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Excerpt from a Précis of Evolution in Four Dimensions Excerpt from Précis of Evolution in Four Dimensions by Eva JABLONKA and Marion J. LAMB Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007) 30, 353-365, 389-392 For this Special Issue of INTERS.org on Theories of evolution: recent developments, we propose an excerpt of the “Précis of Evolution in Four Dimensions”, published by Eva JabLonka and Marion J. Lamb on the authoritative journal Behavioral and Brain Sciences (BBS) two years Later the reLease of the first edition of their book Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life (The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA and London, UK 2005). In its original form, as usual for BBS papers, the Précis proposed here was foLLowed by 13 open peer commentaries by infLuent schoLars in many fieLds (from bioLogy and psychoLogy, to computer science, anthropoLogy, phiLosophy and medicine) and an authors’ response. We omitted the comments and the response in the present document. The book Evolution in Four Dimensions represents a miLestone of the conceptual deveLopments in evoLutionary bioLogy from its Lamarckian roots and Darwinian “origin” to the current “Extended EvoLutionary Synthesis”. More comments on the roLe pLayed by this book for the furthering of evoLutionary bioLogy can be found in the opening document of this Special Issue. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2007) 30, 353–392 Printed in the United States of America DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X07002221 Pre´cis of Evolution in Four Dimensions Eva Jablonka Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel [email protected] Marion J. Lamb 11 Fernwood, Clarence Road, London N22 8QE, United Kingdom [email protected] Abstract: In his theory of evolution, Darwin recognized that the conditions of life play a role in the generation of hereditary variations, as well as in their selection. However, as evolutionary theory was developed further, heredity became identified with genetics, and variation was seen in terms of combinations of randomly generated gene mutations. We argue that this view is now changing, because it is clear that a notion of hereditary variation that is based solely on randomly varying genes that are unaffected by developmental conditions is an inadequate basis for evolutionary theories. Such a view not only fails to provide satisfying explanations of many evolutionary phenomena, it also makes assumptions that are not consistent with the data that are emerging from disciplines ranging from molecular biology to cultural studies. These data show that the genome is far more responsive to the environment than previously thought, and that not all transmissible variation is underlain by genetic differences. In Evolution in Four Dimensions (2005) we identify four types of inheritance (genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbol-based), each of which can provide variations on which natural selection will act. Some of these variations arise in response to developmental conditions, so there are Lamarckian aspects to evolution. We argue that a better insight into evolutionary processes will result from recognizing that transmitted variations that are not based on DNA differences have played a role. This is particularly true for understanding the evolution of human behavior, where all four dimensions of heredity have been important. Keywords: cultural evolution; Darwinism; directed mutations; epigenetic inheritance; evolutionary psychology; information transmission; Lamarckism; language evolution; memes; social learning 1. Introduction Since its beginning in the early 19th century, the history of EVA JABLONKA is a Professor in the Cohn Institute for evolutionary theory has been a stormy one, marked by the History and Philosophy of Science at Tel Aviv Uni- passionate and often acrimonious scientific arguments. It versity, Israel. Her doctoral studies in molecular gen- began with Lamarck, who 200 years ago presented the etics were carried out in the Hebrew University, first systematic theory of evolution, but it was largely Jerusalem, and she has published papers in micro- through the influence of Darwin’s On the Origin of biology and cytogenetics. More recently, her work has Species (Darwin 1859; henceforth Origin in this article) been in epigenetics, evolution, and the philosophy of that evolution took center stage as the foremost integrating biology, and she is the author or coauthor of many theory in biology. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, articles in these fields. Jablonka has written a textbook the theory went through neo-Darwinian, neo-Lamarckian, on evolutionary biology for the Open University of Israel and a short book on the history of heredity and saltational upheavals, but eventually it achieved a (both in Hebrew), and is coauthor of Epigenetic Inheri- 60-year period of relative stability through what is com- tance and Evolution (1995) and Evolution in Four monly known as the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Syn- Dimensions (2005) with Marion Lamb, and of Animal thesis, which began to take shape in the late 1930s and has Traditions (2000) with Eytan Avital. been updated ever since, was a theoretical framework in which Darwin’s idea of natural selection was fused with Before her retirement, MARION LAMB was a Senior Mendelian genetics. The stability it gave to Darwinian Lecturer in the Biology Department of Birkbeck theory was the result of the elasticity biologists allowed College, University of London. Her laboratory research it. By giving up some initial assumptions about strict gra- and publications were in radiation biology, mutagenesis dualism, by tolerating selective neutrality, by accepting and ageing. For the past 20 years she has been working on theoretical aspects of epigenetics and evolutionary that selection can occur at several levels of biological biology. She is author of the book Biology of Ageing organization, and by other adjustments, the Modern Syn- (1977), and coauthor (with Eva Jablonka) of Epigenetic thesis was made to accommodate much of the avalanche of Inheritance and Evolution (1995) and Evolution in molecular and other data that appeared in the second half Four Dimensions (2005). of the 20th century. # 2007 Cambridge University Press 0140-525x/07 $40.00 353 Jablonka & Lamb: Pre´cis of Evolution in Four Dimensions One thing that most mid- and late-20th century evol- Darwin, who gave his “laws” of biology in the closing para- utionists were unwilling to incorporate into their theory graph of the Origin: was the possibility that the generation of new variations These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with might be influenced by environmental conditions, and, Reproduction; Inheritance which is almost implied by repro- hence, that not all inherited variation is “random” in duction; Variability from the indirect and direct action of the origin. During the first 50 years of the Modern Synthesis’s external conditions of life, and from use and disuse; a Ratio reign, Lamarckian processes, through which influences on of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a development could lead to new heritable variation, were consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of assumed to be non-existent. When induced variations Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. eventually began to be recognized, they were downplayed. (Darwin 1859, pp. 489–90) Developmental processes in general were not a part of the Darwin’s laws were very general. How reproduction, Modern Synthesis, and until recently developmental growth, and inheritance are realized in different biological biology had little influence on evolutionary theory. This systems, how variability is generated, and what types of is now changing, and as knowledge of developmental competitive interactions are important, all had to be qua- mechanisms and the developmental aspects of heredity lified. Evolutionary biology since Darwin can be seen as are incorporated, a profound, radical, and fascinating the history of the qualification of these processes. As the transformation of evolutionary theory is taking place. quotation from the Origin makes clear, Darwin included In Evolution in Four Dimensions (Jablonka & Lamb “use and disuse” as a cause of variability: he accepted 2005; henceforth mentioned as E4D in this pre´cis), we that there are Lamarckian processes in evolution. followed the traditional 20th-century heredity-centered August Weismann’s version of Darwinism, disapprov- approach to evolutionary theory and looked at how new ingly dubbed “neo-Darwinism” by Romanes, is an import- knowledge and ideas about heredity are influencing it. ant part of the history of evolutionary thinking, and its We described four different types of heritable variation influence can still be seen in contemporary views of (genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic), some of heredity and evolution. Unlike Darwin, Weismann gave which are influenced by the developmental history of the natural selection an exclusive role in evolution, ruling organism and therefore give a Lamarckian flavor to evol- out change through the inherited effects of use and ution. By systematically analyzing and discussing the pro- disuse or any other form of the inheritance of acquired cesses involved, we examined the role and prevalence of somatic (bodily) characters. His reasons for doing so induced variations, arguing that they are important and were partly the lack of evidence, but also the difficulty of versatile and that the theory of evolution and studies envisaging any mechanism through which the inheritance based on it will remain deficient unless they are fully incor- of acquired characters could occur. Certainly, Weismann’s porated. Since the book was completed in 2004, a lot of own elaborate theory of heredity and development did not new material has been published, and we refer to some allow it. of it in this pre´cis. Weismann believed that there is a sharp distinction We had several aims in writing E4D. One was to provide between cells of the soma, which are responsible for indi- an antidote to the popular DNA-centered view of evol- vidual life, and germline cells, which are responsible for ution.
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