PLANNINGAH-READ: MASSACHUSETTSINS tUTE, TheEmergence Of Clean Energy Technology OFTECHNOLOGY

by Alice Rosenberg FEB2 2 2010 Bachelorof Arts inHumanities ColgateUniversity LIBRARIES SUBMITTEDTO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTUREIN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTEROF ARCHITECTURE

at the ARCHIVES MASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February2010

02010 Alice Rosenberg.

All rightsreserved. The author herebygrants to MITpermission to reproduceand to distribute publicly paperand electroniccopies of this thesi document in whole or in part in anymedium now known or hereaftercreated. (

Signatureof Author; D partment of Architecture January15, 2010

Certifiedby: KentLarson PrincipalResearch Scientist, Computation ThesisSupervisor ) Acceptedby: JulianBienart Professorof Architecture Chairman,Department Committee on GraduateStudents THESISCOMMITTEE

Advisor: KentLarson PrincipalResearch Scientist, Computation

Reader: Andrew Scott AssociateProfessor, Architectural Design

Reader: CynthiaBrooks President,Greenfield Environmental Trust Group, Inc PLANNINGAHEAD: The EmergenceOf Clean Energy Technology

by Alice Rosenberg Bachelorof Arts in Humanities ColgateUniversity

SubmittedTo The Department Of Architecture on January15, 2010in PartialFulfillment of The Requirementsfor the Degreeof

MASTER OFARCHITECTURE

ABSTRACT

The solarindustry is bourgeoningin the UnitedStates, with new developmentsin photovoltaicresearch. This emergingfield, abettedby governmentfund- ing and subsidies,needs the capacityto explorenew ideasand expandon existing technologiesthrough facilitiesthat enableand facilitateresearch and production. With increasedthreats of global warming,imminent climatechange, and rising oil prices,solar power will bea critical componentof America's future, and will requiresignificant investment in the nearterm.

To facilitate thesolar industry and emergingclean energy technologies, this thesisproject proposes an incubatorfor start-upcompanies involved with silicon-basedtechnologies, thin-film technologies,or organicPVs to occupyand investin. The premiseof the program isto providea seriesof sharedspaces - wet labs,clean rooms,conference spaces, reception areas, and other communalresources - along with privatespaces, including offices, research facilities, and meeting rooms.The projectis both a R&Dfacility as well asa demonstrationlaboratory fornew technologies. Located12 miles north of Bostonat the Industr-Plex Superfundsite in Woburn,Massachusetts, the designaims to revitalizeand environmentallyreinvigorate the localarea.

ThesisSupervisor: Kent Larson Title: PrincipalResearch Scientist, Computation

TABLEOF CONTENTS

1. Background:TheSolar Industry

II. Context:EPA Sites

III. CaseStudies

IV. Site:Industri-Plex, Woburn MA

V. ProgramAnalysis

VI. DesignProposal

VII. ImageCredits

VIII. Bibliography C' Massachusetts toxic remnantse corvritoouees accommodateplace levels > c ta start-up . semi-pubic imperative~'LJrelatively M, +development -0 beneft r utsideL SOdUC 'I (i" fagade ' private m c E) na 7nusterefore pera *blmUSrNrf e qmc -h Oo Effic>=t chii5o1Ii es es multiple tb parties remediate. -- within -S0r a c o enery emergingNprogress 2 StC e orderang elements light become enable Ae 't seriese responsible investment,, 0 Cwcnsaton entails work COx-0 Q. C tn~ O0 I. BACKGROUND The SolarIndustry

"Radicallyincreased resource productivity isthe cornerstoneof naturalcapitalism because using resourcesmore effectivelyhas three significant benefits: It slows resourcedepletion at one end of the valuechain, lowerspollution at the other end, and providesa basisto increaseemployment with meaningfuljobs."

Thesolar industry is bourgeoningin the UnitedStates, with new developmentsin photovoltaicresearch. This emergingfield, abetted by govern- ment funding and subsidies,needs the capacityto explorenew ideasand expandon existing technologiesthrough facilitiesthat enableand facili- tate researchand production. With increasedthreats of global warming,imminent climate change,and rising oil prices,solar power will be a critical component of America'sfuture, and will requiresignificant investment in the nearterm.

"The cost of solar cells hasbeen dropping for severaldecades and is expectedto continuefalling for the indefinitefuture. With eachdoubling of cumulative production,the manufacturingeconomics of scaledrop the pricean additional 20 percent."

"The type of innovation changesthrough time. In the renewablessector, different energysources have reachedmaturity at different points,and there have beendifferent "generations" of innovationwithin particularrenewable energy sources" SOLARPRODUCT MANUFACTURERS

* SOLAREQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS

SOLARMATERIALS PROVIDERS

2 TPE$1l5toN COSTOFENERGY INTHE UNITED STATES 1973-2020

9.000 INSTALLEDSOLAR CAPACITYIN THEU.S.

8,000

ELEcRICI, 7,000

6,000

4 .000

2.0003,000

3.000

1975 1980 1965 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20052006 2007 2008

nme

NUMBEROFSOLAR PATENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS PERYEAR

3D

25

20 5%Wind1% Solar ""m "'' 'aV ." 5%Geothermal a

53%Biomass 40%Cad 10115

36%HydroelectrW 197 19l0 195 1990 1995 2000 200 1975 198D 1985 1M I M 2000 2wS Berkshire Franklin Middlesex Worcester --- s - Essex

a en i n s c) C / - Norol SPlymouth

/R Bristol <- N-9

DukeCp d Nantuc

T~meo~has~of~rke~netrtionHewlettPakardModlfProducO-evelopmenCycleIme \. GENERATIONS OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY 3S" di1UM4uE 12MNWFI.,,panls 10,0D0s.Lttb..1.y ,., 1. Silicon Based Technology - semi-conductor process -requires clean rooms for activity hMl& -semi-conductor handling equipment 2M*,P.~.4 SSwoo~ - usessaws and other machines - Evergreen Technologies, Marlboro MA

12000sqAIL Mmt2Oysp. 2. Thin Film Technology - requires wet room spaces - uses glasses, metals, and other materials - lots of heavy equipment and machines - metalizations; vaccuum process - Paratronix Inc, Attleboro MA

3. Organic PVs - printing-like process 3,OO Sftl b.to.y,4$.,* - uses plastics and similar materials - more of a continuous process - Konarka Technologies, Lowell MA

100MWfromaW s 160W1.Y

II. CONTEXT EPASuperfund Sites

Superfund: "America'sunique statutory scheme to usethe more draconianelements of tort law to compelprivate businesses and public entitiesto clean up hazardouswaste sites" TheNational Priorities List (NPL)tracts the sitesthat most seriouslythreaten and the environment. "The Superfundprogram is the principalfederal effort for cleaningup hazardouswaste sites and protecting publichealth and the environment from releasesof hazardoussubstances. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and LiabilityAct of 1980(CERCLA) established the program,and the SuperfundAmendments and ReauthorizationAct of 1986(SARA) amended"

Drawingauthority and funds from the Superfundprogram, the BrownfieldsEconomic Redevelopment Initiative providesfunding assistanceto characterize andclean up minimallycontaminated sites, often idled or abandonedfactories, as a preludeto their redevelopment.Issues include the Environmental ProtectionAgency's authority to set up the programand the proper dispositionof appropriatedfunds. The Superfundprogram is the principalfederal effort for cleaningup inactivehazardous wastesites and protecting publichealth and the environ- ment from releasesof hazardous substances."States define brownfield sites indifferent ways,but they usuallyecho EPA'sdefinition, encompassing 'urban industrialor commercialfacilities that areabandoned or underutilizeddue, in part,to environmentalcontamination or fearof contamina- tion"' EPASUPERFUND SITES 400

SITESADDED

SITESDELETED

FEDERALFUNDING SITECLEANUP FUNDING (CONSTAW1987DOLLARS)

Ago&~30% from EPA

U hii ------70% from responsible parties PR11MtNABYASSESSMENT/ SITEINSPECT1O'-...

FEASIBILITYSTUDY

COMPLETION

PRIORITIESLIST TOTALNUMBER OF SITESON THE NPLLIST 1400

1200

1000

800

600 z Ri 400

200 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

ComprehensiveEnvironmental IT Response,Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)signed

406 National Priority List 1,200 siteson the sites selected by the EPA National Priority List CERCLA'simpetus was the emergingrealization that hazardous wastesites presented greatrisk to public healthand the environmentin allparts of the na- tion, thatstate andlocal governments did nothave the capabilityto respond,and that existing federal environmentaland disaster relief laws were inade- quate."In additionto beingresponsible for cleanup costs,polluters also must pay to restore natural resourcedamages at Superfundsites... The Agency forToxic Substances and Disease Registry assesses the impactof hazardoussubstance releases on publichealth" CERCLA'spurpose is to authorizethe federalgovernment to respondswiftly to hazardous substanceemergencies and protect public health andthe environmentby cleaning up thenation's worsthazardous waste sites. 0 III.CASE STUDIES

1. LoveCanal. Niagara Falls,

2. TimesBeach. St. LouisCounty, Missouri

3. Picillo Farm.Coventry, Rhode Island 1. LOVECANAL NiagaraFalls, New York

LoveCanal, a smallcommunity near Niagra Falls, New York, is one of the early examplesof a nationalcontroversy and environmentalnotoriety. Originallydesigned to be a'model city', LoveCanal lost muchof its funding, becamea dumping site for the city during the 1920's,and later a chemicalwaste site during the 1940's.21,000 tons of toxic wastewere buried in the abandoned"Love Canal" between 1942and 1952,by Hooker Chemical.The City of NiagraFalls consequently allowed homesand a schoolto be built on this site,despite awareness of the hazardousmaterials. Consequently,a public healthemergency was issued;burns, diseases, and birth defectswere just someof the ensuingoutcomes. "Among its lega- cies, LoveCanal will likely long endureas a nationalsymbol of a failure to exercisea senseof concernfor future generations.It was indeeda situa- tion wherethe inhabitantsof LoveCanal "overflowed into the wastesinstead of the other way around." LoveCanal is an important casestudy becauseof its role with respectto the history of Superfundsand CERCLA(Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation, and LiabilityAct). The public outcryand devastatingrepercussions from this environmentaldisaster helped spur the nationalefforts to addresstoxic contaminationof land.

"The LoveCanal site inNiagara Falls, New York,first brought the issueto nationalprominence when the state healthcommissioner declared a state of emergency thereon August2, 1987." ENTRY P~ow\BlTED 2. TIMESBEACH St.L

Time Beachwas a town outside of St.Louis, MO that was completelyevacuated in 1983because of a dioxinscare that becamethe subject of na- tional controversy.The town, founded in 1925,had a dust problem,and in the 1970'sthe roadswere sprayed with oil Loveandlater paved.The oil containeddioxin levels,and later emergedin the 1980'sduring a devastatingflood. Thetown was subsequentlyevacuated, and all residentswere forced to abandontheir homesdue to the imminent threats of the chemicals. TimesBeach is an important casestudy becauseof its role with respectto the history of Superfundsand CERCLA(Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation, and LiabilityAct). The public outcry and devastatingrepercussions from this environmentaldisaster helped spur the nationalefforts to addresstoxic contaminationof land. 3. PICILLOFARM Coventry,Rhode Island

ThePicillo Pig Farm, in CoventryRhode Island, wasa 100-acre farm that literallyexploded in 1977,and became RhodeIsland's first officialSuper- fundsite. The farm had becomeadumping site of illegalchemicals during the1970's, which were later discovered.

1977when partof the farmexploded into aninferno that was visible for milesaround. The brownfield site has since been signed into a project agreementwith AlIcoRenewable Energy Group to turn thefarm into a $45million solar energy farm. Plans (as of 2008)include hundreds or 3x5 foot solarpanels that wouldbe motorized to facethe sun,generating up to 8 megawattsof electricity.This proposal is currentlythe largestproject plannedfor eastof the Mississippi aA IV.SITE: INDUSTRI-PLEX Woburn,Massachusetts

The Industri-PlexSuperfund site, 12 miles northwest of Bostonin Woburn,Massachusetts, is an ideallocation for this prototypicalproject. Origi- nally contaminatedby toxic remnantsfrom tanneriesin the 19thand 20th centuries,the site offersa primecondition to remediatethrough careful designand planning. Convenientlysituated at a commuterrail station and minutesaway from a majorhighway (1-93), the proposedsite provides an economicallyand environmentallyviable option for re-appropriation

The Industri-PlexSuperfund Site is a former chemicaland glue manufacturingfacility. Industri-plex was usedfor manufacturingchemicals such as lead-arsenicinsecticides, acetic acid, and sulfuricacid for local textile, leather,and paper manufacturingindustries from 1853to 1931.Chemicals manufacturedby other industriesat the site include phenol,, and . Industri-plexwas alsoused to manufactureglue from raw ani- mal hide and chrome-tannedhide wastesfrom 1934to 1969.The by-productsand residuesfrom theseindustries caused the soilswithin the site to becomecontaminated with elevatedlevels of metals,such as arsenic, lead and chrome.During the 1970s,the site was developedfor industrialuse. Excavationsuncovered and mixedindustrial by-products and wastesaccumulated over 130years. During this period,residues from animal hide wastesused in the manufactureof glue were relocatedon-site from buriedpits to piles nearswampy areas on the property.Many of the animal hide piles and lagoonson-site were leachingtoxic metalsinto the environment.In the 1980's,the site containedstreams and ponds,a warehouse and office buildings,remnant manufacturingbuildings, and hide wastedeposits buried on the site.Animal hide residuesare found on approxi- mately 20 acresof the site in four differentpiles. Portions of the animalhide piles sloughedoff, causingthe releaseof hydrogensulfide gases to the atmosphereand toxic metalsto surroundingwetlands. Residences are locatedwithin 1,000feet of the site,and morethan 34,000people livewithin 3 milesof the site. INDUSTRIALUSE CHEMICALMANUFACTURING WAREHOUSES GLUEPRODUCTION

OFFCE BUILDINGS

PREUMINARYISE N RECORDSOFDECISIO

REMEDIALDESIGIVACTION! NATIONALPRIORITIES LiSTRM SITELIST PROCESS

REMEDIALINVESTIGATION Timelineand Historyof Woburn FEASIBILITYSTUDY RegionalTransportation SiteAxonometric CLASS"A"LAND

uncontaminatedsoils

CLASS"B"LAND

soilsmay contain contaminantsless than conesntdecree action levels (no cover required)

CLASS"C"LAND

soilsmay contain contaminantsgreater thanconesnt decree actionlevels (coverrequired)

CLASS"D"LAND

"hidepiles'

Woburn Site Plan O)

O4

0J L~J V. PROGRAMANALYSIS SolarIndustry Incubator

TheUnited StatesDepartment of Energyhas recently invested significant funding and effort towardsthe solarindustry. It hasenacted a seriesof initiativesand programsto help support this growing and imperativefield. One major agendais the PhotovoltaicTechnology Pre-Incubator: in 2008,the DOEannounced $17.6 million that would be awardedto six earlystage PVdevelopers across the country. This funding is part of the 2009 AmericanRecovery and ReinvestmentAct.

"The goals of the projectinclude promoting grid parity for PVtechnologies, transitioning innovativePV technologies into the prototypestage, and developingprototype PVconcepts with manufacturingcosts of lessthan $1/watt."

Another primary programis the PhotovoltaicTechnology Incubator project,which precededthe pre-incubatoragenda. Both of these initiatives sponsorand encouragethe developmentof newtechnologies within the photovoltaic realm. The solarindustry is getting bigger, better,and brighter. On Feb17, 2009,President Obama signed into law the AmericanRecovery and ReinvestmentAct, cementinghis support of solarand other renewableenergy sources.Billions of dollarswill be investedin funding,tax incentives,loans, and grants to increasethe useof solar energy, support energy efficiency,remove market barriers, and cultivate greenjobs

"Upto $500,000is availableto smallcompanies for turning theirmodule-related technologies into prototypes. ThePhotovoltaic (PV) Technology Pre-Incubatorsolicitation, released on Jan.27, 2009,is open to U.S.small businesses or teamsled by a U.S.small business...This financial opportu- nity is administeredby DOE'sNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)".

Technologicalinnovation iscritical to the advanceof cleanenergy technologies. Along with policy mechanisms(such as taxesand subsidies)and externalfactors (such as public opinionand oil prices),technological progress will be crucialin order for solarproduction to becomecompetitive with other formsof energy.This will requiresubstantial innovation and improvementof currentday technologies. * LABORATORY8,000sq.m experimentalworkspaces and testing facilities. both indoorand outdoor space. WETLAB SPACE 1,500sq.m CLEANROOMS 1,500sq.m 5,000sq.m OUTDOORLAB REARCH OFFICES 3,000sq.m spacefor companies to developtheir businesses; administrative and organizational. 500sq.m ADMINISTRATION ACCOUNTING 500sq.m SALESand PR 500sq.m OFFICES/ADMIN LABORATORY MARKETING 500sq.m CONFERENCERMS 1,000sq.m 9 RESEARCH 6,000sq.m facilitiesfor product development and experimental research USERFLOWS ENGINEERING 3,000sq.m TESTINGFACILITIES 3,000sq.in i EDUCATION 1,000sq.mpublic component. outreach, museum, and interactive education spaces DISPLAYSPACE 500sq.m MUSEUM/PUBLIC500sq.m

PRODUCTION &'-, PRODUCTION6,000sq.m manufacturingareas for component development and small scale distribution EQUIPMENT 3,000sq.m ASSEMBLYLINE 3,000sq.m

2,000sq. m sharedand private resources necessary for builidng complex RESE CH wr '#RATORY P OTHER I "'Ilm RESTROOMS 300sq." PARKING 1,000sq.m MECHANICAL 200sq in Ae CERTIFICATION 500sq.m k""OFFICES/ADMIN Program Breakdown STATIC ACTIVITY EQUIPMENT MATERIAL ADJACENCIES DENSITY ACIIY FLOW EUPNT FLOW

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1. SolarImages. http://www.solarnavigator.net/solar-panels.htm http://www.newscientist.com/blog/technology/2006/07/solar-power-goes-mainstream.html

2. LoveCanal Images. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoveCanal http://www.pacificspirit.org/news/labels/Alaska.html http://www.rapingmothernature.com/2008/07/14/love-canal-toxic-waste/

3.Times Beach Images. http://apecanyonnewsservice.blogspot.com/2009/03/times-beach-missouri.html http://www.dailycognition.com/abandoned-cities-from-around-the-world.htm

4. PicilloFarm Images. http://www.projo.com/specials/century/month9/4941.htm http://www.pbn.com/stories/30372.html

5. USEnvironmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/ Vill.BIBLIOGRAPHY

"ASecond Chance for CommunityGreenspaces and Businesses"by MarciaMaslonek. Brownfield News, April 2007.

"ASolar LandRush" Todd Woody,The NewYorkTimes. July 13,2009.

"After 10Years, the Traumaof LoveCanal Continue" Sam How Verhorek. The New YorkTimes.August 5,1988.

Broadbent,G., and C.A.Brebbia. Eco-Architecture: Harmonization between Architectureand Nature. Southampton:WIT Press, 2006.

Brown,Lester R. PlanB 2.0 Rescuinga PlanetUnder Stress and a Civilizationin Trouble. New York,NY: W.W. Norton & CompanyLtd. 2006.

Casey,Leo. PersonalInterview. VP Engineering,Chief Technology Officer SatCon Technology Corporation. September 24, 2009.

"City of BrocktonSolar Brightfield: Deployinga SolarArray on a BrocktonBrownfield" FinalTechnical Report, City of Brockton.August 23, 2007.

Church,Thomas W. and TobertT. Nakamura.Cleaning Up the Mess.Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, 1993.

Colten,Craig E and PeterN. Skinner.The Roadto LoveCanal: ManagingIndustrial Waste BeforeEPA. Austin: University of TexasPress, 1996. SolarEnergy Technologies Program Newsletter. March, 2009.

"CloudyOutlook for State'sBet on SolarEnergy Firm" The BostonGlobe. ByToddWallack and AndreaEstes. October 17,2009

"DOEAnnounces $17M In SolarIncubator Awards" SustainableBusiness.com News. September30, 2008.

"EcologicalRevitalization: Turning ContaminatedProperties Into CommunityAssets" United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency, February 2009.

"EnergyDepartment Announces National Initiative to RedevelopBrownfields with RenewableEnergy" US EPA. Updated April 8, 2009. Friedman,Thomas L. Hot, Flat,And Crowded:Why We Needa GreenRevolution-- And How It CanRenew America. NY: Farrar,Straus and Giroux 2008.

Gorman,David. PersonalInterview. BostonSolar Living. September15, 2009.

Graf,Holger. Networksin the InnovationProcess. Cornwall, Great Britain: MPGBooks Ltd. 2006

Goldstein,David B. SavingEnergy, Growing Jobs: How EnvironmentalProtection Promotes Economic Growth, Profitability, Innovation, and Competition. Berkeley,Calif.: BayTree Pub., 2007.

Harr,Jonathan. A Civil Action. NewYork, NY: Random House Press, 1995.

Hawken,Paul, and Amory Lovins. NaturalCapitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution.New York, NY: Little, Brownand Company.1999.

Jessen,Karl. PersonalInterview MassachusettsClean Energy Center, 100 Cambridge Street, 10th Floor,Boston MA 02114. September16, 2009.

"LargestSolar Trackers in USATurn ContaminatedLand into Solar EnergyConductor" Janfor Gore,Current Tech. Decemeber4, 2008.

"MassachusettsClean Energy Industry Census" Massachusetts Technology Collaborative. August 2007.

"NRELSeeks Proposals, Announces Awards for PhotovoltaicTechnology Incubator Program" Departmentof Energy.June 15,2009.

"Re-PoweringAmerica's Land: RenewableEnergy on ContaminatedLand and Mining Sites" USEnvironmental Protection Agency. June 5, 2009.

Reisch,Mark, andDavid Bearden. Superfund and the BrownfieldIssue. New York,NY: NovinkaBooks, 2003.

"ReusingSuperfund Sites" United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency,October 2006.

"Superfundat 25:What RemainsTo BeDone" KatherineN. Probst,Resources, Fall 2005.

"SuperfundPig Farmto Become$45 Solar EnergySite" NetworkWorld, March 25, 2008. 04