for estimating small area methodology will allow users to the analysis, the researchers will totals from public Census data combine public data in order to also create a synthetic dataset and to evaluate the nature of create population estimates with from exclusively public sources, disclosure protection pres- increased spatial resolution at allowing them to assess the ent in the existing public data. the expense of increased statisti- degree of disclosure protection The methodology developed cal uncertainty. Such a tradeoff present in existing public use and to be implemented by the is desirable in many situations, samples.
58 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau LATINO RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION IN THE UNITED STATES: APPLYING NEW METHODS TO GAIN UNDERSTANDINGS
Mark Fossett – Texas A&M University Amber Fox – Texas A&M University
Census Bureau data are the this research will achieve these for individuals, and how those primary source of informa- goals by demonstrating how it is outcomes in turn can be aggre- tion for residential segregation now possible to study residen- gated to generate measures of studies in the United States, but tial segregation at the micro and segregation at the city level. thus far researchers have been macro levels and how macro- This project will also address the limited to studying aggregate level segregation is driven by uncertainty of using the smaller level outcomes without being micro-level social processes. American Community Survey able to trace them back to the In particular, this research will samples for conducting in-depth micro level social processes investigate the residential pat- analyses of residential segrega- that drive these aggregate level terns of Latinos using new meth- tion—analyses that could have patterns. Using new segregation odological techniques that will once been explored using the measures which address and increase understandings of how data from the (now discontin- rectify methodological issues individual social characteristics ued) long-form of the decennial that have limited past research, relate to residential outcomes census.
ASSESSING COVERAGE AND RELIABILITY OF THE NCVS SAMPLE
Marcus Berzofsky – RTI International David Heller – RTI International
This research will assess small An analysis of the coverage these areas. The researchers will area validity and coverage of the weighted NCVS sample also use existing and/or newly issues in the National Crime over these three datasets will created weights to produce Victimization Survey (NCVS), determine if the current sample population estimates describing using data from the 2008–2010 is representative of the popula- the reliability and coefficients of and following the model used tion of the underlying areas. variation for victimization esti- to create the 1979–2004 public Previous reports using the MSA mates in the underlying areas use NCVS data for metropolitan file have not assessed coverage of each of the three datasets. statistical areas (MSAs). The and validity and have assumed Further assessment of survey datasets to be created in this the sample for each area was coverage will occur during this project include those of the representative. Once the most phase, as the researchers deter- seven largest states, the 20 appropriate population estimate mine how many years of data largest cities, and the 20 largest to use as a control variable is need to be combined in order to MSAs. Coverage and validity will determined, coverage will be produce reliable estimates for be assessed through a com- assessed both in terms of aver- statistics such as the number of parison to 2005–2010 American ages of several years of data and crimes reported to the police. Community Survey (ACS) data on a yearly basis. The research- as well as to the 2010 Decennial ers will investigate the feasibil- Census data, as appropriate. ity of creating new weights for
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 59 THE DETERMINANTS AND RAMIFICATIONS OF FIRMS’ GLOBAL PRODUCTION
Teresa Fort – Dartmouth College Andrew Bernard – Dartmouth College
The world economy is becom- differs across U.S. firms and Trade Transaction Database by ing more integrated as different geography; (2) the determinants developing new methodolo- stages of a single production of firms’ decisions to fragment gies to link the trade transac- process are performed in mul- production; and (3) the domestic tions data to the Longitudinal tiple countries. Measuring this employment and R&D ramifica- Business Database, as well as by type of production fragmenta- tions of firms’ fragmentation linking the trade data directly tion is essential to ensure accu- decisions. To develop new data to the economic censuses, the rate statistics about current U.S. that measure firms’ global pro- Company Organization Survey, economic activity and its future duction choices, this project will and to the SDC Thomson merger growth prospects. This proj- use items collected in the 2007 and acquisition data. The new ect will combine multiple data Economic Census to identify datasets developed under this sources to provide new mea- individual establishments that project will expand the scope sures of production fragmenta- report fragmenting and offshor- and range of the economic activ- tion, with a particular emphasis ing production. To assess firms’ ity that can be studied at the on activities that U.S. firms globalization decisions over plant and firm levels, leading choose to locate in foreign coun- time, the research will improve to improved measures of the tries. These new measures will the existing linkages currently import, export, and offshoring address: (1) how fragmentation in the Longitudinal Foreign activity in the U.S. economy.
ESTIMATING PRODUCTIVITY SPILLOVERS FROM MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT USING TRADE SHOCKS
Daron Acemoglu – Massachusetts Institute of Technology David Autor – Massachusetts Institute of Technology Matthew Rognile – Massachusetts Institute of Technology
This study will exploit trade- Database, this project will inves- to which these responses vary induced shocks to U.S. manufac- tigate the response of produc- with geographic and economic turing to study productivity spill- tivity to local de-agglomeration distance. This project provides a overs from de-agglomeration. shocks at a highly disaggre- natural setting to evaluate how Using restricted-use microdata gated level. This study intends nonresponse changes following from the Economic Census, to uncover the key features shocks to the local economy, Annual Survey of Manufactures, of firms’ responses to these an issue highlighted by recent and Longitudinal Business shocks, including the extent Census research.
60 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Appendix 3-B. ABSTRACTS OF PROJECTS STARTED IN 2013: AGENCY FOR HEALTHCARE RESEARCH AND QUALITY (AHRQ) DATA OR NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS (NCHS) DATA
Projects in this portion of the appendix use data provided by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) or data provided by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Under authority of the Economy Act, the Center for Economic Studies hosts projects in Research Data Centers using data provided by AHRQ or NCHS. AHRQ or NCHS is solely responsible for selecting projects and for conducting disclosure avoidance review.
THE EFFECT OF EXPANDED DEPENDENT INSURANCE COVERAGE ON HEALTHCARE SPENDING AND UTILIZATION (AHRQ)
Christopher Whaley – University of California, Berkeley
Although several studies have utilization using the restricted, policies. This research examines examined the effect of the state-identifiable data from the effects of the ACA’s expan- Affordable Care Act’s (ACA) the Medical Expenditure Panel sion in dependent coverage by dependent coverage provision, Survey (MEPS). However, comparing healthcare spending these studies have generally because the state laws were in and utilization among young looked at insurance coverage place before the ACA’s policy, an adults in states with existing and self-reported health. This analysis of the ACA’s expanded policies to those without follow- project examines the effect dependent coverage requires ing the ACA’s implementation in on healthcare spending and controlling for existing state 2010.
ESTIMATING THE EFFECT OF RETAIL CLINICS ON MEDICAL EXPENDITURES AND VACCINATION (AHRQ)
Benjamin Yarnoff – RTI International
Recent research has suggested causal study must examine expenditure and vaccination that clinic services in retail loca- individuals before and after a practice after a retail clinic tions (retail clinics) may reduce retail clinic locates nearby and locates in their census tract. It the cost of medical care and compare that difference to dif- will compare this difference to increase the use of preventive ferences in a control group of differences of individuals in the services such as vaccination. individuals not living near a new same county that are not near a However, this research only retail clinic. This project imple- newly opened retail clinic. Using provides suggestive evidence ments such a research design fixed effect regression analysis, of the effect of retail clinics on using the MEPS geocoded data this research design will enable expenditure and prevention, and merging it with geographic the making of causal inference because research designs have data on the location and open- about the effect of retail clinics been insufficient for causal infer- ing dates of all retail clinics in on medical expenditure and vac- ence. In contrast to previous the United States. It examines an cination processes. research, an optimally designed individual’s change in medical
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 61 IMMIGRANT HEALTH, CHILD HEALTH, AND GEOGRAPHIC HEALTH DISPARITIES (AHRQ)
Julia Caldwell – University of California, Los Angeles
Few studies examine the impact immigrants groups to the United Reduction in health disparities of geography on children’s States by documentation status requires a focus on demographic healthcare. This study will exam- and acculturation factors. Of and socioeconomic factors such ine total hospital expenditures, particular interest are overall as race, ethnicity, and education average hospital expenditures and gender differences among and how these factors contrib- per child, and percent of chil- Hispanic and Asian immigrant ute to health differences among dren with hospital inpatient dis- subgroups. A data file that rural and nonrural residents. charges by socio-demographic links NHIS to MEPS allows us to This project will also focus on characteristics including race/ understand immigration further issues related to health care ethnicity, poverty, perceived by including variables related access along the rural-urban health status, and health insur- to time in the United States continuum. While rural and ance coverage. Of particular and citizenship status as well urban American have unique interest are the region variable as allowing us to look at sub- geographic and quality of life (Northeast, Midwest, South, groups. Geographical disparities characteristics, people who live West) and the nine divisions by region and along the rural/ in the most rural and inner-city which further categorize the urban continuum will also be areas have several things in states to identify geographical examined. The primary depen- common: they are more likely disparities. dent variables to be analyzed to live in poverty, experience are health care access (visit to higher mortality rates, and have The analysis will also iden- doctor, usual source of care) and poorer health status than subur- tify differences in healthcare health care expenditures. ban residents. access and utilization among
POLICY ISSUES AROUND MENTAL HEALTH, MEDICAID, AND HEALTH REFORM (AHRQ)
Ezra Golberstein – University of Minnesota Gilbert Gonzales – University of Minnesota
This research will investigate all share the theme of policy in the United States, and the use several related issues at the issues around behavioral health of the restricted MEPS data will intersection of mental health ser- (mental health and substance allow and investigation of the vices and policy, health reform, abuse) services. Several recent effects and various implications and Medicaid. This research will and major policy changes have of these policy changes. use restricted MEPS-HC data to the potential to significantly conduct a series of studies that affect behavioral health services
62 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE DISPARITIES (AHRQ)
Benjamin Cook – Harvard Medical School
This project will identify mecha- health care and develop a men- assess the role of geography in nisms underlying disparities tal health care disparities index disparities, identify area-level in mental health care services, that allows state-by-state com- correlates of mental health assessing racial/ethnic dis- parisons of mental health care service use, and develop indices parities in episodes of care. It disparities. The specific aims are of disparities in states’ mental will assess the contribution of to assess disparities in initiation, health care expenditure and geographic disparities to racial/ intensity, duration, and quality quality. ethnic disparities in mental of mental health care episodes,
EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHIC DESIGNATIONS ON DIABETES SELF-MANAGEMENT PATTERNS: HOW DO THESE COMPARE TO A NATIONALLY REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE (NCHS)
Omolola Adepoju – Texas A&M University Darcy Moudouni – Texas A&M University Eric Proctor – Texas A&M University
Despite concerted federal of the U.S. population. This using Rural-Urban Commuting and state attempts to reduce research compares rates of con- Area (RUCA) codes and Urban health disparities over the past trolled versus uncontrolled dia- Influence Codes (UIC); and medi- decades, substantial dispari- betes among patients enrolled cally vulnerable using Medically ties in reported rates of chronic in a large multisite randomized, Underserved Area (MUA) and disease for minorities still exist. controlled trial (RCT) in Central Health Care Provider Shortage In particular, African Americans Texas with nationally represen- Area (HPSA) codes. Results are and Hispanics experience higher tative rates contained in the stratified by patient demograph- rates of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), NHANES 2009–2010. Based on ics and characteristics. and cardiovascular disease physical address, RCT records (CVD) than do other segments are designated: rural or urban
THE CAUSAL EFFECT OF SMOKING ON OBESITY (NCHS)
Samuel Brown – Brown University Mark Dean – Princeton University
This project attempts to under- across different states and coun- into effect to take an instrumen- stand whether there is a causal ties to provide this variation. tal variable approach to measur- link between smoking cessa- The aim is to use county-level ing the effect of smoking on tion and obesity. This requires a data on smoking and obe- obesity. The research also looks source of exogenous variation sity from the National Health for differential effects by gender. in smoking. The researchers will Interview Survey (NHIS), in com- use differences in the date of bination with county-level data introduction of smoking bans on when smoking bans came
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 63 INVESTIGATING CONTEXTUAL COMPONENTS OF UNITED STATES’ MORTALITY (NCHS)
Claire Altman – Rice University Justin Denney – Rice University Jeff Dennis – University of Texas, Permian Basin Jarron Saint Onge – University of Kansas
This project will study the con- including detailed cause and to date to study racial and textual contributors to emerging timing of death and key charac- ethnic minority mortality risk. racial and ethnic minority health teristics at death. Second, using This project will build on both and mortality epidemics. First, geographic identifying informa- restricted-use data experiences it will match National Health tion available in the restricted- and health disparities expertise Interview Survey (NHIS) respon- use NHIS files, it will merge area- of the research team to facili- dents to restricted-use mortality level characteristics at the tract tate a multi-university research matches through the National and county level from 1990 and collaboration through a project Death Index (NDI), which will 2000 decennial census files to using nationally representative result in NHIS demographic, and survey respondents. The result restricted-use survey data that health data linked to prospec- will be the largest contextual will provide insights into minor- tive respondent mortality status, mortality database assembled ity health disparities.
FOOD ALLERGEN LABELING MANDATES: OPTIMAL DESIGN OF RISK INFORMATION POLICIES (NCHS)
Maria Aslam – Emory University David Frisvold – University of Iowa
This project analyzes the provi- varies in the soundness of their exposure to hazardous food sion of risk information pro- warning messages. In contrast ingredients and assesses if the grams on consumers, and inves- to the previous literature, this legislation changes incidence of tigates consumers’ response to project focuses on nonaddictive different allergy intensity types the hazard information. Efficacy goods, which allow consumers including acute recent allergies, of risk information campaigns to be less constrained in their exacerbating chronic cases, and is assessed using examples of reaction to product hazard- chronic follow up visits. The industry, federal, and state-level ous characteristics. The policy project compares the number food allergen labeling regula- outcome of this study is to of patients having each of these tion. Industry guidelines stress suggest guidelines for designing allergy intensity types in the the need for voluntary disclo- information provision policies pre- and post-law period. The sure of product’s risk character- that ensure the optimal mode legislation could be considered istics. Federal legislation sets of expressing risk information. efficient if it reduces the inci- uniform criteria for determining The research evaluates efficacy dence of acute allergies or the how to display risk information, of the regulation by focusing need for medication/prescription while the state-level regulation on indirect cost of consumers’ renewals.
64 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau PM2.5–CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS: EXPLORATION OF BIOMARKERS OF EFFECT (NCHS)
John Balmes – University of California, San Francisco Jennifer Mann – University of California, Berkeley Kathleen Navarro – University of California, Berkeley
Exposure to fine particulate mat- across locations. This research application of biomarkers of ter (PM2.5) generated from fossil studies the associations of cardiovascular effects in the fuel combustion has been con- PM2.5 with hospital admissions CDC Environmental Public Health sistently shown in epidemiologi- for myocardial infarction, con- Tracking Network (EPHT). The cal studies to be associated with gestive heart failure, and stroke. goal of this project is to explore a variety of cardiovascular dis- The U.S. EPA’s Hierarchical the association between several ease (CVD) outcomes. National Bayesian (HB) model and PM2.5 biomarkers of cardiovascular studies have demonstrated that ambient monitoring data will effects and PM 2.5 exposure there is considerable heteroge- provide PM2.5 estimates for the levels obtained from the EPA’s neity in the PM2.5-CVD mortality entire country. This project will HB model within the NHANES exposure-response relationship be used to evaluate the potential population.
UTILIZATION AND HEALTH AT THE INTRODUCTION OF MEDICAID (NCHS)
Michel Boudreaux – University of Minnesota Ezra Golberstein – University of Minnesota
This project will assess the on a difference-in-differences program. This project will add impact of the original intro- design implemented with regres- to the literature that has evalu- duction of Medicaid on health sion fixed effects. In order to ated expansions in the Medicaid and health services utilization control for other potentially program. While previous litera- among children and recently confounding policy changes, a ture has provided a wealth of pregnant women using NHIS rich set of contextual variables evidence on Medicaid’s expan- data from 1963–1986. Medicaid will be merged on to the NHIS sions, very little is known about was gradually introduced in at the state, county, and SMSA the effect of the program at its the states between 1966 and level. These data, along with the introduction. The project will 1981. The wide span of NHIS socio-demographic variables in benefit public health by exam- data being requested in this the NHIS, will also be used to ining the effect of one of the application will allow for an examine the effect of Medicaid country’s most important health ample pre and post period. in groups that were more or programs on the most disadvan- The analysis will be based less likely to be affected by the taged families.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 65 MEASURING THE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS (NCHS)
Daniel Chen – Duke University
Legal scholars and judges have are exogenous. Yet judges on income, and marital status; and long made arguments about both the left and right think (3) determine what association, laws and regulations, and have the empirical consequences of if any, exists between judicial justified their arguments with judicial decisions are important. decisions within a specific theories about the effects of The specific aims of this project jurisdiction that uphold the these legal rules. The proposed are to: (1) obtain causal esti- rights of individuals and busi- research empirically evaluates mates of the impact of judicial ness to produce and distribute these claims. A particularly chal- decisions either upholding or obscene materials and the lenging dimension of studying limiting the rights of individuals sexual and economic health of the effects of laws and regula- and/or businesses to produce or the surrounding population. The tions, particularly court-made distribute obscene material on research hypothesis is that those law, is the fact that many other behaviors that put people at risk jurisdictions in which permissive aspects of society, be they social of STDs, unwanted pregnancy, rulings dominate will have local trends or other legal develop- sexual abuse, and other associ- populations with the greatest ments, are changing at the same ated public health concerns; (2) incidences of unwanted preg- time. Persuasive empirical evi- obtain causal estimates of the nancy, sexual abuse, and higher dence on the consequences of impact of these same judicial measures of related public judge-made law has been limited decisions on mediating fac- health problems. due to the difficulty of identify- tors that influence population ing variation to legal rules that health, specifically, employment,
EXPANDING COVERAGE TO LOW-INCOME CHILDLESS ADULTS IN MASSACHUSETTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL HEALTH REFORM (NCHS)
Heather Dahlen – University of Minnesota Sharon Long – The Urban Institute
In March 2010, the United States fully-subsidized coverage for over time in those outcomes enacted the Patient Protection low-income childless adults for low-income childless adults and Affordable Care Act (ACA), under the Commonwealth in Massachusetts prior to and which is intended to make Care program as part of its following the implementa- significant changes in health 2006 reform initiative. As part tion of the state’s 2006 health insurance coverage and health of a project with the Office reform initiative to changes care systems across the United of the Assistant Secretary for over the same time period for States. Under the ACA nearly Policy and Evaluation (ASPE), similar adults in other states all adults with family income this research uses state-level using a difference-in-differences up to 138 percent of the fed- data from the National Health framework. The findings from eral poverty level (FPL) will be Interview Survey (NHIS) to this work will provide an early eligible for Medicaid by 2014. evaluate the impacts of the assessment of the potential Prior to this legislation, only a Massachusetts reforms on insur- effects of the ACA for this impor- handful of states made Medicaid ance coverage, access to and tant population in other states, or Medicaid-like coverage avail- use of health care and health helping ASPE and the states pre- able to low-income childless care affordability on low-income pare for the Medicaid coverage adults. Massachusetts is one of childless adults in the state. expansion under the ACA. those states, having provided This work will compare changes
66 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau OBSTETRIC INTERVENTIONS DURING U.S. HOLIDAYS (NCHS)
Gustave Falciglia – Northwestern University Karna Murthy – Northwestern University
Rates of late preterm induction may contribute toward initiating gravid women. However, these of labor (LPI), early-term induc- these obstetrical interventions analyses included women prior tion of labor (ETI), and primary for gravid women. Holidays and to the existence of established cesarean delivery (PCD) have weekends can be times that guidelines endorsing elective increased in recent years. These healthcare professionals use labor induction. Thus, the aims obstetric interventions occur to recuperate from the rigors of this study are to describe the because women require delivery from providing medical, and patterns of LPI, ETI, and PCD due to medical reasons; how- specifically obstetric, services. for gravid women in the United ever, nonmedical factors such as However, these holidays and States as a function of the day race/ethnicity and medico-legal weekends still may be times that women deliver and to esti- pressures have been associated that gravid women will require mate the association between with the recent rise in the fre- delivery in order to optimize these three obstetric interven- quency of these practices. These the health status of their preg- tions and the U.S. holiday sched- findings suggest that the poten- nancy. Within the United States, ule over a recent 3-year period. tial benefits to either maternal or variation of labor induction child health may not represent on different days of the week the exclusive set of factors that has been demonstrated among
VARIATION IN CONTRACEPTIVE USE: DO ABORTION LAWS MATTER? (NCHS)
Amanda Felkey – Lake Forest College
This project uses state-level demographics (poverty, fertil- when making decisions. In many data to determine if there is a ity rates, religion, race, mar- instances, public health policy significant link between abortion riage rates, urban population, aims to incentivize individuals to availability and contraceptive etc.), as well as data describing make decisions or adopt behav- use. It examines the period after particular characteristics of iors with longer term health 1973 when the U.S. Supreme state-level abortion legisla- consequences (prenatal care, Court ruled that a woman has tion. The findings have broader smoking cessation, weight loss a constitutional right to an implications for economists’ programs). As such, this is par- abortion to the present, draw- understanding of individual deci- ticularly relevant in the context ing on census data from 1980, sion making—the significance of public health policymaking. 1990, 2000, and 2010. The data of this link sheds light on how include an array of state level forward-thinking individuals are
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 67 UNAWARENESS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION IN THE UNITED STATES: CONTEXTUAL PREDICTORS AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS (NCHS)
Diane Gibson – Baruch College CUNY
Previous research found that county-level information from standard protocols. A sample of 73 percent of individuals with the 2005–2009 Area Resource individuals with diabetic retinop- diabetic retinopathy and 84 File on the number of ophthal- athy will be created as will be a percent of individuals with age- mologists and optometrists in a separate sample of individuals related macular degeneration respondent’s county of residence with AMD. Individuals will be (AMD) were unaware of their and tract-level information categorized as unaware of their condition. This proposed study from the 2005–2009 American condition if they did not report will examine whether contex- Community Survey on the pov- they had the condition. Separate tual variables such as the local erty rate, population density, logistic regression models of availability of ophthalmologists racial and ethnic concentration, unawareness of diabetic retinop- and optometrists are associated and percent of the population athy and AMD will be estimated. with the likelihood of unaware- that is urban in a respondent’s These models will control for ness of these conditions. The census tract of residence. The contextual characteristics as project uses restricted-access 2005–2008 NHANES collected well as a large set of individual geocoded data from the digital retinal images of survey demographic and socioeconomic 2005–2008 National Health participants aged 40 years and characteristics. and Nutrition Examination older that were graded for dia- Survey (NHANES) combined with betic retinopathy and AMD using
POLICY ISSUES AROUND MENTAL HEALTH, MEDICAID, AND HEALTH REFORM (NCHS)
Ezra Golberstein – University of Minnesota Gilbert Gonzales – University of Minnesota
This research investigates a weaker parity laws from before population with mental health series of related issues at the 2010, and by employer size. (2) problems at the state level after intersection of mental health ser- How does mental health status the implementation of the ACA, vices and policy, health reform, affect the take-up of Medicaid, and how does that compare with and Medicaid. It uses restricted conditional on being eligible for the existing supply of mental NHIS data to address six specific Medicaid? It is known that many health services at the state level? research questions. (1) What are people who are Medicaid-eligible (5) What are the effects of health the effects of the 2008 Mental do not enroll, but it is unknown insurance expansions on mental Health Parity and Addiction whether the key population with health services, using the 2006 Equity Act on use of mental mental health problems is more Massachusetts health reforms health services and unmet need or less likely to enroll. (3) What as a case study? (6) What are the for mental health services? The are the effects of expanding effects of economic downturns researchers will compare out- Medicaid eligibility for non- on mental health status and comes before and after the law disabled adults on the use of mental health services use? went into effect in 2010, across mental health services? (4) What states that had stronger or will be the size of the insured
68 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL SURVEY OF RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITIES (NCHS)
Ruby Johnson – RTI International Joshua Wiener – RTI International
This project will conduct sec- care facilities (RCFs) and the the Centers for Medicare & ondary data analyses using the needs of residents, the char- Medicaid Services’ proposed merged facility and resident acteristics of facilities serving rule on Medicaid home and files of the National Survey Medicaid beneficiaries com- community-based services waiv- of Residential Care Facilities pared to those that do not serve ers. Descriptive and multivariate (NSRCF). A limited amount of Medicaid beneficiaries, the analyses will be conducted to data from the Area Resource characteristics of Medicaid and answer research questions for File (ARF) will also be used. The non-Medicaid beneficiaries, and each topic. study will analyze the match the potential impact on access between services in residential to residential care services of
THE GREAT RECESSION’S EFFECT ON NONMARITAL AND MULTIPARTNER FERTILITY (NCHS)
Rachel Kimbro – Rice University Christine Percheski – Northwestern University
Scholars are just beginning to local economic conditions and prevalence in the United States examine the effects of the recent the likelihood of a pregnancy and their associations with recession on family life in the among women in the United family complexity, child wellbe- United States. Data from the States during 2006–2010. (2) ing, and family poverty risk. National Vital Statistics System To assess whether these asso- The researchers will merge the show that the fertility rate ciations vary by education, restricted access version of the declined from a recent high of race/ethnicity, or age. (3) To 2006–2010 National Survey 69.5 in 2007 to 64.4 as of June investigate whether changes in of Family Growth with data on 2011. Fertility declines within partnership status, frequency of unemployment from the Bureau the recession vary across geo- sexual activity, or contraceptive of Labor Statistics, mortgage graphic contexts; states where practices mediate any observed foreclosures from the Mortgage the unemployment situation was relationship between economic Bankers Association’s National the worst, fertility declined the conditions and pregnancy. The Delinquency Survey, and pov- most. Both theory and evidence researchers will examine these erty from the Census Bureau. from previous recessions sug- questions with a particular focus With the resulting merged data, gest that declines in fertility may on understanding effects on the researchers will model the be caused by poor economic nonmarital and multipartner fer- probability that NSFG partici- conditions. This project has tility. These two phenomena are pants became pregnant in the three main research aims: (1) to particularly important to study year prior to the NSFG interview, identify the association between because of their increasing utilizing a rich set of covariates.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 69 TRIANGULATING THE LIKELIHOOD OF BENEFIT OF COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING IN RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITIES (NCHS)
Christine Kistler – University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill David Reed – University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Colorectal cancer (CRC) screen- have the best health and longest of cancer screening are known, ing can extend lives but can predicted life expectancies. The interventions can be developed also cause significant harm. CRC long-term goal of this research is to encourage guideline-concor- screening guidelines for older to improve the quality of cancer dant use. Therefore, we propose adults recommend individualiz- screening in older adults resid- to examine the predicted life ing recommendations based on ing in residential care facilities expectancies in older adults in patient values and life expec- (RCF). The central hypothesis RCFs using three well-validated tancy. For healthy and younger is that using the NSRCF, we can tools for estimating mortality: older adults the benefits of obtain estimates of the propor- the Charlson Comorbidity Index colorectal cancer screening are tion of older adults in RCFs who (CCI), the four-year mortality likely to outweigh the harms are likely to benefit, who might index developed by Lee et al. and risks of screening. For oth- or might not benefit, and who (Lee Index), and the nine-year ers in poor health with limited are not likely to benefit from mortality index developed by life expectancy, the harms are colorectal cancer screening. Schonberg et al. (Schonberg likely to outweigh the benefits. The rationale for this project is Index). Those most likely to benefit that once the rates and quality
IMPACT OF 100 PERCENT SMOKE-FREE LAWS ON THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN (NCHS)
Kerry McGeary – Ball State University
As evidence of the negative address this critical gap in the restaurant, and freestanding effects of environmental tobacco literature and provide the first bar) and other tobacco-control smoke (ETS) has mounted, an estimates of how 100 percent policies to parent and child increasingly popular public Smoke Free Laws (SFLs) impact records from the National Health policy response has been to the venue of smoking among Interview Surveys (NHIS). The impose restrictions on smoking smokers (who reside in house- NHIS includes information on through 100 percent smoke- holds with children present) and ETS-related measures of adverse free bans. It is not known how they impact the health of respiratory health which has whether and to what extent children. It will match informa- been found to be impacted by smoking bans at the state and tion on all local and state-level own smoking and ETS exposure. local levels impact the health 100 percent smoke-free leg- of children. This study aims to islation by type (workplace,
70 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau PM2.5–CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS: EXPLORATION OF EXPOSURE (NCHS)
Thomas McKone – University of California, Berkeley Kathleen Navarro – University of California, Berkeley
Exposure to fine particulate monitoring data to provide Toxic Assessment (NATA). The matter (PM2.5) generated from PM2.5 estimates for the entire Hierarchical-Bayesian estimates fossil fuel combustion has country at the census tract- of PM2.5 developed by the EPA been consistently associated in level resolution. This project are augmented to estimate epidemiological studies with a will compare an individual’s daily outdoor concentrations of variety of cardiovascular dis- urinary PAH-metabolite concen- PAH at the census tract level. ease (CVD) outcomes. National tration from the 2001–2006 Multivariate linear regression studies have demonstrated that NHANES survey with several models (MLRM) are used to there is considerable heteroge- routes of PAH exposure includ- track the direct relationship neity in the PM2.5-CVD mortality ing food intake, indoor sources, between an individual’s urinary exposure-response relationship and outdoor emissions. Food PAH biomarkers and the vari- across locations. This research intake and indoor sources are ous exposure pathways. This is a linkage project to study estimated through each indi- effort demonstrates the power the associations of PM2.5 with vidual’s questionnaire responses. of combining air emissions data hospital admissions for myocar- Outdoor emissions of PAH are and NHANES results together dial infarction, congestive heart estimated from daily PM2.5 with spatially detailed models failure, and strong. It uses the exposure estimates and air to elucidate exposure routes U.S. EPA’s hierarchical Bayesian toxic emission data provided that could not otherwise be (HB) model and PM2.5 ambient by the U.S. EPA National Air quantified.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER EXPANSION: ROLES OF PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS, NURSE PRACTITIONERS, AND NURSE MIDWIVES (NCHS)
Perri Morgan – Duke University
Since their creation as part of analyze survey data from the of nonphysicians with physicians the War on Poverty in the 1960s, 2006–2009 National Ambulatory with regard to patient character- Community Health Centers Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) istics and patient care attributes, (CHCs) have filled an important Community Health Center and examine trends in skill mix role in providing health care stratum. Data from the survey use in CHCs. Restricted data to underserved populations. induction interview and from the from induction interviews will Recent infusions of federal sup- survey itself will be analyzed to be used to describe the variation port have expanded this role. describe provider mix in relation in provider use across facilities. Nonphysician clinicians have to clinic size, type, location and Restricted data from the NAMCS been used extensively in CHCs major sources of financial sup- survey will be used to evaluate for decades, but their use has port, to estimate clinical produc- types of care provided by pro- accelerated along with recent tivity by provider type, and to vider type. CHC expansion. This study will compare each of the three types
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 71 CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AND POPULATION DIET AND OBESITY (NCHS)
Lisa Powell – University of Illinois at Chicago Roy Wada – University of Illinois at Chicago
The public health challenge that obesity has not been adequately information on food, beverage stems from obesity is a critical studied and deserves further and restaurant state-level sales national concern. The influence investigation. To examine the taxes, food prices, local area of contextual factors such as relationship between these grocery store, eating places, pricing, availability and promo- variables, this research proposes physical activity-related outlet tion on people’s lifestyles such to augment National Health and density measures, local area as eating and physical activity Nutrition Examination Survey socioeconomic census data, and behaviors and, in turn, how (NHANES) for child, youth, and media market-level advertising these factors may influence adult populations with external ratings data.
COTININE LEVEL DISPARITIES BY INCOME (NCHS)
Kyle Rozema – Cornell University
Increases in cigarette prices smoking. This study seeks to low-income smokers in high (and taxes) may not only lead determine whether cigarette cigarette tax states have higher to lower consumption of ciga- taxes increases actually increase Cotinine levels and smoking rettes, but also to compensating Cotinine levels (for smokers and intensity (cotinine per cigarette) behavior of consumers such as nonsmokers, and cotinine per than Cotinine levels and smok- smoking cigarettes with more cigarette for smokers) differently ing intensity in low tax states. nicotine. From a cigarette tax by income. The purpose of the A second hypothesis is that the policy standpoint, compensat- study is to determine whether difference in smoking intensity ing behavior are unintended Cotinine levels are higher in between low-income smokers consequences that may limit low-income groups in states and high-income smokers in the effectiveness of cigarette with higher cigarette taxes. high tax states is higher than in tax increases in reducing The primary hypothesis is that low tax states.
THE CAUSAL EFFECT OF SMOKING ON OBESITY-NHANES (NCHS)
Samuel Brown – Brown University Mark Dean – Princeton University
The prevalence of smoking has causal link between these two It aims to use differences in the declined markedly in the United phenomena: Have policy mea- date of introduction of smok- States over the last 50 years. At sures aimed at reducing smok- ing bans across different states the same time, there has been ing contributed to the rise in and counties to provide this an unprecedented rise in obesity obesity? To understand whether variation. Previous research has rates, with an estimated medical there is a causal link between shown these bans to have a cost of $190.2 billion annually. smoking cessation and obesity, strong and significant effect on The aim of this research is to the project requires a source of the level of smoking in the area understand whether there is a exogenous variation in smoking. that they cover.
72 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau TV AND SMOKING (NCHS)
Michael Thomas – University of Chicago
While a causal effect of adver- among mid-sized cities. This races and socioeconomic back- tising on smoking has long provides the variation that can grounds. The 1974 and 1976- been suspected and provides be used to identify the effect 1980 surveys, taken after the the justification for restric- of television on smoking using 1971 ban on TV-cigarette ads, tions on cigarette advertising, a difference-in-differences make it possible to separate formal studies have struggled approach. Using this approach the effect of advertising from to demonstrate much, if any, on state-level tax-revenue data, other ways TV affected smoking, such effect. This study proposes the researcher has demonstrated such as viewing famous actors using an econometric identifica- a significant response in tobacco smoke on television shows. If tion strategy based on relatively consumption to TV exposure. such tests have sufficient power, weak assumptions to estimate Using data from the NHIS, the it may also be possible to test the impact of TV’s introduction research would investigate whether the populations induced on tobacco consumption. Due which demographic groups were to smoke by TV had different to technical difficulties with most impacted by the introduc- smoking behaviors (e.g. brands, the new technology, there were tion of television. The NHIS cigarette sizes, filters, attempts significant differences in the data would make it feasible to to quit, trouble quitting) than date TV was introduced across test the relative responses of the general population of the United States, especially different age cohorts, genders, smokers.
EXTERNALITIES AND TAXATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL INSURANCE: A STUDY OF MEDICARE AND MEDIGAP (NCHS)
Neale Mahoney – University of Chicago
Private and public health insur- estimate how a corrective tax on same doctors for medical care. ance typically has cost sharing. Medigap would impact Medicare Because Medigap premiums vary However, public insurance often spending and utilization. The at the state level, individuals on allows beneficiaries to cover research design uses Medigap different sides of these HSA can out-of-pocket costs with top-up premium discontinuities within face vastly different Medigap THE CAUSAL EFFECT OF SMOKING ON OBESITY-NHANES (NCHS) insurance. This supplemental Hospital Service Areas (HSA) that premiums, and this research will insurance blunts cost sharing straddle state borders. HSAs show that they enroll in Medigap Samuel Brown – Brown University and can cause beneficiaries to are hospital catchment areas, at sharply different rates. The Mark Dean – Princeton University use more care, increasing the defined by sets of zip codes project aims to demonstrate costs of the public insurance where individuals go to the how this differential Medigap program. This project stud- same hospital for medical care. enrollment translates to differ- ies the interaction of public Approximately 250 of the 3,436 ences in Medicare utilization and Medicare insurance and a HSA cross state lines, accounting spending. The estimates will form of private supplemental for 11 percent of the individu- be used to analyze the financial insurance called Medigap. The als the sample. Individuals who impact of taxing Medigap pre- primary objective is to estimate live on different sides of these miums on the spending of the the externality Medigap imposes cross-border HSAs are demo- public Medicare system. on the Medicare system and to graphically identical and see the
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 73
Appendix 4. CENTER FOR ECONOMIC STUDIES (CES) DISCUSSION PAPERS: 2013
CES Discussion Papers are available at
13-01 “Management in America,” by Nicholas 13-09 “The Location of Industrial Innovation: Bloom, Erik Brynjolfsson, Lucia Foster, Does Manufacturing Matter?” by Isabel Ron Jarmin, Itay Saporta-Eksten, and John Tecu, March 2013. Van Reenen, January 2013. 13-10 “The Impact of Unemployment Insurance 13-02 “More Than a Million New American Extensions on Disability Insurance Indians in 2000: Who Are They?” by Application and Allowance Rates,” by Carolyn A. Liebler and Timothy Ortyl, Matthew S. Rutledge, March 2013. March 2013. 13-11 “Spillovers from Costly Credit,” by Brian 13-03 “The Recent Decline in Employment T. Melzer, March 2013. Dynamics,” by Henry R. Hyatt and James Spletzer, March 2013. 13-12 “Intra-Firm Trade and Product Contractibility,” by Andrew B. Bernard, 13-04 “Small Homes, Public Schools, and J. Bradford Jensen, Stephen J. Redding, Property Tax Capitalization,” by Ryan M. and Peter K. Schott, March 2013. Gallagher, Haydar Kurban, and Joseph J. Persky, March 2013. 13-13 “Bias in Food Stamps Participation Estimates in the Presence of Misreporting 13-05 “Evolving Property Rights and Shifting Error,” by Cathleen Li, March 2013. Organizational Forms: Evidence from Joint-Venture Buyouts Following China’s 13-14 “Do Housing Prices Reflect Environmental WTO Accession,” by Fariha Kamal and Health Risks? Evidence from More Than Mary E. Lovely, March 2013. 1600 Toxic Plant Openings and Closings,” by Janet Currie, Lucas Davis, Michael 13-06 “Reallocation and Technology: Evidence Greenstone, and Reed Walker, April 2013. from the U.S. Steel Industry,” by Allan Collard-Wexler and Jan De Loecker, March 13-15 “Entrepreneurship and Urban Growth: 2013. An Empirical Assessment with Historical Mines,” by Edward L. Glaeser, Sari Pekkala 13-07 “Measuring the Impact of the Toxics Kerr, and William R. Kerr, April 2013. Release Inventory: Evidence from Manufacturing Plant Births,” by Nicholas 13-16 “Do Local Managers Give Labor an Edge?” E. Powers, March 2013. by Scott E. Yonker, April 2013.
13-08 “Product Quality and Firm Heterogeneity 13-17 “What Do I Take with Me? The Mediating in International Trade,” by Antoine Effect of Spin-Out Team Size and Tenure Gervais, March 2013. on the Founder-Firm Performance Relationship,” by Rajshree Agarwal, Benjamin A. Campbell, April M. Franco, and Martin Ganco, April 2013.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 75 13-18 “Productivity, Restructuring, and the 13-29 “Human Capital Traps? Enclave Effects Gains from Takeovers,” by Xiaoyang Li, Using Linked Employer-Household Data,” April 2013. by Liliana D. Sousa, June 2013.
13-19 “Synthetic Data for Small Area Estimation 13-30 “How Firms Respond to Business Cycles: in the American Community Survey,” The Role of Firm Age and Firm Size,” by by Joseph W. Sakshaug and Trivellore E. Teresa C. Fort, John Haltiwanger, Ron S. Raghunathan, April 2013. Jarmin, and Javier Miranda, June 2013.
13-20 “Gains from Offshoring? Evidence from 13-31 “Importing, Exporting and Firm-Level U.S. Microdata,” by Ryan Monarch, Employment Volatility,” by Christopher Jooyoun Park, Jagadeesh Sivadasan, April Kurz and Mine Z. Senses, June 2013. 2013. 13-32 “Why Immigrants Leave New Destinations 13-21 “Community Determinants of Immigrant and Where Do They Go?” by Mary M. Self-Employment: Human Capital Kritz, Douglas T. Gurak, and Min-Ah Lee, Spillovers and Ethnic Enclaves,” by Liliana June 2013. Sousa, April 2013. 13-33 “Estimating the Impact of Low-Income 13-22 “Capital and Labor Reallocation Inside Universal Service Programs,” by Daniel A. Firms,” by Xavier Giroud and Holger M. Ackerberg, David R. DeRemer, Michael H. Mueller, April 2013. Riordan, Gregory L. Rosston, and Bradley S. Wimmer, June 2013. 13-23 “Innovation, Reallocation and Growth,” by Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit, Nicholas 13-34 “Industrial Concentration of Ethnic Bloom, and William Kerr, April 2013. Minority- and Women-Owned Businesses in the United States,” by Qingfang Wang, 13-24 “Race-Specific Agglomeration Economies: June 2013. Social Distance and the Black-White Wage Gap,” by Elizabeth Ananat, Shihe Fu, and 13-35 “Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Why Firms Stephen L. Ross, April 2013. Fragment Production Across Locations,” by Teresa C. Fort, July 2013. 13-25 “Evidence of an ‘Energy-Management Gap’ in U.S. Manufacturing: Spillovers from 13-36 “Environmental Regulation and Industry Firm Management Practices to Energy Employment: A Reassessment,” by Anna Efficiency,” by Gale Boyd and Mark Curtis, Belova, Wayne B. Gray, Joshua Linn, and April 2013. Richard D. Morgenstern, July 2013.
13-26 “Internal Labor Markets and Investment 13-37 “Human Capital Loss in Corporate in Conglomerates,” by Rui Silva, May Bankruptcy,” by John R. Graham, 2013. Hyunseob Kim, Si Li, and Jiaping Qiu, July 2013. 13-27 “Misclassification in Binary Choice Models,” by Bruce Meyer and Nikolas 13-38 “The Racial and Ethnic Composition of Mittag, May 2013. Local Government Employees in Large Metro Areas, 1960–2010,” by Todd 13-28 “A Method of Correcting for Misreporting Gardner, August 2013. Applied to the Food Stamp Program,” by Nikolas Mittag, May 2013.
76 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau 13-39 “Do EPA Regulations Affect Labor 13-48 “Childhood Housing and Adult Earnings: Demand? Evidence from the Pulp and A Between-Siblings Analysis of Housing Paper Industry,” by Wayne B. Gray, Ronald Vouchers and Public Housing,” by Fredrik J. Shadbegian, Chunbei Wang, and Merve Andersson, John C. Haltiwanger, Mark Cebi, August 2013. J. Kutzbach, Giordano Palloni, Henry O. Pollakowski, and Daniel H. Weinberg, 13-40 “The Bright Side of Corporate September 2013. Diversification: Evidence from Internal Labor Markets,” by Geoffrey Tate and Liu 13-49 “An ‘Algorithmic Links with Probabilities’ Yang, August 2013. Concordance for Trademarks: For Disaggregated Analysis of Trademark and 13-41 “Comparing Methods for Imputing Economic Data,” by Nikolas Zolas, Travis Employer Health Insurance Contributions J. Lybbert, and Prantik Bhattacharyya, in the Current Population Survey,” by September 2013. Hubert Janicki, Brett O’Hara, and Alice Zawacki, August 2013. 13-50 “Earnings Adjustment Frictions: Evidence from Social Security Earnings Test,” by 13-42 “Reallocation in the Great Recession: Alexander M. Gelber, Damon Jones, and Cleansing or Not?” by Lucia Foster, Cheryl Daniel W. Sacks, October 2013. Grim, and John Haltiwanger, August 2013. 13-51 “Environmental Regulation, Abatement, 13-43 “Falling House Prices and Labor Mobility: and Productivity: A Frontier Analysis,” by Evidence from Matched Employer- Shital Sharma, October 2013. Employee Data,” by Christopher F. Goetz, August 2013. 13-52 “Every Breath You Take—Every Dollar You Make: The Long-Term Consequence of 13-44 “Measuring ‘Factoryless’ Manufacturing: the Clean Air Act of 1970,” by Adam Isen, Evidence from U.S. Surveys,” by Fariha Maya Rossin-Slater, and W. Reed Walker, Kamal, Brent R. Moulton, and Jennifer November 2013. Ribarsky, August 2013. 13-53 “Declining Migration within the U.S.: 13-45 “Don’t Quit Your Day Job: Using Wage The Role of the Labor Market,” by Raven and Salary Earnings to Support a New Molloy, Christopher L. Smith, and Abigail Business,” by Monica Garcia-Perez, Wozniak, November 2013. Christopher Goetz, John Haltiwanger, and Kristin Sandusky, September 2013. 13-54 “Talent Recruitment and Firm Performance: The Business of Major 13-46 “Factoryless Goods Producers in the U.S.” League Sports,” by Daniel H. Weinberg, by Andrew B. Bernard and Teresa C. Fort, November 2013. September 2013. 13-55 “Are We Undercounting Reallocation’s 13-47 “A Comparison of Person-Reported Contribution to Growth?” by Mitsukuni Industry to Employer-Reported Industry in Nishida, Amil Petrin, and T. Kirk White, Survey and Administrative Data,” by Emily November 2013. Isenberg, Liana Christin Landivar, and Esther Mezey, September 2013. 13-56 “Financial Frictions and Investment Dynamics in Multi-Plant Firms,” by Matthias Kehrig and Nicolas Vincent, November 2013.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 77 13-57 “Disentangling Labor Supply and Demand 13-60 “Antidumping Duties and Plant-Level Shifts Using Spatial Wage Dispersion: The Restructuring,” by Justin R. Pierce, Case of Oil Price Shocks,” by Matthias December 2013. Kehrig and Nicolas Ziebarth, November 2013. 13-61 “Income Packaging and Economic Disconnection: Do Sources of Support 13-58 “The Role of Agents and Brokers in the Differ from Other Low-Income Women?” Market for Health Insurance,” by Pinar by Andrea Helting, Jinwoo Kwon, and Karaca-Mandic, Roger Feldman, and Peter Elizabeth Mahn, December 2013. Graven, December 2013. 13-62 “When It Rains, It Pours: Under What 13-59 “The Surprisingly Swift Decline of U.S. Circumstances Does Job Loss Lead to Manufacturing Employment,” by Justin Divorce,” by Melissa Ruby Banzhaf, R. Pierce and Peter K. Schott, December December 2013. 2013.
78 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Appendix 5. NEW DATA AVAILABLE THROUGH CENSUS RESEARCH DATA CENTERS (RDCs) IN 20131
BUSINESS DATA
New or updated Data product Description years
Current Industrial The Current Industrial Report (CIR) program consists of a number 2009–2011 Reports of surveys that provide monthly, quarterly, and annual measures of industrial activity for selected manufactured products. The CIR surveys primarily collect data on production and shipments, but data on inventories, orders, and consumption are also included in a number of surveys. Currently, the CIR surveys include about 40,000 manufacturing establishments.
Economic Census The Economic Census of Island Areas contains data on businesses 2002, of Island Areas located in American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern 2007 Mariana Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It is conducted every five years as part of the Census Bureau’s Economic Census program and covers virtually every sector of the economy. Data collected are similar or identical to those found in the Census of Manufactures, Census of Retail Trade, Census of Services, and so forth.
Foreign Trade— The Exporter Database is a set of files used to create the Profile of 2010 Exporter Database U.S. Exporting Companies. The files are created by matching yearly export transaction records to the company information from the Business Register.
Integrated The Integrated Longitudinal Business Database (ILBD) is a research 2006–2010 Longitudinal dataset constructed at the Center for Economic Studies that contains Business the roughly 20 million businesses in the U.S. economy (per year) Database without paid employees from 1977 to 2010. The ILBD contains a firm identifier that allows the linkage of these nonemployers across time and to businesses with paid employees found in other Census Bureau surveys and databases. The ILBD can be used to investigate nonemployer entry and exit, gross revenue flows, and transitions between nonemployer and employer status.
Longitudinal The Longitudinal Business Database (LBD) is a research dataset 2011 Business constructed at the Center for Economic Studies that contains basic Database information on the universe of all U.S. business establishments with paid employees from 1976 to 2011. The LBD can be used to examine entry and exit, gross job flows, and changes in the structure of the U.S. economy. The LBD can be linked to other Census Bureau surveys at the establishment and firm level.
1These tables do not include custom extract data made available to approved projects from the U.S. Census Bureau, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 79 New or updated Data product Description years
Longitudinal The Longitudinal Firm Trade Transactions Database (LFTTD) links indi- 2010–2011 Firm Trade vidual trade transactions to the firms that undertake them. It links Transactions export transactions to the U.S. exporter and import transactions to Database the U.S. importer. The firm identifier in the LFTTD allows linkages to other Census Bureau surveys and databases.
Medical The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Insurance Component 2012 Expenditure Panel (MEPS-IC) collects data on health insurance plans obtained through Survey (MEPS)— employers. Data collected include the number and type of private Insurance insurance plans offered, benefits associated with these plans, Component (IC) premiums, contributions by employers and employees, eligibility requirements, and out-of-pocket costs. Data also include both employer (e.g., size, industry) and workforce (e.g., percent of workers female, earn low/medium/high wage) characteristics.
Services Annual The Services Annual Survey (SAS) provides estimates of revenue and 1991–1998 Survey other measures for most traditional service industries. Collected data include operating revenue for both taxable and tax-exempt firms and organizations; sources of revenue and expenses by type for selected industries; operating expenses for tax-exempt firms; and selected industry-specific items. Starting with the 1999 survey, e-commerce data are collected for all industries, and export and inventory data are collected for selected industries.
Survey of The Survey of Business Owners (SBO) includes data on sales 2007 Business Owners and receipts, annual payroll, employment, and demographic characteristics of the business owner, including gender, ethnicity, race, and veteran status. The SBO includes all nonfarm businesses filing tax forms as individual proprietorships, partnerships, or any type of corporation, with or without paid employees, and with receipts of $1,000 or more.
Standard The Standard Statistical Establishment List (SSEL) files maintained at 2011–2012 Statistical CES are created from the old Standard Statistical Establishment List Establishment (prior to 2002) and the new Business Register (2002 and forward). List
80 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau HOUSEHOLD DATA1
New or updated Data product Description years
American The American Community Survey (ACS) is an ongoing nationwide 2012 Community household survey that collects information traditionally collected Survey on the long-form of the Decennial Census, including age, sex, race, 2009–2011 family, ancestry, languages, place of birth, disability, education, (Master veteran status, income, employment, health insurance, commuting, Address and housing characteristics. File crosswalks)
American The American Housing Survey (AHS) collects data on the nation’s 2011 Housing Survey housing, including apartments, single-family homes, mobile homes, (National) vacant housing units, household characteristics, income, housing and neighborhood quality, housing costs, equipment and fuels, size of housing unit, and recent movers. The national survey has a sample spread throughout the United States, while the metropolitan survey focuses on housing units in specific metropolitan areas. National data are collected in odd-numbered years and data for each of 47 selected metropolitan areas are collected about every 4 years, with an average of 12 metropolitan areas included each year.
Decennial Census The Decennial Census collected data on the age, sex, race, Hispanic 2010 ethnicity, and the relationship of individuals in the household, and whether the housing unit was owned (with or without a mortgage) or rented. In 2010, no long form was used; this information is now collected by the American Community Survey.
Current The Current Population Survey (CPS) is the primary source of labor 2012 Population force statistics for the population of the United States. The Annual (ASEC/ Survey Social and Economic (ASEC, or “March”) supplement of CPS collects March) data on work experience, several sources of income, migration, household composition, health insurance coverage, and receipt of 2001–2012 noncash benefits. The Food Security (“December”) supplement of the (Food CPS collects data on food security, food expenditures, and use of Security/ food and nutrition assistance programs. December)
National Crime The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) collects data from 2006, Victimization respondents who are 12 years of age or older regarding the amount 2007, Survey and kinds of crime committed against them during a specific 2011 6-month reference period preceding the month of interview. The NCVS also collects detailed information about specific incidents of criminal victimization that the respondent reports for the 6-month reference period. The NCVS is also periodically used as the vehicle for fielding a number of supplements to provide additional information about crime and victimization.
1 These demographic or decennial files maintained at the Center for Economic Studies and for the RDCs are the internal versions, and they provide researchers with variables and detailed information that are not available in the corresponding public-use files.
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 81 New or updated Data product Description years
Survey of Income The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) collects 2008 and Program data on the source and amount of income, labor force information, Panel: Participation program participation and eligibility, and general demographic Wave 11 characteristics. The data are used to measure the effectiveness of and PIK existing federal, state, and local programs, to estimate future costs crosswalks and coverage for government programs, and to provide improved statistics on the distribution of income in the United States. 1984–2008 Panels: Merged Master Earnings File data
82 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Appendix 6. CENSUS RESEARCH DATA CENTER (RDC) PARTNERS
Atlanta Census RDC Census Bureau Headquarters RDC (CES) Julie Hotchkiss, Executive Director Shawn Klimek, Director of Research, CES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chicago Census RDC Clemson University Bhash Mazumder, Executive Director Emory University Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Georgia Institute of Technology Northwestern University Georgia State University University of Chicago University of Alabama at Birmingham University of Illinois University of Georgia University of Notre Dame University of Tennessee, Knoxville Washington University in St. Louis
Boston Census RDC Michigan Census RDC (Ann Arbor) Wayne Gray, Executive Director Margaret Levenstein, Executive Director
National Bureau of Economic Research University of Michigan Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) California Census RDC (Berkeley) Jon Stiles, Executive Director Minnesota Census RDC (Minneapolis) University of California, Berkeley Catherine Fitch, Co-Executive Director J. Michael Oakes, Co-Executive Director California Census RDC (Irvine) University of Minnesota Marianne Bitler, Executive Director
University of California, Irvine New York Census RDC (Baruch) Diane Gibson, Executive Director California Census RDC (Stanford) Baruch College Matthew Snipp, Executive Director City University of New York Stanford University Columbia University Cornell University Federal Reserve Bank of New York California Census RDC (UCLA) National Bureau of Economic Research Gary Gates, Executive Director New York University University of California, Los Angeles Princeton University Russell Sage Foundation University at Albany, State University of New York California Census RDC (USC) Yale University Gordon Phillips, Executive Director
University of Southern California
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 83 New York Census RDC (Cornell) William Block, Executive Director
Baruch College City University of New York Columbia University Cornell University Federal Reserve Bank of New York National Bureau of Economic Research New York University Princeton University Russell Sage Foundation University at Albany, State University of New York Yale University
Northwest Census RDC (Seattle) Mark Ellis, Executive Director
University of Washington State of Washington, Office of Financial Management
Pennsylvania State University Census RDC Mark Roberts, Executive Director
The Pennsylvania State University
Texas Census RDC (College Station) Mark Fossett, Executive Director Pat Goldsmith, Associate Director
Texas A&M University Texas A&M University System Baylor University Rice University University of Texas at Austin University of Texas at San Antonio
Triangle Census RDC (Duke and RTI) Gale Boyd, Executive Director
Duke University North Carolina State University RTI International University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
84 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Appendix 7. LONGITUDINAL EMPLOYER–HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS (LEHD) PARTNERS
Under the Local Employment Dynamics (LED) partnership, the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) program at the Center for Economic Studies produces new, cost-effective, public-use information combining federal, state, and Census Bureau data on employers and employees. The LED partnership works to fill critical data gaps and provide indicators increasingly needed by state and local authorities to make informed decisions about their economies.
LOCAL EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS (LED) Mountain-Plains (Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, STEERING COMMITTEE Utah, Wyoming) Carrie Mayne As of March 2014. Workforce Analysis and Research Utah Department of Workforce Services New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont) Southwest (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Bruce DeMay Oklahoma, Texas) Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau Richard Froeschle New Hampshire Employment Security Labor Market Information Texas Workforce Commission New York/New Jersey Leonard Preston Western (Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Labor Market Information Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington) New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Bill Anderson Development Research and Analysis Bureau Nevada Department of Employment, Training, Mid-Atlantic (Delaware, District of Columbia, and Rehabilitation Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia) Sue Mukherjee Center for Workforce Information and Analysis FEDERAL PARTNERS Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic Southeast (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, and Atmospheric Administration Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Tennessee) Emergency Management Agency Warren May U.S. Department of the Interior Labor Market Statistics Center U.S. Office of Personnel Management Florida Department of Economic Opportunity
Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, STATE PARTNERs Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South As of October 2013. Dakota, Wisconsin) Coretta Pettway Alabama Bureau of Labor Market Information Jim Henry, Chief Ohio Department of Job and Family Services Labor Market Information Alabama Department of Industrial Relations
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 85 Alaska Georgia Dan Robinson, Chief Mark Watson, Director Research and Analysis Section Workforce Statistics and Economic Research Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Georgia Department of Labor Development Guam Arizona Gary Hiles, Chief Economist Paul Shannon, Assistant Director Bureau of Labor Statistics Budget and Resource Planning Guam Department of Labor Arizona Department of Administration Hawaii Arkansas Phyllis A. Dayao, Chief Robert S. Marek, Administrative Services Manager Research and Statistics Office Employment and Training Program Operations Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Arkansas Department of Workforce Services Relations
California Idaho Spencer Wong, Chief Bob Uhlenkott, Bureau Chief Labor Market Information Division Research and Analysis California Employment Development Department Idaho Department of Labor
Colorado Illinois Alexandra Hall, Director Evelina Tainer Loescher, Ph.D., Division Manager Labor Market Information Economic Information and Analysis Colorado Department of Labor and Employment Illinois Department of Employment Security
Connecticut Indiana Andrew Condon, Ph.D., Director Timothy Zimmer, Ph.D., Director Office of Research Research and Analysis Connecticut Department of Labor Indiana Department of Workforce Development
Delaware Iowa George Sharpley, Ph.D., Economist and Chief Kerry Koonce, Division Administrator Office of Occupational and Labor Market Labor Market and Workforce Information Division Information Iowa Department of Workforce Development Delaware Department of Labor Kansas District of Columbia Justin McFarland, Director Ilia Rainer, Ph.D., Associate Director Labor Market Information Services Office of Labor Market Research and Information Kansas Department of Labor District of Columbia Department of Employment Services Kentucky Lori Collins, Director Florida Division of Workforce and Employment Services Rebecca Rust, Director Kentucky Office of Employment and Training Labor Market Statistics Center Florida Department of Economic Opportunity Louisiana Raj Jindal, Director Information Technology Louisiana Workforce Commission
86 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Maine Nevada Chris Boudreau, Director Bill Anderson, Chief Economist Center for Workforce Research and Information Research and Analysis Bureau Maine Department of Labor Nevada Department of Employment, Training, and Rehabilitation Maryland Carolyn J. Mitchell, Director New Hampshire Office of Workforce Information and Performance Bruce DeMay, Director Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau and Regulation New Hampshire Department of Employment Security Massachusetts Rena Kottcamp, Director New Jersey Economic Research Chester S. Chinsky, Labor Market Information Massachusetts Division of Unemployment Director Assistance Labor Market and Demographic Research New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Michigan Development Jason Palmer, Director Labor Market Information and Strategic Initiatives New Mexico Michigan Department of Technology, Management, Joy J. Forehand, Acting Director and Budget Economic Research and Analysis Bureau New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions Minnesota Steve Hine, Ph.D., Research Director New York Minnesota Department of Employment and Bohdan Wynnyk, Deputy Director Economic Development Research and Statistics Division New York State Department of Labor Mississippi Mary Willoughby, Bureau Director North Carolina Mississippi Department of Employment Security Jacqueline Keener, Interim Director Labor and Economic Analysis Division Missouri North Carolina Department of Commerce William C. Niblack, Labor Market Information Manager North Dakota Missouri Economic Research and Information Michael Ziesch, Labor Market Information Contact Center Labor Market Information Center Missouri Department of Economic Development Job Service North Dakota
Montana Ohio Todd Younkin, Chief Coretta Pettway, Chief Research and Analysis Bureau Bureau of Labor Market Information Montana Department of Labor and Industry Ohio Department of Job and Family Services
Nebraska Oklahoma Phil Baker, Labor Market Information Lynn Gray, Director Administrator Economic Research and Analysis Nebraska Department of Labor Oklahoma Employment Security Commission
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 87 Oregon Utah Graham Slater, Administrator for Research Carrie Mayne, Director Oregon Employment Department Workforce Analysis and Research Utah Department of Workforce Services Pennsylvania Sue Mukherjee, Director Vermont Center for Workforce Information and Analysis Mathew J. Barewicz, Labor Market Information Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry Director Economic and Labor Market Information Section Puerto Rico Vermont Department of Employment and Training Juan Lopez, Acting Director Labor Market Information/Bureau of Labor Virgin Islands Statistics Gary Halyard, Director of Survey and Systems Puerto Rico Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Labor Rhode Island Donna Murray, Director Virginia Labor Market Information Donald P. Lillywhite, Director Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training Economic Information Services Virginia Employment Commission South Carolina Brenda Lisbon, Director Washington Labor Market Information Cynthia L. Forland, Director South Carolina Department of Employment Labor Market and Economic Analysis and Workforce Washington Employment Security Department
South Dakota West Virginia Bernie Moran, Director Jeffrey A. Green, Director Labor Market Information Center Research, Information and Analysis Division South Dakota Department of Labor and Regulation Workforce West Virginia
Tennessee Wisconsin Mattie S. Miller, Director A. Nelse Grundvig, Director Labor Market Information Bureau of Workforce Training Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development Development Wyoming Texas Thomas N. Gallagher, Manager Richard Froeschle, Director Research and Planning Labor Market Information Wyoming Department of Workforce Services Texas Workforce Commission
88 Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau AppendixAppendix 88.. CENTERCENTER FOR FOR ECONOMIC ECONO STUDIESMIC STUDIES (CES) ORGANIZATIONAL (CES) ORG CHARTANIZA TIONAL CHART (D(Decemberecember 2013) 2013)
U.S. Census Bureau Research at the Center for Economic Studies and the Research Data Centers: 2013 89