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Tese André Ricardo Ghidini.Pdf INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA DE ÁGUA DOCE E PESCA INTERIOR Cladóceros (Crustacea: Anomopoda e Ctenopoda) associados a diferentes hábitats de um lago de águas pretas da Amazônia Central (Lago Tupé, Amazonas, Brasil) M.Sc. ANDRÉ RICARDO GHIDINI Manaus, Amazonas Junho/2011 ANDRÉ RICARDO GHIDINI Cladóceros (Crustacea: Anomopoda e Ctenopoda) associados a diferentes hábitats de um lago de águas pretas da Amazônia Central (Lago Tupé, Amazonas, Brasil) ORIENTADOR: Dr. Edinaldo Nelson dos Santos Silva Tese apresentada ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Interior. Manaus, Amazonas Junho/2011 ii G423 Ghidini, André Ricardo Cladóceros (Crustacea: Anomopoda e Ctenopoda) associados a diferentes hábitats em um lago de águas pretas da Amazônia Central (Lago Tupé, Amazonas, Brasil) / André Ricardo Ghidini. --- Manaus : [s.n.], 2011. xvi, 127 f. : il Tese (doutorado) -- INPA, Manaus, 2011 Orientador : Edinaldo Nelson dos Santos Silva Área de concentração : Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Inteior 1. Cladocera. – Tupé, Lago(AM). 2. Urtricularia foliosa. 3. Ecologia de comunidades aquáticas. I. Título. CDD 19. ed. 595.32 Sinopse: Foram estudadas a composição e diversidade de cladóceros associados a diferentes habitat do lago Tupé, AM, Brasil, tais como a região litorânea temporária (igapó), bancos de macrófitas aquáticas, associações bióticas (esponjas de água doce), fundo e sedimento, bem como na região limnética, afim de determinar a estrutura das comunidades de cladóceros no ambiente e a relação destas com o hábitat em que ocorrem. Palavras-chave: Cladocera, diversidade, lago Tupé, litoral, Utricularia foliosa, Amazônia Central. iii AGRADECIMENTOS - A meus pais; - Ao Nelson, pelos ensinamentos, apoio e orientação na execução deste trabalho, direcionando meus erros e acertos; - À Bárbara, pelas discussões interessantes, por todo o auxílio durante estes anos; - Ao Prof. Henri J. Dumont e Prof. Kay VanDamme, pela paciência, apoio e ensinamentos na Bélgica, bem como à Ghent University por me receber durante o estágio-sanduíche; - Ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia e seus funcionários e pesquisadores pelo apoio; - A FAPEAM e CAPES, pela bolsa de estudos de doutorado e doutorado- sanduíche (PDEE); - Aos os moradores da RDS do Tupé, especialmente ao seu Jaumir e Tiago pelo auxílio nas coletas e D. Rosa pelos deliciosos almoços. - À Dra. Ângela, Carminha por todo o auxílio; - Aos avaliadores do meu Plano de Trabalho, banca da Aula de Qualificação, e avaliadores da tese, por todas as opiniões, que contribuíram para fazer um trabalho melhor; - A todos os professores e equipe de funcionários da Uniniltonlins, pelo apoio e companheirismo; - Aos Ghidinis, Rigos e Orlandinis pela compreensão e apoio durante minha ausência; - Aos irmãos de todas as horas, especialmente os que acompanharam desde o início: Akemi, Stela, Daniel, Bruno, Marilda, Gabi. Foram tantas conversas, risadas, drinks, almoços e histórias, que precisaria de uma tese para contar. - Aos amigos Elany, Nicole, Pimpão e Dani (mini hang-loose), Jú e Fabão, Laura e Júlio, Fabiane pelos eventos (em sua maioria gastronômicos) e amizade; - Aos frequentadores do bar do mineiro, especialmente Fabiane, Wellington e Hélio Márcio, pelo happy-hour de sexta-feira; - Ao pessoal do Laboratório de Plâncton pela necessária hora do café, apoio e amizade, especialmente os Pibiquetes (agora Mestretes), Elvis, Climéia, Karla, Hélio e Utumi. - Aos amigos e companheiros de café do laboratório de Ecologia de Peixes do INPA, pela adoção nos momentos finais da tese, e pelas risadas. - Aos amigos de Manaus, especialmente a Larissa, a qual mesmo distante continua sendo minha bússola. - A todos os meus amigos do Paraná, especialmente as keris: somos poucos mas valemos por muitos. - E a todos os que estiveram de alguma forma envolvidos na minha vida pessoal e profissional; iv Dedico este trabalho aos mais honrosos e dedicados profissionais da educação, os quais entendem de pronto, que ser professor não significa ensinar, mas sim aprender. v “Um dia sem sorrir, é um dia desperdiçado” Charles Chaplin vi RESUMO Nos últimos anos um grande número de estudos passaram a enfocar a região litorânea dos ambientes dulcícolas, especialmente porque o crescente conhecimento sobre esta região apontam para uma alta produtividade, complexidade de hábitats e nichos ecológicos e alta diversidade. Entre os cladóceros (Crustacea, Anomopoda e Ctenopoda) a maioria das espécies já descritas é exclusivamente bentônica habitando principalmente a região litorânea, porém os estudos enfocando este grupo foram tradicionalmente executados na região limnética, enfocando apenas os organismos planctônicos. Na Bacia Amazônica os registros de cladóceros bentônicos são escassos e poucos estudos deram destaque para este grupo de organismos. Em lagos de água preta, a região litorânea é bastante diferenciada, especialmente pela falta de macrófitas aquáticas flutuantes e pelo alagamento da floresta de igapó e da serapilheira de fundo, o que constitui hábitats diferenciados. No lago Tupé esta diferenciada zona litorânea não é permanente, estando presente apenas durante o período de águas altas, sendo que na seca as margens desse lago são predominantemente arenosas e o lago constitui um sistema tipicamente limnético. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a composição, riqueza de espécies e diversidade de cladóceros associados a diferentes hábitats do lago Tupé, e a variação destes atributos ao longo do ciclo hidrológico. Os hábitats examinados foram: região limnética e fundo do lago, bancos da macrófita aquática Utricularia foliosa e a zona litorânea, constituída pela zona da margem e zona da serapilheira. As amostragens foram realizadas nestes hábitats nos meses de abril, junho, setembro, outubro e novembro/08 e fevereiro/09, obtendo-se dados qualitativos e quantitativos. Um total de 76 espécies foram registradas, sendo a maioria (40 espécies) da família Chydoridae. As espécies mais frequentes deste estudo foram Bosminopsis deitersi, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Ilyocryptus spinifer, Diaphanosoma polyspina, Alonella dadayi, Alonella clathratula, Ephemeroporus barroisi, Bosmina longirostris, Bosmina hagmanni e Alonella n.sp. As maiores riqueza de espécies foram observadas na zona de serapilheira (S=64), nos bancos de utriculária (S=50) e na zona da margem (S=39). Um total de 25 espécies foi observada na região limnética e 16 na região profunda do lago Tupé. De maneira geral, a riqueza de espécies é maior durante o período de águas altas, quando a floresta de igapó estava alagada e os bancos da utriculária eram presentes. As espécies observadas neste período desaparecem do lago e não são observadas durante o período de águas baixas, quando apenas a região limnética e profunda do lago contribuem para a diversidade no local. Foi observado também que com o início de um novo ciclo de inundação, as espécies de cladóceros associadas a zona litorânea e bancos de utriculária se reestabelecem evidenciando a adaptação destes organismos a variação do nível da água provocada pelo pulso de inundação do Rio Amazonas, o qual afeta a disponibilidade de habitat para estes organismos. vii ABSTRACT In the past years, a great number of studies focused on the littoral of lakes and reservoir, especially because the growing knowledge about this region indicates high productivity, habitat and niche complexity and high diversity. Among the cladocerans (Crustacea, Anomopoda and Ctenopoda), the majority of the described species are typically benthonic, living primarily in the littoral region, but studies focusing on this group were traditionally executed in the limnetic compartment. In the Amazon basin, the records of benthic cladocerans are scarce and few studies focused this group of animals. The littoral zone of black water lakes can be peculiar, due to the lack of floating meadows and the flooding of the “igapó” forest and leaf litter, all of them which constitutes different habitat to cladocerans. In Tupé lake, this differentiated littoral zone can be found only during the high water phase, and during the low water phase the littoral of the lake is composed only of sandy beaches and the lake is mainly a limnetic system. The purpose of the study was to determine the composition, species richness and diversity of cladocerans associated with different habitats in Tupé lake and the variation of these attributes throughout the hydrological cycle. The habitats examined were: the limnetic region, bottom of the lake, Utricularia foliosa‟s stands and the littoral zone (subdivided into margin and leaf litter). Quantitative and qualitative samples were taken in April, June, September, October and November/08 and February/09. A total of 76 species of cladocerans was recorded, and most of them belong to the Chydoridae. The most frequent species were Bosminopsis deitersi, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Ilyocryptus spinifer, Diaphanosoma polyspina, Alonella dadayi, Alonella clathratula, Ephemeroporus barroisi, Bosmina longirostris, Bosmina hagmanni and Alonella n.sp. The highest species richness were observed in leaf litter (S=64), followed by the U. foliosa‟s stands (S=50) and the margin (S=39). A total of 25 species was recorded in the limnetic zone, while 16 cladocerans were registered near the bottom of the lake.In general, species richness were higher in the high water phase, when the “igapó” was flooded and the U. foliosa‟s stands were present.
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