Proposed Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project - II (World Bank Assisted)

Home , Adnur, Afzalpur, Arekurahatti, Arsikere, Bailhongal, Ballur

E483 Volume 2

Public Disclosure Authorized Proposed Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project - II (World Bank Assisted)

Environmental Analysis Study Public Disclosure Authorized Final Report

Submitted by Public Disclosure Authorized Dr. R. PARAMASIVAM Consultant

To The Director Project Planning and Monitoring Unit

Public Disclosure Authorized Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Government of Karnataka

July - 2001 FILECOPY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Consultant would like to express his grateful thanks to Mr.Rajkamal,IAS, Director, PPMU and Elo Joint Secretary to Govt. of Karnataka, Rural Development & Panchayath Raj Department, Mr. G. V. Abhyankar, Task Manager and Dr. Smita Misra, Environment Specialist of the World Bank, New Delhi for the confidence reposed in him and the opportunity provided to him to undertake the Environmental Analysis Study of the proposed Karnataka Rural Water Supply & Environmental Sanitdtion Project-lI. Special thanks are due to Mr. S. R. Das, HSHE Specialist, PPMU, for his willing cooperation and valuable assistance all through the assignment, especially during the field visits and the public consultations organised in the project districts. The Consultant deeply appreciates the constructive suggestions offered and the efforts put in by Mr. S. R. Das at the time of preparing this EA report. Thanks are also due to Mr. R. S. Phonde, Additional Director, Dr. H. K. Ramaraju, Environmental Engineering Specialist, Mr. Hamid Ahmad, Social Scientist, Mr. Shivalingu,System Analyst and other officers of PPMUfor their co-operation and assistanceduring the course of the assignment.

The cooperation extended by M/s.Bhageerath in organising the public consultationsis acknowledged.

A special word of thanks to Mr. K. Narayanasamy (Retired Superintending Engineer, iWADBoard), my associatefor his valuable assistance during the course of the EA study.

The Consultant would like to thank the fellow consultants engaged in Water Quality Analysis Study, Water Quality Mapping, Social Assessment Study and Sector Analysis Studyfor sharing useful information.

The Consultant would like to place on record his appreciationfor the excellent cooperation and assistancefrom the Rural Development Engineering Department, Central Ground Water Board, Mines and Geology Department and the various district/ taluk /GP levelfunctionaries met during the field visits.

The Consultant deeply appreciates the active participation, cooperation and valuable suggestionsfrom all the target communities in the pilot districts which made the public consultationsa meaningfuland pleasant experience.

Date: July, 2001 R..PARAMASIVAM Coimbatore E A Consultant

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report

CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page

List of Acronyms Used i List of Tables iii List of Figures v List of Annexures v Executive Summary 1-35 1 Introduction 1.1 Preamble 1.1 1.2 EnvironmentalAnalysis Study 1.2 1.3 Methodology 1.2 1.3.1 Collection and Collation of SecondaryData 1.2 1.3.2 Site Visits to Project Villages 1.2 1.3.3 Public Consultations 1.2 1.3.4 Desk Study 1.3 1.4 Organisation of the Report 1.4 2 Policy, Legal and AdministrativeFramework 2.1 EA Requirementsfor Projects Proposed for IDA Funding 2.1 2.2 National Policy and Guidelines on Environment 2.1 2.2.1 The National Water Policy (1987) 2.1 2.2.2 Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government 2.3 of India Requirements 2.3 State Level Requirements 2.3 2.4 Status of KRWS&ESProject-fl from EnvironmentalAngle 2.4 2.5 Karnataka Policy on Rural Water Supply 2.4 2.5.1 Early Development(1954-1980) 2.4 2.5.2 The Mission Approach 2.6 2.5.3 Policy in the New Millenium 2.7 2.6 Karnataka Legislation on Ground water 2.10 2.7 Emerging Rural Sanitation Policy of Karnataka 2.11 2.8 LegislativeMeasures to Promote Rural Sanitation 2.16 2.9 Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Administration 2.18 2.10 Existing Water Quality Monitoring Systems and Facilities 2.23 3 The Project Setting 3.1 Project Objectives 3.1 3.2 Project Components 3.1 3.3 Project Policy Parameters 3.2 3.4 Project Area 3.4

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report Chapter Title Page

3.5 Project Cost 3.4 3.6 Project Period 3.4 4 Baseline EnvironmentalStatus 4.1 Physical Environment 4.1 4.1.1 Location 4.1 4.1.2 Physical Features 4.1 4.1.3 Temperature& Climate 4.4 4.1.4 Rainfall & Drought 4.4 4.1.5 Soils 4.5 4.2 Water Environment 4.6 4.2.1 Water Resource of Karnataka 4.6 4.2.2 Irrigation Systems 4.8 4.2.3 Tank Systems 4.9 4.2.4 Ground Water Resources 4.9 4.2.5 Ground Water Draft 4.10 4.2.6 Ground Water Development 4.12 4.2.7 Ground Water Level Fluctuation 4.16 4.3 Socio-EconomicEnvironment 4.18 4.3.1 Population 4.18 4.3.2 PopulationDensity 4.18 4.3.3 Pattern of Distributionof Rural Habitations 4.19 4.3.4 OccupationalPattern of Rural Households 4.19 4.3.5 State of Economy 4.19 4.3.6 Rural Water Supply 4.22 4.3.7 Rural Sanitationin Karnataka 4.23 4.3.8 Health & Sanitation 4.29 4.4 Baseline Status of Project / Pilot Districts 4.34 4.4.1 Dharwad 4.34 4.4.2 Belgaum 4.44 4.4.3 Gulburga 4.50 4.4.4 Koppal 4.56 4.4.5 Gadag 4.59 4.4.6 Raichur 4.61 4.4.7 Uttara Kannada 4.63 4.5 Water Quality Analysis Study in the Pilot Districts 4.65 4.6 Summary 4.68 4.6.1 Soil Characteristicsin the Pilot Districts 4.68 4.6.2 Ground Water Draft 4.68 4.6.3 Trend in Ground Water Level 4.68 4.6.4 Water Sur-ily Service Level 4.71

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report Chapter Title Page 4.6.5 Water Quality Status 4.71 4.6.6 Water-bome and Water-relatedDiseases 4.71 5 Public Consultations 5.1 Preamble 5.1 5.2 Preparatory visits to the Pilot GPs 5.1 5.3 Public ConsultationMeetings 5.2 5.4 Procedure followedfor the Public Consultations 5.3 5.5 Proceedingsof Public ConsultationMeetings 5.3 5.6 Summary 5.8 6 Analysis of Alternatives 6.1 Preamble 6.1 6.2 'Without Project' scenario 6.1 6.3 Alternative I - The KIRWS & ESP 6.2 6.4 Alternative 1- The DANIDA Project 6.6 6.5 The KRWS&ESP-II('Follow-on' Project) 6.7 6.5.1 Project Content& Rules for Participation 6.8 6.5.2 Siting of the 'Follow-on' Project 6.9 6.5.3 SystemComponent Design 6.9 6.5.4 SanitationOptions 6.10 6.6 Summary 6.12 7 Impact Identificationand Analysis 7. Preamble 7.1 i.2 Pre-ConstructionPhase Impacts 7.2 7.3 ConstructionPhase Impacts 7.8 7.4 Operation Phase Impacts 7.9 7.4.1 Positive Impacts 7.9 7.4.2 Potential Negative Impacts 7.11 7.5 Summary 7.12 8 EnvironmentalManagement Plan 8.1 Preamble 8.1 8.2 Key EnvironmentalIssues & Mitigatory Measures 8.1 8.2.1Water Quantity Issues 8.1 8.2.2Water Quality Issues 8.3 8.2.3Household Sanitation & Hygiene Issues 8.4 8.2.4Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Issues 8.6 8.2.5 Water and SanitationRelated Health Issues 8.7 8.3 Frame Work for Action 8.7 8.4 EnvironmentalManagement Plan 8.9 8.5 EnvironmentalMonitoring and Evaluation 8.9 8.6 InstitutionalStrengthening 8.9

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report

List of Acronyms Used

ADD - Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases BC - Black Cotton BC (Soil) - Black Cotton (Soil) BPL - Below Poverty Line BW - Bore Well CBO - Community Based Organisations CEO - Chief Executive Officer CPO - Chief Planning Officer CRSP - Central Rural Sanitation Programme DANIDA - Danish Intemational Development Agency DH&FWDept. - District Health & Family Welfare Department DHL - District Health Laboratory DPMU - District Project Management Unit DSU - District Support Unit DWCRA - Developmentof Women and Children in Rural Areas EA - EnvironmentalAssessment / Analysis EE - Executive Engineer EIA - EnvironmentalImpact Assessment/ Analysis EMP - Environmental Management Plan FCH - Fully Covered Habitation GE - Gastroenteritis GOI - Govemment of India GOK - Government of Karnataka GP - Gram Panchayat H&FWD - Health & Family Welfare Department Ha.m - Hectare Meter HC - House Connection HH (Latrine) - Household (Latrine) HP - Hand Pump HSHE - Health, Sanitation and Hygiene Education IEC - Infonnation Education Communication JGSY - Jawahar Grama Samruthi Yojana JRY - Jawahar Rojgar Yojana KAP - KnowledgeAttitude Practice KIRWS&ESP - KarnatakaIntegrated Rural Water Supply & Environmental Sanitation Project KLAC - Karnataka Land Army Corporation KRWS&ESP-II - Kamataka Rural Water Supply & Environmental Sanitation Project-Il KRWS&SA - KarnatakaRural Water Supply & Sanitation Agency KSPCB - Kamataka State Pollution Control Board

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report LPCD - Litters Per Capita per Day LPD - Litters per day MCM / M.cum - Million Cubic meter Mm - Milli Meter MOEF - Ministry of Environment and Forests MWS - Mini Water Supply NAR - Net Amount of Recharge NAU - Net Amount of Utilisation NGO - Non Governmental Organisation NGY - Nirmala Grama Yojana NPBD - National Project on Bio-gas Development NPIC - National Programme for Improved Chulhas O&M - Operation and Maintenance OHT - Over Head Tank OP - Operational Policies PCH - Partially Covered Habitation PHC - Primary Health Centre PliED - Public Health Engineering Department PHI - Public Health Institute PPMU - Project Planning and Monitoring Unit PR - Panchayat Raj PRI - Panchayat Raj Institution PSP - Public Stand Post PWD - Public Works Department PWS - Piped Water Supply RD&PRD - Rural Developmentand Panchayat Raj Department RDED - Rural DevelopmentEngineering Department RGNDWM - Rajiv Gandhi NationalDrinking Water Mission RWSS - Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sq.km - Square Kilometer SSF - Slow Sand Filter (Filtration) TDS - Total Dissolved Solids ToR - Terins of Reference TP - Taluk Panchayat TPPF - Twin Pit Pour Flush (Latrine) USD - United States Dollar VWSC - VillageWater and Sanitation Cominittee WQM - Water Quality Monitoring WTP - Water Treatment Plant ZP - Zilla Panchayat ZPED - Zilla PanchayatEngineering Department

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironrnental Analysis Study - Final Report LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

4.1 Drainage Area, Estimated Annual Yield and Planned Utilization of 4.6 River Systemsin Karnataka 4.2 District-wise Annual Ground Water Recharge as on 1994 4.10 4.3 District-wise Net Ground Water Draft (In Ha.Meter) 4.12 4.4 Status of Ground Water Developmentin Karnataka as of 31/12/1994 4.13 4.5 District-wise Number of Wells Studied for Water Levels 4.17 4.6 District-wise Water Level Fluctuation(Meters) 4.18 4.7 District-wise Populationof Karnataka(1991 Census) 4.20 4.8 Villages, Hamlets and Total Habitationsin Karnataka 4.21 4.9 Rural Water Supply: Karnataka: Lpcd Category-Wise Number of 4.24 Habitations 4.10 District-wise Distribution of Villages Affected by Water Quality 4.25 Problem as on 19/04/2000in Karnataka 4.11 KarnatakaIncidence of Water-Bome Diseases & Deaths 4.30 4.12 District-wise Number of Cases and Deaths Due to Gastroenteritis 4.31 4.13 District-wise cases and Deaths due to Cholera 4.32 4.14 District-wise Details of Malaria Cases 4.33 4.15 Comparative Incidence of Water-Borne/ Water-Related Diseases in 4.34 the Project Districts duringthe period 1998-2000 DI Taluk-wise Ground Water Recharge and Utilisation Status in 4.36 Dharwad District D2 Details of the Existing Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Dharwad 4.37 District. D3 Status of Water Supply Service Level in Villages of Dharwad 4.38 District D4 List of Pilot Villages Affected by Brackishness(TDS-TH) in Water 4.39 Supply Sources in Kundagol and Hubli Taluks of Dharwad District. D5 List of Villages Affected by Brackishnessin Water Supply Sources 4.41 in Dharwad District D6 List of Villages Having Borewells With Fluoride Content More than 4.41 1.5mg/Iin Dharwad District D7 Present Status of Water Supply in the Pilot Villages of Dharwad 4.42 District D8 Water-bome and Other Diseases Cases Reported for Dharwad 4.43 District for the Year 1995-2000 B I Taluk-wise Ground Water Recharge and Utilisation Status in 4.45 Belgaum District

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report iii Table Title Page

B2 Rural Water Supply Service Level in Belgaum District 4.46 B3 Summary Data of Villages Affected by Water Quality in Belgaum 4.46 District B4 Water Quality in Pilot Villages in Soundatti and Hukkeri Taluks of 4.47 Belgaum District B5 Water-borne and Other Diseases Cases Reported During 4.49 1998 - 2000 in Belgaum District G1 Taluk-wise Ground Water Recharge and Utilisation Status in 4.51 Gulburga District G2 Status of Drinking Water Schemes in Gundagurthi, Malkud, Evani 4.52 and Belgumpa Villages of GulburgaDistrict G3 Summary Data of Sources Affected by Water Quality in Gulburga 4.53 District G4 Details of Water Samples Tested and Found with Excessive Fluoride 4.53 and Hardiness in Gulburga District from April 01, 1997 to March 31, 2001. G5 Water Quality in Pilot Villages in Betegera-B Panchayat in 4.54 Gulburga District G6 Water-borne and Other Diseases Cases Reported During 1995-2000 4.55 in Gulburga District Kl Summary Status of Rural Water Supply in Koppal District 4.56 K2 Summary Data on Water Quality in Koppal District 4.57 K3 Water-Borne and Other Diseases Cases Reported From Koppal 4.58 District for the Period 1998 - 2000 K4 Taluk-wise Morbidity and Mortality Data (Gastroenteritis) for 4.58 Koppal District for the Year 2000 GG1 Summary Status of Rural Water Supplyin Gadag District 4.59 GG2 Summary Data of Villages Affected by Water Quality in Gadag 4.60 District GG3 Water-borne and Other Diseases Cases Reported from Gadag 4.60 District for the Year 1995-2000 RI Summary Status of Rural Water Supply in Raichur District 4.62 UK1 Summary Status of Rural Water Supply in Uttara Kannada District 4.64 UK2 Water-Borne and other Diseases Cases Reported from Uttara 4.65 Kannada District for the period 1995-2000 WQ1 Summary of Water Quality Analysis Data 4.67 8.1 Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation 8.13 Project -11 EnvironmentalManagement Plan 8.2 Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation 8.19 Project-II PerformanceIndicators

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report iv J. IST OF FIGURES

Fig. Title Page

2.1 The AdministrativeChart of the RD & PR Department 2.19 2.2 Rural Development EngineeringDepartment 2.20 2.3 RD & PR Department 2.21 2.4 InstitutionalLinkage (RWS Sector) - District Level 2.22 4.1 Location Map of KarnatakaShowing the Districts 4.2 4.2 Ground Water Draft in the Project Districts 4.69 4.3 Trend in Ground Water Level in the Project Districts 4.70 4.4 Water Supply Service Level in the Project Districts 4.72 4.5 Water Qdality Status in the Project Districts 4.73 4.6 Water-borne and Water-relatedDiseases in the Project Districts 4.74

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure Title

1.1 Terms of Reference for EnvironmentalAnalysis Study 2.1 Project Requiring Environmental Clearance as per Schedule-I of Ministry of Environment & Forests Notification, 1994 2.2 The Karnataka Ground Water (Regulationfor Protection of Sources of Drinking Water) Bill 1999 2.3 Status of Water Quality Monitoring District Level Laboratories as on May 15, 2001. 4.1 Rainfall & Forest Area in Karnataka 5.1 Public consultationsfor KRWS&ESP-Il Public ConsultationMeeting Notice Cum Handout 8.1 Sanitary Survey of Water Supply Sources 8.2 Sanitary Protectionof Wells Through Cement Grouting 8.3 Bleach Powder Solution Dosing Equipment for Disinfection of Small Pumped Water Supplies 8.4 Recommended Construction Practice and Pollution Safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines 8.5 Recommended Model EnvironmentalManagement Plans (EMP)

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report v

KARNATAKA RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROJECT-II (WORLD BANK ASSISTED)

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS STUDY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Preamble

1. The Government of Karnataka (GOK) has implemented during 1995-2000 an Integrated Rural Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Project (KIRWS&ESP) in 1105 villages of 12 erstwhile districts (16 present districts) of the State with financial assistance from the World Bank. The implementation of the project has resulted in an encouraging trend of reforms in the rural water supply and sanitation sector in the State.

2. The Government of Karnataka has approached the World Bank for financial assistance for a 'Follow-on' project to be implemented in eleven districts of the State. With the objective of strengtheningthe democratic process of decentralized planning and development at grass root level, the GOK proposes to promote a demand responsive approach as against the hitherto adopted supply driven approach in the project implementation.

The Project Setting

3. The Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project-II (KRWS&ESP-ll) is in the preparation stage and is aimed at improving the quality of rural water supply and environmental sanitation service delivery to achieve sustainability of investment and generate health and income benefits. This will be realised through (a) phased implementation of appropriate policy and institutional reforms and (b) delivery of demand responsive and sustainable water and sanitation services to the beneficiary communities in the project area. Active involvement and participation of the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRI) and beneficiary communities through all stages of project implementation and its sustained operation and maintenance will be the key features of the proposed project

Project Area

4. The KRWS&ESP-11(Follow-On Project) is proposed to be implemented in a contiguous area of 11 northern districts of the State viz., Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Gulbarga, Bidar, Raichur, Koppal and Uttara Kannada (Re'. Fig. 4.1) The project is likely to cover 700 Gram Pa ichayaths (GPs) in the project districts. For the EA study Belgaum, Dharwad and Gulburga have been selected as the pilot districts.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 1 Project Components

5. The components of the Karnataka RWS&ESP-II are as follows:

Water Supply: This includes rehabilitation / upgradation of infrastructure for rural water supply, Water Point and Habitat development and ground water recharge measures for sustainabilityof ground water sources of water supply.

Sanitation: This component comprises paving of internal roads and streets in the village, construction of efficient sullage and storm water drainage , provision of community compost yards and removal of manure pits from the dwelling areas of the village, provision of smokeless chulhas / bio-gas for all households, and construction of household latrines, group latrines with individual ownership, community latrine complexes and institutionallatrines in schools.

Community Development and Institution Building: This component includes capacity building of User Groups I Women's Groups / VWSCs/ GPs in social, technical and management aspects of planning, implementation and operation of RWSS infrastructure Targeted Women's Development Programmes, GP Institutional Development Programmes, setting up and operation of state and district level project institutions and their capacity building, and sanitation and hygiene promotion.

Statewide Sector Development:This includes studies and programmes to enhance the state's capacity in carrying forward and scaling up sector reforns statewide and in improved management and regulation of RWSS sector, and systematic learning from Kamataka IRWS & ESP-I and GOI supported pilot projects.

The estimated cost of the project which will be implemented over a period of 5 years is USD 200 Million.

Policy, Legal And AdministrativeFramework

Project Categorv and EA Requirements:

6. The proposed KRWS&ESP-I has been classified by the Bank as Category 'B' requiring EnvironmentalAnalysis (EA) only.

7. Bank's OP:4.01 requires that the project affected groups and the local nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) are consulted about the project's environmental aspects and their views taken into account in the design of the project. This has been complied with by the project proponent (GOK) through public consultations organised in the pilot Gram Panchayats (GPs) of Belgaum, Dharwad, Gulburga and Gadag districts.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 2 National Policy and Guidelines on Environment

8. The Indian Constitution (Article 48-A) enjoins the "States to take measures to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country". Article 51 A(g) of the Constitution also makes it a "fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have ecologicalcompassion for the living creatures".

9. The statement of Industrial Policy issued on 24 'hJuly 1991 also stipulatesthat the pursuit of the objectives of the Policy will be tempered by the need to preserve the environmentand ensure efficient use of available resources.

10. The National Water Policy (1987) for planning and operation of water resources projects stipulates, among other things, that

* 'Water resource be planned, developed and conserved as such on an integrated and environmentallysound basis,'

* 'The study of the socio-econornic and environmental impact of a project should be an essential component of project planning. The adverse impact, if any, on the environment should be minimised and should be off-set by adequate compensatorymeasures.'

11. All developmental projects in the country fall within the ambit of the following Acts of the Ministry of Environment & Forests, GOI which provide for necessary environmentalsafeguards.

- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 - Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 - Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981 - The Environment (Protection)Act, 1986 - The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991

12. As per the Ministry's Environment Impact Assessment Notification of 1994 (as amended on May 4, 1994) under the Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986, environmentalclearance from the Central Government is mandatory for expansion or modernisationof any activity, if pollution load is to exceed the existing one and also for new projects listed in Schedule -1 (Annexure 2.1) of the Notification. By another Notification dated April 10, 1997 the MoEF, Government of India have made 'Public

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 3 Hearing' mandatory for environmental clearance of projects and has laid down the procedurefor the same.

13. Further, all developmental projects to be located in notified ecologically sensitive / fragile areas need to obtain environmental clearance from the Central Government irrespective of whether they are listed under Schedule - I of the EIA Notification or not.

State Level Requirements

14. The Government of Karnataka have adopted most of environmental legislationsof the MoEF, Government of India as listed above. In addition,the State have enacted their own legislationsas necessary.

Status of KRWS&ESP-IIfrom Environmentalangle

15. The proposed KRWS&ESP-IIdoes not fall under any of the project categories listed in Schedule-I of the EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Notification. Neither the project area has been notified as ecologically sensitive / fragile under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Thus, the project does not require any formal environmentalclearance of the MoEF, Govt. of India.. Likewise, there are no State level clearances required for the proposed project from environmentalconsiderations.

Karnataka Policy on Rural Water Supply

16. The rural water supply sector policy of Karnataka has been evolving in tune with the developmentalpolicy at the national level. As per, the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act, 1993, the operation and maintenanceof Rural Water Supply Schemes is now one of the etatutoryresponsibilities of GPs.

17. The policy of promoting the 'user pays' principle is gaining momentumin the externally-aided and Government of India backed RWSS projects in the State, wherein capital cost sharing by the beneficiarieshas been introduced.

18. In the new millennium, the GOK proposes to adopt a policy which will be a judicious mix of demand responsive approach instead of supply driven approach with due regard to the obligatory function of the Government in providing a vital service, such as potable water supply. The following elements will constitute the essence of the policy.

* Coverage and service level * Order of priority * Selection of sources * Types of water supply schemes

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 4 * Technology choice * Project planning and design * The delivery system * Water quality monitoringand surveillance * Sustainabilityof sources * Capital cost sharing and 0 & M

Karnataka Ground Water Act. 1999

19. Recognising the imperativeto regulate the exploitation of ground water for the protection of public sources of drinking water the Govemment of Karnataka have passed the Kamataka Ground Water (Regulation for Protection of Sources of Drinking Water ) Act of 1999.

The following is a summary of the regulatory measures proposed in the Act.

i) Sinking a well for the purpose of extracting or drawing water within a distance of 500 meters from a public drinking water source without obtaining permission of Appropriate Authority is prohibited.

ii) The Appropriate Authority, in times of water scarcity may declare an area to be a water scarcity area for such period as may by specified in the order, but not exceeding one year at a time.

iii) Upon declaration of any area as water scarcity area the Appropriate Authority may order for restricting or prohibiting extraction for any purpose where such a well is within 500 meters of the public drinking water source.

iv) The Appropriate Authority on the advice of the technical officer may declare a watershed as over exploited watershed.

v) The Appropriate Authority shall have powers to prohibit sinking of wells in over exploited watersheds.

vi) If the Appropriate Authority is satisfied that any existing well in area of an over exploited watershed is already affecting any public drinking water source may prohibit the extraction of water from such well during the period from February to July every year and other incidentalmatters.

20. The Ground Water Act does not provide for registration of existing wells as proposed in the Model Bill of GOI. Registration of existing wells, if made mandatory, will generate valuable information to the Authority regarding the number of existing wells so as to realistically estimate the ground water draft from these wells. This information will also enable the Authority to identify areas of over

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 5 exploitation and to initiate appropriate action under the provisions of the Act. The inclusion of this provision in the Act is, therefore, recommended.

21. Section 9 of the proposed Act provides for closing down of existing well in an area of an over-exploited watershed. The Section 12: Payment of Compensation stipulates that the payment of compensation to the owner shall not exceed the depreciated value of the well and the structure there on. This clause does not appear to be a fair dispensation to the owner of the well. The minimum compensationshould be equal to the market value of the well and the structures there on, as provided for in the Maharastra Act.

22. The proposed Act is only regulatory in nature. It should be pro-active and include provisions for water conservation (ground water recharge) measures to be undertaken by the concerned department.

Rural Sanitation Policy of Karnataka

23. The Nirmala Grama Yojana (NGY) model of Mysore district was adopted at the State level in 1995-1996with the launch of the State's NGY on 2nd October 1995. Under the NGY, the GPs were given the responsibility of motivatingrural households to build TPPF latrines which are economical in their requirement of water for flushing. Each GP was encouragedto motivate about one hundred households a year which should result in constructionof over 5 lakh toilets per year with over 5600 GPs functioningin the State.

24. The launch of the NGY at the State level has proved a spectacular breakthrough for rural sanitation in the State. While the IEC campaign associated with the NGY increased people's awareness about the need for building latrines, the subsidy I incentive provided under the programme has drawn a great deal of response from the rural households.

The Panchasutras of Rural Sanitation

25. In order to improve the environmentalsanitation of the villages in Karnataka, the Govemment proposes to adopt an integrated approach of total sanitation for clean villages (Swachcha Grama). The scheme will consist of five elements - "Pancha Sutras". These are:

1. Paving of internal roads and streets in the village; 2. Constructionof efficient sullage and storm water drainage; 3. Provision of community compost yards and removal of manure pits from the dwelling areas of the village; 4. Provision of smokelesschulhas / bio-gas for all househrlds; 5. Construction of household latrines I group latrines with individual ownership, community latrine complexes,and institutional latrines in schools.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 6 LeRislative Measures to Promote Rural Sanitation

26. The Kamataka Panchayat Raj Act, 1993 lists 'maintenance of general sanitation, cleaning of public roads, drains, tanks, wells and other public places, and construction and maintenance of public latrines' among the functions of the Grama Panchayats (Section 58 and Schedule I entry XVIII) 'Implementation of Rural Sanitation Schemes' and 'Promotion of drinking water and rural sanitation programmes' are also listed among the functions of Taluk and Zilla Panchayats respectively. (Schedule II entry IX and Schedule III entry X). The State Legislature amended the Kamataka Panchayat Raj Act in 1997 to make it mandatory for every elected Member of a Panchayat to provide a sanitary latrine for the use of his / her household. Those who did not provide the facility could suffer disqualificationfrom their Membership of the Panchayat. Further, having a sanitary latrine at home is also made a mandatory requirement for contestingPanchayat elections in the State.

Rural Water Supply & SanitationSector Administration

27. At the state level, the subject of rural water supply and sanitation comes under the purview of the Department of Rural Developmentand Panchayat Raj (RD & PR). The RD&PR Department is the nodal agency for policy formulation, programme implementation and monitoring and evaluation of all rural development activities in the State. This department has several wings to look after the sub-sector programmes.

Water Quality Monitoring Systemsand Facilities

Present Status

28. There is no agency in the State with a well defined mandate for routine water quality monitoring and control of rural water supplies. The RDED checks the potability of any newly established bore well / surface source by conducting all the tests on the water samples collected at the district level laboratories. If the quality parameters are within the prescribed limits, the source is developed and allowed to be used by the beneficiaries. If the water does not satisfy the quality requirements, new bore wells are drilled after conducting detailed geophysical survey. In areas where there is no source of good water supply people are allowed to make use of the same. Thereafter there is no regular programmeof monitoringthe quality of water supplies. Some of the district level laboratories are not adequately staffed / equipped with necessary facilities required for routine analysis of water samples.

29. The Office of the District Health and Family Welfare collects and analyses water samples from rural habitationsduring periods of epidemic outbreaks of diseases or only when public complaints regarding water quality are received. The 19 DHLs do not have the necessary equipment and trained staff for conducting chemical examination of water, while 6 DHLs do not have the facilities for bacteriological

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Executive Summary 7 analysis of water samples. The analysis of water samples is again restricted to the bacteriological quality only. In the year 2000, a programme of testing water quality for organized water supply schemes for 14 quality parameters has been carried out by the RDED through different agencies. This programme, however, does not include public tabs and traditional sources which are commonly used in villages.

Water Ouality Standards

30. The RDED and H&FW Departmenthave adopted the drinking water standards laid down by the Bureau of India standards(IS: 10500 - 1991).

Baseline EnvironmentalStatus

Physical Environment

Location

31. Karnataka State, situated in the Western Deccan Peninsula is bounded by Maharashtra in the North, Andhra Pradesh in the East, Kerala and Tamil Nadu on the South, and Goa and Arabian Sea in the West. It lies between 110 31' and 18045' N latitudes and 740 12' and 780 40' E longitudes. It is land locked on all sides except on the western side having the sea coast of about 400 km. It occupies an area of 1,91,791sq. kms., which works out to 5.85% of the area of Indian Territory.

32. For the purpose of administration, the State is divided into 27 districts (Ref. Fig 4.1). There are 175 taluks and 56682 habitations (27076 villages and 29606 hamlets) in the State. Physiographicallythe State is divided into 4 divisions, viz., the Coastal Area, the Western Ghats or the Malnad, the Northern Maidan and the SouthernMaidan regions.

Rainfall & Drought

33. The average rainfall in the state is about 1400 mm per year and varies between different regions from as low as 500 mm or even less in some northern districts such as Gulburga and Bidar to more than 2500 mm in Kodagu district. About two thirds of the area of the state receiving 750 mm or less annual rainfall is considered drought- prone.

Ground Water Resources 34. More than 95% of rural water supply schemes in Karnataka are base on ground water sources. The annual recharge of ground water from rainfall, see. we from canals, return recharge from surface and ground water irrigation, recharge i n flood-prone areas, seepage from tanks and other water bodies, etc. as computeu in

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 8 1994 for the State as also the gross recharge figures are 16290.4 and 13846.8 Mcm. respectively.

Ground water Draft

35. Ground water abstraction structures in Karnataka are mostly dug wells and bore wells. Bore wells form the mainstay for rural water supply and are also becoming increasingly popular for irrigation needs. The net ground water draft in the State has been steadily increasing from 247884 Ha.m as on 01101/1983to 355133 Ha.m in 1987 and to 496141 Ha.m as on 31/12/1994. However, there has been a decline in ground water draft in Uttara Kannada between the period 1987 and 1994. (Ref. Table 4.3) As on 01/01/1987, the distribution of net draft across the districts revealed that the percentage of net draft in the State's total has declined compared to that in 1983. As on 1994, the percentage increased in case of Tumkur and Kolar districts.

Ground Water Development

36. The status of ground water developmentin the State as of 31/12/1994 is that there are 21 'dark' taluks (3 in the project districts) and 20 'grey' taluks (5 in the project districts) while the rest of the taluks are of 'white' category with scope for further development. ( Ref. Table 4-4.)

Ground Water Level Fluctuation

37. The analysis of long term (1978-1997)trend in ground water level in the State (Ref. Table 4.6.) shows that the water level has been declining in almost all the project districts in varying degrees. The depletionof ground water between 1978 and 1997 in the State has been upto 7 meters in Bangalore district, with the exception of Kodagu district where the water level has increased by about 2 meters. The water level fluctuation in Gulbarga, Hassan, Mandya and Shimoga has not been significant.

Socio-EconomicEnvironment

Population

38. According to 1991 Census, the populationof Karnataka was 44,977,201 with 22,951,197 males and 22,025,284 females. Sixty nine per cent of the population live in rural areas and 31% in urban areas. The percentage growth rate during the decade 1981-1991was 21.12 as against 26.75 during 1971-1981(Ref. Table 4.7)

Pattern of Distributionof Rural Habitations

39. The total number of rural habitations in the State is 56682 comprising 27076 villages and 29606 hamlets. Out of the 56682 rural habitations, 31741 are located in

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 9 the Northern and Southem Maidan regions and account for 79% of the state's rural population. The remaining 24941 habitations are located in the Coastal region and Malnad area.

State of Economv

40. Karnataka is predominantlyrural and agrarian. About 69% of its population lives in rural areas, and about 71% of its working force is engaged in agriculture and, allied activities which generate 49% of state income (Ref. Year Book 1992).

41. Among the agricultural crops, Karnataka accounts for 59% of the country's coffee production. Other farmnproducts are rice, jowar, ragi, millet, tur, groundnut and other oil seeds.

42. There are a number of big industries. Machine tools, air craft, electronic goods, watches and telecommunicationequipment are some of the items produced.

Status of Rural Water Supply

Coverage

43. Organized rural water supply programme in the state was initiated during the First 5 Year Plan as part of the National Water Supply & Sanitation Programme. Since inception the programme has been implemented under different names such as MfinimumNeeds Programme, Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme, Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission etc. The total number of schemes completed under the various programmestill end of 31/03/2000 is as under:

Piped Water Su ply Schemes 13237 Mini Water Supply Schemes 15533 Bore well schemes with hand pumps 166660 Total 195430

44. In addition, water supply schemes have been implemented under bilateral assistance programmes of the Netherlands in 204 villages of Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Bijapur and Bagalkot districts with an estimated cost of Rs.88.51 crores. Likewise, under DANIDA Assisted Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Project is in progress in 750 villages of 100 GPs in the districts of Kolar, Chitradurga, Bijapur and Bagalkot with an estimated cost of Rs.51.00 crores.

45. Service level : Despite the fact that almost all the habitations in the State have access to drinking water facilities, nearly 50% of the habitations are yet to be

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 10 provided with a per capita water supply of 55 LPD, the minimum design norm adopted by the Government of Karnataka ( Ref. Table 4-9 / Fig.4.4)

Water Ouality Problems

46. There are a number of habitations in the State which suffer from water quality problems such as fluoride and salinity in their water supply in concentrations much higher than the permissible level in drinking water ( Ref. Table 4-10/ Fig.4.5)

Covera.e of Sanitation

47. Access to sanitary latrines in rural Karnataka is extremely low. As per the 1991 Census , only 6.9% households in rural areas of the state have this facility. The Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) initiated by Government of India in 1985-1986 had lirnited impact, benefiting only 1.19 lakh households in the period 1985-1986to 1994-1995. Although CRSP did not make much of a headway, with the introduction of Nirmala Grama Yojana (NGY), the pace of providing household sanitary latrines in rural areas of the State has been much higher. The NGY has succeededin building an average of about 1.5 lakh household latrines per year. 48. Apart from the NGY, constructionof substantial number of household latrines in the rural areas is undertaken as part of the World Bank Assisted Integrated Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation project which is being implemented in sixteen districtsof the State. Nearly 89000 latrines have been built under this project since 1993 and till August 2000. Smaller number of household latrines have been built as part of the Netherlands Aided Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (0730 latrines) implemented in five districts and the DANIDA Assisted Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Project (5719 latrines) in four districts.

School Sanitation Programme

49. Recognising the importance of inculcating appropriate sanitation practices among school children, the State Government is considering the extension of the successful Mysore experiment to all the districts in the State, keeping in view the recommendationsof the Task Force on Primary Education.

National Programme for Improved Chulhas (NPIC)

50. The Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, with financial assistance from Central Government, has been implementing the NPIC in Karnataka since 1983-1984and the achievment during the last five years (1995-2000) has been 493493 units.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 11 National Proiect on Bio-Gas Development (NPBD)

51. The Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department, with part funding by the Central Government, has been implementing the NPBP under the 20 Point programme in the State since 1982-1983. During the last five years (1995-2000) a total of 106739 bio-gas plants have been installed in the State, the maximum number being in BelgaumDistrict.

Morbidity due to water-borne / water-relateddiseases

52. The most commonly occurring water-borne diseases in the State are gastroenteritis, malaria, and typhoid (Ref. Table 4.11). Deaths due to gastroenteritis are the highest (although the number of deaths due to gastroenteritis has declined over the past decade) followed by mortality due to cholera, viral hepatitis and typhoid.

53. Incidence of water-borne and water related diseases in the State / project districts has been high. Deaths due to gastroenteritis have generally been comparativelyhigher in the districts of Gulbarga, Kolar, Raichur and Bidar. The only district to have recorded deaths due to cholera in 1998 is Kolar. Overall incidence of malaria appears to have reduced between 1995 and 1997 in Karnataka. However, the districts of Bijapur, Raichur, Kolar, Bellary, Mandya, Chitradurga and Dakshina Kannada record a fairly high incidence of the diseases in 1997. The data on the comparativeincidence of water-borne / water-related diseases in the project districts during the period 1998 - 2000 is presented in Table 4.151Fig 4.6.

Public Consultations

54. In keeping with the World Bank's OP 4.01, Public Consultations were organized, as part of the EA study, in two GPs in each of the three pilot districts of Belgaum, Dharwad and Gulburga. Two additional public consultation meetings were also organized in Virupapura village and Virupapura Tanda of Kalkere GP in Gadag district which is reported to have a severe problem of high fluoride in drinking water. The following are the major environmentalissues that were brought up during these public consultations.

* Acute scarcity of potable water in summer months * Water quality is highly brackish and hence not potable * Excessive concentration of fluoride in drinking water as manifested by fluorosis among children * Space constraint and lack of adequate water supply are major factors contributing to low household latrine coverage * Sullage disposal - a problem in BC soil creating cesspoc'.s causing breeding of mosquitoes

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 12 * Easy movement of people, cattle and vehicular traffic difficult especially during rainy season due to BC soil * Indoor air pollution due to use of smokeemitting fuels * Poor environmentalsanitation due to stagnationof sullage in lanes / streets / lack of washing platforms due to which public water points are facing water stagnation. * Indiscriminatedumping of household solid waste due to absence of compost pits / yards resulting in unsightly conditionsas well as attracting rodents and insects. * Recurrence of GE cases, cholera and dysentery * High incidence of worm infestation,scabies and upper respiratory diseases

Impact Identificationand Analysis

55. The potential environmental impacts arising from the project interventions during the preparatory, construction and operation phases have been identified, classified as positive / negative and presentedin a matrix form ( Ref. Table 7.1 )

56. The overall impact of the project on the beneficiary communities and the environment is expected to be positive resulting in an improvement in the health and quality of life of the people in the project area. Adverse impacts, if any, could be rninimised / compensated by incorporating appropriate mitigation measures which could be readily designed and integrated with the project.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 13

TABLE 7.1: KARNATAKARURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTALSANITATION PROJECT-II ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT MATRIX Si Potential Environmental Impact (s) No Project Interventions Positive Negative

Preparatoryactivities Primarv Primary

* Information Education Communication * Appreciation of environmental and * Land acquisition and cash (lEC) campaigns to generate demand sustainabilityissues of the project by the target compensation,if any for the project community * Financial burden on * Public consultations to identify issues * Community's willingness for informed communityand the GP of concern to the communities, their participation secured and their environmental preferences and priorities regarding the concens ascertained proposed project * Collective decision by community regarding * Technology options for source, water siting of facilities, technology choice and treatment & distribution and safe service levels household and environmentalsanitation * Capacity building in development planning and systems administration * Site identification (selection for * Increase in awareness regarding good health location of source, WTP and service and hygiene practices amongst children. reservoirs * Taking possession/ acquisition of land for siting the common facilities * Awareness on Capacitybuilding of user group, women's group, VWSCs, GPs

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Executive Summary 14 Table 7.1 Cont... 2 Water Supply Primary Primary * Rehabilitation/ upgradation of existing * Availability of increased / demanded level of * Increased ground / surface water supply systems safe drinking water on a sustainablebasis water abstraction * Construction of new bore wells, pump * Labour, time and cost saving in fetching * Risk of lowering ground water houses, surface source water treatment water level plants, OHT and laying of distribution * Reduction in surface runoff, increase in ground * Risk of hydraulic interference systems etc. water recharge, halt to declining water table between existing and new dug and improved sustainability of water supply / bore well sources * Construction of ground water recharge sources * Increased generation of structures * Improvement in quality of ground water sullage through dilution due to recharge * Temporary disruption in * Employment opportunitiesfor local technicians existing water supply services I artisans / NGOs and private sector * Financial burden on the * Reduced financial burden on State communityand the GP Secondary * Reduction in water and sanitation related diseases, improved personal, family health and hygiene leading to improved quality of life of the people * Opportunities for income generation especially by women * Increase in overall development activities such as housing, transportation, education, and culture * Increase in value of property

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 15 Table 7.1 Cont...

3 Sanitation Primary Primarv * Installation of householdsanitation * Reduction in soil and surface water * Risk of ground water contamination systems / ownership based group contamination from sanitation systems latrines t community/ institutional * Reductionin water and sanitation related latrines diseases, improved personal / farnily health and hygiene * Employment opportunities for local technicians / atrisans / NGOS & private sector * Inculcating desirable healthy practices amongst children who can serve as catalyst to promote householdhygiene. Secondary * Improvementin general health status of people * Enhanced environmentalsanitation and * Temporary increase in ambient hygiene statusand general aesthetics of noise level and dust concentration village due to constructionactivities * Increase in value of property .~~~~~~~~~ Inraei.au fpoet * Disruption of norrnal movement of * Paving of internal roads and * Smoothflow of vehicular traffic, reduced people and vehicular traffic constructionof drainage and sullage maintenanceof vehicles, reduction in dust including diversion of traffic during disposal systems level and improved aesthetics street / lane paving and construction Secondary of sullage and storm drains * Increase in value of property

KRWS&ESP-11Environmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 16 Table 7.1 Cont...

PrimarY Constructionof bio-gas plants, communitycompost yard & * Sanitary disposalof cattle dung / human provision of smokeless/ improved excreta leading to improvedenvironmental chulhas hygiene and aesthetics. * Reduction in breeding places of disease vectors * Reduction in indoor air pollution * Less consumptionof cooking fuel due to higher fuel efficiency of smokelessI improved chulhas * Reduction in upper respiratory infection . Reduced financial burden on State

Secondary

* Improvement in general household environment * Decrease in medical expenses * Decrease in recurring expenditure on houses * Increase in value of property

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 17 4 CommunityDevelopment & Primary InstitutionalDevelopment * Enhanced Community mobilisation for local development works * Improved decision making process among the user community * Improved self-reliance for planning, implementation and O&M of development works. * Greater social interaction and collective responsibilities * Improved community awareness / knowledge on water, health, hygiene and environment leading to positive behavioral changes 5 State wide Sector Development Primarv * Ground Water Act has been passed by GOK for regulation & control of over exploitation of ground water * Enhanced capacity of the State in carrying forward and scaling up sector reforms * Improved management and regulation of RWSS sector

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 18

Key EnvironmentalIssues & MitigatoryMeasures

57. A critical analysis of the base line data, observations during site visits, discussions with ZP and GP level functionaries and the public consultations clearly brought out the following key environmentalissues that need to be addressed in the project design and implementation.

Water Quantity Issues

58. All the habitations in the state have access to organized water supply. The level of per capita supply, however, varies widely between the habitations (Ref. Table 4.9 ). The minimum per capita supplyprescribed by the State is 55 lpcd. There are 26517 habitations in the State with a per capita supply less than 55 Ipcd. Many of these habitations experience scarcity of 'safe' drinking water in summer and therefore need augmnentationof supply.

59. During periods of scarcity and in areas with severe ground water quality problems, villagers prefer to use traditional water sources - namely large rain-fed village tanks. (Eg, Rottigwad, Nalavadi in Dharwad district, Yatnahalli, Huilgol in Gadag district and Gabbur in Koppal district). However, according to GOK estimate such villages account for only 10-20 percent of overall project villages.

60. Existing water supply schemes, especially in the salinity affected areas of Dharwad district, are mostly utilized to meet water needs for other than drinking purposes (washing, bathing, etc.) includingwater for cattle.

61. According to information availableon long term (1978 - 1997) ground water level, there is a declining trend in water level in several project districts. This phenomenon is attributed to over exploitation of ground water for agricultural purposes and fluctuating rainfall. There are three taluks in the project districts which have been categorised as 'dark', five taluks under category 'grey' while the rest of the taluks come under the 'white' category (Ref. Table 4.4). But as far as the overall project area is concerned, there is much scope for further ground water utilisation.

Mitigarorv Measures

62. Augmentation of existing water supplies can be achieved through one or more of the following options.

a) Augmentation through rehabilitation (eg. Betegera B) / uprating of existing systems / schemes whereverfeasible

b) Identification of new sources (local / distant) of good quality and yield which do not require any treatment other than safety chlorination. These will be mostly ground water sources. In areas not affected by chemical contaminants,

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 19 new good yielding ground water sources could be identified using modern geophysical techniques (to minimnizefailure rate) or existing privately owned irrigation wells of good yield and potable quality could be identified and acquired. c) Local surface sources (village ponds / streams! canals) which require only simple treatment such as slow sand filtration (SSF) / river bed filtration and chlorination. Existing village tanks, if considered as an alternate source , need to be desilted / enlarged to increase their storage capacity and protected by fencing to prevent contamination from human I animal access. For villages located in the vicinity of seasonal rivers / streams, the feasibility of tapping sub-surface flow (riverbed filtration)could be explored. d) Distant surface sources with simple treatment (SSF) and chlorination for a group of villages (multi village schemes) e) Dual water supply - existing supplies (rejected by community due to quality problem) for purposes other than drinking, and potable water supply through any of the options listed above f) Appropriate blending of water from existing sources (ground water) to obtain water meeting the drinking water quality standards. g) Effective enforcement of Karnataka Ground Water Act to regulate and control ground water abstraction to accord priority for drinking water. Identified critical areas with falling water level should be notified forthwith by the Appropriate Authority and the Act enforced in all its earnestness to halt this trend. h) Concurrentt ground water recharge at the source to promote source sustainability: This activity should receive priority in order to achieve sustainability of water supply sources. The Watershed Development Department should conduct a detailed survey to identify potential sites and appropriate conservationstructures best suited to the local conditions. i) Regular monitoring of ground water level. The ZPED should regularly monitor the ground water level in the project area as an integral part of overall monitoring programme in collaborationwith and technical support from the Mines & Geology Department.

63. The key considerationin deciding on the altemative should be to avoid, as far as practicable, the need for any treatment. A trade off analysis of the feasible options should precede the final decision in each case.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 20 Water Quality Issues

64. The water quality problem in the project districts is essentially of two types (i) the presence in ground water of chemicalcontaminants such as fluoride, TDS, iron and nitrate of natural origin in concentrations exceeding the levels permissible in drinking water and (ii) the chemnical/ bacteriological contamination of water at the source, in the distribution system or during collection , handling , storage and consumption at the users end. The concern for ground and surface water contamination relate-to: i) Non-point sources of pollution in the catchment area due to the common practice of open air defecation, and possible agricultural and surface run off, especially during the rainy season; ii) Washing, bathing and other domestic activities around the open dug wells/ bore wells with hand pumpsMWS schemesby the communities; iii) Indiscriminatedumping of household solid waste near water points. iv) Improper siting of public water points at low lying areas due to non- availability of Government site; v) Uncovered cisterns / absence of regular / periodical cleaning of OHT/ cisterns; vi) Inadequate and irregular disinfectionof drinking water supplies; vii) Inadequate testing and irregular monitoringof drinking water quality. viii) Unhygienic practice of collecting water by the households from pits dug in the ground due to inadequate residual pressure in the distributionpipe; ix) Frequent breakage/ leakage in rising main and distribution lines; x) Frequent leakage at valve chambers; xi) Misuse of valve chambers as defecation places by theocomnmunity; xii) Improper collection, storage and handling of water by the households;

65. The bacteriological contamination of water supply is confirmed by the persistent incidence of large number of water-borne/ water-relateddiseases in all the project districts (Ref. Table 4.15)

66. Mitigatory Measures j) Sanitary survey of existing and new sources of water supply to identify potential sources of contamination. The recommendedprocedure for sanitary survey is described in Annexure 8.1; ii) Source protection - the measures will include conversion of existing dug I bore wells into sanitary wells and fencing of surface sources to prevent human / animal access, and catchment area protection. A technical note on sanitary protection of dug wells is at Annexure 8.2;

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 21 iii) Effective and continuous chlorination of existing and new water supplies to obtain a minimum residual chlorine of 0.5 mg/I. Details of a simple, effective system of chlorination of pumped water supplies using bleaching powder solution are included in Annexure 8.3; iv) Preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution system (leak detection / repair and control) and preparedness for crisis management during major breakdowns; v) Regular water quality testing and control; vi) Proper location of cisterns and measures to prevent misuse of valve chambers as defecation places; vii) Ensuring adequate residual pressure at the distribution points; viii) Promotion of household / group latrines and community latrine complexes / institutional latrines; ix) For ground water sources with quality problem, identification of alternate / distant sources and in extreme cases treatment at community / household level (eg. Activated alumina / Nalgonda technique or any other proven, field tested method for fluoride removal); x) Effective and sustained sanitationand hygiene promotion (SHP) programmes to bring about positive behavioral and attitudinal changes with special focus on women and children;

67. Household Sanitation & Hygiene Issues i) The State level coverage of sanitation is only 6.9% as per 1991 Census. Open air defecation is still the most commonly prevalent practice in almost all the villages with its associated problem of soil and water pollution and public health risks. This situation is largely due to lack of awareness among the people regarding the inter relationship between health, water, sanitation and advantages of sanitary latrines. ii) Poor ventilation in the dwelling houses combined with the use of smoke emitting fuels causes acute upper respiratory ailments and conjunctivitis, especially among women and children. During public consultations in Shiraguppi and Rottigwad, the women said that the presently available design(s) are not suited to the locally available cooking fuels and their way of cooking, particularly roti making.

KRWS&ESP-IlEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 22 iii) Another issue of hygiene concern in the pilot districts relates to the common practice of keeping the livestockwithin the owners household living area. This practice is reported to be common in other project districts as well.

68. Mitigatory Measures i) Effective, sustained IEC programmewith focus on women to generate demand for householdlatrines, smokelessI improved chulhas and bio-gas plants. ii) Selection and installation of 'safe' sanitation systems to suit local soil types and user preferences. Low cost sanitation systems such as the twin pit pour flush (TPPF) latrines could be provided for individual households. A note on recommendedconstruction practice and pollution safeguardsfor TPPF latrines is given in Annexure 8.4. Wherever there is a constraint of household space, 'group of latrines' could be considered on individual ownershipbasis. iii) Identify and promote the type of chulhas preferred by local women and suited to locally available cooking fuels and style / method of cooking. Here again, an effective IEC programme should be launched to create awareness, especially among women on the need for better ventilated kitchen in order to reduce the incidence of upper respiratory diseases. iv) The practice of keeping cattle within the household living area is a complex social issue and warrants a detailed study and sustained IEC programme to bring about a change in the mindset of the households and to provide a practicable alternative to the current practice - persuading the households to shift the cattle to the backyard wherever space is available or to shift them to allotted areas outside the village. The GP could play a lead role in framing appropriate rules / regulationsin this regard

69. EnvironmentalSanitation and Hygiene Issues i) In most of the villages, stagnant pools of water were found around stand posts, as well as either at the back or in front of the houses due to absence of any drainage system. These pools were found to be breeding places for mosquitoes and incidence of malaria cases was reported to be very high in such areas. ii) Lack of household / community latrines in most of the project districts- the entire village is commonly being used for open air defecation, especially children defecate indiscriminately. iii) The internal roads in villages with black cotton soils such as in Gulburga and Dharwad are not paved and become slushy during rainy season and create

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 23 problems for smooth movement of people, bullock carts, tractors and other vehicles.

70. Miti.atorv Measures i) Effective, sustained IEC campaign to generate demand for ownership based group latrines, community latrines and institutional latrines and their proper use and maintenance; ii) Construction of sullage drains including treatment and disposal works: A network of well planned drains for disposal of sullage from the village, including spill water from the public stand posts should be designed and constructed especially along the main roads I lanes in the village. Equally important is the safe treatment of the collected sullage and utilisation of the treated effluent. Stabilization ponds could provide the simplest method of treatment and the treated effluent could be used for agricultural purposes J grass farms for fodder. The GP can prepare an action plan for the purpose so as to generate income to the GP which can defray part of the O&M expenditure; iii) Pavement of internal village roads for ensuring well drained village roads, and convenient movement of people, vehicles and tractors within the villages; iv) Solid waste management programmes including identification of a common disposal site for sanitary disposal of household solid waste. The GP should identify a site where the solid waste could be composted and the compost produced could be sold to generate income to the GP. v) Regular clearing of dust bins by the GP and transportation of wastes fAr sanitary disposal at a common site for which necessary hand carts should be provided by the GP to the village sweepers.

71. Water and Sanitation Related Health Issues i) In almost all the project districtshigh incidence of GE cases has been reported, (Ref. Table 4.15). In addition, cholera and typhoid cases are also commonly reported. There is also the problem of high fluoride in drinking water in many project districts such as Gadag, Koppal, and Gulburga. A large number of cases of worm infestation and upper respiratory diseases have also been reported. ii) The personal hygiene standards of the people in general, especially of the economicallydisadvantaged, is very poor. iii) Health and hygiene education programmes are not effective.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 24 iv) Lack of awareness and non-affordability to meet the medical expenses by some of the people who suffer from water-borne / water-related diseases aggravate the situation which leads to outbreak of epidemics.

72. Mitigatory Measures i) Effective, sustained SHP programmes with special focus on women and children to create a felt need and demand for household latrines and also to promote desirable personalI family and community hygiene practices. ii) Preventive and curative programmesincluding regular de-worming measures. iii) An organized survey by well trained medical doctors and para / non- medical staff to identify fluorosis cases, especially among school children, pregnant women and lactating mothers to carry out a programme of curative medication including nutritional supplements in addition to supply of safe defluoridated drinking water.

73. In the light of the foregoing, the recommended frame work for mitigation action is summarised below.

FRAMEWORK FORACTION

SI. Project Component Action Plan

I Water Supply - Rehabilitation/ upgradation of existinginfrastructure / Quantity to provide a service level of 55 Ipcd Quality - Identify alternate / distant sources free from quality problems - Treatmentfor fluoride I iron / nitrate - Continuous chlorination of water supply to ensure bacteriologicalsafety O&M of Water Supply - Capacity building of GPs for preventive I corrective Schemes and crisis management - Ensure100% tariff collection. Ground Water Recharge - Construct check dams, subsurface dams, recharge trenches as appropriateto the local hydrogeology - Rejuvenateabandoned borewells II. Sanitation - Promote household / group / community/ institutional (Latrines) latrines Drainage - Construct sullage / storm water drains, soak pits / promote kitchen garden for isolated dwellings

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 25 Paving of Internal Roads - Paving of internal lanes / roads / streets with macadam / Streets / asphalt/ gravel surface / granite stone / slab pitching / brick paving as appropriate for the requirement of the

______-village Smokeless Chulhas and - Identify and install smokelesschulhas suited to locally Bio-gas available cooking fuels and method of cooking by the households. - Install bio-gas plants as per the demand by the households. Community Compost - Identify common sites for compostingof village refuse Yards l garbage on a scientific basis. Water Point and Habitat - Install public stand posts at appropriateplaces Development - Provide well drained platforms for efficient drainage of spil water. - Provide dustbins at appropriateplaces - Provide washing platforms / cattle troughs as per the requirementof the village. III Community and - Orientation of VWSCs I Women Groups / GPs in Institution Building social , technical and managementaspects. - Trainingof VWSCsI Women Groups/ GPs to carry out effective IECactivities. IV State-wide Sector - Enhance capacity building and sustainability of village Development level institutions including 100% O&M cost recovery, VWSCs, DSUs and PPMU.

EnvironmentalManagement Plan

74. In the light of environmentalimpact identification and analysis, a summaryof potential adverse impacts and the recommended environmental management plan along with the agency responsibleis presented in a matrix form( Table 8.2)

EnvironmentalPerformance Indicators

75. In keeping with the identified environmental issues which need to be addressed due to the project interventions and the expected impacts, a list of environmental performance indicators has been identified along with the agencies responsible for monitoring (Table 8.3 ). These, along with the indicators for the other components of the project, could provide a basis for monitoring and evaluation of the project performance.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 26 Table 8.1: Karnataka Rural Water Supply And Environmental Sanitation Project-TI

Environmental Management Plan

Project EnvironmentalIssues Potential Negative Mitigatory Measures Responsibility Interventions Impacts 1 2 3 4 5 Water Supply Water Quantity Issues

Hand pumps, Mini - Scarcity of drinking water - Increased ground / - Augment supply through GP/DSU Water Supply, Piped during summer surface water rehabilitation / uprating of Water Supply, - People resort to village abstraction existing systems wherever Multi-village tanks as alternate sources - Risk of lowering feasible GP/DSU/M&G Schemes - Per capita supply < 55 ground water level - Identify new sources (local / .Dept lpcd in many habitations - Risk of hydraulic distant) of good quality and - Erratic power supply and interference between yield + safety chlorination voltage fluctuations existing and new dug - Local surface source (village GPINGO/DSU / bore well sources tanks) +SSF + chlorination, - Increased generation desilt the tanks to increase GP/DSU/ID/ of sullage storage capacity and protect the PWD - Temporary disruption source by fencing in existing water - Distant surface sources + SSF + supply services chlorination for single / multi village schemes - Dual water supply - Blending of water from existing sources

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 27 Table 8.1 Cont..

* Water Quality Issues - Identify alternate / distant GP/DSU/M&G - Severe water quality sources Dept. problems in bore well - Sanitary survey + source sources due to excessive protection + treatment for GP/NGO/DSU concentration of fluoride, iron / fluoride salinity, TDS, iron, nitrate - Continuous chlorination of etc water supply to ensure a GP - Water in traditional village minimum residual chlorine of tanks / ponds turbid 0.5 mg /litre - Absence of residual - Preventive and corrective GP chlorine in water supply maintenance of water - Absence of water quality distribution system monitoring - Regular water quality testing + GP - High incidence of water- control borne J water- related - Effective LECcampaigns GP/DSU diseases Ground water - Decline in ground water - Enforce Ground Water Act + GOK/M&Gi recharge measures level due to over monitor regularly ground water DSU exploitation for level agricultural purposes - Drying up of dug / bore wells in summer

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 28 Table 8.1 Cont...

- Implement concurrent GPINGO/DSU ground water recharge measures to promote source ______sustainability Sanitation Construction of - Lack of household - Risk of ground water - Sustained IEC programmes GPJNGO/DSU household/ groupJ latrines - coverage very Contamination from with focus on women to community / low (1-3%) sanitation systems generate demand for GP/NGO/DSU institutional - Lack of space for household / group / latrines household latrine community latrines - Constructed latrines not - Install 'safe' sanitation being used regularly systems to suit local soil type - Open air defecation very and user's preference common Paving of internal - Roads become dusty - Temporary increase in - Paving of internal roads / GP/NGOIDSU roads / streets in during dry seasons, slushy ambient noise level and streets with appropriate villages during rainy seasons dust concentration due to locally available material to making vehicular constructionactivities ensure proper drainage and movement difficult and - Disruption of normal all weather movement of creating unsightly movement of people and vehicles conditions vehicular traffic including diversion of traffic during street / lane paving and construction of sullage and storm drains ( These impacts being marginal need no mitigationaction )

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 29 Table 8.1 Cont...

Construction of - In areas with BC soil, - Temporary increase - Construct sullage drains and GP/NGO/DSU sullage and storm sullage & storm water in ambient noise provide low cost treatment I drainage disposal is a serious level and dust disposal / re-use systems for problem concentration due to sullage - Village internal roads construction activities - Design and install efficient GP/ DSU become slushy and - Disruption of normal storm water drains slippery movement of people - Creation of breeding and vehicular traffic places of disease vectors including diversion of traffic during street l lane paving and construction of sullage and storm drains ( These impacts being marginal need no n_mitigationaction ) Provision of - Indoor air pollution - Sustained IEC campaigns with GP/NGO/DSU smokeless chulhas - High incidence of upper focus on women to generate and Bio-gas respiratory ailments demand for smokeless / - Unhygienic improved chulhas environmental sanitation - Identify and promote the design GP/NGO/DSU conditions due to large of chulhas preferred by women number of manure pits and suited to locally available cooking fuels

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 30 Table 8.1 Cont...

Provision of - Unhygienic practice of - Sustained JEC campaigns to GP/NGO community compost keeping cattle population persuade the cattle owners to yard and removal of within the householdarea shift the cattle outside the living manure pits from - Prevalence of unhygienic area dwelling areas environmental sanitation - Provide community compost GP/NGO/TP/ conditions due to heaps yard for sanitary disposal of DSU of cattle dung and refuse cow dung and other dumps etc biodegradablerefuse - Creation of breeding places of diseases vectors Water point and - Lack of sanitation/ water - Proper siting of the water points GP/NGO/ DSU habitat development stagnation - Provide well drained platforms GP/NGO/ DSU - Bacteriological - Prevent vandalism to public GP/NGO contamination of water taps supply - Promote individual / GP/ NGO - Missing taps communitycompost pits / yards - Lack of washing platforms - Indiscriminate dumping of household solid waste - Lack of sullage drains

GP- GramPanchayath TP - TalukPanchayath DSU- DistrictSupport Unit M & G D - Mines& GeologyDepartment

NGO- NonGovernmental Organisation I D - IrrigationDepartment PWD- Public WorksDepartment

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 31 Table 8.2: Karnataka Rural Water Supply And Environmental Sanitation (World Bank Assisted)

Performance Indicators

SI Project Interventions/ PerformanceIndicators Monitoring No Components Agency 1 Water Supply - Access to safe water supply of a level* equal to that demanded by the user community GP/ DSU Water Quantity ( Average 55 Ipcd) Water Quality - Chemical contaminant level in water within the prescribed limit at the time of PSU/HD commissioningthe source and subsequentlywhen monitored twice a year GPIDSU/HD - A minimum of 0.5 mg / litre free residual chlorine in treated water tested daily HD - Independent water quality surveillanceonce in 6 months to ensure quality compliance HD - Decline in number of G.E, typhoid, infective hepatitis cases Ground Water Recharge - Decrease in number of wells going dry in summer GP/ DSU Measures - Trend in falling ground water level halted / reversed GP/M&GDept. - Karnataka Ground Water Act is enforced in notified 'critical' areas GOK/M&GDept

* This can be estimated based on power consumption by the clear water pumps over a known period of time ( say a month) and the horsepower and discharge capacity of the pump

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 32 Table 8.2 Cont...

2 Sanitation Construction of - Increase in number / percentage of household / group / community / institutional latrines GP/TP/ DSU household / group/ constructedand in use. community / institutional - Decline in number of G.E, typhoid, infective hepatitis cases GP/HD latrines - Reductionin householdmedical expenditure HD Pavingof internal roads / - Percentageincrease in length of roads / streets paved GP/DSU streets in villages - Smoothflow of vehicular traffic GP - Decreasein annual maintenanceexpenditure of carts and vehicles GP Constructionof sullage - Percentageincrease in length of storm drains constructed GP and storm drainage - Absence of cesspools, stagnant storm water GP - Reduction in malaria, filaria cases GP/HD Provision of smokeless - Increase in number of smokelesschulhas / biogas installedand in use GP/DSU chulhas/ bio-gas - Declinein number of upper respiratory infection cases GP/HD

Provision of community - Number of compost yards providedand in use GP compost yard and - Reductionin number of householdmanure pits GP removal of manure pits from dwelling areas 3 Community - Improved sustainabilityof village water and sanitation facilities GP Development and - Number of women's groups gainfullyengaged in income generation activities DSU InstitutionBuilding - Number of SHP programmes organized and attendees, and simple pre and post evaluation PPMU tests to assess the change in KAP of the target population/ healthy home survey 4 State vide Sector - Enhanced capacity and sustainabilityof village level institutions including 100% O&M cost DSU, PPMU Development recovery VWSCs, DSUs and PPMU.

GP- Gram Panchayath TP - Taluk Panchayath DSU - District Support Unit HD - Health Department M & G Dept.- Mines & Geology Department GOK - Government of Karnataka

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 33

InstitutionalStrengthening

76. The implementation of the proposed KRWS&ESP-II calls for matching institutional frame work, human resource deployment and capacity building at all levels. It requires a multi-disciplinaryteam of professionals with sound knowledge and expertise in specialized fields such as water resources management, sanitation, health, social science, environmentand ecology. Thus, there is a need to establish at the State level a separate wing with multidisciplinary expertise in areas such as planning, engineering, design, technical scrutiny of water and sanitation projects, preparation of tender documents and monitoring and evaluation with necessary supportingstaff. Equaily important is the need to develop an effective IEC strategy to bring about positive behavioral and attitudinal changes leading to improved health status of the target communities.

Like-wise, there is an urgent need to strengthen the ZPED by inducting environmental engineers with expertise in water resources management and social scientist-cum-hygiene education specialist who can play a key role in effective implementation of the project. Their professional skills need to be updated through periodical orientation programmes with focus on modem trends and technologies in water and sanitation sector and related environmentalaspects.

As for the water quality monitoring, there is an urgent need for a State of Art laboratory at the RDED at the State level which could function as a referral laboratory for all the district laboratories. The mandatory functions of the State laboratorywould include in following:

* Analysis of water and waste water for complex / difficult parameters such as pesticides and insecticides,trace metals etc. * Analytical quality control (AQC) for the district level laboratories. * R&D on local field problems such as high fluoride in drinking water, simple cost effective methods of disinfection,deflouridation and iron removal. * Evaluation of new products and processes for their efficacy and large scale promotionin the field. * Training of district-levellaboratory personnel in water and waste water analysis at

State LevelR &D Lab.

In the light of the large number of habitations affected by high levels of fluoride in drinking water in the project districts, it is necessary to find alternative sources for new water supply schemes. If such sources can not be found within economic distance, simple household/ community defluoridation systems have to be installed. The two technologiesdeveloped and accepted with fair degree of success are (i) the Nalgonda technique and (ii) the activated alumina process. In this context the field experiencesgained in the implementationof DANIDA assisted project in the

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 34 State should be brought to bear upon the decision making in the choice of technology. Additionally, it is necessary to undertakeR&D on commercially offered technologies, defluoridation susch as electrodialysis,ion-exchange etc for their efficacy under field conditions. This objective could best be achieved only by establishing at the State level (RDED) an R&D wing backed by a 'State of art' laboratory and a multi disciplinary team of well qualified , experienced environmentalengineers / scientists with adequate financial support. The R&D wing would also undertake evaluation of other processes I products used in water treatment and field problems that may be identified in the area of rural water supply and sanitation, and training programmes. In the light of estimated investment in the proposed project and the likely technology issues that may arise during its implementation,the establishment of an R&D wing as above will be well justified. This wing should be headed by a well qualified and competent environmental engineer at CE / SE level supported by one / two EE (Environmental Engineering) and a team of scientists comprising a chemnist,a bio- chemist, an instrumentation scientist (M.Sc./ Ph.D in Physics) and other supporting staff ie. lab technicians.

Conclusion

77. The Environmental Analysis Study has shown that the proposed KRWS&ESP-II itself will not cause any adverse environmentalimpacts. The project will bring about positivehealth and environmentalbenefits to the project communities through supply of 'safe' drinking water and creation of necessary environmental sanitation facilities in the project villages. The recommended environmental mitigation measures appropriately integrated in the project design would have a net positive effect on the environment. The facilities created in the project villages will be operated and maintained by the beneficiary communities and the GPs through necessary capacity buildingmeasures to ensure the sustainabilityof the services.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - ExecutiveSummary 35 0

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preamble

The Government of Karnataka has implemented during 1995-2000 an Integrated Rural Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Project (KIRWS&ESP) in 1105 villages of 12 erstwhile districts (16 present districts) of the State with financial assistance from the World Bank. The implementation of the project has resulted in an encouraging trend of reforms in the rural water supply and sanitation sector in the State.

The Government of Karnataka has approached the World Bank, through the Government of India, for financial assistance for a 'Follow-on' project to be implemented in eleven districts of the State. With the objective of strengtheningthe democraticprocess of decentralizedplanning and development at grass root level, the GOK proposes to promote a demand responsive approach as against the hitherto adopted supply driven approach in the project implementation. Active involvement and participation of the PanchayatRaj Institutions(PRI) and beneficiary communities through all stages of project implementation and its sustained operation and maintenance will be the key features of the proposed project.

The project is in the preparation stage and is aimed at improving the quality of rural water supply and environmental sanitation service delivery to achieve sustainability of investment and generate health and income benefits. This will be realised through (a) phased implementation of appropriate policy and institutional reforms and (b) delivery of demand responsive and sustainable water and sanitation services to the beneficiary communitiesin the project area.

The key components of the project include construction / augmentation / rehabilitation of drinking water schemes, household latrines, sullage / storm drains, paving of village internal roads / lanes and measures for ground water recharge to promote source sustainability. The Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion (SHP) component of the project includes health and hygiene education programmes for safe handling of drinking water, sanitary disposal of sullage, household solid and liquid waste, and community environmental sanitation. The ground water recharge component of the project includes schemes for improving sustainability of the water sources. The project also includes state-wide sector development studies including institutional capacity building and programmes for cent percent O&M cost recovery performance.The proposed project, estimated to cost approximately USD200 million, (approximately Rs.1000 Crores) will be implemented in phases over a period of 5 years beginning Jan-2002 with financial assistance from the Bank.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 1.1 1.2 EnvironmentalAnalysis Study

The proposed Karnataka Rural Water Supply & Environmental Sanitation Project-Il (KRWS&ESP-I) has been classified by the Bank under Category B requiring Environmental Analysis (EA) only, as the impacts of the project are expected to be positive; few, if any, of them may be negative for which the mitigatory measures can be designed easily. Accordingly, the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EA study have been formulated as in Annexure 1.1

1.3 Methodology

1.3.1 Collection and Collation of SecondaryData

The methodology basically comprised collection and collation of secondary data on water resources availability, their utilisation, water quality, problems of water quantity and quality as relevant in the context of the proposed KRWS&ESP-II, demographic and socio-economic aspects, water supply and sanitation coverage and service levels and problems in O&M of existing water supply systems with focus on the project districts and the three pilot districts, viz, Belgaum, Dharwad and Gulburga. A review and analysis of this informationled to the delineation of the baseline status of relevant environmental components in the project districts and provided the basis for assessmentof the potential environmentalimpacts due to the proposed project and preparation of environmental management plan (EMP) for enhancing beneficial impacts and mitigating adverse impacts. The sources for the secondary data / information included the Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU), the Rural DevelopmentEngineering Department (RDED), Dept. of Mines & Geology, Central Ground Water Board, as well as State Irrigation, Agriculture, Social Welfare, Health and Family Welfare Servicesdepartments and NGOs.

1.3.2 Site Visits to Proiect Villages

The existing rural water supply systems based on ground / surface water sources were visited to collect information on scheme details, their performance, adequacy of source, water quality, potential sources of contamination, constraints / problems in O&M, and identification of environmental issues that need to be addressed in the proposed project design. During these visits detailed discussions were also held with the target community,elected representativesof Gram Panchayats (GPs) I Zilla Panchayats (ZPs,) the local governmentfunctionaries and NGOs.

1.3.3 Public Consultations

Public Consultations constituted an important activity of the EA study and were held,in two GPs in each of the three pilot districts and one in Virupapura and Virupapura tanda of Kalkere GP in Gadag d;strict. The latter was selected to represent villages affected by serious fluoride problem in drinking water. These

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 1.2 consultations were a part of the participatory process to create awareness regarding the proposed project, to generate demand for participation by the beneficiary community and to capture their views / suggestions to enhance project performance and benefits and their environmentalconcerns as related to the proposed project. The participants in these consultations comprised the target community, representativesof PPMU, ZP / GP functionariesand local NGOs. The salient issues that were brought up at these consultations along with the mitigatory measures were compiled for incorporation as appropriate, in the project design and in the preparation of EMP.

The EA Consultant interacted with fellow consultants engaged in Water Quality Assessment,'Water Quality Mapping, Ground Water Recharge and Social Assessment for sharing information and findings of common interest. Their findings and recommendations were considered in the preparation of the environmental managementplan (EMP) for the project.

1.3.4 Desk Studv

The desk study included the following:

* A detailed review and analysis of available secondary data on water resources (surface / ground ), their distribution, utilization and problems related to water quality etc. in the State in general and with specific focus on the project / pilot districts

* An assessment of the adequacy of current water quality monitoring programmes and institutional capacity for the project area leading to recommendations for improving them

* A review of the existing state policies and legislations on water and its management in the light of similar acts I legislations in force elsewhere, and suggestions to help achieve the project objective of safe water and sanitation to the target populations

* Identification of the existing issues of personal / household hygiene and community health, and how these issues are to be addressed to mitigate through sanitation and hygiene promotioninterventions.

* Identification of major environmentalimpacts, primary, secondary etc. due to the proposed project and delineation of EMP for enhancing beneficial impacts and mitigating adverse impacts

* Identification and preparation of appropriate environmental performance indicators which could form the basis for evaluation of the project.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 1.3 While addressing all these aspects the Consultant interacted closely with the staff of PPMU and other partners in the proposed project.

1.4 Organisationof the Report

The report is presented in eight chapters including the IntroductoryChapter-I.

Chapter 2 provides inforrnation on the policy, legal and administrative frame work for enviropmental assessment and requirements for appraisal of the proposed project by the Bank.

Chapter 3 Presents a profile of the proposed project, the rules for participation of the beneficiary community in the project, the project cost and financing plan, and the project implementationschedule.

Chapter 4 Presents the baseline data on relevant environmentalcomponents in the State in general and with specific reference to the project / pilot districts. The baseline data formed the basis for identification of the environmentalissues related to the proposed project.

Chapter 5 Deals with the Public Consultations organized in six pilot GPs, two each in the districts of Belgaum, Dharwad and Gulburga. On a suggestion from the World Bank, two additional Public Consultation meetings were held in a typical fluoride affected GP of Gadag district. The environmental issues that emerged during these public consultations and the recommended mitigatory measures have been summarised along with the detailed proceedings.

Chapter 6 In this Chapter an attempt has been made to analyze altematives to the proposed project including the 'no project' scenario and to compare the environmental impacts of these alternativesvis-a-vis the 'follow- on' project.

Chapter 7 Analyses the potential environmental impacts, primary, secondary, beneficial, adverse etc. due to the proposed project activities during the preparatory,construction and operational phases of the project.

Chapter 8 Describes the environmental management plan (EMP) for mitigating the adverse impacts and enhancing the beneficial impacts of the project along with agencies responsible for mitigatory action. Appropriate environmental performance indicators have been proposed which could be integrated with other indicators to be used as tools to assess the project performance.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnviromnental Analysis Study- Final Report 1.4 0H

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1 EA Requirementsfor Projects Proposed for IDA Funding

Considering the type, location, sensitivity and the scale of the project as well as the nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, the proposed KRWS&ESP-II has been classified by the Bank as Category 'B' requiring Environmental Analysis (EA) only. The overall impact of the project on human population and the environment is expected to be positive, and in most cases of potentially adverse impacts, if any, the mitigative measures can be designed easily so as to improve environmentalperformance.

As per OP 4.01 of the Bank, the EA process requires that the project affected groups and the local non-governmentalorganisations (NGOs) are consulted about the project'senvironmental aspects and their views are taken into account in the design of the project. Prior to the consultations, relevant information regarding the project's objectives,description and potential impacts is provided to the project affected groups and local NGOs. In the bottom-up planning process adopted in the formulation of the proposed KRWS&ESP-II, the above requirementshave been fulfilled in the pilot GPs of the three districts, viz Dharwad, Belgaum and Gulbarga and are in progress in the rest of the project districts. The report on the EA study, when completed, should be made accessible to the affected groups and local NGOs. Public availability in the borrowing country and official receipt of the EA report by the Bank are pre-requisites to Bank appraisal of the project.

2.2 National Policy and Guidelineson Environment

The Indian Constitution (Article 48-A) enjoins the "States to take measures to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country". Article 51 A(g) of the Constitution also makes it a "fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have ecologicalcompassion for the living creatures".

The statement of Industrial Policy issued on 24h July 1991 also stipulatesthat the pursuit of the objectives of the Industrial Policy, will be tempered by the need to preserve the environment and ensure efficient use of available resources.

2.2.1 The National Water Policy (1987)

Recognising that water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and precious national asset, the policy provides for the following guidelines in planning

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.1 and operation of water resources projects as relevant in the context of the proposed project.

* "Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed and conserved as such, and on an integrated and environmentallysound basis, keeping in view the needs of the States concerned."

* "Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfers from one river basin to another, based on a national perspective, after taking into accountthe requirements of the areas / basins."

* "Water resource development projects should, as far as possible, be planned and developed as multipurposeprojects. Provision for drinking water should be a primary consideration. The projects should provide for irngation, flood mitigation, hydro-electric power generation, navigation, pisciculture and recreation wherever possible."

* "The study of the impact of a project during construction and later, on human lives, settlements, occupations, economic and other aspects should be an essential component of project planning."

* "In the planning, implementationand operation of projects, the preservationof the quality of environment and the ecological balance should be a primary consideration. The adverse impact, if any, on the environment should be minimised and should be off-set by adequate compensatorymeasures."

* "There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, formulation, clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment treatment and management,environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area development."

* "Special efforts should be made to investigate and formulate projects either in or for the benefit of areas inhabited or tribal or other specially disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. In other areas also, project planning should pay special attention to the needs of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections of society."

* "In the planning and operationof systems, water allocation priorities should be broadly as follows:

- Drinking water - Irrigation - Hydro-power - Navigation - Industrial and other uses

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 2.2 However, these priorities might be modified if necessary in particular regions with reference to area specific considerations."

* "There should be a close integration of water-use and land-use policies."

2.2.2 Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Government of India Requirements

The Ministry- of Environment & Forests is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the Central Government for the planning, promotion and coordination of environmental and forestry programmes. The smooth functioning of developmentalefforts is specifically facilitated by the following legislative measures of the Ministry of Environment& Forests:-

- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 - Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - Water (Prevention and Controlof Pollution) Act, 1974 - Water (Prevention and Controlof Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 - Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 - The Environment (Protection)Act, 1986 - The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991

With the Ministry's EnvironmentImpact Assessment Notification of 1994 (as amended on May 4, 1994) under the Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986, environmentalclearance from the Central Government is mandatory for expansion or modemisationof any activity, if pollution load is to exceed the existing one and also for new projects listed in Schedule -1 (Annexure2.1) of the Notification. By another Notification dated April 10, 1997 the MoEF, Government of India have made 'Public Hearing' mandatory for environmental clearance of projects and has laid down the procedure for the same.

Further, the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India notifies certain areas as ecologically sensitive I fragile areas from time to time and all developmental projects to be located in these notified areas need to obtain environmental clearance from the Central Govemment irrespective of whether they are listed under Schedule - I of the EIA Notification or not. Besides these, Land Use Planning and Zoning is executed in accordancewith local legislation(s)

2.3 State Level Requirements

The Government of Karnataka have adopted most of environmental legislations enacted by the MoEF, Government of India as listed above. In addition, the State have enacted their own legislations as necessary.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.3 At the State level, the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) is responsible for implementing these legislations as well as issuing the rules, regulations and notifications thereof, which prescribe the standards for emission and effluents of air and water pollutants and noise levels. Some of the other Acts which are relevant in the context of the proposedproject are as follows: i) The Karnataka Land Tenure Act, 1976 under which any surplus land. is designated as government land which can be converted as Common Resource Property by the village community. ii) The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of Certain Lands) Act, 1978 which provides for the protection of economic interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and to ensure social equality.

2.4 Status of KRWS&ESP-II from Environmental angle

The proposed KRWS&ESP-IIdoes not fall under any of the project categories listed in Schedule-i of the EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Notification and hence does not require any formal environmentalclearance of the MoEF, Govt. of India. Neither the project area has been notified as ecologically sensitive / fragile under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Likewise, there are no state level clearances required for the proposed project from environmentalconsiderations.

2.5 Karnataka Policy on Rural Water Supply

2.5.1 Early Development (1954-1980)

The rural water supply sector policy in Karnataka has been evolving in tune with the developmentsin the policy at the national level. Since Rural Water Supply and Sanitation(RWSS) is a state subject, funds for the development of the sector have been provided in the annual state budgets, starting with the First Five Year Plan under the 'National Water Supply and Sanitation Prograrnme', introduced in the Social Welfare Sector in 1954. During the initial years, the programme mainly concentrated on the construction of open wells in habitations having no drinking water wells and where the number of open wells was not adequate. These works were being executed with people's participation.

During the 1960s, only easy habitations were being attended to leaving the difficult habitations. Recurring droughts in the state made the situation worse with the falling ground water table, drying up of open wells resulting in acute scarcity of drinking water. At this juncture, the state government felt the need to develop deep bore wells particularly in hard-core habitations. Measures for the development of ground water were initiated in 1966, when an independent Directorate of Ground water Supply and Investigation Unit in the Department of Mines and Geology was

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.4 created. A bore wells programmewas started by the Government of Karnataka (GoK) through the Minor Irrigation and Public Health Engineering Department in 1971, with assistance from UNICEF. Thus, in the late 1960's there was a marked shift in emphasis from constructionof open wells to bore wells.

For effective implementationof the programmes it was necessary to identify areas of water scarcity and to lay down priorities. The following criteria were adopted for identification of "difficult" habitations:

> Habitations without any sources of water or where the sources of water were inadequate; > Habitations having no source of water within a distance of I mile (1.6 kms.) > Habitations where source of water was available at more than 50 ft below ground level; > Habitations where availablewater was chemically contaminated; > Habitations where sources of water were not perennial; and > Habitations where water-borne diseaseswere endemic.

A policy decision was made which stipulated that one bore well for every 250 population be provided on the assumptionthat one bore well would yield 10,000 litres per day to meet the demand of 250 persons @ 40 litres per capita per day (lpcd)

With the introduction of the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) in 1972-1973 by the Government of India with 100% grant-in-aid to the states, greater emphasis was placed on coverage of difficult habitations in the state. The programme was withdrawn after 1973-1974, following the introduction of Minimum Needs Programme under the Fifth Five Year Plan. The slow progress achieved by the states in the supply of safe drinking water to the rural population under the Minimum Needs Programme led to the reintroduction of ARWSP in 1977-1978.

During the year 1980, at the instance of the Govemment of India, the state government conducted a survey to identify problem habitations based on criteria suggested by them. Three categoriesof problem habitations were identified:

Category-1. Habitations with no water source or where water was not available within 50 ft. below ground level;

Category-2. Habitationswhere the water was chemically contaniinated; and

Category-3. Habitations where water-bome diseases like cholera, typhoid, gastroenteritis, guinea-worm etc. were endemic. Accordingly, habitations falling under each of the three categories were identified as on April 1, 1980.

KRWS&ESP-I1 Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.5 With the introduction of the ZPs and Mandal Panchayats in 1987 the PHED was reorganized. Implementation of rural water supply and sanitation programmes now stood transferred to the ZPs. Nevertheless, all matters with regard to planning, design, technical guidance and monitoring were retained at the divisional and the state level of the Department of Public Health Engineering.

With the changing emphasis on prioritization, the problem habitations were again identified as on April 1, 1985. As per the new criteria, the number of problem habitations increased to 37,135 as on April 1985 out of the total habitations of 52,623. The policy of the State Governmentwas to bring the service level of 25 lpcd within a time frame which would be enhanced to 40 Ipcd in future, depending upon the availability of funds. With the Central Government's increasing concern that only the main villages were being served, while hamlets were neglected, the service levels in hamlets became the next area of policy emphasis. With the introduction of the concept of hamlets in 1991, a survey was initiated again by the Central Government to identify problem villages and hamlets surroundingthe main villages.

2.5.2 The Mission Approach

With the launching of the National Drinking Water Mission in 1986 (later renamed Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission in 1991), the policy of coverage of problem habitations was reinforcedwith complementaryobjectives.

;' To cover residual problem habitationsas on 01/04/1986 > To evolve an appropriate technologymix B> To improve performance and cost effectivenessof the on-going schemes > To create awareness among villagerson the use of safe drinking water > To take measures for the sustainabilityof the sources and the systems.

Other important areas of emphasis of the "Mission Approach" were tackling water quality problems, sustainability of sources and systems, eradication of guinea worm infestation, etc., under the Sub-Mission on Water Quality. This kind of an approach and policy emphasis continued till 1998.

The year 1998 marked a radical shift in approach when the Central Government issued a new set of 'Guidelines for Implementation of Rural Water Supply Programme'. The new guidelines marked a "qualitative shift from a supply driven approach to a demand responsive approach".

With this background in the RWSS sector so far, Karnataka has gone for a major policy shift, having adopted the Panchayati Raj Institutional process. Prior to this, the ZPs were responsible for maintenance of Rural Water Supply Schemes. As per, the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act, 1993, the operation and maintenance of Rural Water Supply Schemes is now one of the statutoryresponsibilities of GPs. In keeping with the provisions of the Act, the GOK has transferred the operation and

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.6 maintenance of all Mini Water Supply Schemes (MWS) and Piped Water Supply (PWS) Schemes to the GPs. The responsibilityfor the maintenance of all hand pumps has been vested with the TPs to ensure economies of scale and also to ensure that trained manpower are easily available.Such partial cost sharing is also proposed to be withdrawn, making the GPs responsiblefor meeting 100% O&M cost by collecting user charges through Village Water and SanitationCommittees.

The policy of promoting the 'user pays' principle is gaining momentum in the extemally-aided and Govemment of India backed RWSS project (the World Bank assisted Integrated Rural Water Supply & EnvironmentalSanitation, the Netherlands and the DANIDA aided Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project) in the State, wherein capital cost sharing by the beneficiarieshas been introduced. Thus, the state of Karnataka is way ahead of other states in the country as far as initiatives to bring about reforms that will promote sustainabilityof such a vital service as rural water supply.

2.5.3 Policy in the New Millennium

In the new millennium, the GOK proposes to adopt a policy which will be a judicious mix of demand responsiveapproach instead of supply driven approach with due regard to the obligatory function of the Government in providing a vital service, such as potable water supply. The following elements will constitute the essence of such a policy.

Coverage and Service Level

The government of Karnataka has adopted a policy of providing at least 55 Ipcd of water supply in rural areas of Karnataka. All Partially Covered Habitations (PCHs), i.e., habitations with present water supply level less than 55 lpcd are to be upgraded to the supply level of at least 55 Ipcd by the year 2005. Further, all Partially Covered Habitations as well as Fully Covered Habitations (FCHs) are to be provided with water free from quality problems meeting the water quality prescribed by the Govemment of India by the year 2005. Water supply is to be made available within a distance of 1/2km from habitationsin plains and 50 meters elevation in hilly areas.

Order of Prioritv

Habitations with severe deficit in water supply level as well as the habitations facing acute quality problem shall be accorded the highest priority. The remaining habitations are proposed to be covered as per norms following a Demand Responsive Approachso as to achieve the goal of coverageof all the habitations by the year 2005.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.7 Selection of Sources

Ground water sources free from quality problems are to be given highest preference as sources for rural water supply schemes. Concurrently, appropriate ground water recharge measures will be implemented to promote sustainability of source. Surface sources, wherever available are to be considered particularly in areas where ground water sources are severely affected with quality problems. Problematic hard-core areas may be covered with multi-village schemes. The per capita capital cost and the 0 & M cost are to be the guiding factors in the selection of sources and in designing schemes keeping in view the community preference.

Tvpes of Water Supply Schemes

The following types of water supply schemes will be designed for rural water supply.

1 Habitation with population less than Bore Wells with Hand Pumps (BWs 500 in plains and less than 350 in hilly with HPs) areas One BW per 100 population 2 Habitation with population more than Mini Water Supply Scheme (MWSS) 500 and less than 1000 in plains and more than 350 and less than 700 in hilly areas 3 Habitation with population more than Piped Water Supply Scheme (PWSS) 1000 in plains and more than 700 in with provision of individual house

____ hilly areas service connection.

The type of scheme shall be selected based on the present population, whereas population for 2021 is to be considered while designing the capacity of the Piped Water Supply Schemes.

TechnoloM Choice

Innovative and non-conventional technologies such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis etc are to be promoted with IEC campaign to ensure community awareness, particularly in hard-core problematic villages.

Proiect Planning and Design

The Rural Development Engineering Department (RDED) and the Zilla Panchayat Engineering Divisions (ZPEDs) are to be strengthened and trained in modem methods of design, quality control and preparation of project reports. Private Sector Consultants and Technical Education Institutions are to be encouraged to act the technical assistance partners to ZPs in the construction of water supply schemes and to GPs who will assume the responsibility of water supply nanagement.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.8 The Delivery System

The State Government will promote and facilitate participation of the NGOs and the private sector and enable Panchayat Raj Institutions and user communitiesto take on a lead role in decision-making. GPs shall be the nodal agencies for water supply management. The actual construction of water supply schemes shall be carried out through private sector contractorsor Government agencies like Karnataka Land Army Corporation (KLAC) under the supervision of ZPED and RDED. The GPs and the village water supply and sanitation committees shall be associated in planning and executing the water supply schemes.

Water Oualitv Monitoring and Surveillance

All the district level laboratories are to be strengthened and made functional for monitoring the water quality. All sources of water supply are proposed to be tested for quality twice a year.

Sustainability of Sources

Ground water recharge measures shall be adopted near all ground water sources of Piped and Mini Water Supply schemes as part of water supply projects. Up to 20% of funds for the water supply sector shall be allocated for such measures in the case of existing Piped and Mini Water Supply Schemes. In this context, the following medium and long term measures will be considered.

* To regulate indiscriminate ground water withdrawal by enacting appropriate legislation; * lToprotect resources against quality degradation; * To adopt appropriate measures for augmenting recharge of ground water aquifers; * To resort to watershed development programmes aimed at soil and water conservationby arresting the run-off; * To resort to desiltation of the tank and reservoir systems of the State and catchment area development through micro-watershedmanagement; * To resort to afforestation of deforested areas; * To conserve water through rain water harvesting wherever possible.

Capital Cost Sharing and Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

The GPs are responsible for O&M of all water supply schemes except bore wells with hand pumps. The hand pumps are maintained by TPs to ensure economies of scale. Moreover trained manpower and services for maintenance of bore wells with hand pumps are not available in market. The responsibilityfor maintenance of

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.9 hand pumps may be transferred to GPs after building up the required technical skills and financial capability at the village level.

The goals of policy reforms in capital cost sharing and O&M are as follows:

Scheme Type Capital Cost O&M Sharing I Habitations only with BWs NIL By TP with HPs (Population< 500) 2 Habitations only with MWSS By GPs through (Populationbelow 1000) NIL VWSCs meeting 100% O&M costs 3 PWSS / PWSS with MWSS/ 10% of capital cost By GPs through PWSS with BWs with HPs to be contributed by VWSCs meeting 100%

______the user community O&M costs

2.6 KarnatakaLegislation on Groundwater

The proposed Kamataka Ground Water (Regulation for Protection of Sources of Drinking Water) Bill, 1999 (Annexure2.2) is in consonance with the Model Bill circulated to all the states in the year 1990-1991by the Government of India. The Act has since been passed.

The proposed Kamataka Act is very similar in its content to that of the Maharastra Act. The following is a summary of the several regulatory measures proposed in the Act. i) Sinking a well for the purpose of extracting or drawing water within a distance of 500 meters from a public drinking water source without obtaining permission of Appropriate Authorityis prohibited. ii) The Appropriate Authority, in times of water scarcity may declare an area to be a water scarcity area for such period as may by specified in the order, but not exceedingone year at a time. iii) Upon declarationof any area as water scarcity area the Appropriate Authority may order for restricting or prohibitingextraction for any purpose where such a well is within 500 meters of the public drinking water source. iv) The Appropriate Authority on the advice of the technical officer may declare a watershed as over exploited watershed. v) The Appropriate Authority shall have powers to prohibit sinking of welis in over exploited watersheds.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - FinalReport 2.10 vi) If the Appropriate Authority is satisfied that any existing well in area of an over exploited watershed is already affecting any public drinking water source may prohibit the extraction of water from such well during the period from February to July every year and other incidental matters.

Review of the Act

A comparative review of the Model Bill, the Maharastra Act xxvm of 1993, and the proposed Kerala and Karnataka Acts brings out the following observations. i) The proposed Karnataka Act does not provide for registratioriof existing wells as proposed in the Model Bill. Registration of existing wells, if made mandatory, will generate valuable information to the Authority regarding the number of existing wells to realistically estimate the ground water draft from these wells. This information will enable the Authority to identify areas of over exploitation and to initiate appropriate action under the provisions of the Act. The inclusion of this provision in the Act is, therefore, recommended. ii) In the last sentence of Section 8, the word "five months" has to be corrected as "six months". iii) Section 9 of the proposed Act provides for closing down of existing well in an area of an over-exploited watershed.

The Section 12: Payment of Compensation stipulates that the payment of compensation to the owner shall not exceed the depreciated value of the well and the structure there on. This clause does not appear to be a fair dispensation to the owner of the well. The minimum compensation should be equal to the market value of the well and the structures there on, as provided for in the Maharastra Act.

Further, if the owner of the well has been traditionally using the facility and if it is the only source on which he sustains his agriculture, the compensation should be equal to a sum which will yield annually an income equivalent to that he would have obtained had he continued to use the well.

iv) The proposed Act is only regulatory in its approach. It should be pro-active and include provisions for water conservation (ground water recharge) measures to be undertakenby the concerned department.

2.7 Emerging Rural Sanitation Policy of Karnataka Preamble Poor sanitation is one of the most visible signs of backwardness of rural Karnataka. Wherever the villages consist of dense clusters of houses (as distinct from

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report - 2.11 habitations with scattered houses in hilly areas) it is common to see in the viscinity of dwelling houses heaps of cow dung and garbage, as also stagnant pools and ditches with sullage and sometimes human excreta.

Most of the village streets are not paved which makes them dusty during the dry season and slushy during the monsoons. The use of traditional cook stoves and fuel which emit a great deal of smoke makes the interiors of the dwelling houses unclean. The main issues to be addressed in this regard would include the safe disposal of human excreta, sullage and storm water drainage, removal of manure heaps from the vicinity of dwelling houses, paving of internal roads and streets and providing improved chulhas to enable rural households to do their cooking in a smoke free atmosphere. In this backdrop, the Government of Karnataka has formulated its rural sanitation policy as described in the following paragraphs.

The Panchasutras of Rural Sanitation

In order to improve the environmental sanitation of the villages in Karnataka, the Government proposes to adopt an integrated approach of total sanitation for clean villages (Swachcha Grama). The scheme will consist of five elements - "Pancha Sutras". These are:

1. Paving of internal roads and streets in the village; 2. Construction of efficient sullage and storm water drainage; 3. Provision of community compost yards and removal of manure pits from the dwelling areas of the village; 4. Provision of smokeless chulhas / bio-gas for all households; 5. Construction of household latrines / group latrines with individual ownership, community latrine complexes, and institutional latrines in schools.

Paving of Internal Roads and Streets

Most of the villages located in the plains of Karnataka consist of dense clusters of dwelling houses with a network of internal roads and streets/ lanes. These streets I lanes are usually very narrow with adequate space only for the movement of bullock carts and cattle. They are unpaved and tend to become very dusty during the dry months and slushy during the monsoons. They present unsightly condition and pose health hazards. It is proposed to provide Asphalt surface for all main roads, Macadam / gravel surface for all lanes, and granite stone slab / brick paving for all by- lanes. Macadam roads are provided for all lanes to facilitate movement of bullock carts with wheels having iron rims.

Sullage and Storm Water Drains

In most of the villages in the State, the sullage is commonly let on to the streets, which results in the streets remaining slushy and dirty most of the time. Pools

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.12 of such sullage also act as breeding places for mosquitoes further endangering the health of the inhabitants. This problem is compounded by the absence of stormnwater drains particularlyin village located in clayey soils of Northern Kamataka.

Construction of properly designed network of sullage and storm water drains (along with soak pits wherever necessary) will be an important part of promoting integrated village sanitation. Constructionof sullage and storm water drains shall be linked to the paving / resurfacing of the streets. The drains shall be so designed that they shall finally lead off to a selected place outside the village to prevent stagnation of wastewaterin the-village.

Community Compost Yards and Removal of Manure Pits

The rural households mostly depend on agriculture and value the manure derived from cow dung and garbage. It is common to see dumps of cow dung and garbage on any open space near their dwelling houses and often with in the household living area. The non-availability of earmarked space for manure pits outside the village and lack of knowledge of scientific composting have made these manure pits eyesores in every village and resulted in poor and insufficient compostingof valuable organic wastes. Improper / indiscriminatedisposal of household solid waste, garbage and cow dung creates breeding places for flies, insects, etc attracting rodents.

Under the Total Village Sanitation approach, community compost yards will be identified outside the dwelling areas of the village where separate compost pits will be allotted to each household. The GPs will ensure that each household shifts its manure dump to the allotted area in the community compost yards. The GPs will also be enabled to acquire lands for community compost yards wherever common lands are not available for the purpose.

In this arrangement,each household could have their designated bins / pits at a common location at a reasonable distance from the village. The villagers would transport their household collections by means of cart / trolley etc. and utilize the composted manure from their pits after a period of time. The people will be trained in scientific composting of manure to make the new compost yards a profitable experiment for the users.

Smokeless Chuihas / Bio-Gas Plants

Rural households commonly use bio fuels like fuel wood, cow dung cakes, etc., for cooking. These fuels emit large quantities of smoke, which makes the domestic environmentin the rural households very unhealthy. Poor ventilationin the dwelling houses combined with the use of smoke emitting fuels in the kitchen causes upper respiratory infections and conjunctivitis particularly among women and children.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.13 Specially designed smokelesschulhas with chimneys are being provided under the National Programme for Improved Chulhas, which is being implemented by the Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. The new rural sanitation strategy will integrate the promotion of smokeless chulhas with the other elements of Integrated Village Sanitation. Every village covered under the programme will be converted into a smokeless village with each house being provided with an appropriatesmokeless chulhas or wherever feasible, a bio-gasplant.

Construction of Latrines

Safe sanitation systems suitable for different soil types encountered in the project districts will be implemented as an essential element of total village sanitation. The sanitation systems would comprise one of the followingdepending upon the local conditions

* Twin pit hand pour flush household latrines. * Twin pit hand pour flush group latrines with individual ownership. * Communitylatrine complex. * Institutionallatrines (school sanitation, etc.,)

Household latrines

Household latrines will be promoted in all the houses, which have minimum space to construct a twin pit pour flush latrine or a single pit pour flush latrine if the space available with the user households is not sufficient for constructionof a twin pit latrine.

Group latnines with individual ownership

For rural households who do not have minimum space to construct household latrine within their premises, group latrines of suitable design will be promoted whereverland is availablewith GPs or where villagers donate land near the houses of people willing to take up ownership with maintenanceresponsibility of such latrines.

Community Latrine complex

Promotion of household latrines has not been. possible in many villages, especially in Northern Karnataka for the following reasons:

1. Lack of space 2. Closely built clusters of houses 3. Non-affordabilityamong poorest of the poor, 4. Unsuitabilityof the site due to rocky strata or waterlogging. 5. Reluctanceof people to have latrines located next to or within their houses.

KRWS&ESP-11 Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.14 In such cases it is essential to promote community latrine complex in. the villages as part of the Total Village Sanitation Programme. The GPs should be made responsible for ensuring regular water supply as well as proper maintenance of the community complexes. If necessary, users will have to be motivated to pay a minimum charge for using the latrines, either twice a year or once a year according to their capacity, so that 'pay and use' concept is inculcated in their rninds. The user charges to be collected may be decided in the Grama Sabha. The GP may allow women and children as well as the poorest of the poor to use the toilet without charging.

Institutional Latrine

It will be made mandatory for village institutions such as GPs, Anganwadis, schools and co-operative societies, to have their own Institutional Latrines. These institutions will ensure proper use and maintenance of latrines by providing adequate water supply and regular cleaning.

School Sanitation Programme

School children who are provided with better sanitation facilities at school will be able to carry the message to their families and communities. Thus, it is a good strategy to promote rural sanitation by creating awareness and imparting knowledge to the school children on health and hygiene practices.

There are about 46,900 primary schools in the State with about 82.00 lakhs children in the age group of 5 to 13 years. The State is contemplating provision of facilities for School Sanitation in at least 2000 schools per year starting with 2000-2001. Schools in the villages will be provided with the required number of latrines and urinals separately for boys and girls. The GPs will construct the school latrine complex in all Higher Primary and Higher Secondary Schools. The school authorities will ensure the proper use and maintenance of these facilities with the active involvement of the teachers and students. The periodical repairs will be carried out byGP/TP/ZP.

The Chief Executive Officer, Z.P. will make necessary arrangements through the concerned Deputy Director of Public Instruction of the District to ensure that all private educational institutions also construct the required number of latrines and urinals with regular water supply facilities and ensure their proper use and maintenance.

Rural Sanitary Mart

The demand for household latrines has been very encouraging under the Nirmala Grama Yojana and in all the externally aided projects. Local institutions such as the Primary Agricultural co-operative societies, Taluk Agricultural Produce Co-

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.15 operative Marketing Societies, NGOs, CBOS, Self Help Groups, Mahila Swasthya Sanghas, DWACRA groups, etc will be encouraged to open Rural Sanitary Marts wherever necessary.

Environmental Sanitation

Dustbins

The GPs will ensure that every household disposes of biodegradable household waste in the compost yard and non-bio degradable waste to dust bins. The GPs will also make necessary arrangementsfor regular cleaning of dustbins to prevent possible health hazards.

Washing Platforms

Women washing clothes and men cleaning domestic animals at public water points are very common sights in the villages. Such unhealthy practices cause water- borne diseases, which are almost endemic in certain areas due to stagnation of water and cesspools. In black cotton soil areas, even to collect water for drinking and cooking becomes difficult around water collection points. In order to avoid this undesirable practice, adequate number of washing platforms will be provided along with small water storage tanks and proper lead off to the drain.

IEC for Attitudinal Chane

An intensive and sustained IEC Programme will be necessary to not only increase peoples awareness and knowledge about various aspects of sanitation, but also to create an effective demand for these services so that the people value the facilities adequately to contribute part of the capital cost and take responsibility for their future maintenance. A detailed strategy for conducting EEC Programmes involving NGOs and the GPs needs to be worked out to make Total Village Sanitation a success.

Capital cost contribution and maintenance The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act provides that creation and maintenance of rural sanitation facilities in rural areas shall be the responsibilityof GPs. There(jie, the GPs shall be made the focal point for implementationof the Village Sanitation measures. The GPs shall be responsible for planning, implementation, project fund management and maintenanceof sanitation facilities in the villages.

2.8 Legislative Measuresto Promote Rural Sanitation

The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act, 1993 lists "maintenance of general sanitation, cleaning of public roads, drains, tanks, wells and other public places, and

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.16 construction and maintenance of public latrines" among the functions of the Grama Panchayats (Section 58 and Schedule I entry XVI) "Implementation of Rural Sanitation Schemes" and "Promotion of drinking water and rural sanitation programmes" are also listed among the functions of Taluk and Zilla Panchayats respectively. (Schedule II entry DXand Schedule HI entry X). Keeping in view the good response to the Nirmala Grama Yojana started in 1995, and the need for involving elected Panchayats in the task of promoting rural sanitation, the State Legislature amended the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act in 1997 to make it mandatory for every elected Member of a Panchayat to provide a sanitary latrine for the use of his / her household. - Those who did not provide the facility could suffer disqualification from their membershipof the Panchayat. Further, having a sanitary latrine at home is also made a mandatory requirement for contesting Panchayat elections in the State. These widely debated, and contested,legislative changes have resulted in increasing the level of awareness among the elected Members of Panchayats about the need for promoting rural sanitation, and about their own responsibility in this regard. It is estimated that over 45,000 elected members undertook the construction of sanitary latrines with assistance from Government after the above legislative changes came into force.

Mandatora functionsof PR Institutions

The 1997 amendment to the PanchayatRaj Act have also enlarged the role of the GPs and TPs in rural sanitation to identify the following among their "mandatory" functions:- Grama Panchavats

(a) Providing sanitary latrines to not less than ten per cent of the households every year and achieve full coverage as early as possible; (b) Constructing adequate number of community latrines for the use of men and women, and maintainingthem; (c) Providing sanitation and proper drainage; and (d) Earmarking places away from the dwelling houses for dumping refuse and manure ( Section 58, KarnatakaPanchayat Raj Act, 1993).

Taluk Panchavats

(a) Constructionof individual and community sanitary latrines; (b) Providing adequate number of class rooms and maintaining primary school buildings in proper conditionwith water supply and sanitation;and (c) Acquiring land for locating manure pits away from dwelling houses in the villages ( Section 145 of KarnatakaPanchayat Raj Act, 1993).

KRWS&ESP-1I Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.17 2.9 Rural Water Supply & SanitationSector Administration The responsibilities for water management in rural areas are shared by the followingauthorities. - Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department, Rural Development EngineeringDepartment (RDED), and the Zilla Panchayat(ZPs). - Irrigation Department. - Departmentof Mines and Geology, Departmentof Industries and Commerce - State WatershedDevelopment Programme, Department of Agriculture. This constellation does not appear to be conducive to an integrated water resources managementand capable of meeting competingdemands.

At the state level, the subject of rural water supply and sanitation comes under the purview of the Ministry of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. A broad frame work of administrativeset-up for rural water supply and sanitationis shown in Fig 2.1 The RD&PR Department is the Nodal Agency for policy formulation, programme implementationand monitoring and evaluation of all rural development activities in the State. This department has several wings to look after the sub-sectorprogrammes.

Rural Water Suply Wing. This wing has two sub wings - one for the External Aided Projects of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation and the other for the regular Rural Water Supply and Sanitation,which is now called as KarnatakaDrinking WaterMission. The Rural Development EngineeringDepartment under the Engineer-in-Chief is responsiblefor the implementationand monitoringof all the rural water supply and sanitation programmes of the state and the central schemes. The organizational structure of the RDED is presented in Fig 2.2.

Proiect Plannine and Monitoring Unit

This unit oversees the activities of all the external aided projects in the RWSS sector. The unit is headed by a Director and supportedby other hardware (technical), software & administrative personnel (Fig.2.3). They plan, implement and monitor the activitiesof all the agencies involved in the project. The unit reviews the physical and financial progress of the project regularly and feports to the government and the World Bank, New Delhi. The execution, operation and maintenance of rural water supply schemes is the responsibilityof ZPs. All field level offices of the RDED, PWD and H&FWD have since been placed under the ZPs. The institutional linkage for rural water supply at district level is shown in Fig 2.4. The maintenanceof all piped water supply schemes rests with TPs. However, major repairs requiriilg special skills are carried out by the Sub-Divisionaloffices of ZP engineering divisions.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.18 Fig. 2.1

TE ADMINISTRATIVE CHART OF THE RD & PR DEPARTMENT

DEVELOPMENT COMMISSIONER U

SECRETARY RD & PR DEPARTMENT

DIRECTORS Deputy Secretary (Administration) 1. Area Development Programme

2. Special Economic Programme IFA

3. Rural Energy Programme

4. Rural Water Joint Director Supply (Monitoring & Supl Evaluation) 5. Project Planning & Monitoring Unit

6. Panchayat Raj Engineer-in-Chief RDED

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.19

< ~~RURALDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING DEPART

- 4; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fig.2.2

| ~ENGINEER-IN-CHIEF

SE, Rl)ED SE, RDED SE, RDED SE, RDED SE, RDED SE,RDED SE, RDED SE, RllED SE, RDED CIRCI,E CIRCLE CIRCI.E CIRCLE Mangalore Bellary Davanagere Dharwad World ISaink Bangalore Mysore Belgaum Gulburga I I.

Bangalore (U) Mysore B|lgaUm Gulburga Mangalore Bellary Shimoga Dlarwad Bangalore (R) C.R. Nagar Bijapur Bidar Udupi Raichur Devanagere Gadag Tumkur l Mandya | | Bagalkot Kodagu Koppal Chitradurga llaveri Kolar llassan Chc - 0 J KarwarS f

Division 1.Bangalore(R) IIF I F ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2.Tumkur

EE-ZPED EE. ZPED EE.ZPED | E.EZPED |EE-ZPEDZ EE-| ZPED EE. ZPED 4.Mysore S.Mandya 1. Bangalore (R) 1. Mysore 1. Belgaum | .Gulburga 1.Mangalore H I.Bellary I. Shimoga 1.Dharwad 6.11assan 2. Bangalore (U) 2. C.R.Nagar 2. Chikkodi 2. Yadgir 2.Udupi 2.11adagali 2.Sagar 2.Gadag 7.Mangalore 3. Kolar 3. K.R.Nagar 3. Bijapur 3.Bidar 3.Kodagu 3.Raichur 3. Chitradurga 3.1laverl 8.Belgaum 4. Tumkur 4. Mandya 4. Bagalkot 4.C-Magalur 4.Koppal 4. Davangere 4.Karwar 9.Gulburga 5. Ramnagar llsa 5. .Ilarappana- 5.Sirsi IO.Bidar 6. C.B. Pur 6. C.R.Patna halli I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1.Raichur 7. Madhurigi 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2.Bellary

KRWS&ESP-11 Envirmnmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.20 Fig. 2.3

,[ Zilla Panchayat |

// ~~CentralGround / / / ~Water Board

RD & PR DEPARTMENT Directorateox / ~~~~Health & Family Welfare Services

PPMU \ 4 ~~Development J

Directorate of 1__ _ Mines & Geology

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.21 Fig.2.4

INSTITUTIONALLINKAGE (RWS SECTOR) - DISTRICT LEVEL

Chief Planning Watershed Department Department of Offlcer Mines & Geology

* only inrespectofWorldBakAssistePDistrict Health RWDistrictProjnetaAl t Laboratory ManagementUinit / / A

T ~~~~~ ~~ZILLA_ District Health L- ~~PANCHAYAT_

|*NGO \/

Granchayat Engineering v ~ ~~~~F Division

EngieeringSub-Division

*only in respect of World Bank Assisted KIRW&ESP

KRWS&ESP-11 Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report t. Administrative Responsibilities

Under the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act of 1993, which is a comprehensive enactment to establish a three tier Panchayat Raj system in the state, one of the main functions of GP is to provide drinking water. The responsibility for construction, repairs and maintenance of drinking water wells, tanks and ponds, prevention and control of water pollution and maintenanceof rural water supply schemes rests with the gram panchayats. The GPs staff have full powers for providing adequate water supply to the area under its control. It has to ensure pure and sufficient supply of water for public and private purposes. The GP can set apart any tank or well, stream or spring for obtaining drinking water and can prohibit bathing, washing of clothes and animals, for preventing pollution of water. The GP has full powers to make bye- laws regarding provision of water supply. It has also powers to prohibit use of water from certain sources during epidemics.

The TPs, among other functions, shall be responsible for establishment, repairs and maintenance of rural water supply schemes, prevent and control water pollution and implementationof rural sanitation schemes.

The functions of ZP include promotion of drinking water and sanitation programme. The Act also empowers heads of departmentsconcerned and the officers in charge of the department at divisional level to inspect water or other development schemes, relating to that department, under the control of any ZP, TP or GP. The scope of such inspections may cover technical aspects including feasibility, economic viability,technical quality of works and the expendituresbeing incurred. The notes of inspections of such officers are forwarded to the Chief Executive Officer of ZP for appropriate action.

However, the Act does not have any provision for monitoring the quality of water, or setting up of laboratories to test the quality of water. It only makes GPITP responsiblefor supply of pure drinking water.

2.10 Existing Water Quality MonitoringSystems and Facilities

Present Status

There is no agency in the State with a well defined mandate for routine water quality monitoring and control of rural water supplies. The RDED checks the potability of any newly established bore well / surface source by conducting all the tests on the water samples collected. If the quality parameters are within the prescribed limits, the source is developed and allowed to be used by the beneficiaries. If the water does not satisfy the quality requirements, new bore wells are drilled after conducting detailed geophysical survey. In areas where there is no source of good

KRWS&ESP-II Environmnental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.23 water supply people are allowed to make use of the same. Thereafter there. is no regular programmeof monitoringthe quality of water supplies.

The Office of the District Health and Family Welfare collects and analyses water samples from rural habitationsduring periodsof epidemic outbreaks of diseases or only when public complaints regarding water quality are received. The analysis of water samples is again restricted to the bacteriologicalquality only. In the year 2000, a programme of testing water quality for organized water supply schemes for 14 quality parameters has been carried out by the RDED through different agencies. This programme, however, does not include traditional sources which are commonly used in villages and the public taps.

Water Oualitv Standards

The RDED and H&FW Departmenthave adopted the drinking water standards laid down by the Bureau of India standards(IS: 10500- 1991).

Water Oualitv Testina Facilities

Many institutions in Karnataka have the facility for testing water quality. These are as follows:

1. Public Health Institute & district level public health laboratories of the Health and Family Welfare Department. 2. Department of Mines & Geology 3. Zilla Panchayats 4. Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board 5. State Pollution Control Board 6. Engineering colleges.

Laboratories of Health & Family Welfare Department( H&FWD)

The H&FWD has a total of 28 laboratoriesas mentioned below: i) A Public Health Institute at Bangalore(PHI) ii) Three DivisionalLaboratories, one each at Gulbarga, Mysore and Belgaum. iii) Five Regional Laboratories, one each at Mangalore, Chikmagalur, Chitradurga, Raichur and Dharwad iv) Nineteen District Health Laboratories (DHL) being one at each district place, except Bangalore.

The PHI at Bangalore is already conducting chemical and bacteriological analysis of water, the present capacity being 3000 samples / year for chemical analysis and 2500 samples / year for bacteriologicalanalysis.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.24 The laboratoryreceives water samples from the State and Central Govemment organizations and also from RDED, industries, private bodies, corporations and other autonomous bodies. The Institute analyses only those samples which are brought to the Institute by interested parties and has no arrangement for collection and transport of samples. The Institute has also facilities for training laboratory technicians and health inspectors free of charge, if the candidates are deputed by Government departments. Due to multiple activities of this laboratory, it was made clear that it cannot be involved in WQM activities.

The three Divisional Laboratories and five Regional Laboratories conduct analysis of food and excise samples and cannot be utilized for water testing. The 19 DHLs do not have the necessary equipment and trained staff for conducting chemical examination of water, and 6 DHLs do not have the facility for carrying out bacteriological analysis of water. Each of these laboratories is headed by a Medical Officer. According to H&FWD authorities, these District Health Laboratories, if suitably equipped and provided with trained staff, can carry out water analysis.

The State Mines & Geology Department has fairly well established district / regional laboratories and undertakes collection and analysis of ground water samples twice a year from its network of observation wells. The focus of analysis by the Department is on physico-chemicalquality (total hardness, total dissolved solids, fluoride, nitrate, iron etc.) of samples in terms of its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses only. There are no facilities for routine bacteriological analysis of water samples in these laboratories

Perhaps, the first systematic effort for establishing water quality monitoring system was made under the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission. Central assistance was provided to the State to establish district level water laboratories to enable routine water quality monitoring of rural water supplies. These laboratories have been established in almost all the district headquarters and are under the administrative control of the ZPED. Some of these laboratories are not adequately staffed with competent, well trained analysts to perform routine physico-chemicaland bacteriologicalanalyses. The present status of district level water quality monitoring laboratoriesis presented in Annexure 2.4

Laboratories of Karnataka Urban Water Supplv & Drainage Board

The Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board has four laboratories attached to 4 waterworks viz., Mysore, Belgaum, Hubli-Dharwadand Mangalore.

Laboratories of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board

The KarnatakaState Pollution Control Board has one well equipped laboratory at the head office (Bangalore). In addition, it has laboratories at Mysore, Davangere

KRWS&ESP-IIEnviromnental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.25 and Dharwad. These laboratories are used for detection of pollution in ambient waters and for analysis of effluents generatedby industriesand by communities.

Laboratories of other Institutions

The SJC Engineering College, Mysore, has a well equipped laboratory and carries out test on water samples received from the various Zilla Parishad offices in the State. This college is designated as the Regional Centre for South by the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission. There are many engineering colleges in the State which cah also carry out water analysis. They do carry out analysis for private industries who approach them.

Availability of Existing Laboratories for Water Ouality Monitoring of Rural Water Supply

During discussion with the State officers it was noted that the laboratories of the ZP's set up or to be set up under the RGNDWM, and those of the State H&FWD could only be utilized for water quality monitoringof rural water supply systems. For various reasons such as administration,co-ordination and the responsibilities involved etc. the possibility of availing the services of laboratories of other departments and private institutions was ruled out.

Now, with the decentralizationprocess initiated under the Panchayat Raj Act, the responsibility for routine O&M of rural water supply schemes rests with the GP. The GPs do not have the necessary infrastructure to take on this responsibility without the technical backup support of the RDED / Mines & Geology Department.

To develop water quality monitoring on a sustainable footing, it may be necessary to consider innovative approaches, such as creating awareness about water quality at all levels involving communitiesin water quality testing and identifying / designating separate agencies for i) water quality monitoring & control and ii) water quality surveillance.

In this context the following strategy is recommendedfor consideration.

A two tier system of water quality monitoring 1) Regular water quality testing by ZPED twice a year for complete physical, chemical and bacteriologicalparameters and 2) simple routine tests, at least once a week at the GP level for limited parameters such as pH, conductivity and residual chlorine using portable kits. There are a number of trained hand pump caretakers at village level who can be re-oriented and employed for this purpose with necessarytool kits.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.26 well sources. For supplies from surface sources the residual chlorine in the treated water should be tested daily as a surrogate parameter to assess the bacteriological safety of the supply. Whenever the residual chlorine is found to be absent even after adding chlorine, the GP will collect a sample and send it for bacteriological analysis to the district laboratory for confirmationregarding the potability of the sample. The GP will also ensure that the quality of the bleaching powder used is as per the relevant IS Specification. The portable kits should be evaluated and field tested for their performance and reliability by a competent agency before these are supplied to the GPs. Adequate funds for periodic replenishmentof consumablesrequired for the kits should be made available by the ZP. Proper record of test results should be maintainedat the GP level. Any abnormal changes in water quality parameter values should be immediately brought to the notice of the district laboratory for necessary follow up action as appropriate.

The water quality surveillance activity should be the responsibility of the District Health & Family Welfare Office which will monitor independently the quality of rural water supplies twice a year. For this purpose, the existing Public Health laboratories should be strengthenedin terms of laboratory facilities and trained chemists, who are currently not available at these laboratories. A system of record keeping and feedback on the quality of Public water supply should be in place.

KRWS&ESP^II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 2.27 THE PROJECT SETTING

3.1 Project Objectives

The objectivesof the proposed KarnatakaRWS&ESP-II are: a) To improve the quality of rural water supply and sanitation service delivery and to achieve

- Sustainabledevelopment, .* Poverty reduction, - Sustainablehealth and hygiene benefits to the rural population, - EEmpowermentand inclusion of community in general and rural poor and women in particular, and -~ Strengtheningthe democraticdecentralization process. b) To promote the long-termnsustainability of the rural water supply and sanitation sector by identifying and implementing an appropriate policy framework and strategic plan.

These objectives will be achieved by and large through:

- Adopting a demand responsive approach and use of participatory process for delivery of sustainableservice to project communities, - Phased implementation of appropriate policy and institutionalreforms for changing role of the governmentfrom provider to facilitator, - Establishing financial viability and sustainabilityof rural water supply and sanitation services, and - Promoting integrated water resource management.

3.2 Project Components

The components of the KarnatakaRWS&ESP-II are:

Infrastructure Building

Water Supply i) Rehabilitation / Upgradation of infrastructure for rural water supply [upgrading the current service level of the project villages / Gram Panchayats

KRWS&ESP-Il Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 3.1 (GPs) to a demanded level of supply of safe water (free from quality problems)], ii) Water Point and Habitat Developmentand iii) Undertaking ground water recharge measures for sustainability of ground water sources of water supply.

Sanitation i) Paving of intemal roads and streets in the village, ii) Constructionof efficient sullage and storm water drainage, iii) Provision of community compost yards and removal of manure pits from the dwelling areas of the village, iv) Provision of smokelesschulhas I bio-gas for all households, and v) Construction of household latrines, group latrines with individual ownership, community latrine complexes and institutionallatrines in schools.

Community Development and Institution Building i) Capacity building of User Groups / Women's Groups/ VWSCs/ GPs in social, technical and management aspects of planning, implementation and operation of RWSS infrastructure, ii) Targeted Women's DevelopmentProgrammes, iii) GP InstitutionalDevelopment Programmes, iv) Setting up and operation of state and district level project institutions and their capacity building, and v) Sanitation and Hygiene promotion.

Statewide Sector Development i) Studies and Programmes to enhance the state's capacity in carrying forward and scaling up sector reforms statewide and in improved management and regulation of RWSS sector, and ii) Systematic learning from Karnataka IRWS & ESP-I and GOI supported pilot projects.

3.3 Project Policy Parameters

The policy parameters outlined for the KarnatakaRWS&ESP-Il are * GPs will be the focal point for project implementation.

* The Government will set up a Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (KRWS&SA) with adequate autonomy at State level for Project Planning and Monitoring.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 3.2 At the district level, the ZPs shall be responsible for Project implementation. The KRWS&SA shall set up a dedicated multidisciplinary Project Support Unit (PSU) to assist ZPs and to act as facilitators (software, hardware and managementsupport). The Chief Executive Officer, ZP shall be responsible for the project implementationat the district level and shall be the team leader for PSU. The PSU would be responsible for monitoring and evaluation of project activities and the functioningof PSU would be integrated with ZP.

The ZP-PSU shall launch an IEC campaign about the project and its rules for all GPs and villages in project districts. The GPs and villages willing to avail the benefits of the project shall express their willingness to abide by the project rules of capital cost sharing, 100% user financed O&M, etc and register themselveswith the ZPs.

* If the demand generated is more than the number of GPs expected to register, a self selection criteria based on transparent eligibility & prioritizationnorms may be developedto decide the project GPs.

* (iGPswill be primarily responsible for planning, procurement, construction & operation and maintenanceof facilities with technical support of the ZPs.

* The GOK shall develop a Project ImplementationModel, which will consist of project institutions at State, District and GP level with clear definition of roles and responsibilities(including fund management) of these institutions during planning, implementationand O&M phases of the scheme cycle. Alternative implementation and institutional models shall be identified, analysed and a model shall be proposed for adoption in the project.

Fund Flow

* Project funds shall be released by Government of KRWS&SA to ZPs. The ZPs shall release all funds to GPs in prescribed installments. The ZP may conduct necessary checks and provide for mechanism to ensure that the GPs utilise the funds properly. Every subsequent installment shall be released only after satisfactory utilisation of the first installment. The GPs shall make all payments for all activitiesat GP level.

* The GPs shall be strengthenedto carry out such project management.

* GPs will decide on the choice of technology and service level, which they demand and are willing to finance. The rules of per capita cost ceiling would however apply. KRWS&SAwill decide on an investment ceiling per GP for water supply and sanitation components.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 3.3 Capital Cost Sharine

Operation and Maintenance

Water Supply Schemes - 100% by users. GPs and user groups will not be entitled to pay O&M cost (electricity bills of water supply schemes) out of Rs.2/- Lakhs grant received from GOK.

Sanitation Facilities - 100% by GPs from any source of income.

3.4 Project Area

The Follow-On Project is proposed to be implemented in a contiguous area of 11 districts namely Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Gulbarga, Bidar, Raichur, Koppal and Uttara Kannada. The project is likely to cover about 700 GPs of the 11 project districts.

3.5 Project Cost

An investment of Rs.1 Crore (Rs.10 million) per GP is expected. Hence, the project is estimated to cost USD 200 millicn approximately Rs. 1000 Crores (Bank Share - USD 150 million, GOK share - USD 50 million)

3.6 Project Period

The project is expected to commence from January 2002 and will be implemented over a period of 5 years.

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 3.4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

4.1 Physical Environment

4.1.1 Location

Karnataka State, situated in the Western Deccan Peninsula is bounded by Maharashtra in the North, Andhra Prades!hin the East, Kerala and Tarnil Nadu on the South, and Goa and Arabian Sea in the West. It lies between 11031' and 180 45' N latitudes and 740 12' and 780 40' E longitudes. It is land locked on all sides except on the westem side having the sea coast of about 400 km. It occupies an area of 1,91,791 sq. kms., which works out to 5.85% of the area of Indian Territory. The populationas per 1991 was 44.81 million. The rural population in 1991 was 30.96 million.

For the purpose of administration, the State is divided into 27 districts (Fig 4.1). There are 175 taluks and the number of villages and hamlets are 27076 and 29606 respectively.

4.1.2 PhysicalFeatures

On the basis of agro-climatic and other features, the State of Karnataka is divided into four physiographicdivisions as follows:

The Coastal Region It is the narrow coastal plain between the Arabian S,a and the Western Ghats edge situated at 150 m above sea level. The Malnad or The Hilly country lying East of the Western Ghats edge Westem Ghats situated above 900 m high above sea level. The NorthernMaidan UndulatingPlateau to North of 14030' N latitude, situated between 300 to 600 m height above sea level with higher areas in-betweenupto 900 m. The SouthernMaidan Undulating Plateau to the South of 140 30' N latitude situated between 600 to 900 m above sea level.

The CoastalRegion

The western portion of three districts namely Uttar Kannada, Udupi and DakshinaKannada are covered by the Coastal region. The region is about 400 km in length and varies from 15 km to 32 km in width in the Uttara Kannada district and from 15 km to 70 km width in the Dakshina Kannada district. The soil to a great extent is laterite, except is isolated stretches near sea shore where alluvial strata are found. This region is picturesque.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analvsis Study - FinalReport 4.1 KARNATAKA STATE Fir: 441

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LOCATIONMAP OF KARNATAKASHOWING THE DISTRICTS

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Studv - Final Report 4.2 The Malnad

The district of Kodagu and western portions of the districts of Mysore, Hassan, Chikamagalur, Shimoga,Dharwad and Belgaum are covered by this region. The Malnad stretching for about 600 km in length and 50 to 60 km in width to the East of the Western Ghats is mainly a hilly area having thick forests. The area starts from the Western Ghats with an altitude of 150 m above sea level in the west and graduallyrising towards east having a series of hill ranges with an average height of about 900 m above sea level. It has a steep ghat on the west towards coastal plain and gradually merges with Northern and SouthernMaidan area. The terrain is undulating, having high peaks here and there broken up by chains of rocky hills and by deep ravines due to heavy rains during monsoon.

The Northern Maidan

The districts of Haveri, Gadag, Koppal, Bagalkot,Bellary, Raichur, Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur and eastern portions Belgaumand Dharwar districts are covered by this region. The Northern Maidan lies to the east of the semi Malnad stretches of Belgaumand Dharwad districtsupto the northern and eastern boundary of the State to the north of Bellary district. The region is an extensive plateau with an elevation between 300 m to 600 m above sea level stoopingtowards the east. It is traversed by several isolated ridges and isolated areas even higher than 600 m above sea level along with a series of quite awe-inspiringrocky anterops and gigantic mounds. The area is drained by major rivers namely Krishna, Bhima and Tungabhadrarivers. The area comprises a landscape of extensive plateau covered with thick black cotton soil with generally open and treeless fields. The soil is known to be sensitive to moisture and of average fertility. There are big pockets of irrigated areas served by dams/canalsand also by smaller tanks and wells. The major crops grown are jowar, wheat, cotton, sugarcane,paddy, sunflowerand groundnut.

The Southern Maidan

The districts of Bangalore (both Rural and Urban), Kolar, Mandya, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Davanagere(part) and eastern part districts of Mysore, Hassan, Chikamangalur, Shimoga are covered by this region. This region represents the erstwhile Mysore State before the formationof Karnataka State. The eastern edge of Malnad/Semi Malnad region is the western part of the area having an altitude of 600 to 900 m above sea level. The plateau rises in the eastern part and in between the two is the interrupted but clearly identifiable belt of high ground. This region is dissected by the Tungabhadra,Cauvery, Palar and Pennar rivers and is divided into numerous valleys, differing very much in size and shapes. The soil is predominantly red and the area is generally less fertile and exhibits different varieties and compositions. Here also some pockets are irrigated by canals and smaller irrigation tanks and wells with major crops as rice and sugarcane, and in rainfed areas with major crop as ragi.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.3 4.1.3 Temperature & Climate

Temperature

The minimum tem,?erature is recorded in early January. The mean daily temperature varies from 31 C to 320 C in coastal areas to 240 C to 270 C in Ghat areas. The temperature will be a little above 300 C in Northern Maidan area and 270 C to 290 C in the rest of the State (Southern Maidan)

May is the hottest month over a major part of the State. The temperatures reach 450 C to 360 C in coastal area. 320 C to 340 C in Westem Ghats and Malnad areas, 360 C to 380 C in the Southern Maidan and exceed 400 C in Bidar-Gadag- Bellary area and 430 C in Gulburga-Raichur area of Northern Maidan. The temperature decreases after May and appreciably by July. After October, temperature gradually decreases throughout the State reaching the lowest in the beginning of January.

Climate

About two-thirds of the area of the State is arid or serni-arid. This amounts to 15% of the total semi-arid and 3% of the total arid areas of the country.

4.1.4 Rainfall & Drought

Rainfall

The State receives an annual rainfall of 1200 nim in two monsoons, 80% during the Southwest monsoon (June to September), 12% during the Northeast monsoon (October to November), 7% in summer and only 1% in the winter.

There are two rainfall deficit areas in the state with 500 - 600 mm of rainfall. These areas cover Bijapur, east Belgaum, Dharwad and Raichur districts as well as east Bellary, Chitradurga and a small portion of Tumkur district. Lowest annual rainfall, less than 200 mm, is recorded in the very dry areas of Challakere, Pavagada, Madhugiri and Bellary.

There are a few orographically favourable locations, where extremely heavy rainfall is recorded, such as Agumbe (8276 mm) in Shimoga district and Bhagamandala (6023 mm), Pullingoth (5941 mm) and Makutta (5054 mm) in the Kodagu district. The region wise / district wise annual rainfall during the last decade is presented in Annexure 4.1

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.4 Drought

About two-thirdsof the area of the state having 750 mm or less annual rainfall is considered drought-prone. On an average, the northem districts experience more moderate or severe droughts than the southern districts. The districts, which had the largest number of years of moderate drought are Bidar, Gulburga, Raichur and Tumkur. Taking all droughts into consideration,the largest number (30 in 75 years) has been in Bidar and Raichur districts. Although there is no regular periodicity, consideringthe number of years of drought occurrenceover a long period, it is found that the average recurrence of drought is once in four years in the southern districts and once in three years in the northern districts.

Karnataka State is divided into ten agro-climatic zones based on rainfall pattern and other characteristics like soil type, elevation and vegetation. These include five dry zones covering nearly 64 percent of total geographicalarea of 191.79 lakh hectares and 72 percent of net cultivated area of 103.91 lakh hectares.

4.1.5 Soils

There are 10 varieties of soils in Karnataka State as per National Commission on Agriculture. The soils are mainly different varieties of red, black and laterite soils besides the coastal alluvium and hilly area soils. These soils have their own characteristic features and their thickness, texture, infiltration capacity are variable and are presented in the followingTable.

Thickness Infiltration Type of Soils Thickness Texture Capacity cm. ~~~~~~~~cm./hr. 1. Hilly area 23 Clayey loam to clay 0.6 2. Red loamy 23-60 Loam 1.8-6.9 3. Red sandy soil 20-50 Loamy sand to sandy loam 1-11 4. Lataite soil 90 Clay loam to gravelly 0.6 - 3.0 sandy loam 5. Alluvium 90 Sandy loam to clayey loam 90-114 to clay 6. Deep black soil 90 Clayey 0.5-3.6 7.Mixedred & black soil 23-50 Loam to clay loam 2-5 8. laterite gravellysoil 23-50 Clayey loam to gravelly 0.6-3.0 sandy loam 9. Shallowblack soil 23 Gravellyloam to clay 25 10. Medium black soil Clayey Clayey 2.5

Source: HydrogeologicalAtlas of Kamataka,by CGWB, Ministryof Water Resources, GOI, 1994.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 4.5 4.2 Water Environment

4.2.1 Water Resources of Karnataka

Surface Water

Karnataka is blessed with surface water resources in its numerous rivers and streams. The State has seven major river basins. The catchment area and the estimated average annual yield of different rivers are presented in Table 4-1. The average annual flow in the river system of the State is roughly six percent of the country's water resources. The east flowing rivers are inter-state rivers, waters of which are mainly used for the purpose of irrigation. Waters of the west flowing rivers account for more than half the surface run off of the state and are mainly used for power production and partly for irrigation.

The Krishna basin is sub-divided into the basins of Bhima, Krishna, Tungabadra and Vedavathi. The runoff in these basins forms about 28 percent of the state's total. Cauvery basin accounts for 11 percent of the total runoff. Part of Godavari basin is the Karanja and Manjra basin which drains almost the whole of Bidar district, accounting for 1.5 percent of the total runoff. The North Pennar, South Pennar and Palar basins convey less than 1 percent of the state's runoff.

TABLE 4-1: DRAINAGEAREA, ESTIMATEDANNUAL YIELD AND PLANNED UTILIZATIONOF RIVERSYSTEMS IN KARNATAKA

Drainage area in Karnatakea Estimated PlannedUtilisation under (MCM) River Basin 0.00'Sq. % (MCMa Projects in On-going Proposed Total Km Operation projects projects Krishna 113.01 58.93 27,467 11.26 7.03 2.47 20.77 Godavari 4.43 2.31 1,416 0.13 0.42 0.08 0.63 Cauvery 36.13 18.84 10,987 5.00 4.79 2.19 12.00 West flowingrivers 24.53 12.79 56,634 0.34 0.43 1.12 1.89 North Pennar South pennar 13.67 7.13 906 0.72 0.03 0.02 0.77 Palar I_I Total 191.77 100.00 97,410 17.46 12.71 5.89 36.07

Source: Irrigation Department,Government of Karnataka

The following paragraphs give a brief description of the river basins in Kamataka

The Krishna: The river Krishna rises in the Western Ghats just north of Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra State. It enters Kamataka and passes through Belgaum and Bagalkot districts, then flows along the borders of Bagalkot, Bijapur, Raichur and Gulbarga districts. Then, it flows through the State of Andhra Pradesh to empty itself into the Bay of Bengal. The total length of Krishna is about 483 kms

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.6 in Karnataka out of the total length 1400 kms. The major tributaries of the Krishna flowing in the State are the Bhima, the Tungabhadra, the Hiranyakeshi, the Ghataprabhaand the Malaprabha.

The Krishna basin in the State covers 17 districts,eight of which are wholly in the basin (Bellary, Bijapur, Bagalakote, Chitradurga,Davanagere, Gulbarga, Koppal and Raichur) and nine are partly located in the basin. These are Belgaum, Dharwar, Gadag, Chikkamagalur, Shimoga, Tumkur, Hassan, Bidar and Uttara Kannada. The total basin area of Krishna is about 25,000 sq.km together with its tributaries. It drains about 704 kms length of the Western Ghats, the chief source of the Krishna waters. The catchment area of Krishna River in Karnataka State is 1,13,271 sq kms which is about 59% of the total area of the state. The estimated average flow of Krishna is 27,500 M cum.

The Cauvery: The river Cauvery has its origin in the Western Ghats in Kodagu (Madikeri) district of Karnataka State. The Cauvery flows from Kodagu to Mysore and then Mandya district. Again it enters Mysore district and further flows along the border of Mandya, Bangalore Rural and Chamarajanagar before entering Tamil Nadu. Out of its total length of 804 kms, 320 Kms are in Karnataka State. The major tributaries of Cauvery in Karnataka are the Hemavathi, the Lakshmanathirtha,the Harangi, the Kabini, the Suvarnavathi, the Lokapavani, the Shimsha and the Arkavathi.

The Cauvery basin with an area of 34,273 sq.kms covers 18% of the State area comprising eight districts ( Mysore, Mandya and Chamarajanagar and parts of Kodagu, Chikkamagalur, Hassan, Tumkur and Bangalore [Rural] ). The average annual flow in the river is 11,000 M cum.

Godavari River Basin: The Godavari river does not flow in the State. However, two tributaries, Manjra and Karanga, which flow through Karnataka form part of the Godavari basin in the State.

Uttara Pinakini: An inter-state river, the Uttara Pinakini, flowing in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh rises in the Chenna Keshava hills of the Nandidurga range in Karnataka. It flows in a northwesterly direction through the Kolar and Tumkur districts for a distance of 48 kms before it enters Andhra Pradesh. After flowing 67 kms through the Hindupur and Penukonda taluks of Ananthpur districts, the river re-enters Karnataka and cuts across the Pavagada taluk of Tumkur district for a distance of 13 kms. The length of the river in Karnatakais 61 kms out of its total length of 597 kms. The principal tributaries of the river in Karnataka are the Jayamangaliin Tumkur district, the Chitravathi and Papagni in Kolar district. Out of the total drainage area of 55,213 sq. kms, it drains 6937 sq kms in Karnataka.

Dakshina Pinakini: Another inter-state river, the Dakshina Pinakini rises near Harvashettyhallivillage in Kolar district at an elevation of about 900 m in the hill

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.7 ranges of Nandidurga. After flowing for a distance of 79 km in Kolar and Bangalore districts it enters Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry.

West Flowing Rivers: There are numerous west-flowing rivers, chief among them are Sharavathi, the Kali, the Gangavali (Bedthi), the Aghanashini and Netravathi which rise on the westem side of the Ghats and drain through the districts of Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada and Udupi into the Arabian Sea. The total catchment area of all the west-flowing rivers is 26,214 sq km and their average annual flow is 57,000 M cum.

Netravathi: The Netravathi is the biggest among the west flowing rivers in the Dakshina Kannada district with a total length of 96 km and catchment area of 3,335 sq.km. It takes its birth near Samse in Chamadi range of hills. The main tributaries of the Netravathi are the Neriyahole, the Kumaradhara, the Bethagadihole and the Shishilahole. It joins the Arabian Sea in the vicinity of Mangalore.

Kali; The Kali, a major west flowing river takes its origin in the Wester Ghats in Uttara Kannada district with a catchment area of 4,841 sq.kms. It joins the Arabian Sea at Karwar after covering a total length of 184 km. The major tributaries of this river are the Pandari, the Tattihalla, the Kaneri and the Vaki.

There is wide seasonal variation in the flow of rivers flowing in Karnataka. The local streams and lower tributaries dry up after the monsoons and big rivers like Cauvery flow in thin streams. The ratio between the maximum and minimum average monthly flow is 115 for Cauvery, 50 for Kabini and 450 for Shimsha. Floods and droughts during the same year are attributed to these extremes.

4.2.2 Irrigation Systems

Irrigation systems in the State are a potential source of drinking water supply in their respective command areas. Some of the major irrigation projects that have been completed and in different stages of completion are : Krishnarajasagara (Mandya), Hemavathi (Hassan), Kabini (Mysore), Harangi (Kodagu), Vanivilas Sagar (Chitradurga), Tungabhadra (Bellary), Bhadra Reservoir (Chikkamagalur), Ghataprabha (Belgaum), Malaprabha (Belgaum), Upper Krishna (Bijapur), Karanja (Bidar), Varahi (Dakshina Kannada), Bennithora (Gulbarga), Hippargi Barrage (Bijapur) and Nugu (Mysore).

In addition, there are a number of medium irrigation projects. Some of the medium irrigation projects that have been completed include Tunga Anicut, Anjanapur, Chandrampalli, Hagri Bommanahalli, Ambigola, Dharma Reservoir, Rajoli Banda diversion scheme, Hathikone, Konakanala, Ramanahalli tank, Jambadahalla, Narihalla, Kolchi weir, Areshankar, Kalakop, Chitwadgi, Nagathana, Gundal Chikhole, Suvamavathi, Hebbanaholla, H.D. Kote, Mangola and Bachanki (Strategy Paper, 2000 - 05).

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.8 4.2.3 Tank Systems

In the erstwhile state of Mysore, there was an elaborate system of tank networks - almost every valley had a system of tanks, the first overflowinginto the second and so on until the terminal tank was filled. There were 2567 major tanks with a total area of 4,48,302 acres and 22,762 minor tanks with an extent of 3,50,242 acres in the year 1956 in the old Mysore State. After re-organizationof the state in 1956, 11,519 tanks with a total area of 2,17,300 acres were placed under the charge of the Irrigation Department, Government of Karnataka. The State Government further invested in improvements and construction of new tanks under various Five Year Plans. Upto end of the 5 h Five Year Plan, works in about 19,623 tanks were taken up and completed benefiting 4,06,409 hectares of existing (old) tanks and 3,52,845 hectares of new tanks.

However, at present, most of the tanks are silted up and need to be desilted. The Government of Karnataka has a programme to desilt tanks by mobilizing resource from internal and external sources. This is expected to improve the storage capacity of the tanks both for irrigation and drinking water and at the same time recharge undergroundaquifer, thereby increasing the ground water potential. At the same time, the potential health hazard of chemical contaminationwill be reduced by diluting the concentrationof contaminantsin ground water.

4.2.4 Ground Water Resources

The Department of Mines and Geology has been estimating the ground water potential by refining the methodology from time to time. Based on the recommendationsof the Ground water Estimation Committee,the annual recharge of ground water has been estimated using rainfall data and data on seepage from canals, return recharge from surface and ground water irrigation, recharge from flood prone areas, seepage from tanks and other water bodies, etc.

Based on the above revised norms, the annual recharge from all the sources was computed in 1994 for each taluk in the State and the gross recharge figures for each taluk jointly with the Central Ground water Board. The net recharge is taken as 85% of the gross recharge. Table 4-2 gives the annual recharge of ground water as on 1994.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 4.9 TABLE 4-2: DISTRICTWISE ANNUAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AS ON 1994

SN District Gross Net SI. District Recharg (MCM) NoGrss Ne_N Gross Net 1 Bangalore (R) 620.85 527.72 16 Hassan 504.29 428.65 2 Bangalore (U) 143.51 121.98 17 Kolar 803.83 683.26 3 Belgaum 1121.36 953.16 18 Mandya 788.42 670.16 4 Bellary 591.53 502.80 19 Mysore 637.34 541.74 5 Bidar 528.85 449.52 20 CR Na ar 282.00 239.70 6 Bijapur 614.70 522.50 21 Uttar Kannada 784.16 666.54 7 Bagalkote 527.01 447.96 22 Raichur 606.03 515.12 8 Chickmagalur 589.93 501.44 23 Kopal 465.98 396.08 9 Chitradurga 515.55 438.22 24 Shimoga 1283.86 1091.29 10 Davangere 555.30 472.00 25 Mangalore 620.23 527.20 11 Coorg 165.58 140.74 26 Udupi 624.85 531.12 12 Dharwad 275.00 233.75 27 Tumkur 893.00 759.05 13 Gadag 278.76 236.95 TOTAL 16290.40 13846.84 14 Haveri 487.69 414.54 15 Gulbarga 981.29 834.10 =

Source: Behaviourof Depth to Water Level 1978 - 1997 in KarnatakaState, D. Raja Marthanda,Department of Mines and Geology,Government of Karnataka. 1998.

4.2.5 Ground water Draft

Ground water abstraction structures in Karnataka are mostly dug wells and bore wells. Bore wells form the mainstay for rural water supply and are also becoming increasingly popular for irrigation needs. Dug wells are common abstraction structures that prevail in almost all the districts. The upland and plain areas have a greater number of wells, whereas hilly areas (except coastal districts) have less number of wells as is the case with Chikmagalur, Coorg, Hassan and Shimoga districts. Ground water development through bore wells is a rather recent phenomenon in the state and is commonly found in Bangalore, Belgaum, Chitradurga, Dharwad and Kolar districts. Bore wells for rural water supply were chiefly drilled by the Public Health Engineering Department.

Due to erratic rainfall conditions and non-control over the increase in the number of ground water structures, it was noticed in various parts of the state that the extraction of ground water was becoming problematic and the water table was declining in many parts of the State. Most of the dug wells, even though deepened sufficiently, became dry and almost replaced by bore wells. In some parts of the state even the shallow bore wells became dry, causing concern. Hence, in 1994, a study was conducted to arrive at a more precise estimate of the utilisation of ground water. A village-wise well census was taken up (as on 31.12.1994) by the Department of

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.10 Mines and Geology. Sample surveys in representative villages of all the districts in the state were conductedto arniveat draft figures for differentcategories of wells.

Based on the above surveys, the unit draft norms were worked out. These are as follows: * Draft from bore well will yield 1.70 hectare meters of water * Dug-Cum-Borewell will yield 1.40 hectare meters of water * Dug well with pump will yield 0.90 hectare meter of water * Dug well operatingon other modes will yield 0.20 hectare meter of water,

The net draft is estimatedat 70% of gross draft based on the above norms.

The estimated ground water draft at three different points of time in the various districts is presented in Table 4-3. It is seen from the Table that the net draft during 1983 was highest in Dakshina Kannada and Kolar districts, which constituted 24% of the total net draft of the state, followed by Belgaum, Bijapur and Bangalore districts.

As on 01/01/1987,the distributionof net draft across the districts revealed that the percentage of net draft in the state's total has declined compared to that in 1983. As on 1994, the percentage increasedin case of Tumkur and Kolar districts.

It has been estimated that the Net Amount of Recharge (NAR) of ground water in the state is about 15,42,481 hectare metres. Against this, the Net Annual Utilization (NAU) as on 31/03/1991 is about 5,76,921 hectare metres, i.e. approximately37% of the NAR. (Strategy Paper 2000-2005, Rural Developmentand PanchayatRaj Department).

KRWS&ESP-I1 Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.11 TABLE 4-3 DISTRICT-WISENET GROUNDWATER DRAFT (IN HA. METERS)

01-01-1983 01-01-1987 31-12-1994 Percent ______C h a g District 1987 1994 Net Draft % Net Draft % Net % over over Draft ~~1983 1987 Bangalore 25121 10 31470 9 44781 9 25 42 Belgaum 27641 11 35690 10 50782 10 29 42 Bellary 8412 3 14316 4 17130 3 70 20 Bidar 7069 3 10537 3 14801 3 49 40 Bijapur 27328 11 34814 10 50436 10 27 45 Chickmagalur 1811 1 4496 1 7573 2 148 68 Chitradurga 147718 6 19785 6 31170 6 34 58 Dakshina Kannada 29261 12 37274 10 40994 8 27 14 Dharwad 8344 3 14954 4 24179 5 79 62 Gulbarga - - - - 13523 - 102 -13 Hassan 2089 1 5985 2 15982 3 186 167 Kodagu 377 Neg 1643 Neg 252 Neg 336 -85 Kolar 28976 2 32912 9 54214 11 14 65 Mandya 5608 2 10707 3 8965 2 91 -16 Mysore 9282 4 17002 5 19763 4 83 16 Raichur 6175 2 13408 4 22167 4 117 65 Shimoga 2308 1 7108 2 13673 3 208 92 Tumkur 281061 11 35744 10 60318 12 27 69 Uttara Kannada 7533 3 11716 3 5438 1 56 -54 Total 247884 100 1 355133 100 1 496141 100 43 40

Source: Behaviour of Depth to Water Level between 1978 - 1997 in Karnataka State, D. Rajamarthanda, Department of Mines and Geology, Governmentof Karnataka,1998.

As per the budget document (2001-2002) of Karnataka: "Over-exploitation and excessive deepening of bore wells have caused ground water levels in 72 taluks of the state to dwindle. A programme for the Artificial Recharge of aquifers has therefore been formulated".

4.2.6 Ground Water Development

The level of ground water development is reckoned as the percentage of Net Yearly Draft to the utilizable resource for irrigation. If the projected net extraction in a taluk in year 5 is less than 65% of total utilizable ground water resource, it is categorized as 'white' or safe area. If the projected net extraction in a taluk in year 5 is between 65% and 85% of total utilizable ground water resources, the taluk is categorized as 'grey' or semi-critical area. If the projected net extraction in a taluk in year 5 is in excess of 85% of the utilizable ground water resource, the taluk is categorized as 'dark' or critical area. Accordingly, the status of ground water development under different categories as of 31/12/1994 is presented in Table 4-4.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.12 TABLE4-4: STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENTIN KARNATAKA AS OF 31/12/1994

Grey Taluks IntermediateTaluks Region District Dark Taluks (>85%) (>65% to <85%) (>50%to <65%)

The Coastal I.Dakshina Kannada 1. Bantwal 1. Belthangadi 1. Puttur Plains 2. Sulya _ The 1. Hassan 1. Channarayapatnam 1. Arasikere Malnad Region 1. Belgaum 1. Chikkodi 1. Athani 1. Belgaum 2. Hukkeri 2. Bailhongal 2. Gokak 3. Raibagh 4. Soundathi 2. Bellary 1. H.B. Hally 1. Hadagali ______2. Kudligi Z 3. Bidar 1. Bidar 1, Humnabad L 4. Bijapur 1. Indi 1. Bagewadi 1. Mudhol 2. Jamkhandi c______3. Sindhagi Z 5. Koppal 1. Kustagi 1. Koppal cA_ 2. Yelburga 6. Bagalkot 1. Bagalkot 7. Haveri 1. Hirekeru 2. Ranibennur 3. Haveri 8. Gadag 1. Naragund 1. Bangalore (Urban) 1. Anekal 1. Doddaballapur 2. Bangalore North 2. Ramanagar 3. Bangalore South 2. Bangalore (Rural) 1. Channapatna 2. Devanahalli 3. Hosakote 3. Chitradurga 1. Challakere 1. Hiriyur 2. Chitradurga 2. Jagalur 3. Malakalmuru 4. Kolar 1. Chikkaballapur 1. Chintamani 1. Begepalli 2. Kolar 2. Gowribidanur 2. Bangarpet 3. Malur 3. Mulbagal 3. Gudibande on 4. Sidlaghatta 5. Srinivasapur 5. Tumukur 1. Gubbi 1. Koratagere 1. C.N.Hally 2. Madhugiri 2. Kunigal 2. Pavagada 3. Tiptur 3. Sira 4. Tumkur 5. Turuvekere 6. Davanagere 1. Davanagere 2. Channagiri

_7. Chamarajanagar 1. Kollegal I.CharmarajaNagar 1. Yelandur

Source: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka Strategy Paper 2000-2005, Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department,Government of Karnataka.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.13 The distribution of taluks with varying degrees of criticality (based on table) is discussed below. Tumkur, Kolar and Bangalore districts have the highest number of critical blocks (Dark and Grey), followed by Belgaum, Bijapur and Dakshina Kannada.

Bangalore District: Out of the 11 taluks in the district ( 8 rural and 3 urban), 6 taluks, namely, Anekal, Bangalore North, Bangalore South, Channapatna, Devenahally and Hoskote have been categorized as 'dark' since they have exceeded 85% of utilization of ground water. The two taluks of Doddaballapur and Ramanagaram have been categorized as 'grey' blocks with 75% and 66% of ground water utilization respectively.

Belgaum District: There are 10 taluks in the district out of which 2 taluks, namely, Chikkodi and Hukkeri have been categorized as 'dark', and 2 taluks, Athani and Bailahongal with ground water utilization level at 75% and 83% have been categorized as 'grey'. Raibagh taluk, earlier under 'dark' category, has been categorized as White due to the fact that canal irrigation has increased and water logged conditions are now prevalent in about 40-50% of the taluk's area. In most parts of the year, wells in the atchkat of the command area are not in use, and the effective net draft from ground water irrigation is substantially decreased.

Bellary District: There are 8 taluks in the district, out of which only one taluk, Hagari Bommnanahally with ground water utilization level of 69% has been categorized as 'grey' and the remaining 7 taluks are categorized as 'white' since there is sufficient scope for ground water utilization.

Bidar District: Bidar which has only 5 taluks has sufficient ground water potential for exploitation and utilization. Bidar taluk, with ground water utilization level of 66% could have been categorized as 'white', but has been categorized as 'grey'. In the remaining 4 taluks of the district, there is scope for further ground water utilization.

Bijapur District: Out of 11 taluks in the district, one taluk, Indi has been categorized as 'dark' and two taluks Bagewadi and Bijapur with ground water utilization level at 74% and 83% have been categorized as 'grey'. In the remaining 8 taluks, there is scope for further ground water utilization.

Chickmagalur District: There are 8 taluks in the district. Ground water has not been utilized to its optimum level and there is plenty of scope for further utilization of ground water.

Chitradurga District: There are 9 taluks in the district, out of which two taluks, namely, Challakere and Chitradurga, with ground water utilization level at 78% and 80%, have been categorized as 'grey' taluks. The remaining 7 taluks have enough ground water potential for exploitation.

KRWS&ESP-11Environmental Analysis Study- Final Report 4.14 Dakshina Kannada District: Out of the 8 taluks in the district, 2 taluks, Bantwal and Sulya with ground water utilization level at 91% and 94% have been categorized as 'dark' and Belthangadi taluk has been categorized as 'grey' with a ground water utilization at 66%. There is enough scope for ground water utilization in the remaining 5 taluks.

Dharwad District: There are 17 taluks in the district. There is ample scope for ground water utilization, except in the saline zones in parts of Naragund and Navalagund taluks.

Gulbarga District: Ground water utilization in the district is comparatively low and percentage of utilizationhas not crossed even 45% in any of the taluks of the district. Hence, there is ample scope for ground water utilization.

Hassan District: Out of all the taluks in the district, Arsikere, which has ground water utilization at 69% is categorized as 'grey' and Channarayapatna taluk which has maximum number of wells (6266) in the district, has been categorized as 'dark' with ground water utilization level at more than 100%. Except these two taluks, there is further scope of ground water utilizationin the remaining taluks.

Kcdagu District: Kodagu district is the smallestin the state with only 3 taluks. Due to heavy rainfall in the district,ground water utilizationis very limited. Somvarpettaluk has maximum utilization of 13%. There is scope for further ground water development.

Kolar District: The district comprises 11 taluks. Since there are no perennial rivers in this district, farmers have to depend entirely on ground water. The growth rate of wells is thereforehighest in this districtand the decline in water table is also alarming. In recent years, most of the dug wells are replaced by bore wells. due to heavy withdrawal, the critical blocks in this district are 8 taluks out of which 3 taluks, Chikkaballapur,Kolar and Malur are categorizedas Dark, and 5 taluks, Chintamani, Gowribidanur,Mulabagal, Sidlaghatta and Srinivasapurwith ground water utilization level at 82%, 72%, 73%, 84% and 68% have been categorized as 'grey'. Only 3 taluks, Begepally, Bangarpet and Gudibanda with ground water utilization levels of 63%, 58% and 55% have been categorized as 'white'. This indicates that there is limited scope for further exploitationof ground water in the district. In fact, measures have to be taken for rechargingthe ground water body by artificial methods.

Mandya District: There are 7 taluks in this district. A major portion of the district is under command area. Hence, the exploitation of ground water for irrigation purposes is not much. Ground water utilizationlevel has touched 43% in Malavalli taluk which is maximumin the district. All the 7 taluks are categorizedas 'white'.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.15 Mysore District: There are 11 taluks in this district, out of which Kollegal taluk is categorized as 'dark' and Chamarajanagar taluk with a ground water utilization level at 72% is categorized as 'grey'. The remaining 9 taluks are categorized as 'white'. There is scope for further ground water development in the district.

Raichur District: This district has 5 taluks and all of them fall under the 'white' category with scope for further utilisation of ground water.

Koppal District: There are 4 taluks in the district, out of which Kustagi taluk with a ground water utilization of 76% has been categorized as 'grey' and the remaining 3 taluks are categorized as 'white'. There is much scope for further exploitation of ground water except in Koppal and Yelburga taluks, which are nearing critical.

Shimoga District: There are 9 taluks in the district, a major part of which is covered by forest. Rainfall is also high in the district. All the taluks have been categorized as 'white'. In Chennagiri taluk, the ground water utilization level stands at 54%. There is much scope for exploitation of ground water in the remaining 8 taluks.

Tumkur district: There are 10 taluks in the district. As in Kolar district, there are no major irrigation projects in the district and ground water extraction is on the higher side. Out of 10 taluks, 8 taluks are categorized as critical blocks, 5 taluks namely, Gubbi, Madhugiri, Tiptur, Tumkur and Thuruvekere are categorized as 'dark' and 3 taluks, Koratagere, Kunigal and Sira have been categorized as 'grey'. Within the White category, the level of ground water utilization stands at 61% and 55% in Chiknayakanahalli and Pavagada taluks which indicates that there is very little scope for further exploitation of ground water. As in the case of Kolar district, recharge by artificial methods would have to be taken up in this district as well.

Uttara Kannada District: There are 11 taluks in this district. Owing to the fact that forest coverage is more and rainfall is also considerable, exploitation of ground water for inigation is not much. All the taluks are categorized as 'white'. The maximum utilization of ground water in the district is 28% at Honnavar taluk. There is lot of scope for further exploitation of ground water in the district.

4.2.7 Ground water Level Fluctuation

The Department of Mines and Geology has analysed the ground water fluctuations over the last two decades from 1978 to 1997. The analysis has been done taking the quantum of fluctuations in 1978 as the base year and compared to that in 1997. The fluctuation in ground water level was studied for each of the observation wells (1052) and bore wells (520) spread over all the districts. The district-wise distribution of the sample observation wells studied is presented in Table 4.5. The study also tried to correlate with the number of ground water structures that existed during the earlier years.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.16 TABLE 4-5: DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF WELLS STUDIED FOR WATER LEVELS

SI.No Name of District Dug Wells Bore wells Total 1 Bangalore 50 40 90 2 Belgaum 52 52 104 3 Bellary 33 46 79 4 Bidar 38 9 47 5 Bijapur 94 21 115 6 Chickmagalur 44 12 56 7 Chitradurga 39 79 118 8 Dakshina Kannada 63 - 63 9 Dharwad 46 58 104 10 Gulbarga 103 15 118 11 Hassan 46 23 69 12 Kodagu 29 - 29 13 Kolar 45 55 100 14 Mandya 46 9 55 15 Mysore 51 37 88 16 Raichur 63 18 81 17 Shimoga 80 5 85 18 Tumkur 61 29 90 19 Uttara Kannada 69 12 81 Total 1052 520 1572

Source: Behaviour of Depth to Water Level 1978 - 1997 in Karnataka State, D. Rajamarthanda, Departmnentof Mines and Geology, Governmentof Karnataka, 1998.

The details of water level fluctuations are presented in Table 4-6. It is observed from the Table that the water level is going down in most of the districts. The depletion of ground water between 1978 and 1997 has been upto 7 meters in Bangalore district, with the exception of Kodagu district where the water level has increased by about 2 meters. The water level fluctuation in Gulbarga, Hassan, Mandya and Shimoga has not been perceptible.

Depletion of ground water is related to the increasing number of ground water structures with consequent increase in drawal and also to fluctuating rainfall. It is noticed that the number of wells in the State (which is the main source of ground water draft) increased from 255687 in 1970 to 576682 in 1994.

In areas of surface water irrigation projects where recharge often exceeds draft, a progressive rise in water level occurs. On the other hand, in areas of intense ground water development, a declining trend sets in, rendering many of the open wells dry.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.17 TABLE 4-6: DISTRICT-WISE WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION (METERS)

SLNo District 1978 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

1 Bangalore 9.47 10.15 10.28 9.84 10.62 11.94 10.29 12.62 12.50 13.95 14.89 15.41 2 Bekaum 10.01 9.30 9.80 9.07 10.13 11.86 10.53 11.00 9.85 17.17 12.34 11.55 3 Bellary 7.37 7.4 7.97 7.19 8.12 9.42 10.43 10.96 10.07 12.12 13.3 10.91 4 Bidar 10.90 12.92 11.28 10.77 9.63 10.00 12.73 12.4 12.64 13.56 11.36 10.68 5 Bijapur 7.97 9.07 8.15 7.57 7.14 9.69 8.62 9.35 9.93 11.13 11.01 10.53 6 Chickrnagalur 8.95 9.22 8.54 8.69 8.48 9.70 9.01 8.16 8.82 9.87 10.35 9.95 7 Chitradurga 8.06 10.44 8.85 9.25 10.67 12.95 13.13 12.41 14.47 16.47 16.47 13.3 8 Dakshina Kannada 8.72 8.84 8.40 9.01 8.80 9.00 9.01 8.70 8.78 8.87 8.95 9.06 9 Dharnad 12.19 13.48 11.24 13.95 15.75 20.74 15.86 13.44 14.17 16.71 17.57 13.86 10 Gulbarga 7.26 8.10 6.98 7.74 6.81 6.35 8.57 8.59 8.59 9.39 7.40 7.13 11 Hassan 9.26 9.46 7.77 9.64 10.10 11.00 9.68 8.85 8.50 8.84 10.67 9.86 12 Kodagu 9.80 9.19 8.34 9.92 9.86 9.80 9.28 7.35 9.29 8.50 9.14 7.88 13 Kolar 8.68 9.48 9.52 10.43 11.60 13.36 10.44 13.48 13.00 13.48 14.27 13.35 14 Mandya 9.14 8.72 7.55 8.03 8.15 9.49 7.89 8.11 7.85 8.59 9.66 9.46 15 Mysore 10.15 10.36 9.72 11.07 11.95 13.01 11.00 10.37 10.52 10.10 11.80 11.34 16 Raichur 5.96 7.03 6.21 6.10 6.42 6.99 8.10 7.81 7.39 7.99 8.04 6.58 17 Shimoga 9.23 9.03 8.90 9.31 9.19 8.62 8.97 8.23 8.49 8.56 9.80 9.76 18 Tumkur 8.04 9.53 8.50 8.21 9.17 10.91 9.65 11.08 11.29 13.21 13.96 14.67 19 Uttara Kannada 7.83 8.70 8.79 8.59 8.76 8.27 8.35 7.98 7.80 8.02 8.24 8.12

Source: Behaviour of Depth to Water Level 1978 - 1997 in Karnataka State, D. Rajamarthanda.Department of Mines and Geology, Government of Karnataka,1998.

4.3 Socio-EcononmcEnvironment

4.3.1 Population

According to 1991 Census, the population was 44,977,201 with 22,951,197 Males and 22,025,284 Females. 69.08% of the population live in rural areas and 30.92% in urban areas. The percentage growth rate during the decade 1981-1991 was 21.12 as against 26.75 during 1971-1981. The district wise population of Karnataka is given in Table 4-7.

4.3.2 Population Density

The State had a density of population of 193 in 1981. As per 1991 census, Bangalore district had the highest density (615) among the districts of the State. Mandya (285) and Dakshina Kannada (281) districts come next, as they are prosperous agricultural areas. Belgaum, Dharwad, Kolar and Mysore districts from zones of high density. The Malnad districts and the Northern maidan districts of Bijapur, Bellary, Gulburga and Raichur have densities lower than the State average. Kodagu and Uttara Kannada districts have the lowest densities, as these are areas of plantations and of forests. Among the districts of Malnad, Shimoga has a high density possibly in view of the location of industries at Bhadravathi etc.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.18 4.3.3 Pattern of Distribution of Rural Habitations

The total number of rural habitations in the State is 56682 comprising 27076 villages and 29606 hamlets. Out of the 56682 rural habitations, 31741 are located in the Northern and Southern Maidan regions and account for 79% of the State's rural population. The remaining 24941 habitations are located in the Coastal region and Malnad area (Table 4-8).

The settlementpattern of rural populationvaries in different parts of the State. In the Northern and Southern Maidan regions, a hamlet / village consists of dense clusters of residential houses linked by a network of roads / streets. However, in many villages and hamlets in the Coastal and the Malnad regions, the households are scatteredover a wide area and are not necessarilylinked by a network of roads.

4.3.4 OccupationalPattern of Rural Households

The rural households in the State depend mainly on agriculture and allied occupations. Agriculturein the State is predominantlynon mechanised and depends on cattle for the draft power in various agricultural operations. Cattle and other livestock contribute significantly to the household demand for water particularly during summer months and in arid areas when open sources of water around the village dry up. Traditionally,agriculturists in Karnataka also keep their cattle in their dwelling houses at night. This has very important implications to household sanitation as the solid waste generated by a rural household has significant parts of cow dung, fodder residues etc, and maintaininghousehold hygiene needs to take into account the requirement of disposing of cow dung and other waste materials on a daily basis.

4.3.5 State of Economy

Karnataka is predorninantlyrural and agrarian. About 69% of its population lives in rural areas, and about 71% of its working force is engaged in agriculture and allied activitieswhich generate 49% of state income (Ref. Year Book 1992).

Among the agricultural crops, Karnataka accounts for 59% of the country's coffee production. Other farm products are rice, jowar, ragi, millet, tur, groundnut and other oil seeds.

There are a number of big industries. Machine tools, air craft, electronic goods, watches and telecommunicationequipment are some of the items produced.

Kudremukh Iron Ore Project is another major development project. Karnataka accounts for 60% of raw silk produced in the country. Apart from silk, its sandal soap and sandal oil are well known in the world markets.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.19 TABLE 4-7: DISTRICT-WISE POPULATION OF KARNATAKA (1991 CENSUS)

Population1991 Census

District growth Total Urban Rural Male Female SC ST (198 over ______1991) Il.DakshinaKannada 1,633,392 517,574 1,115,818 808,820 824,572 114,272 64,493 13 R 2. Udipi 1,060,872 245,020 815,852 497,436 563,436 61,276 41,666 13 Z 3. Uttara Kannada 1,220,260 294,516 925,744 620,697 599,563 91,990 10,168 13 Region Total 3,914,524 1,057,110 2,857,414 1,926,953 1,987,571 267,538 116,327 29 : 4. Kodagu 488,455 77,941 410,514 246,869 241,586 59,009 40,312 5 5. Hassan 1,569,684 272,722 1,296,962 785,144 784,540 273,379 16,581 15 6. Chikkamagalur 1,017,283 171,861 845,422 514,526 502,757 195,852 26,534 12 7. Shimoga 1,452,259 471,088 981,171 739,561 712,698 236,526 32,948 15 Region Total 4,527,681 993,612 3,534,069 2,286,100 2,241,581 764,766 116,375 47 8. Bidar 1,255,798 245,703 1,010,095 643,191 612,607 260,033 104,215 26 9. Gulbarga 2,582,169 609,803 1,972,366 1,316,088 1,266,081 610,641 106,935 24 10. Raichur 1,351,809 332,051 1,019,758 683,258 668,551 249,148 120,444 29 11. Koppal 958,078 148,071 810,007 483,701 474,377 148,775 59,828 29 12. Bellary 1,656,000 530,254 1,125,746 842,300 813,700 311,252 147,869 27 M 13. Bijapur 1,533,448 299,433 1,234,015 787,257 746,191 291,513 17,360 21 2 14. Bagalkot 1,394,542 389,313 1,005,229 703,762 690,780 218,349 22,175 21 Z 15. Dharwad 1,374,895 722,169 652,726 710,671 664,224 124,645 23,396 19 16. Gadag 859,042 297,957 561,085 436,321 422,721 118,850 20,534 19 F 17. Havenr 1,269,213 203,765 1,065,448 655,426 613,787 167,004 61,169 19 18. Bedgaum 3,583,606 841,786 2,741,820 1,834,005 1,749,601 406,955 83,076 18 Region Total 17,818,600 4,620,305 13,198,295 9,095,980 8,722,620 2,907,165 767,001 252 19. Davanagere 1,559,222 440,508 1,118,741 803,083 756,139 302,344 155,600 23 20. Chitradurga 1,312,717 217,470 1,095,247 672,849 639,868 285,621 222,763 23 ' 21. Tumkur 2,305,819 382,163 1,923,656 1,177,233 1.128,586 408,524 167,632 16 v 22. Bangalore (U) 4,839,162 4,169,253 669,909 2,542,950 2,296,212 711,775 53,631 38 b 23. Bangalore (R) 1,673,194 303,286 1,369,908 860,231 812,963 326,599 49,305 15 24. Kolar 2,216,889 516,983 1,699,906 1,128,316 1,088,573 570,400 153,019 16 z 25. Mandya 1,644,374 266,804 1,377,570 837,597 806,777 226,626 11,936 16 w 26. Mysore 2,281,653 816,619 1,465,034 1,168,291 1,113,362 391,780 63,399 22 ' 27. Chamarajanagar 883,365 123,675 759,690 452,333 431,032 206,141 38,703 22 Region Total 18,716,395 7,236,761 11,479,634 9,642,883 9,073,512 3,429,810 915,988 141 State Total 44,977,200 13,907,788 31,069,412 22,951,916 22,025,284 7,369,279 1,915,691 21

Source: RuralWater Supply and Sanitationin KarnatakaStrategy Paper 2000-2005, Rural Development and PanchayatRaj Department,Government of Karnataka.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.20 TABLE 4-8 VILLAGES,HAMLETS AND TOTAL HABITATIONSIN KARNATAKA

. District Number of Number of Number of District Villages Hamlets Habitations

1. DakshinaKannada 371 2,766 3,137 t 2. Udipi 244 3,657 3,901 EH-t 3. Uttara Kannada 1,264 4,376 5,640 Region Total 1,879 10,799 12,678 4. Kodagu 291 282 573 5. Hassan 2,369 1,531 3,900

-F F 6. Chikkamagalur 1,021 2,345 3,366 2 7. Shimoga 1,440 2,984 4,424 Region Total 5,121 7,142 12,263 8. Bidar 587 225 812 9. Gulbarga 1,295 1,001 2,296 10. Raichur 808 411 1,219 . 11. Koppal 588 121 709 12. Bellary 517 651 1,168

_; 13. Bijapur 639 289 928 t 14. Bagalkot 608 26 634 2 15. Dharwad 455 39 494 5R 16. Gadag 307 43 350 E 17. Haveri 582 48 630 18. Belgaum 1,138 368 1,506 Region Total 7,524 3,222 10,746 19. Davanagere 786 298 1,084 20. Chitradurga 932 437 1,369

_. 21. Tumkur 2,537 2,947 5,484 X 22. Bangalore (U) 681 604 1,285 v 23. Bangalore (R) 1,713 1,681 3,394 24. Kolar 2,889 853 3,742 i 25. Mandya 1,365 508 1,873 c 26. Mysore 1,203 731 1,934 F 27. Chamarajanagar 446 384 830 Region Total 12,552 8,443 20,995 State Total 27,076 29,606 56,682

Source: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka Strategy Paper 2000-2005, Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department, Government of Karnataka.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.21 4.3.6 Rural Water Supply Drinking Water Sources Ground water sources have generally been the preferred source of supply for rural water supply programmes in the state. Over 95% of rural water supply schemes are currently based on ground water sources. During the last two decades, the ground water table has gone down progressively due to indiscriminate withdrawal and inadequate recharge of ground water aquifers. In many places, chemical contamination of ground water has rendered it unsuitablefor drinking. The Strategy Paper 2000-2005 notes; "Ground water sources free from quality problem with adequate recharge measures are still to be preferred in view of the low cost of operation and maintenance and low capital costs. However, in areas where ground water sources are severely affected with quality problems or in other problematic areas, surface sources available within reasonable distance may be preferred. The issue of sustainability and quality of water supplied may result in the communities preferring the surface sources. The costs are to be the guiding factor for selection of sources and designing of schemes". There are very few Regional Piped Water Supply Schemes in the State covering groups of villages affected with poor water quality and scarcity. However, with the increasing number of water quality and water scarcity villages, Regional Schemes may need to be introduced, tapping sources like, rivers, tanks, irrigation canals or reservoirs. Present Status of Rural Water Supply Organized rural water supply programme in the state was initiated during the First 5 Year Plan as part of the National Water Supply & Sanitation Programme. Since inception the programmehas been implementedunder different names such as Minimum Needs Programme, Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme, Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission etc. The total number of schemes completed under the various programmestill end of 31/03/2000is as under:

Piped Water Supply Schemes = 13237 Mini Water Supply Schemes _ 15533 Bore well schemes with hand pumps _ 166660 Total 195430 In addition, water supply schemes have been implemented under bilateral assistance programmes of the Netherlands in 204 villages of Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Bijapur and Bagalkote districts with an estimated cost of Rs.88.51 crores. Likewise, under DANIDA Assisted Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Project is in progress in 750 villages of 100 GPs in the districtsof Kolar, Chitradurga, Bijapur and Bagalkote with an estimated cost of Rs.51.00 crores ( Source: Annual Report 1998-1999of RDPR Department,GOK)

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.22 Despite the fact that almost all the habitations in the state have access to drinking water facilities, nearly 50% of the habitations are yet to be provided with a per capita water supply of 55 LPD, the minimum design norm adopted by the Government of Karnataka (Table 4-9) In addition, there are a number of habitations in the State which suffer from water quality problems such as fluoride and salinityin their water supply in concentrations much higher than the permissible level in drinking water (Table4-10). 4.3.7 Rural Sanitation in Karnataka

Introduction Historically rural sanitation in India has been accorded a low priority in national development programmes in precedence to water supply due to meagre allocation of financial resources. It is, however, well recognized that maximum public health benefit can accrue only when water supply and sanitation problems are addressed in an integrated manner. Effective sanitation can provide a formidable barrier in transmission of water-borne and water related diseases. Access to sanitary latrines in rural Karnataka, like in many other States in India, has remained at a very low level. In Karnataka only 6.9% of the rural household have this facility as per the 1991 Census.

Central Rural Sanitation Programme The Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) initiated by the Ministry of Rural Development,Government of India in 1985 - 1986 provided an opportunityto address the issue of rural sanitation in a systematic manner. The emphasis of the programme was mainly on constructionof sanitary latrines, mainly of the twin pit pour flush (TPPF) type advocated by the UNICEF, at the household level. The guidelines for CRSP made provision for generating awareness of the importance of sanitation in the rural areas through IEC activities. Upto 80 per cent of the cost of a sanitary latrine was given as subsidy to households below the poverty line (BPL). Similar grants were available to local bodies for constructionof community latrines, particluarly for women. Opening of Rural Sanitary Marts to disseminate technology and to act as 'one stop shops' for supplying various materials for household sanitation was another novel initiative under the CRSP. An important feature of CRSP was that, it tried to involve rural households in the constructionof sanitary latrines for their use instead of public agencies doing the construction. This made it possible for latrines being built with local materials and at a low cost. In Karnataka, the Zilla Parishads and Mandal / Grama Panchayats made significant efforts to implement CRSP, particularly in villages where water supply position was somewhat more comfortable. The UNICEF provided both financial assistance and technical guidance in implementingthe programme.

KRWS&ESP-I[ Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.23 TABLE 4-9 : RURAL WATER SUPPLY: KARNATAKA: LPCD CATEGORYWISE NUMBER OF HABITATIONS

Number Number of Habitations- lpd Categorywise District of Villages <10lpcd 10 to 20 20 to 40 40 to 5 >55 Ipcd Total

_4 _p <10 Ipcd Edlped _pd ___IdToa ,~ I.Dakshina Kannada 371 746 989 453 949 3,137 S 2. Udipi 244 76 404 1,177 669 1,575 3,901 w 3. Uttara Kannada 1,264 75 144 648 821 3,952 5,640 Region Total 1,879 151 1,294 2,814 1,943 6,476 12,678 '0 4. Kodagu 291 152 131 159 60 71 573 5. Hassan 2,369 13 82 375 409 3,021 3,900 6. Chikkamagalur 1,021 13 77 444 340 2,492 3,366 a 7. Shimoga 1.440 231 308 920 298 2,667 4,424 ______Region Total 5,121 409 598 1,898 1,107 8,251 12,263 8. Bidar 587 53 77 136 42 504 812 9. Gulbarga 1,295 43 309 763 474 707 2,296 10. Raichur 808 59 166 306 137 551 1,219 R 11.Koppal 588 14 125 142 428 709 ' 12. Bellary 517 5 88 245 301 529 1,168 t 13. Bijapur 639 73 155 352 172 176 928 t 14. Bagalkot 608 24 42 156 131 281 634 0 15. Dharwad 455 19 75 149 49 202 494 16. Gadag 307 2 19 56 38 235 305 ' 17. Haveri 582 8 171 176 275 630 18. Belgaum 1,138 6 124 856 392 128 1,506 Region Total 7,524 284 1,077 3,315 2,054 4,016 10,746 19. Davanagere 786 1 29 235 176 643 1,084 20. Chitradurga' 932 90 421 153 705 1,369 l 21. Tumkur 2,537 149 623 1,563 819 2,330 5,484 K 22. Bangalore (U) 681 1 369 301 259 355 1,285 h 23. Bangalore (R) 1,713 16 282 1,005 2,091 3,394 z 24. Kolar 2,889 35 93 442 220 2,952 3,742 i 25. Mandya 1,365 1 139 492 307 934 1,873 s 26. Mysore 1,203 253 319 1,362 1,934 s 27. Chamarajanagar 446 115 84 407 174 50 830 Region Total 12,552 302 1,443 4,396 3,432 11,422 20,995 State Total 27,076 1,146 4,412 12,423 8,536 30,165 56,682

Source: Rural Water Supply and Sanitationin Karnataka StrategyPaper 2000-2005,Rural Developmentand Panchayat Raj Department, Governmentof Kamataka.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.24 TABLE 4.10 : DISTRIBUTIONOF VILLAGES AFFECTEDBY WATER QUALITY PROBLEM IN THEPROJECT DISTRICTS AS ON 19/04/2001 Name of N.o aiain fetdb xesv District / Taluk No. of habitationsaffected by excessive Total no. of Habitation Bagalkot Fluoride TDS Nitrate Iron Badami 25 34 15 11 85 Bagalkot 31 33 13 4 81 Bilgi 9 8 0 1 18 Hungund 23 34 22 35 114 Jamakhandi 6 35 15 0 56 Mudhol 3 29 16 6 54 Sub-Total 97 173 81 57 408 Bidar Basavakalyan 2 3 21 0 26 Humnabad 1 4 38 0 43 Bhalki 2 9 23 0 34 Aurad 9 23 4 0 36 Bidar 18 5 54 1 78 Sub-Total 32 44 140 1 217 Gadag ______Gadag 6 31 0 0 37 Mundargi 32 1 0 0 33 Naragund 9 1 0 0 10 Ron 49 0 0 0 49 Shirahatti 29 8 0 0 37 Sub-Total 125 41 0 0 166 Koppal _ =_ Koppal 105 19 0 2 126 Skushtagi 134 14 0 2 150 Yelvurga 84 33 0 1 118 Gangavathi 120 18 0 0 138 Sub-Total 443 84 0 5 532 Raichur Deodurga 12 36 45 17 110 Manvi 31 65 38 7 141 Sindhanur 84 62 25 2 173 Lingasugur 104 29 18 11 162 Raichur 29 29 28 13 99 Sub-Total 260 221 154 50 685 Haveri Byadagi 2 7 14 0 23 Hirekerur 15 9 56 0 80 Shiggaon 0 43 6 0 49 Savanur 6 40 0 0 46 Haveri 0 0 6 60 66 Hangal I 0 50 110 161 Ramebennur 33 10 50 0 93 Sub-Total 57 109 182 170 518

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.25 TABLE 4.10 Cont... Name of No. of habitationsaffected by excessive District/ Taluk Total no. of Habitation Gulburga Fluoride TDS Nitrate Iron Afzalpur 52 3 0 4 59 Aland 92 0 0 7 99 Chinchuli 90 0 0 5 95 Chittapur 37 0 0 6 43 Gulbarga 50 1 0 13 64 Jewargi 33 3 0 20 59 Sedam 8 1 0 37 46 Shahapur 25 13 1 27 66 Shorapur 6 9 2 28 45 Yadagir 28 25 0 27 80 Sub-Total 421 55 3 174 653 Belgaum _ Athani 9 47 0 12 68 Bailarongal 2 23 0 67 92 Belgaum I 0 0 77 84 Chikodi 12 12 0 32 56 Gokak 26 22 0 27 75 Hukken 11 7 0 47 65 Khanapur 3 2 0 126 131 Raibagh 0 8 0 21 29 Ramadurga 22 11 0 19 52 Soundathi 23 10 0 27 60 Sub-Total 109 148 0 455 712 Bijapur Sindagi 25 40 11 5 81 Bijapur 4 81 0 47 132 Indi 24 55 1 44 124 Muddeb 115 19 4 3 141 Basavanabagewadi 29 26 5 15 95 Sub-Total 197 241 21 114 573 Uttara Kannada Ankola 0 3 2 15 20 Bhatkal 1 7 0 6 14 Honnavar 1 2 1 6 10 Joida 7 22 1 14 44 Karwar 2 17 0 1 20 Kumta 1 6 1 8 16 Haliyal 2 1 0 3 6 Mundgod 0 15 6 0 21 Siddapur 0 0 1 7 8 Sirasi 0 5 0 31 36 Yellapur 1 0 1 57 59 Sub-Total 15 78 13 148 254 Source: Rural DevelopmentEngineering Department, Government of Karnataka

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.26 While the CRSP succeeded in making the Panchayats focus on latrine sanitation as felt need of the people, it could not make a major impact in the State due to certain limitations. The allocations from the Centre were very small compared to the need for constructionof latrines. Further, the subsidy for household latrines was available only to the BPL households, for whom latrine sanitation was not always a priority. The economicallyweaker sections in the rural areas often lacked the space required for construction of a TPPF latrine next to their dwelling houses. Moreover, the poorer households who were seen as the target group (for subsidies) under CRSP did not change their habits in favour of using sanitary latrines when the rest of the village communitywere still practicing open air defecation. Thus, the CRSP resulted in creating only a limited impact in the field of latrine sanitation, with only 1.19 lakh households being assisted under the programme from 1985 - 1986 to 1994 - 1995.

Nirmala Grama Yoiana

An attempt to address the limitationsof the CRSP in the State was first made by the Zilla Parishad, Mysore, in 1987. The ZP formulated a new scheme called the Nirmala Grama Yojana under which a subsidy of Rs.500/- per household latrine was made available to any rural household willing to construct a TPPF latrine for its use irrespective of whether the household was in the BPL category or not. Further, the Village Panchayats (the then Mandal Panchayats) were given the responsibility to build at least one hundred toilets each per year, with the target of over 16,000 toilets in Mysore district alone for the 165 Mandal Panchayats. The actual performance usually exceeded 10,000 toilets per year which was still a quantum jump from the earlier figures of about one thousandper year in the district.

The Nirmala Grama Yojana (NGY) model of Mysore district was adopted at the state level in 1995 - 96 with the launch of the State's NGY on 2d October 1995. Under the NGY, the GPs were given the responsibilityof motivatingrural households to build TPPF latrines which are economical in their requirement of water for flushing. Each GP was encouragedto motivate about one hundred households a year which should result in constructionof over 5 lakh toilets per year with over 5600 GPs functioning in the State. A cash subsidy of Rs.1650/- (from Nov, 1998 onwards Rs.2000/-) per householdis given to BPL householdswith non-BPL householdsbeing given Rs. 1200/- . The programme lays greater emphasis on IEC activities, and also provides for community latrines and institutional latrines in the villages. The guidelines of the programme also advocate an integrated approach to sanitation, including construction of sullage and storm water drains and removal of manure pits from the vicinity of dwelling houses in the villages. However, no specific cost norms and separate financial allocations were given for components of rural sanitation other than constructionof communityand householdsanitary latrines of the TPPF type.

The launch of the NGY at the State level has proved a spectacular breakthrough for rural sanitation in the State. While the IEC campaign associated

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.27 with the NGY increased people's awareness about the need for building latrines, the subsidy/incentiveprovided under the programmehas drawn a great deal of response from the rural households. During the six years period (1994-2000)a total of 753464 units of latrines have been constructedin the State under this programme.

Apart from the NGY, constructionof substantialnumber of household latrines in the rural areas is undertaken as part of the Integrated Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation project funded by the World Bank which is being implemented in sixteen districts of the State. Nearly 89000 latrines have been built under this project since 1993 and till August 2000. Smaller number of household latrines have been built as part of the Netherlands Aided Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (1730 latrines) implemented in five districts and the DANIDA Assisted Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Project (5719 latrines) in four districts. These three projects have succeeded in enabling the State Government and the Panchayats to appreciate the need for adopting an integrated approach to rural water supply and sanitation and involvingthe user households in the constructionand maintenanceof these facilities for their long term sustainability.

School Sanitation Programme

Recognising the importance of inculcating appropriate sanitation practices among school children, the ZP Mysore with the assistance of the UNICEF has taken up a campaign to provide water supply and latrine sanitation facilities to all primary schools in the district. So far 277 primary schools in the taluks of Mysore, Hunsur & Periapatna of the district with a student populationof about 43,000 have been covered under the carnpaignand new areas are being added for coverage every year. The GOK is also considering the extension of the programrne to all the districts in the State, keeping in view the recommendationsof the Task Force on Primary Education.

National Pro2ramme for Improved Chulhas fNPIC)

The department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, with financial assistance from Central Government has been implementingthe NPIC in Karnataka since 1983-1984. The responsibilityfor implementationat the field level rests mainly with the ZP. Under this scheme, the beneficiaries are provided training for the constructionof improved stoves and are also extended subsidy by the Government for the materials used for construction. The prevailing subsidy rates (1999-2000) are Rs.63/- per unit for a fixed type of chulha with a chimney and Rs.73/- for a portable (metal) chulha without a chimney. During the last five years (1995-2000) a total of 493493 units have been installed in the State.

National Proiect on Bio-Gas Development (NPBD)

The Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department,with part funding by the Central Government has been implementing the NPBP under the 20 Point

KRWS&ESP-11 Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.28 programmein the state since 1982-1983. The State Government introduced its own Bio-gas Promotion Scheme in 1992-1993called "Anila Yojane". Under this scheme, the State extends financial aid for setting up bio-gas plant, which is in addition to the subsidy provided by the Central Government. Keeping in view the cattle population in the State, the estimated potential in the State can sustain about 6.80 lakh bio-gas plants. Out of this, 2.45 lakh bio-gas plants have so far been constructedup to the end of 1999-2000.

4.3.8 Health and Sanitation

Safe drinking water and good environmentalsanitation facilities have a direct bearing on the health status of the population. There is variation across different socio-economicstrata on the proper usage and managementof potable water supply. It is more so in rural areas where there is a general lack of awareness on proper collection, storage and handling of drinking water as well as personal, household and communityhygiene practices.

It is now recognizedthat an integrated approach to water supply and sanitation is the key to ensure that the benefits of increased water availabilityare translated into improved health and better quality of life. Safe disposal of waste water and household wastes, improved cattle rearing practices and most importantly, the use of sanitary latrines, are facilitated by greater availabilityof water.

Covera2e of Sanitation

Access to sanitary latrines in rural Karnataka is extremely low. As per the census 1991, only 6.9% householdsin rural areas of the state have this facility. The Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) initiated by Government of India in 1985-1986 had limited impact, benefiting only 1.19 lakh households in the period 1985-1986to 1994-1995. Although CRSP did not make much of a headway, with the introduction of Nirmala Grama Yojana (NGY), the pace of providing household sanitary latrines in rural areas of the state have been much higher. Althoughthe target of constructing 5 lakh latrines per year has not been reached owing to inadequacyof the programmebudget to reach the target, NGY has succeededin building an average of about 1.5 lakh householdlatrines per year.

Morbiditv due to Water-borne / Water Related Diseases in Karnataka

It is essential to understand the various water related problems which the communities are facing across the State. On the basis of the health indices appropriate sanitation and hygiene promotion awareness activities are to be undertaken to improve the health status of the communities. The most commonly occurring water-borne diseases in the State are gastroenteritis malaria, and typhoid (Table 4.11). Deaths due to gastroenteritisare the highest (although the number of deaths due to gastroenteritishas declined over the past decade) followed by mortality

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.29 due to cholera, viral hepatitis and typhoid. It is to be noted that data on incidence of water-borne diseases and deaths are obtained from the District Health & Family Welfare Office and Primary Health Centres (PHC). It does not reflect disease- incidence reported in private health agencies. Hence, the data may show a declining trend, but in reality, this may not be true.

TABLE 4.11 : KARNATAKA : INCIDENCEOF WATER-BORNEDISEASES AND DEATHS

Year Gastroenteritis Cholera Malaria Viral Hepatitis Typhoid Guinea worm Cases Deaths Cases Deaths A B Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths

1990 8565 391 448 15 512859 2773 2441 89 - - 634 -

1991 17455 691 747 15 6646213 44565 3512 130 - - 428 - 1992 15262 608 402 14 6913592 81057 2255 62 1161 9 166

1993 36206 855 424 13 7098519 196466 - - 617 4 18 -

1994 15932 325 304 10 7110997 266679 8017 85 20074 - 10 - 1995 18645 396 532 8 7111888 285830 7377 69 17779 10 1996 22983 377 657 6 7681802 219298 7737 44 2221 12

1997 23665 307 741 10 7726512 181450 - - 2880 5

1998 26832 501 434 2 7568155 26776 - 8242 4

1999 17743 126 134 3 7405711 93651 3929 3 23946 2

A - Total Blood smear collected and examined; B - Total positive cases Source: Annual Reports of Bureau of Health Intelligence, Dept. of Health and Family Welfare, GOK

District-wise details on disease incidence for gastroenteritis, cholera and malaria for 1990 - 1998 are presented in Tables 4.12, 4.13 and 4.14 respectively. Deaths due to gastroenteritis have generally been comparatively higher in the districts of Gulbarga, Kolar, Raichur and Bidar, respectively. The only district to have recorded deaths due to cholera in 1998 is Kolar. Although incidence of cholera in Mysore, Banagalore and Mandya districts has always been on the higher side, deaths due to cholera have not been so many in these districts, which may be due to better access to health care. Overall incidence of malaria appears to have reduced between 1995 and 1997 in Karnataka. However, the districts of Bijapur, Raichur, Kolar, Bellar, Mandya, Chitradurga and Dakshina Kannada record a fairly high incidence of the diseases in 1997.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.30 TABLE 4-12 DISTRICT-WISENUMBER OF CASESAND DEATHSDUE TO GASTROENTERITIS

Si. NoDstricts1990 1992 1995 1996 1997 1998 SLNo Districts C nD c D C D C D C D C D I Bangalore 1090 18 132 16 2900 33 3427 14 4714 29 2086 9 2 Bangalore (R) 314 19 239 11 417 5 398 5 720 14 139 9 3 Belgaum 22 2 143 7 519 5 317 8 198 2 617 10 4 Bellary 407 12 2061 55 527 16 530 14 874 7 929 14 5 Bidar 1500 51 1097 14 2142 41 2783 39 1960 6 4551 36 6 Bijapur 375 23 638 36 722 19 517 14 896 19 1804 6 7 Chickmagaalur 122 12 758 25 373 9 387 1 410 4 210 9 8 Chitradurga 203 18 220 10 2697 11 2407 33 3320 17 2799 16 9 Daskhina Kannada 107 10 27 4 32 9 22 - 18 3 58 1 10 Dharwad 174 13 672 35 461 28 2381 63 1671 49 994 22 11 Gulbarga 1335 79 2738 114 2157 58 2635 68 2450 43 5802 163 12 Hassan 114 11 402 31 290 13 646 3 141 1 219 1 13 Kodagu 96 13 317 16 598 19 409 3 228 6 317 11 14 Kolar 363 17 865 56 964 52 711 44 1758 37 918 43 15 Mandya 94 2 205 4 574 14 743 9 762 9 626 3 16 Mysore 1088 29 1867 45 2181 26 1526 17 1438 17 1762 26 17 Raichur 295 17 2329 103 354 7 1914 24 839 13 1719 41 18 Shimoga 304 18 182 7 123 6 400 3 543 9 352 2 19 Tumkur 562 27 341 17 566 23 681 13 725 22 920 32 20 Uttara Kannada - - 29 2 48 2 90 2 - - 10 2

_____ TOTAL 8565 391 15262 608 18645 396 22924 377 23665 307 26832 464 C - Cases D - Deaths

Source: Bureau of Health Intelligence,Dept. of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of Karnataka

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.31 TABLE 4-13: DISTRICT-WISECASES AND DEATHSDUE TO CHOLERA

SL. Districts 1990 1992 1995 1996 1997 1998 No C D C D C D C D C D C D 1 Bangalore 4 1 1 - 70 1 102 - 103 2 13 2 Bangalore (R) 34 - 3 - 13 - 19 1 17 2 1 3 Belgaum - - - - 4 4 - - - 1 4 Bellary 2 - 14 - 16 - _ 5 Bidar 63 3 20 1 21 11 1 1 - 15 6 Bijapur 1 - 5 - 8 6 2 - 5 7 Chickmagaalur 12 - 36 18 2 25 - 10 - 4 8 Chitradurga 60 3 2 - 7 - 13 - 19 - 10 9 Daskhina Kannada 10 - 17 2 - - 1 - 32 2 - 10lDharwad 5 1 12 2 21 1 9 - - - 1 I IGulbarga 78 - 76 1 86 1 53 - 45 - 73 12 Hassan 15 3 52 7 22 - 33 4 17 - 9 13Kodagu 2 1 2 1 16 1 5 - 1 - 3 14 Kolar 47 - 63 - 96 - 33 - 79 - 16 2 15 Mandya 8 - I - 24 - 137 - 98 2 43 16 Mysore 48 2 66 - 99 2 196 305 2 240- 17 Raichur - - 16 - - - - J 1 - 18 Shimoga - - 2 - - -

19 Tumkir 59 - 14 - 11 9 - 8 20 Uttara Kannada - - - f - I 1 3 - - TOTAL 448 15 402 14 5321 8 657 6 741 10 434 2 C - Cases D - Deaths

Source: Bureau of Health Intelligence,Dept. of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of Karnataka

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.32 TABLE 4-14 DISTRICT-WISEDETAILS OF MALARIACASES

Si. .t. 1990 1992 1995 1997 No DistrictsNo AAB90_____ ~~~~B A B A B A B 1 Bangalore 177669 200 206794 396 201797 755 239625 1669 2 Bangalore (R) 264796 22 309864 247 296576 219 353020 237 3 Belgaum 411401 879 434719 1490 390491 692 635610 2102 4 Bellary 256341 4142 274932 2473 246564 12634 268393 19149 5 Bidar 145921 637 200396 1764 193160 2480 218253 3007 6 Bijapur 523356 8072 517341 5960 457435 9972 606095 24105 7 Chickmagalur 22381 1386 210787 4806 309668 40721 222560 951 8 Chitradurga 427522 4859 445210 5680 444054 21037 418657 11664 9 Daskhina Kannada 416845 4013 298658 992 358282 9221 369120 10057 10 Dharwad 461234 616 502872 1142 544727 1096 615985 1276 11 Gulbarga 314454 3673 363676 4501 229721 400 363108 6427 12 Hassan 204818 842 423200 8105 570395 93944 412632 9899 13 Kodagu 276785 114 97055 18 94281 179 93486 134 14 Kolar 423835 23778 419308 29586 387213 16561 444961 33448 15 Mandya 354933 3253 332932 1114 405590 19182 353020 19787 16 Mysore 92104 9 552988 2913 559529 15436 582891 5744 17 Raichur 50408 718 393914 1566 409789 9671 492012 18147 18 Shimoga 259292 89 277970 160 294115 2639 303449 525 19 Tumkur 454268 12683 459419 8024 448059 21449 421561 4023 20 Uttara Kannada 200894 82 191657 120 183082 948 198575 652 TOTAI 6601484 74012 6913692 81057 7111888 285830 7726512 181450 A - Total Blood smear collectedand examined B - Totalpositive cases Source: Bureau of Health Intelligence,Dept. of Health & Family Welfare,Govt. of Karnataka

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.33

Data on the comparativeincidence of water-borneI water-related diseases in the project districtsduring the period 1998 - 2000 is presentedin Table 4.15.

TABLE 4.15: COMPARATIVE INCIDENCE OF WATER-BORNE / WATER RELATED DISEASES IN THE PROJECT DISTRICTS DURING THE PERIOD 1998-2000

Reported Cases E E & X - CX S. Si. of ea ~ ~ qC No Diseases /llkh .0~C Population * I Gastroenteritis 16 111 141 51 338 19 30 33 1 56 56 2 Typhoid 81 45 145 81 1 29 164 51 3 67 29 3 Cholera 1 2 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 - - 4 Infective Hepatitis 6 8 2 12 1 3 - 15 0 8 11 5 Polio 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 6 Malaria 124 18 437 331 128 38 14 543 15 353 891 7 Filaria 1 NIL 21 1 22 21 - - 46 - 12 8 Skin diseases 185 - - 362 35 - 87 232 17 833 129 9_ Conjunctivitis 76 - - 415 - 25 - 62 0 84 349 10 Worm Infestation 426 - - 805 43 25 219 1108 2 450 36 11 Upper Respiratory 3480 45 1 4820 51 611 554 403 2858 4748 23 Infection I I I_ 12 Japanese - NIL NIL - - - - 0 1 1 _ Encephalitis .__ 13 Fluorisis - - 27 NIL - - - 1194 257 - 1473 * Average of cases for the period 1998-2000 Note: Data compiled from information received from DH&FW Offices. Values less than I reported as 1, values rounded off to the nearest whole number

4.4 Baseline Status of ProjectI Pilot Districts

4.4.1 Dharwad

As for ground water utilisation all the five taluks in Dharwad district come under the 'white' category (<65%). Hubli taluk in which the pilot GP Shiraguppiis located has a ground water utilisation level of 20% while Kundgol taluk in which Rottigwad pilot GP is located has a utilisation level of only 9% as at year 1999 (Table D-1). Thus, in both the GPs, there is considerablescope for further utilisation of ground water for rural water supply under the proposed project.

Details of existingrural water supply schemes in Dharwad district are given in Table D-2. More than 50% of hand pump bore well schemes (1282 out of 2147) in the district are non-functional, mainly due to decline in water table resulting in poor yield, salinity and vandalism.

KRWS&ESP-1I Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4,34 As per availabledata, there are 394 habitationsin the five taluks of Dharwad of which 244 habitations (61.9%) have a per capita supply less than 55 lpcd, the norm prescribed by the State. The taluk-wise distribution of habitations is as follows: Dharwad - 61, Hubli - 37, Kalghatgi - 63, Kundagol - 48 and Navalgund - 35 (Table D-3)

Available information on the water quality affected villages in Kundagol and Hubli taluks in the district is given in Table D-4. The list of villages affected by brackishnessin Kundagol and Navalgund taluks is given in Table D-5. Salinity in ground water is a widely prevalent problem in the district. There are 228 bore well sources affected by salinity in these two taluks alone. List of villages having bore wells with fluoride content more than 1.5mg/1in the district is given in Table D-6.

The present status of water supply in the pilot villages of Dharwad district is shown in Table D-7. In the villages of pilot GPs of Rottigwad and Shiraguppithe current service level ranges from a minimum of 6.72 Ipcd in Konkanakurahattito a maximum of 27.32 lpcd in Rottigwad.

Water-borne and other diseases cases reported from the district for the years 1995 - 2000 is presented in Table D-8. There has been recurrence of G.E cases, typhoid and malaria with a spurt in cholera cases in the year 2000. Large number of cases of upper respiratory diseases have also been reported. As informed by the District Health & Family Welfare Officer, Dharwad nearly 45% of the 'under five' children in the district are suffering from severe upper respiratory infections which may result in tuberculosis.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.35 TABLE D-1 : TALUK-WISE GROUND WATER RECHARGE AND UTILIZATION STATUS IN DHARWAD DISTRICT

Recharge No. of Wells Draft (HaM) Balance % of Si. Name of (HaM) RehageUtliatonStage Cate No Taluk Gross Net BW DCB DUG OTHS TOTAL BW DCB DUG OTHS TOTAL DRAFT (HaM) @ 949 gory

T Byadagi 4370 3715 917 292 5 - 1214 1559 409 5 - 1973 1381 2334 37 47 W 2 Dharwad 10993 9344 1102 19 222 - 1343 1873 27 200 - 2100 1470 78741 16 26 W 3 Gadag 4438 3772 204 404 679 19 1306 347 566 611 4 1528 1070 2702 28 38 W 4 Hanagal 11693 9939 1438 4 134 6 1582 2445 6 121 1 2573 1801 8138 18 21 W 5 Haveri 6958 5914 2178 82 10 - 2270 3703 115 9 - 3827 2679 3235 45 55 W 6 Hirekerur 8641 7345 2366 45 245 - 2656 4022 63 220 - 4305 3014 4331 41 51 W 7 Hubli 6447 5480 414 3 111 49 577 704 4 100 10 818 573 4907 10 20 W 8 Khalaghatagi 6524 5545 735 - 154 - 889 1250 - 139 - 1389 972 4573 18 21 W 9 Kundgol 2366 2011 79 - 31 23 133 134 _ 28 5 167 117 1894 6 9 W 10 Mundargi 6339 5388 224 279 1268 2 1773 381 391 1141 - 1913 1339 4049 25 35 W 11 Naragund 530 431 86 1 86 127 300 146 1 77 25 249 174 257 40 50 W 12 Navalgund 1170 995 52 - 32 21 105 88 - 29 4 121 85 910 9 12 W 13 Ranibennur 7833 6658 1998 386 66 - 2450 3397 540 59 - 3996 2797 3861 42 52 W 14 Ron 9742 8281 1850 306 615 4 2775 3145 428 554 1 4128 2890 5391 35 45 W 15 Savanur 4453 3785 1115 121 3 2 1241 1896 169 3 2068 1448 2337 38 48 W 16 Shiggaon 4821 4098 534 29 123 - 686 908 41 11C 1059 741 3357 18 28 W 17 Shirahatti 6827 5803 666 310 842 9 1827 1132 434 758 2 2326 1628 4175 28 38 W

W = White BW - Bore Well DCB - Dug Cum Bore well OTHs - Others Sourcc: Ground Water Statusof Karnataka (as on 31/12/1994), Dept. of Mines & Geology,Govt. of Karnataka 1995.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.36 TABLE D-2: DETAILS OF THE EXISTINGDRINKING WATER SUPPLY SCHEMESIN DHARWADDISTRICT

Total No of N.o eet Si. schemes in the No. of No. of defectn Sl. Taluk Scheme Taluk (Both schemes non No Central & working functioning State) schemes 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Dharwad Piped Water Supply 81 76

NMiniWater Supply 98 98 _ Hand pump Bore wells 630 269 361

2 Hubli Piped Water Supply 40 38

= ______Mini Water Supply 42 46 _ Hand pump Bore wells 302 133 169

3 Kalaghatgi Piped Water Supply 56 49 ___-_ - Mini_ Water Supply 53 56 _

______Hand pump Bore wells 672 239 433

4 Kundagol Piped Water Supply 29 27 _ =______MiniWater Supply 37 46 _ _

______tHand pump Bore wells 276 156 120

5 Navalgund Piped Water Supply 52 46

______Mini Water Supply 5 5 _

______Hand pump Bore wells 267 68 199

Dharwad District Abstract

Piped Water Supply 258 236 _

MiniWater Supply 235 251 _ Hand pump Bore wells 2147 865 1282

Source: Government of Karnataka, Zilla Panchayat, Dharwad Brief note on Water Supply and Sanitation facilities in Pilot Gram Panchayats - Dharwad District. January2001

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4,37 TABLE D-3: STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICE LEVEL IN VILLAGES OF DHARWADDISTRICT

Si. Description_Taluk No Description Dharwad Hubli Kalghatgi Kundagol Navalagund Total 1 No. of revenue villages 108 58 87 57 57 367 No. of Habitations 122 58 99 58 57 394 Rural Population 178358 113085 121248 123241 116794 652726

Present Water SupplyLevel

A No. of habitations covered 51 08 25 03 02 89

with more than 55 LPCD. ___ B No. of habitations covered 22 07 08 03 02 42 with more than 40 LPCD C No. of habitations covered with more than 30 to 40 16 11 21 12 05 65 LPCD. D No. of habitations covered with more than 20 to 30 20 12 27 14 04 77 LPCD E No. of habitations covered with more than 10 to 20 03 05 07 17 13 45 LPCD F No. of habitations covered - 02 - 02 11 15 with less than 10 LPCD 02 02 _11_ 15 G Villages covered under corporation or Town 04 12 07 - - 23 Panchayat H Villages taken up under 06 01 04 07 20 38 Netherlands Assistance Total No. of Habitations 122 58 99 58 57 394

Source: Governmentof Karnataka,Zilla Panchayat,Dharwad Brief note on Water Supply and Sanitationfacilities in Pilot Gram Panchayats - Dharwad District. January2001

KRWS&ESP-1IEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.38

TABLE D-4 LIST OF PILOT VILLAGES AFFECTED BY BRACKISHNESS (TDS, TH) IN WATER SUPPLY SOURCES IN KUNDGOL AND HUBLI TALUKS OF DHARWAD DISTRICT

Taluk: Kundgol District: Dharwad ( 13/04) Tur Cond pH TDS TH CalH Cl S04 Fluo NO3 Alk Bact S.No VILLAGE / LOCATION SCH (10) - mS/ (6.5- (2000) (600) (200) (1000) (400) (1.5) (100) (600) Iron (c/100 P/NP ______JT cm 8.5) PPm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ml)-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 16. Bardwad _ 109 Near Hiregunjal gudda Rd HP 1 0.04 8.09 1968.1 1100 93.10 121.0 13.4 0.9 26.2 14.50 0.10 Absent NP 110 Near Durga HP 2 0.02 8.07 1725 1350 60.85 118.5 14.0 0.8 17.4 16.25 0.20 Absent NP 111 On Chaulabbi Road HP 3 0.04 8.30 2438 1250 78.50 121.0 15.0 1.0 25.0 15.40 0.23 Absent NP 112 Near take HP 4 0.05 7.69 3001 1620 93.45 104.0 22.0 1.1 15.3 22.50 0.20 Absent NP 113 Near Harijan Keri HP 2 0.01 8.05 2889 1450 89.65 103.5 14.0 0.9 26.0 17.00 0.14 Absent NP 114 In front of VeterinaryHospital HP 1 0.01 8.32 2448.5 1240 96.19 97.0 12.0 1.3 7.0 15.40 0.16 Absent NP 115 Near Bus Stand HP 2 0.04 8.31 1521.0 978 88.95 95.5 13.5 1.4 14.0 12.60 0.20 Absent NP 116 On Kodiwad Road HP 3 0.05 8.23 3850 1450 97.50 96.0 12.5 0.9 14.0 17.00 0.18 Absent NP

17. Kodliwad = 117 Harijan Keri HP 2 0.39 7.38 1903 1088 73.45 69.5 13.2 1.2 24.3 14.50 0.21 Absent NP 118 Near Veerana Temple HP 1 0.41 7.87 1024.0 875 72.14 52.0 14.4 0.9 17.0 16.30 0.23 Absent NP 119 Kodiwad Road NWS 2 0.46 8.01 393.5 286 43.15 23.0 4.3 0.6 15.1 16.25 0.30 Absent P

18. Rottiewad _ 120 Channappa gouda's field NWS 2 0.47 8.08 2643.5 1340 124.50 70.0 15.6 1.5 14.3 22.60 0.23 Absent NP 121 Bharani Kendra NRWS 2 0.04 7.69 1693.4 892 112.24 62.0 9.8 1.2 25.0 14.50 0.30 Absent NP 122 Near High School HP 2 0.04 7.89 826.0 735 73.50 256.6 12.3 1.1 12.0 23.75 0.21 Absent NP 123 Near Gourammana gudi HP 3 0.03 8.00 1068.0 995 64.55 388.8 14.0 1.3 14.5 26.0 0.32 Absent NP 124 On Road HP 6 0.02 6.78 1501 676 69.55 345.5 14.0 1.4 13.0 20.1 0.23 Absent NP 125 Harijan Keri HP 6 0.03 8.02 2226 1340 83.45 442.1 14.5 1.5 12.0 16.25 0.30 Absent NP

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.39 Tur Cond pH TDS TH CalH Cl S04 Fluo NO3 Alk Bact S.No VILLAGE/ LOCATION SCH (10) - mS/ (6.5- (2000) (600) (200) (1000) (400) (1.5) (100) (600) Iron (c/100 P/NP JTL cm 8.5) ppm ppm PPm ppm pPM ppm ppm ppm m)-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19. Konkanakuratti 126 Near Janata Plot HP 3 0.39 7.91 1696 840 48.08 364.2 15.0 1.5 10.0 14.3 0.31 Absent NP 127 Chaulabbi Road HP 2 0.30 7 38 1022.2 895 59.95 386.2 15.0 1.2 9.0 15.4 0.32 Absent NP 128 Harijan Keri HP 4 0.18 7.38 2785.6 1985 91.85 528.8 14.0 1.7 10.0 27.0 0.23 Absent NP 129 Kulkarni field HP 3 0.16 8.01 1690 640 46.55 294.4 29.8 1.8 29.0 11.5 0.40 Absent NP 130 Near Siddarudh HP 5 0.06 7.39 1563 1045 54.45 330.0 14.0 1.7 8.0 18.0 0.23 Absent NP Taluk : Hubli District: Dharwad ( 13/02) Shiraeurwi I I 51 In Bhavakkanavar's Reddy's HIP 1 833 9 553 240.5 102.2 52.8 8.6 0.6 11.4 50 0.5 Absent P Field _ _ 52 Gagad Road Ganger's field HP 0.6 842 8.2 803 326 69.8 49.7 20.4 0.5 10.8 24.3 1.5 Absent P 53 Near Dyammavan Katti HP 0.5 779 8.4 466 140 142 424.7 9 0.5 14.3 10 0.3 Absent P 54 Near Dymmavan Temple HP 2 563 7.9 389 240.6 54 28.9 16.4 0.3 14.4 9.4 0.5 r Absent P

= 31. Nalavadi== 111 Near Lake HP 2 2.04 8.94 504 312.0 38.48 102.68 62.3 1.5 1.0 5.50 0.95 Absent NP 112 Harijan Colony HP 3 0.89 8.69 526 322.0 38.68 117.0 65.0 0.1 2.4 8.1 1.0 Absent P 113 BehindMatha HP 2.5 0.75 8.60 363 296.0 37.67 99.10 63.0 1.4 4.0 5.6 1.0 Absent P

32. Manakwadr 114 Water Supply PP 3 2.04 8.74 395 362.0 40.88 161.0 25.5 0.45 4.0 38.70 0 Absent P

Source: ZPED, Dharwad

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.40 TABLE D-5 : LIST OF VILLAGESAFFECTED BY BRACKISHNESSIN WATER SUPPLYSOURCES IN DHARWADDISTRICT

Kundagol Taluk Navalgund Taluk _ __ Si No. of Si. Name of No. of Si. Name of No. of No Name of village sources BW No village sources BW No village sources BW I Konkanakurahatti 5 1 Morab 4 20 Shishwinahalli 3 2 Yarebudihal 3 2 Shirur 6 21 Chilakawad 4 3 Yaraguppi 2 3 Gummagol 2 22 Belahar 3 4 Bagawad 3 4 Byalal 2 23 Kalawad 3 5 Baradwad 8 5 Shirakol 5 24 Karlawad 3 6 Kodliwad 3 6 Tirapur 5 25 Nagarahalli 4 7 Mullalli 1 7 Amarago 4 26 Ballaaraawad 4 8 Yarinarayanapur 3 8 Yamanur 2 27 Bennur 6 9 Rottigwad 6 9 Basapur 7 28 Dundur 4 10 Basapur 5 10 Datanal 6 29 Nalavadi 3 11 Gundenakatti 3 11 Ballur 3 30 Manakawad 2 12 Hanchinal 6 12 Hanashi 6 31 Maijigudda 9 13 Chakaiabbi 1 13 Javoor 3 32 Saidapur 5 14 Allapur 2 14 Hebbal 5 33 Hallikeri 5 15 Shirur 2 15 Navalli 5 34 lbrahimpur 5 16 Chikkanarati 3 16 Padesur 3 35 Sotakinal 4 17 Benakanhalli 5 17 Kumarkoopa 4 36 Gudisagar 6 1 18 IHerenarthi 3 18 Gobbaragumpi 3 37 Arahatti 4 19 IKubihal 6 19 lBeiavatgi 6 _ Source: Executive Engineer,ZPED, Dharwad

TABLE D-6: LIST OF VILLAGESHAVING BORE WELLS WITH FLUORIDE CONTENTMORE THAN1.5 Mg/I IN DHARWADDISTRICT

Nae of vNo. of BWs . No. of BWs . No. of BWs Name of vllage affected NffectedNameoaffected Name of village affected Dharwad Taluk Hubli Taluk Saidapur 1 Lakamapur 1 Malligaawada 1 Adnur I Yadawada 3 Sharewad I Ibrahimpur I Lokur 8 Hebsur 1 Tuppada kuratti 3 Uppinabetagen 1 Kamnplikoppa 3 Tadahal 1 Kallur _ 1_ __ Kongawada 1 Jirigewada 1 Total 4 villages 6 Arhatti 2 Tadakod 3 Kalghatagi Taluk Datanal I Guledkoppa 1 Mukkal I Kumbrakoppa I Gera 3 Jinnur I Shirkol 4 Hangeraki 2 Ballur 3 Belligatti 1 Total 2 villages 2 Hebbal 3 Salakinkoppa I Tirlapur I Bada 2 Navalgund Taluk Arekurahatti 5 Nigadi 2 Karlawada 3 Belhar I Honnapur 1 Nagarahali 2 Bennur I Hoswal 2 Morab 2 Dundur 2 Varvi nagalavi I Athetti 1 Daddi kamalapur I Total 26 villages 49 Chikamalligaawad 1 Aminiinabhavi 1 Source : Executive Engineer, ZPED, Dharwad

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.41

TABLE D-7: PRESENTSTATUS OF WATERSUPPLY IN THE PILOT VILLAGESOF DHARWADDISTRICT

Name of Populationas per Present Present Water St. Name of Gram Name of village 1991 Census water Sup ly System Present Quality No Taluk Panchayat Total SC ST suppy PWS MWS BWS W/S level of water source ______1 Kundgol Rottigwad 1. Rottigwad 2091 171 198 Bore well 01 01 04 27.32 Brackish (High ______TDs) 2. Baradwad 1837 18 __ - do - 0 0 07 9.00 -do - =______3. Kodliwad 855 24 __ - do- - 01 05 22.58 -do - 4. Konkanakurahatti 957 90 39 - do - 06 6.72 -do - 2 Navalgund Nalavadi 1. Nalavadi 3104 190 110 - do - 1 03 20.13 - do - 2. Manakavad 1906 154 35 -do - 1 - 02X 18.73 -do - 3 Hubli Shiraguppi 1. Shiraguppi 4001 325 - -do - 1 1 03 19.37 - do - Koliwad 1. Koliwad 4323 372 508 - do - I - - 15.28 Brackish 4 Kalghatagi Galagi 1. Galagiss 4387 377 148 - do - 1 - 02 11.00 Safe ______2. Hulakoppa 1645 46 12 - do - 1 1 02 45.00 -do - = ______3. Hesarambi 946 54 15 do-d __ 08 28.31 -do-

Source: Executive Engineer,ZPED, Dharwad

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 4.42 TABLE D-8: WATER-BORNEAND OTHERDISEASES CASES REPORTED FROM DHARWADDISTRICT FOR THE YEARS 1995 - 2000

=______CasesReported SL Description 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 No ______1 Gastroenteritis 461 2381 1671 797797 346 3457 2 Typhoid - - - 1560 143 155 3 Cholera 21 09 03 01 - 65 4 Infective Hepatitis - - - 243 47 51 5 Polio AFOP 13 5 9 8 7 11 6 Malaria 1096 1006 305 291 234 206 7 Filaria NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 8 Skin Diseases - 9 Conjunctivitis - 10 Worm Infestation - 11 No, of Upper - - 100877 39671 44746 ____ Respiratory Infection 12 Japanese Encephalitis NIL NIL 03 NIL NIL NIL 13 Any other cases related with water - (Specify) 14 Availabilityof Cinema Not Available/ On Road / Off Road! IVanI

Source:District Health & F.W. Officer, Dharwad.

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.43 4.4.2 Belgaum

The status of utilisation of ground water in the 10 taluks of Belgaum district ranges from as low as 20% in Khanapura taluk to as high as 100% in Hukkeri taluk (Table B-1). The second highest utilisationlevel of 92% has occurred in Chikkodi taluk. Hukkeri and Chikkodi taluks are, therefore, categorised as 'dark' taluks. Athani and Bailahongal taluks fall under the 'grey' category with 75% and 83% utilisation respectively. The rest of the taluks are of 'white' category with considerablescope for further utilisation.

The status of rural water supply service level in the district is presented in Table B-2. Of the total 1576 habitations in the district, 1027 habitations (65.2%) have access to a per capita supplyless than 55 lpcd, the norm set by the State.

Data on water quality of 6775 samples analysed from 1576 villages in the 10 taluks of the district is summarised in Table B-3. Nearly a third (2281) of the samples are affected due to the presence of excessive concentration of fluoride (286), chloride (41), TDS (269), iron (1677) and nitrate (8). The large number of samples affected by the presence of iron might be due to the presence of 'acquired iron' resulting from the corrosion products of the hand pumps when not in use for long periods of interval.

The water quality data for the pilot villagesin Saundatti and Hukkeri taluks of BelgaLumdistrict is given in Table B-4. Out of the 26 samples collected from the villages in Saundatti taluk 14 were found non-potable of which 6 were due to bacteriologicalcontamination.

The reported cases of water-borneand other diseases in the district during the period 1995 - 2000 are given in Table B-5. G.E, typhoid and infective hepatitis cases have been consistently high, so also malaria, skin diseases and worn infestation. The number of upper respiratory diseases has been showing a rising trend during the last 5 years.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.44

TABLE B-1: TALUK-WISEGROUND WATER RECHARGE AND UTILIZATIONSTATUS IN BELGAUM DISTRICT

Recharge No. of Wells Draft (Ha.M) Balance % of SI. Name of (Ha.M) ______Rehag Utjiistio Stage Cate No Taluk Gross Net BW DCB DUG OTHS TOTAL BW DCB DUG OTHS TOTAL NET (Ha.M) @4 99 gory ______~~~~~DRAFT_ _ _ 1 Athani 14665 12465 968 84 10775 498 12325 1646 118 9698 100 11562 8093 4372 65 75 G 2 Bailahongal 9214 7832 3747 26 1925 81 5779 6370 36 1732 16 8154 5708 2124 73 83 G 3 Belgaum 11092 9428 1806 - 4139 220 6165 3070 -3725 44 6839 4787 4641 51 61 W 4 Chikkodi 10570 8984 1500 - 8672 10871 11259 2550 -7805 217 10572 7400 1584 82 92 D 5 Gokak 12747 10835 975 209 5612 95 6891 1658 292 5050 19 7019 4913 5922 45 55 W 6 Hukkeri 5966 5071 842 143 6649 568 8202 1431 200 5984 114 7729 5410 (-) 339 107 100 D 7 Khanapura 16065 13655 1452 11 960 31 2454 2468 15 864 6 3353 2347 11308 17 20 W 8 Ramdurga 9826 8352 1800 11 1779 153 3743 3060 15 1601 30 4706 3294 5058 39 49 W 9 Raibagh 11416 9704 1124 3 10162 711 11360 1911 4 9146 14 11075 5116 4588 53 63 W 10 Saundatti 10575 8989 1996 15 2062 174 4247 3393 21 1856 35 5305 3714 5275 41 51 W

D = Dark, G = Grey, W = White, BW = Bore Well DCB = Dug cum Bore well DUG = Dug well OTH = Others

Source: Ground Water Status of Karnataka (as on 31/12/1994), Dept. of Mines & Geology, Govt. of Karnataka 1995.

KRWS&ESP-1I Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.45

TABLE B-2: RURALWATER SUPPLY SERVICELEVEL IN BELGAUMDISTRICT

Water Supply No of Villge No ofsbvlae Total inhabited Service Level o o. Villages

More than 55 Ipcd 121 71 192 40 - 55]pcd 160 61 221 30 - 40 lpcd 331 112 443 20 - 30 lpcd 293 87 380 10 - 20 lpcd 185 86 271 0 - lpcd0 58 11 69 Total 1148 428 1576

Source: Brochure distributedat the time of World Bank Missions Visit to Belgaum in January 2001

TABLE B-3: SUMMARYDATA OF VILLAGESAFFECTED BY WATER QUALITY IN BELGAUMDISTRICT

SN Taluk No. of Samples Vil geAffected by No Villages Analysed F Cl TDS Fe NO3 Bact 1 Bailahongal 146 910 10 6 59 352 0 5 2 Belgaum 187 769 1 1 4 274 0 25 3 Khanapur 305 860 6 0 1 422 0 14 4 Ramadurg 133 378 49 4 26 44 0 0 5 Soundatti 139 792 42 0 10 105 3 0 6 Athani 123 566 34 12 76 84 0 2 7 Chikkodi 162 632 37 12 28 110 3 2 8 Gokak 152 837 85 3 40 131 2 0 9 Hukkeri 163 629 20 0 5 113 0 0 10 Raibag 66 402 2 3 20 42 0 0 =__ Total 1576 6775 286 41 269 1677 8 48

Source: Executive Engineer,ZPED, Belgaum

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.46

TABLE B-4: WATER QUALITY IN PILOT VILLAGES IN SOUNDATTI AND HUKKERI TALUKS OF BELGAUM DISTRICT

Taluk: Soundatti Water Quality Parameters Panchayat: Inchal V alues given in parenthesis are permissible limits (IS 10500: 1991)

Si. Tur Color Cond Ph TDS TH CalH Cl S0 4 Fluo NO3 Alk F (I Bact VILLAGE / LOCATION SCH (10) (25) - mS/ (6.5- (2000) (600) (200) (1000) (400) (1.5) (100) (600) e ) (c/1(00 P/NP No JTU HU cm 85) ppm m ppm ppm ppm ppm pp ppm m)-O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 205 BESIDE AGANWADI BWHP 3 5 0.27 7.5 872 730 220 189 91 0.6 25 333 0.4 5 NP 206 JANATA COLONY -I BWHP 2 6 0.81 7.6 467 400 116 39 41 0.2 8.7 323 0.6 0 P 207 JANATA COLONY -II BWHP 9 9 0.84 8.4 565 480 96 58 113 0.4 9.2 312 0.8 0 P 208 SHIVANAD NAGAR BWHP 0 5 0.69 8 416 353 84 31 31 0.8 9.2 323 0.8 0 P 209 GOKAK ROAD OWPP 3 5 0.66 6.7 430 350 100 35 32 0.8 9.2 323 1 1 NP 210 NEAR RANEKAR FIELD OWPP 0 6 0.85 6.5 483 390 132 32 75 0.8 8.8 285 0.8 8 NP 211 HARUAN GALLI -I, BWHP 5 12 1.11 7.9 748 688 172 195 89 0.4 20.4 353 0.6 0 NP INCHAL I_I__ 212 SOMMANNAVAR GALLI BIWHP 1 5 1.85 6.8 1185 918 228 281 211 0.6 20.4 349 0.4 0 NP 213 HARUANGALLI-I BWHIP 1 5 0.92 7.2 601 574 140 61 58 0.4 22 346 0.8 0 P 214 JAKATIGALLI BWHP 1 5 1.33 7.2 774 700 196 136 160 0.4 20.8 343 0.6 0 NP 215 NEAR BUS STAND BWHP 3 5 1.06 7.4 691 580 156 69 132 0.8 16.7 325 1 8 NP 216 NEAR MATH BWHP 0 5 0.97 8 574 449 108 75 98 0.2 5.8 308 0.4 0 P 217 KATGINSAR GALLI BWHP 1 6 0.99 8.4 591 499 120 84 82 0.8 5.4 320 1.4 0 NP 218 BEHIND HOSTEL BWHP 2 8 0.83 7.8 520 510 124 59 119 0.8 11.2 323 0.6 0 P 219 NEAR J.C.H. COLLEGE BWHiP 0 5 1.08 8 723 659 164 72 122 0.8 12 361 4.6 2 NP 219A NEAR T. COLONY BWHP 0 5 0.81 7.6 513 440 92 61 48 0.6 18 330 0.6 5 NP 220 BEHIND SOCIETY BWHP 1 5 0.71 7.5 476 420 100 34 51 0.8 11.6 330 0.6 0 P 221 MUTAWAD ROAD BWHP 2 9 0.8 7.4 503 350 100 35 46 0.8 16.2 302 0.2 0 P 222 MUTAWAD ROAD OW 0 6 0.69 8.4 465 350 104 71 63 0.8 13.7 234 0.4 0 P

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.47 Table B.4 Cont... Taluk: Soundatti Water Quality Parameters Panchayat: Mutawad _ Values given in parenthesis are permissible limits (IS 10500: 1991) SL SCH Tur Color Cond PH TDS TH CalH Cl SO4 Fluo NO3 Alk Fe (I) Bact No VILLAGE / LOCATION (10) (25) - mS/ (6.5- (2000) (600) (200) (1000) (400) (1.5) (100) (600) ppm (c/100 P/NP JTU HU cm 8.5) ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ml)-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 223 NEARMARUTI MANDIR BWHiP 0 5 0.93 7.4 624 590 148 83 51 0.8 13.3 358 0.4 0 P 224 NEARHULASAPPA BWHP 2 6 1.47 7.2 883 850 216 205 228 0.6 23.3 332 0.6 0 NP HOUSE I_I 225 HARUANKERI BWHP 2 6 1.59 7 1031 950 240 235 290 0.2 22 332 0.4 0 NP 226 NEAR ANGANWADI BWHIP 1 6 1.32 7.3 883 708 154 110 202 0.2 17.5 370 1.6 0 NP 227 OUTSIDEVILLAGE BWHP 0 5 1.49 7.2 940 696 151 165 231 2 18 304 1.4 0 NP 228 NEARBUSSTAND BWHP 1 5 1.01 6.7 668 519 128 48 175 0.4 22 285 1 0 P 229 MADALBVIROAD BWHP 1 5 1.3 7.2 756 589 140 41 298 0.8 15 256 0.6 0 P

NP : Non Potable P : Potable

Source: ExecutiveEngineer, ZPED, Belgaum

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.48 TABLE B-5: WATER-BORNE AND OTHER DISEASES CASES REPORTED DURING 1995 - 2000 IN BELGAUM DISTRICT

Cases Reported

No Description 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1 Gastroenteritis 408 317 198 510 249 977 2 Typhoid 1261 1408 2506 3548 3403 1713 3 Cholera - 4 - 3 - 30 4 Infective Hepatitis 189 198 202 128 118 387 5 Polio 3 3 3 .1 - - 6 Malaria 692 601 2102 6334 4343 2689 7 Filaria 8 3 3 1 - - 8 Skin diseases 4629 4923 5338 6491 6261 7165 9 Conjunctivitis 2313 2635 3028 4998 1735 1403 10 Worm infestation 13227 11517 14716 16413 15118 14287 l 1 No. of upper 98736 106392 114348 118632 123216 132312 respiratory infections 9 1 1 1

Source: District Health & Family Welfare Officer, Belgaum.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4,49 4.4.3 Gulbarga

The status of ground water recharge and utilisation in the 10 taluks of Gulbarga district is shown in Table G-1. The ground water utilisation level (at stage 99) in all the taluks does not exceed even 45%. In Chitapur and Sedam taluks where the pilot GPs are located, the utilisationlevel is 11% and 17% respectively. Thus, all the taluks in the district come under the 'white' category with plenty of scope for further exploitationof ground water.

The status of water supply schemesin the Gundagurthipilot GP is summarised in Table G-2. The MWS and PWS schemes are all functional except the MWS in Evani village due to a damagedpipe line. One hand pump bore well scheme, each in Gundagurthiand Malkood is non-functional.

In GundagurthiTanda, MWS has been provided for which the source is from the main village on the other side of the stream. Ever since the installation of the scheme, the Tanda has not received water from this scheme due to damage of the pipeline which is laid across the stream. Hence, the Tanda is depending upon subsurfacesource which is at a distanceof about 300m.

Summary data of sources affected by water quality in the district is presented taluk-wise in Table G-3. 5741 samples from 880 villages were tested of which 1882 samples had excessive fluoride, 60 high TDS, 885 iron and 3 high nitrate. According to the ZPED data ( Table G-4) out of the 6578 samples collected and tested over a period of 4 years (April 1, 1997 to March 31, 2001) 649 samples (about 10%) from 166 villages had excessive fluoride and 404 samples were brackish. Most of the water samples (4 out of 5) tested from Betegera-B panchayat were found to be non- potabledue to bacterial contamination( Table G-5)

Reported cases of water-borne and other diseases in the district for the period 1995-2000 are given in Table G-6. There have been deaths due to Gastroenteritis during 1996-2000. Large number of malaria and filaria cases have also been reported. 1098 and 1964 cases of fluorosis have been reported during 1998 and 1999 respectively.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.50 TABLE G-1: TALUK-WISE GROUND WATER RECHARGE AND UTILIZATION STATUS IN GULBARGA DISTRICT

Recharge No. of Wells Draft (Ha.M) Balance % of SI. Nameof - ( M) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RechargeUtilisation Stage Cate No Taluk Gross Net BW DCB DUG OTHS TOTAL BW DCB DUG OTHS TOTAL NET (Ha_M) 94 @ 99 gory

I Afzalpura 9990 8492 404 -3401 - 3805 687 - 3060 - 3747 2623 5869 31 41 W 2 Aland 11729 9970 61 96 4517 226 4900 104 134 4065 45 4348 3044 6926 31 41 W 3 Chincholi 7637 6491 42 -1104 62 1208 71 994 12 1077 754 5737 12 22 W 4 Chitapur 12612 10720 11 . 169 5 185 19 152 1 172 120 10600 1 11 W 5 Gulbarga 9717 8259 47 23 2844 254 3168 80 32 2560 51 2723 1906 6353 23 33 W 6 Jewargi 16418 13955 - 13 1058 731 1802 - 18 952 146 1116 781 13174 6 16 W 7 Sedam 9269 7879 34 . 762 76 872 58 - 686 15 759 531 7348 7 17 W 8 Shahapur 4251 3613 - 1317 - 1317 - - 1185 - 1185 830 2783 23 33 W 9Shorapur 8900 7565 32 1034 4 1070 54 -930 1 985 690 6875 9 19 W 10 Yadgir 7606 6465 552 67 2219 887 3725 938 94 1997 177 3206 2244 4221 35 45 W

W = White BW - Bore Well DCB - Dub Cum Borewell OTHs - Others Source: Ground Water Status of Karnataka (as on 31/12/1994) , Dept. of Mines & Geology, Govt. of Karnataka 1995.

KRWS&ESP-lI Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.51 TABLE G-2: STATUS OF DRINKINGWATER SUPPLY SCHEMESIN GUNDAGURTHI,MALKOOD, EVANI AND BELGUMPAVILLAGES OF GULBARGADISTRICT

Si. ero StatusJ No Type of Scheme Location | nYearuof |u SttionaNon- | Remarks Construction Functioa l Functional 1 Piped Water Supply

_ a) Gundagurthi Open Well 1986-1987 Functional - lb) Malkood School 1987-1988 -do- - 2 Mini Water Supply

a) Wacha Village back 1986-1987 - do - - ______side ______b) Evani Open Well 1989-1990 Non- Pipe Line Functional Damaged c) Belgumra Open Well 1986-1987 - do - d) Gundagurthi Bore well Non- Pipe Line Tanda (Main village - Functional Damaged ______source)______3 Bore well with Hand Pump _ _ a) Gundagurthi Matha 1989-1990 2 - do - 1 b) Evani Cross and 1989-1990 2 - do - b) E.ani HariJanwada 1

__ c) Malkood School 1987-1988 2 - do- I

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.52 TABLE G-3: SUMMARYDATA OF SOURCESAFFECTED BY WATER QUALITYIN GULBARGADISTRICT

Si. No. of No. of No. of Samples affected with No Taluk Villages sources Fluoride TDS Iron Nitrate sampled tested I Afzalpur 63 458 320 21 54 0 2 Aland 109 669 465 1 121 0 3 Chincholi 108 556 411 0 76 1 4 Chittapur 51 327 224 1 49 0 5 Gulbarga 73 494 147 0 65 0 6 Jevargi 80 468 161 1 95 0 7 Sedam 77 508 18 0 109 0 8 Shahapur 107 865 42 9 99 1 9 Shorapur 98 553 10 5 66 0 10 Yadgir 114 843 84 22 121 1 Total 880 5741 1882 60 855 3

Source: RDED, Bangalore, Reportby Shiva Analyticals(India) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore

TABLE G-4: DETAILS OF WATERSAMPLES TESTED AND FOUND WITH EXCESSIVEFLOURIDE AND HARDNESSIN GULBARGADISTRICT FROM APRIL01,1997 TO MARCH 31,2001

No. of Sources with No. of Brackish Sources Si. Name of Samples Excessive Fluoride villages with Hard Water No Taluka Collected Source Hand Affected Source Hand and Source Hand Total by PitPm oa Analyzed pon upFluoridePon Tta 1 Gulbarga 568 25 59 84 68 - 36 36 2 Chittapur 1021 8 29 37 31 3 31 34 3 Aland 1094 7 37 44 29 13 103 116 4 Afzalpur 937 3 30 33 18 4 82 86 5 Chincholi 583 1 23 24 18 - 11 11 6 Shahapur 200 NIL 2 2 1 - 11 11 7 Shorapur 239 - 56 56 - - 8 Sedam 322 1 2 3 1 _ - 9 Jewargi 688 - - 112 - - 24 10 Yadgir 918 - 254- - 86 11 Humnabad and 2 - Basavakalayan 6 - - - Total 6578 44 238 649 166 20 274 404

Source: ZPED, Gulbarga

KRWS&ESP-11Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4,53 TABLE G-5 : WATER QUALITY IN PILOT VILLAGES IN BETEGERA-B PANCHAYAT IN GULBARGA DISTRICT

District: Gulbarga Water Quality Parameters Taluk: Sedam Values given in parenthesis are permissible limits (IS 10500: 1991) Panchayat: Betegera-B Si. SCH Tur Colo Cond PH TDS TH CalH Cl S04 Fluo NO3 Alk Fe (I) Bact No Village / Location (10) (25) - mS/ (6.5- (2000) (600) (200) (1000) (400) (1.5) (100) (600) ppm (c/100 P/NP JTU HU cm 8.5) ppm pppppp pm ppm ppm ppm ppm ml)-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Bete gerera - K/ G.Tanda _ _ _ _ 393 BETEGERACROSS BWHP 1 4 0.97 7.7 608 407 142 109 23.1 0.5 32.5 312 2 0 NP 394 RAJAPPA'S HOUSE BWHP 1 3 1.24 7.7 741 554 128 88.5 111 0.5 9.6 370 0.2 1 NP 395 GOVT. SCHOOL BWHP 1 3 0.99 7.3 646 445 148 89.5 7.1 0.5 27.5 412 0.2 1 NP 396 SAYABANNA'S HOUSES BWHP 1 3 1.24 7.6 793 584 172 110 98.5 0.5 37.5 410 1.2 2 NP 397 HANUMAN TEMPLE BWHP 1 4 1.19 7.3 740 500 140 110 110 0.5 9.6 350 1.2 1 NP

P = Potable NP = Non-Potable

Source: PPMU, Bangalore

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.54 TABLE G-6: WATER-BORNEAND OTHERDISEASES CASES REPORTEDDURING 1995- 2000 IN GULBARGA DISTRICT

Cases Reported

S. Description 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 No Descrlptn A D A D A D A D A D A D 1 Gastroenteritis - - 2590 69 2405 45 5802 163 1686 23 3404 69 2 Typhoid - - 2458 - 1786 - 2873 - 4365 - 3964 - 3 Cholera - - 53 - 45 - 23 - 37 - 37 4 InfectiveHepatitis - - 2 - 2 - 26 - - - 97 5 Polio 4 - 1 - 3 - 11 - 2 - 3

6 Malaria 6332 - 10118 - 11177 -11022 - 11748 - 11055 7Filaria 690 - 516 - 672 - 505 - 418 - 685 8 Skin Diseases ------9 Conjunctivitis - 10 Worm Infestation - Il No. of Upper - 10 4 1 Respiratory = Infection. __==_ _ 12 Japanese ------1 - _ lEncephalitis 1_I___!_!____ 13 IFlurosis -96411098 Source: DistrictHealth & Family Welfare Office,Gulbarga

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4,55 4.4.4 Koppal

In Koppal district with 744 habitations, 267 habitations (35.9%) do not have access to a per capita supply of 55 lpcd, the minimum prescribed norm by the State (Table K-1)

133 habitations in the district have excessive fluoride concentration (2 to >8 mg/l) in their drinking water sources while 97 have high salinity. Habitations which face acute water scarcity during summer number 80. Available water quality data indicates that excessive fluoride and TDS (brackishness) levels in drinking water are the major quality problems in the district (Table K-2) . Out of 4505 sources tested in the district, 1573 had excessive TDS and 1298 sources had excessive fluoride level.

Data on reported cases of water-borne and other diseases (Table K-3) shows an increase in the number of gastroenteritis cases in the year 2000, as also malaria cases. Typhoid, Infective Hepatitis and Japanese Encephalitis cases are also reported in addition to large number of upper respiratory infection and worm infestation. Taluk-wise data on gastroenteritis cases for the year 2000 is given in Table K-4.

TABLE K-1: SUMMARYSTATUS OF RURALWATER SUPPLY IN KOPPALDISTRICT

SI. Item Details No 1 No. of habitations L 744 2 No. of habitations- category wise <10 10-20 20-40 40-50 >55 Ipcd lpcd Ipcd Ipcd Ipcd _ -g12 112 143 477 3 No. of habitations having brackishness 97 4 No. of habitationshaving fluoride 1-2 24 | 4-6 6-8 >8 ppm PM ppm PPMnPPM 137 108 13 8 4 5 No. of habitations using traditional sources NIL (specify the source) 6 No. of water supply schemes provided Total unit Working Not working with chlorination plants NIL NIL NIL 7 No. of water supply schemes provided Total unit Working Not working with community defluoridation plants NIL NIL NIL 8 No. of habitations facing acute water 80 supply during dry seasons

Source: ZPED, Koppal

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.56 TABLE K-2: SUMMARYDATA ON WATERQUALITY IN KOPPAL DISTRICT

Si. Water Sources No Taluk Details BW MWS OW PWS Total Villages GPs % Affd Remarks I Gangavathi Total Sources 1321 190 38 Iron & Sources with 456 118 37 34.52 NO3 not excessive TDS a -do- TH = 218 64 32 16.50 problem - do - Chloride 8 6 4 0.60 - do - Fluoride 337 134 38 25.51 - do - Iron 0 0 0 0.00 - do - Bacterial I 1 1 0.08 Contamination 2 Yelburga Total Sources = _=_1021 139 33 Iron & NO3 Sources with 371 99 33 not a excessive TDS problem -do - TH 235 67 3 1 - do - Chloride 18 8 7 - do - Fluoride 328 92 27 -do - Iron 1 1 1

-do - NO3 _ 0 0 0 -do - Bacterial 54 33 33 Contamination 3. Koppal Total Sources 1031 148 36 Iron & N03 Sources with 405 not a excessive TDS _ problem -do - TH - do - Chloride - do - Fluoride 499 4. Kustagi= Total Sources 1132 180 29 Iron & N03 Sources with 341 14 not a excessive TDS problem -do - TH - do - Chloride -do - Fluoride 134 134 -do- Iron 2

-do- NO3 _ NIL

Source: RDED Bangalore,Test Reportof Water Quality Analysis of Existing Sources in Rural Area of Karnataka.(Year 2000 ) by Premier AnalyticalLab, Hospet.

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study- Final Report 4.57 TABLE K-3: WATER-BORNEAND OTHERDISEASES CASES REPORTED FROM KOPPALDISTRICT FOR THE PERIOD 1998 - 2000

Cases reported SI.No Description 1998 1999 2000X 1 Gastroenteritis 679 204 727 2 Typhoid 616 939 439 3 Cholera 4 Infective hepatitis 101 97 46 5 Polio 5 5 2 6 Malaria 1598 3941 4603 7 Filaria _ ____ 8 Skin diseases 9101 8729 6116 9 Conjunctivitis 683 910 810 10 Worm infestation 3663 5113 4166 11 No. of upper respiratory infection 38006 48033 50415 12 Japanese Encephalitis 3 4 10

Source: District Health & Family WelfareOfficer, Koppal

TABLE K-4: TALUK-WISEMORBIDITY AND MORTALITYDATA (GASTROENTERITISCASES)FOR KOPPALDISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2000

Name of Taluk Months Koppal Gangawati I Kustagi I Yalburga Total Month-wise no of Gastroenteritis Cases A D A D I A D A D A D Jan 129 03 - - 129 03 Feb - - 32 01 - 32 01 Mar 03 - - - 06 09 - Apr 53 01 - - 26 - 04 83 01 May 24 - - - 103 01 16 143 01 Jun 47 - 09 - 13 - 09 02 78 02 Jul 11 - 01 - 44 01 68 - 124 01 Aug 26 - 01 01 - - 47 01 74 02 Sep 14 ------14 - Oct - 13 10 01 23 01 Nov - 07 - 07 Dec - - 02 - 08 - - 10 TOTAL 305 05 48 02 213 02 151 04 727 12

A - Cases D - Deaths Source: District Health Officer, Koppal

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.58 4.4.5 Gadag

There are 298 main habitations and 38 hamlets in the district. Of these 198 habitations (66.4%) have a per capita water supply less than 55 lpcd, the minimum prescribed norm by the State. Nine habitations (Vadavi, Hosur, Alagilavad, Kiritageri, Huilagola, Gavaravad, Kuruvinakoppa, Budhihal (Naragund) and Nainapur) face acute drinking water shortage in summer (Table GG-1)

Water samples from 1468 sources spread over 338 villages in five taluks of the district have been collected and analysed for physico cheniucal parameters and bacteriological quality. The results (Table GG-2) indicate that 276 sources in 127 villages have excessive concentration of fluoride, and 174 sources in 82 villages have excessive TDS. Bacterial contamination was found in 26 sources (23 villages). Thus, the major water quality problem relates to excessive concentration of fluoride and TDS (brackishness).

Out of 9 defluoridation plants installed in the district 5 are non-functional. Chlorination plants ( 2 Nos) installed are also not working.

The data on water and sanitation related diseases (Table GG-3) indicates an increase in gastroenteritis, typhoid and infectious hepatitis cases when compared to the 1999 cases. Filaria cases are also reported apart from large number of cases of upper respiratory diseases.

TABLE GG-1 :SUMMARY STATUS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN GADAG DISTRICT

Sl.No Item Details 1 No. of habitations 744 2 No. of habitations- category wise <10 10-20 20-40 40-50 >55 Ipcd Ipcd Ipcd Ipcd Ipcd 51 35 87 25 143 3 No. of habitations having brackishness 69 4 No. of habitationshaving fluoride 1-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 >8 ppm ppm rn ppm ppm_

____ 119 153 3 5 No. of habitationsusing traditionalsources Surface tank water wherever existing (specify the source) 6 No. of water supply schemes provided Total unit Working Not working with chlorination plants 2 2 7 No. of water supply schemes provided Total unit Working Not working with conmmunitydefluoridation plants 9 4 5 8 No. of habitations facing acute water Vadavi,Hosur, Alagilavad,Kiritageir, supplyduring dry seasons Huilagola,Gavaravad, Kuruvinakoppa, ______Budhihal, (Naragund),Nainapur.

Source: ZPED, Gadag.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4,59 TABLE GG-2: SUMMARY DATA OF VILLAGES AFFECTED BY WATER QUALITY IN GADAG DISTRICT

.? No. of Villages/ Sources affected with excessive Bacterial Not Contami Afce 4.1 ______~~~~nationAf ce Si. Taluka Total No S Fluoride TDS Hardness Chloride Sulphate

4....0 rj~ ~ ci 'A, rA 'A

Z~~~~~~~~J§Al |. = >; |>1 'A R,°E TE

I Gadag _64 4581 7I °42 114 - s s 25 18 21 604 303 2 Mundargi 54 186 32o 661 5 61 21 2 -I -L.C I I 44 III Nargund 27 75 13 23 - 1 16 32

4 Ron 99 383 47 117 7 7 - -4 4- - 85 255 5 Shiratti 94 366 28 60 19 28 1 1 3 3 I5 5 88 268

__ TOTAL 338 1468 127 276 82 174 3 3 12 12 5 8 23 26 293 969

Source: ZPED, Gadag

TABLE GG-3: WATER-BORNE AND OTHER DISEASES CASES REPORTED FROM GADAG DISTRICT FOR THE PERIOD 1995 - 2000

Cases reported SI.No Description 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1 Gastroenteritis 98 416 312 113 46 320 2 Typhoid 212 185 205 178 194 373 3 Cholera 4 Infective hepatitis 6 8 14 9 20 46 5 Polio 6 Malaria 212 343 102 294 341 337 7 Filaria 105 118 128 118 241 172 8 Skin diseases ------9 Conjunctivitis 115 118 215 285 198 175 10 Worm infestation 199 218 215 176 185 272 11 No. of upper respiratory infection 8685 9094 7981 6832 8739 17584 12 Japanese Encephalitis

Source: District Health & Fanily WelfareOfficer, Gadag

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.60 4.4.6 Raichur

This district has a total of 1407 habitationsspread over the five taluks. As for ground water draft, all the taluks are of 'white' category with considerable scope for further utilisationof ground water.

439 habitations constituting31.2% of the total habitations in the district have a per capita water supply of less than 55 lpcd, the norm prescribed by the State. 578 villages/ habitations face acute water scarcityduring dry seasons.

The main water quality problems in the district are related to high fluoride levels (24.7% of the habitations) and brackishness (14.1% of the habitations) in ground water ( Table R.1)

The most commonly occurring water-borne / water related diseases in the district are GE, typhoid, infective hepatitis, malaria and filaria . Large numbers of cases of skin diseases, conjunctivitis and worm infestations are also reported. The largest number of fluorosis cases have been reported from this district (Ref. Table 4.15)

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.61 TABLE R.1: SUMMARYSTATUS OF RURALWATER SUPPLYIN RAICHURDISTRICT

SLi Item Details No 1 No. of habitations 1407 2 No. of habitations- category wise <10 10-20 20-40 40-50 >55 lpcd Ipcd lpcd Ipcd Ipcd 51 126 162 100 309 3 No. of habitations having brackishness 199 4 No. of habitationshaving fluoride 1-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 >8 PPM2 2PPM PPM! PPM~ PPM~ 102 146 68 32 5 No. of habitations using traditionalsources TBP Canal sources with pitwell (specify the source) 56 6 No. of water supply schemes provided Total unit Working Not working with chlorinationplants NIL NIL NIL 7 INo. of water supply schemes provided Total unit Working Not working with commnunitydefluoridation plants NIL NIL NIL 8 No. of habitations facing acute water 578 Villages/ Habitations I supply during dry seasons 9 How often drinking water samples of a Only during 2000-2001 pre-mansoon test habitation are tested in a year and what are has been got done through Private the permanent. consultant 14 parameters have been analysed. 10 What are the remedial measures taken. The Chemically affected villages so identifiedhave been proposed to be covered under RGDWMprogramme. 1l Any other information available related to Intensive irrigation in Sindhanur / Manvi water quality and quantity may be and partly Raichur taluka is seen. Due to furnished excess use of fertilizer, the water quality has been affected badly often and often. 12 Land availability in habitations for waste Land available only land acquisition has to Iwater disposed (Govt. / Private) be done. 13 No. of trained hand pump caretakers Taluka Panchayath Sarnithi (Men / Women) _ 14 No. of HP caretakershaving tool kits Taluka PanchayathSamithi 15 Any other inforrnation(specify) Taluka Panchayath Samithi

Source: ZPED,Raichur

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study - FinalReport 4.62 4.4.7 Uttara Kannada

There are 11 taluks in this district with 5773 habitations. All the 11 taluks have been categorised as 'white' with reference to ground water utilisation. The maximum utilisation of ground water in the district is only 28% in Honnavar taluk.

2005 habitations comprising 64.5% of the total habitations in the district have access to a per capita water supply less than the prescribed norm of 55 lpd (Table UK.1)

The major water quality problem in the district relates to brackishness in ground water (19.8% of the habitationsface this problem). There are 111 habitations which use traditionalsources for their water needs.

Data on the incidence of water-borne / water-related diseases is presented in (Table UK.2). Water and sanitationrelated diseases are reported in addition to a large number of cases of upper respiratory diseases.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.63 TABLE UK.1: SUMMARYSTATUS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN UTTARAKANNADA DISTRICT

Si. Item Details No 1 No. of habitations 5773 2 No. of habitations - category wise <10 10-20 20-40 40-50 >55 1pcd Ipcd Ipcd Ipcd Ipcd 1371 447 1096 811 2248 3 No. of habitations having brackishness 622 4 No. of habitations having fluoride 1-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 >8 PPM ppm! PPM~ PPM~ PPM~ 23 pplP" 5 No. of habitations using traditional sources 891 t(specify the source) 6 No. of water supply schemes provided Total unit WorKing Naot workingO with chlorination plants 5 ro 5 7 No. of water supply schemes provided Total unit TWOrKingNot working with community defluoridation plants NIL NIL NIL 8 No. of habitations facing acute water 150 supply during dry seasons 9 How often drinking water samples of a Once in a year para0eter are fluoride, habitation are tested in a year and what are TDS, TH, N03, Ca, Cl, S04,Turbidity, 1the parameters Iron, Bacteria 10 lWhat are the femedial measures taken. If found not potable, alternative BW / OW is being proposed in various action plan. 11 Any other information available related to water quality and quantity miay be furcished 12 Land availability in habitations for waste Govearment water disposed (Govt. / Private) 13 No. of trained hand pump caretakers 507 (Men / Women) 14 No. of BP caretakers having tool kits 500 15 Any other information Quality testing is done last year, for this year it is to 'be done.

Source: ZPED, Sirsi

KRWS8cESP-11Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.64 TABLE UK.2: WATER-BORNE AND OTHER DISEASES CASES REPORTED FROM UTTARA KANNADA DISTRICT FOR THE PERIOD 1995 - 2000

Cases Reported

Sl.No Description 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1 Gastroenteritis 48 83 0 10 8 0 2 Typhoid 30 44 35 68 22 8 3 Cholera I 0 0 0 0 1 4 Infectivehepatitis 0 0 0 0 0 5 Polio - 1 0 1 0 0 6 Malaria 948 542 652 268 161 131 7 Filaria 529 659 888 743 564 365 8 Skin diseases 1231 912 304 352 85 192 9 Conjunctivitis 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Worm infestation 0 0 0 27 4 35 11No. of upper respiratory 23415 26930 25645 27429 36870 40299 infection 12 JapaneseEncephalitis 0 0 0 0 0 0 Any other cases related 13 with water (specify) 2489 3979 3217 3278 3308 2802 Dysentery& Diarrhoea 14 Availabilityof Cinema Not Available / On Road / Off Road Van

Source: DistrictHealth & FamilyWelfare Officer, Karwar

4.5 Water Quality Analysis Study in the Pilot Districts

As part of the preparatory work for the proposed 'Follow-on' project, a Water Quality Analysis study was undertaken by the PPMU through a Consultant. The objective of this study was to assess the nature, extent and severity of water quality problems in the project area and the underlying causes thereof. The study was undertaken in 4 project districts, viz. Belgaum, Dharwad, Gulburga and Gadag and primary data was generated on water quality.

Following a reconnaissance survey of 281 sources in the study area of which 212 are in use, 204 samples (Dharwad-38, Belgaum-77, Gulburga-76 and Gadag-13) were collected and analysed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. The sources from which samples were collected included PWS, MWS, hand pumps, open tanks and open wells fitted with power pumps. In addition, 26 samples were collected for analysis of pesticides. All the samples were analysed as per "Standard

KRWS&ESP-1I Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.65 Methods". The summary data on the water quality analysis is presented in Table-WQ.1. The salient findingsare listed below.

Out of the 204 samples collected, in the four study districts, 174 samples (85%) were found non-potable. The maximum number of non-potable samples were due to bacteriological contamination (Dharwad-55%,Belgaum-62%, Gulburga-91% and Gadag-85%)

The results show that more than 50% of the samples from Dharwad district are non potable due to high TDS / hardness. In Gadag, out of 13 samples 11 had excessive concentration of fluoride indicating the wide spread nature of the water quality problem. In Gulburga, 91% of the samples were non-potable due to bacteriologicalcontamination.

Contaminationof water sources with pesticidesis not a major issue except in 6 samples collected from sources in Dharwad,Belgaum and Gadag districts.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.66 TABLE - WQ.1 SUTMMARYOF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS DATA

Dharwad District Beiaum District -Gulburga District Gad ,District

Cu~~~~~~~~~~~ AP a J:~~~~I-C UC

z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ACUC UC CU

Totalno of soures 8 8 8 5 11 6 6 52 15 27 11 541 19 126 16, 6 7 12 5 8 III 4 51 81 82 15 6 21 281 ConsideredII - - II -I In Use sources 2 7-6 3 6 2 2 28 15125 9 411181081 12T4 6 5 5 8,10121 31 8631 9F4 1T3 212 Details of in use sources

Bore Well I1 61 5 2 5 I1121 III 16 9 14 3 531 3 2 1 2 55 5 2 3 533 44 8 1115 _

OpenWell 01 0 10 1 1 0 0 2 4 8 0 27 15 54 8 2 53 03 5 10 0 3 29 _ 50 5 90

River 0 0 000 0 00 0 00 000 1 00 0 0 000 001 _ 0 00 0 __

OpenTank 1 1 100 1 1 5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0l 0 0 0l 0 _ 0 0 0 __ 6 TotalSamples 376 56 74 38 -1721 9 22 877 14 599 5 81113 4 876 9_9413 204 Non-PotableSamples 3 6 6 51 3 7 4 34 891118S 3 171 815774.0114 4 9 9 5 8 91 3 4 5 7092.01 9 41131 00 174 85.0 Tur I113 2 133314 36.81 1310 0 045.2 4 01012 1022012012115.819 4 131 00 4321.081 Colour 0 0 14 0 00 5 13.22 1 0 0 033.9500010001 0079.200 7920 0.0157 5 .35 Conductivity 000000 ol0 0 0.0 00 0 00 00.0 000 00 0 0 00 0 00.0 0 000.0 0 0.0 PH 0 0 0000 o0 0 0.000 0 00 00.0 000000ol0 0 0 0 00.0 0 000.0 0 0.0 TDS 04 44 3 02217 44.7 02 00 0222.6801001020001114.5000 450.030140301.71 Hardness 05 4 4 342 222557.9 07 0142 211316.9 8 02000 00 0 01013.200132010.045252.06 Cal 015 4 4 342222157.9 02 04 1719.1 3 0200 0 0000056.0006610 00.034 3416.67 Cl 0014 2 2 00 8 21.1 l00 00000.00 00 00 0 000 0 00.0 0 000.0 8 3.92 so,4 l 0001 00 1 2.60 0 04 04 5.200 0 0 0 0 000 000.0 0 000.0 5 2.45 F 0 0 0 0000 0 0.0 00 00 0 00.00 0 0122200079.0 9274114.61 84. 8.882 NO 3 ~~~~000 0 00 0000.00 3 00 0333.9 20 1 0 0 00 0 0033.9 00o0 0.0 6 2.94 AkId 0001000I 12.6 030 0 033.930 0 00217. 000153 IFe 0000000 00.00001oC1 1 3000 000. 000 1.4 Bact. 33~~~~-T23163 21 55.31114 318823499835908218.1930

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study- Final Report 4.67 4.6 Summary

Based on an analysis of the available secondary sources of information, the base line status on relevant parameters in the project districts is presented in the following pages.

4.6.1 Soil Characteristics in the Project Districts

Belgaum Medium black to deep black soil, shallow red soil and lateritic soils Gadag Sandy loam, Loamy, red lateritic and deep black cotton soil with low to medium percolation Dharwad Major area is covered by medium to deep black soil, red sandy loam with poor water holding capacity, red clay loamy soil with poor water holding capacity Raichur Sticky in nature, less infiltration and highly erodable Haveri Black soil, sandy loam, clay, medium red Koppal Mainly two types i) Red sandy loam with low water holding capacity and high infiltration rate ii) Black soil with high water holding capacity Bidar Two types, lateritic soil (pale to bright) red in colour in areas lying above 600m contour, deep black in < 600 m contour. U. Kannda Sandy loam, sandy fine, heavy textured clay loam.

4.6.2 Ground Water Draft

The categorization of the taluks with respect to the status of ground water draft in the project districts is depicted in Fig.4.2. Chikkodi and Hukkeri taluks in Belgaum district and Idi in Bijapur district have been classified under the 'dark' category. Regulatory and compensatory measures are required, if further exploitation of ground water is to be considered in these taluks. Athani and Bailhongal taluks in Belgaum, Bidar taluk in Bidar, Bagewadi (Bijapur) and Kustagi (Koppal) taluks have come under the category of 'grey' requiring caution if further ground water utilisation is to be considered.

4.6.3 Trend in Ground Water Level

The trend analysis of ground water level fluctuations in the project districts during the period 1978-1997 is presented in Fig. 4.3. There has been a steady decline in ground water level in almost all the project districts. This calls for regulation of ground water abstraction for agricultural uses and effective ground water recharge measures to arrest / reverse the falling water level.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.68 STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DRAFT IN THE PROJECT DISTRICTS Fig 4.2 | White Dark -

Belgaum U.Kannada Bqlapur

l~§~ 20% 2 3 20%%0j60% q~g"P 4°4%

100% ~~~~~~~~~~~40%

Koppal Bagalkot

100%

Project Districts Total Dharwad

Raichur 8% 4% /0 -0%

~~~~~~~~~~~88% 100% 100%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10

Gulbarga Gadag

100~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10

Bidar Haverl 20% 0% 0%

100%

Source :RWS& S in Karnataka Strategy Paper2000-2005, RD&PRDepartment, OK KRWS &ESP - 11Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.69

A m * (n METERS CD METERS METERS 5) F oo a) -D.-r-a o 0 co 0) *1 0 0 co m -P, 0 1978 go 1987 1978 1978 m 1987 1987 1988 1988 1988 0 CL i 989 m > 1989 C 1989 1990 CO) X CO) 1990 1990 m 1991 METERS 1991 1991 m Z5. 1992 > > 0 OD a) -9 0 1992 CO) 1992 U) 1993 1993 1993 1978 1994 1994 1994 1987 1995 CL N 1995 1995 1988 1996 1996 1996 :N j. M 1989 1997 L 1997 1997 1990 Mr (DM M < 1991 METERS METERS M 0 a C) METERS :i 1992 rLIrli NO, cn 0 Lri 0 -n

1993 M 1978 1978 A 1978

1994 1987 1987 1987

1 995 1988 1988 1988 1989 1996 1989 1989 0 1990 1997 1990 1990 1991 1991 1991 M

1992 1992 U3 1992 M M 1993 M CL 1993 CO) CO) 1994 W 1994 1994 1995 1995 1995 ci 1996 1996 1996 -n 1 1997 1997 1997 (a

LPCD CATEGORYWISE, NUMBER OF HABITATIONSIN PROJECTDISTRICTS Fig: 4.4

10 I10 to 20 21-39 45 >55 RXMMM11//Iffiffiffla11111

U.Kannada (5640) Belgaum (1506) Bijapur (928)

8% 0% 8%1917 26% 15% I. a %,lM .-- ..... IllIlIll''1|111&l,.,'W! :...... 19%

70% 58%37%

Bagalkot(634) Koppal(709) 4% 2% 18% AI¶1?I IIf~M27% % 111/o ~~~ ~~~~~~43%25 5 ., .

60% - - 20% Project Districts Total (15218)

2% 7% Z/"*

=/- ~~50% 24%4 Dharwad (494)

Raichur (1219) 17% 4% 15%

5% 14% 41% - -- g ~ ~~~~~ ~ 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~30%4

-25% 10% 11%

11/

Gulbarga (2296) Gadag (350) !F05%

QS ~~~11% 67% 33% 21%

Bidar (812) Havern(630)

7% 90/0 1%

17% 44% iis ~~~~~iIIiIilf' 62% 5%

5% - ~~~~~~28%

|Source :RWS &S in Karnatakastrategy Paper 2000-2005, RD&PR Department,GOK2 KRWS &ESP - II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.72

Water Quality Status in the Project districts Fig :4.5

Potable F D I N03 F

Belgaum(1506)

7% 10%

0%/° 30% Bijapur(928) U.Kannada(5640) r1% 53 21%

-- j 12% 2%

\ ~ ~ ~ 1-/laveri(630) Gulbarga(2296) \ f 6

ProjectDistricts Total (15218)

72%~ ~ 111' 6 2 9%, 27% 66% w6% 29

Ralchur(1219) Koppal(709) 44%_ 1\\ .°, 18%/I\\ O 1 e % 4% 13% //\\ 1%

Bidar(812) Gadag(350)

4% 5% 17JffJJ1VIB%

52% 0% 12%

Bagalkote(634) Dharwad(494) 16%

27%

9%1913 n 19%

lSource :RuralDevelopment Engineering Department (ADED)

KRWS &ESP - II EnvironmentalAnalysis Study - Final Report 4.73

Comparative incidence of water - borne/ water related diseases Fig:4.6 in the Project districts (1998-2000)

35u____-__=______ISI1 Gastroenteritis

______Typhoid 0 Cholera -Infective_ Hepatitis

Ca o- Cm -0 m ~.~ -o6 m@ -oO I> aL CZ *

1000 800 - Malaria= =. i , ..- E o 600 -i . . - 1- 400 .g . la Filaria 200 - . . L;Skin diseases

| E w 0 - CIS 92 m=C m -7oa 'a a co s C ALC CL f.)~~ 0) Cs ) F in °l c

0 1200 1000 G) 800 Lt .iSConjunctivitis co 600 -W.r. 6400 Worm infectioni 200 [ @1 ~0 Cs; : : ^. I tI ~E D o -X 0 El co -- v aM c

. Cs -M 0) a) C0 | m X ~~~un9 m Fo I 0 0

6000 5000 4000 3000 MUUpper respiratory 1 2000!:21:ffi. . :-t3i . ::t: ::. . . - i; ill:W:i3a< 1 infection 1000 ! |~~~~~~~~~C vuv0 |U 3 i CUZD : S13 IjE;L

Cs CsT $ i:2-*o > a. CsZ aC I Cs m CO CIS c A a 0

I ~~~~~~~~~D

,Source: District Health & Family WelfareOfficers KRWS & ESP - 11Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 4.74

PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

5.1 Preamble

In keeping with the World Bank's OP 4.01, Public Consultations were organized, as part of the EA Study, in two GPs in each of the three pilot districts of Belgaum, Dharwad and Gulburga. Two additional public consultationmeetings were also organized in Virupapura village and VirupapuraTanda of Kalkere GP in Gadag district which is known to have a serious problem of high fluoride levels in drinking water.

The objective of these consultations was to identify the environmentalissues as related to the proposed activities under the KRWS&ESP-II,to assess the views of the beneficiary community and their willingness to participate in the project in a bottom-up planning and decision making process. The purpose of the consultations was also to identity the priorities and preferencesof the target group in respect of the proposed project componentsincluding alternatives, if any.

5.2 PreparatoryVisits to Pilot GPs

In order to prepare the community for their participation during public consultations,it was decided to undertake preparatoryvisits to all the pilot GPs. The purpose of these visits was to meet with the elected representativesof the GPs as also the target population and officials of the various development departments at the village, taluk / district levels to sensitize them regarding the proposed KRWS&ESP-II,as also their role and stakes in the project. During these preparatory meetings, the participants were informed about the public consultations that were to follow. This advance intimation was aimed at providing adequate time and opportunities to the target groups to formulate I firm up their views regarding their participationin the proposed project.

These preparatorymeetings were held first at the district level in the presence and with the participation of the respective CEOs and officials of various development departments such as RDED, Health & Family Welfare, Mines & Geology, Agriculture, Watershed, Irrigation etc. and elected representatives of ZP / TP. Similar meetingswere then held with the target groups at the village / panchayat level in the pilot districts. The team which organised these meetings comprised representativesof the PPMTJ,the EA and Water Quality Analysis consultants and the local NGO - Bhageerathwhich has been engaged by the EA consultant to assist in the conduct of the public consultations. The preparatoryvisits also enabled collectionof available secondary information on the existing status of water supply, sanitation, public health and personal and environmentalhygiene in the pilot GPs through key

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 5.1 informant interviews and on-site observations. The schedule of preparatory visits to the pilot GPs was as follows.

SCHEDULEOF PREPARATORYVISITS TO THE PROJECTDISTRICTS BY EA CONSULTANT

Dharwad District 19-03-2001 F/N - Meeting at the ZP Office with district level functionaries 19-03-2001A/N - Visits to Rottigwad, Kodliwad, Baradwada and Konkanakurahatti villages and public meetings 20-03-2001 - Visit to Shiraguppivillage and public meeting Belgaum District 21-03-2001 F/N - Meeting at the CEO's office with district level functionaries 21-03-2001A/N - Visit to Yamakanamaradi GP and public meeting and visit to Halegudaguntti village 22-03-2001F/N - Visit to Inchal village and public meeting. 22-03-2001A/N - Visit to village Mutwad and public meeting. Gulburga District 10-04-2001F/N - Meeting at the CEO's office with district level functionaries 10-04-2001A/N - Visit to GundakurthiGP, public meeting at Gundakurthi,visit to Evani Village and public meeting. 11-04-2001F/N - Discussionwith CPO (Mr. Jayaram) 11-04-2001A/N - Site visit to Betagera B GP (SedamTaluk) and public meeting Meeting with CEO and visit to District Water Quality Testing Lab. 12-04-2001F/N - Visit to Palthya LambaniTanda (ChincholiTaluk) and public meeting

Simnilar visits were undertaken by the EA Consultant to Rottigwad and Nalavadi villages in Dharwad district during Jan 30-31, 2001, Yatnahalli and Huilgol villages in Gadag district on Jan 31, 2001 and Haligera, Gabbur and Indargi villages in Koppal district on Feb 01, 2001 when he accompanied the Bank's Preparatory Mission.

5.3 Public Consultation Meetings

The schedule of meetings for Public Consultations was drawn up in consultation with the concerned GP, the CEO, ZP and the PPMU. Formal meeting notice(s) cum handout in Kannada duly approved by PPMU were prepared giving details of the proposed KRWS&ESP-1I in terms of the project components, the rules for participation by the GP, the details of capital cost sharing and the O&M responsibilities by the beneficiary community. Printed copies of notices were distributed widely to the public, the elected representatives and other functionaries at the GP, TP and ZP levels by the local NGO. The meeting notices were circulated well in advance (one week) of the date of consultation and displayed in local Panchayat Offices and other important public places such as village temples, schools and bus stops. Public announcement regarding the meeting was also made in the

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 5.2 villages through the traditional public address system (ie.) 'tom-tom' and through local media, (cable T.V.) and Newspapers. Banners were also displayed at the venue of the Public Consultations.All efforts were made to have full participationof the stakeholdersin the meetings. It was also planned to have photo and video coverageof the public consultations.The schedule of Public Consultationmeetings is given in the following table.

SCHEDULEOF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONMEETINGS

SL.No Date District Taluk GP Time Venue 1 April 17,2001 Dharwad Hubli Shiraguppi 11.00 HIrs GP office 2 April 17,2001 Dharwad Kundagol Rottigwad 16.00Hrs Village temple premises 3 April 19,2001 Belgaum Hukkeri Yamakanamaradi 11.00Hrs Community hall in the school premises 4 April 20,2001 Belgaum Saundatti Inchal 11.30 Hrs Panchayatoffice 5 April 21,2001 Gadag Mundargi Virupapura 1 1.00 Hrs Village school premises 6 April 21,2001 Gadag Mundargi VirupapuraTanda 14.00HIs Commonmeeting place 7 April 24,2001 Gulbarga Chitapur Gundagurthi 11.30 Hrs Villagetemple premises 8 April25,2001 Gulbarga Sedam Betagera-B 1.00 Hrs Village temple remises

5.4 ProcedureFollowed For The Public Consultations

Following a formal welcome to the representatives of participating Government institutions, elected members of the local bodies, NGOs and the public, by the GP, an overview of the proposed 'follow-on' project was presented by the PPMU / DPMU representative. All the proceedingswere conducted in local language (ie.) Kannada. Informationon various components of the proposed project, the rules for participation by the beneficiary community I GP bringing out clearly the responsibility of the GPs at different stages of project planning, construction and operation & maintenance including cost sharing was presented to the participants. The participants were then invited to share their views, preferences, priorities with regard to the proposed project and the environmentalissues / concerns faced by them and which needed to be addressed in the project design. Also their willingness to participate in the 'follow-on' project was sought. Specifically, the women participants were urged to bring up issues of direct concern to them. The discussions were centered more on the water scarcity, water quality and sanitation problems experienced by the community,the rules for participationin the proposed project, the expected beneficiary cash contribution and their willingness to participate in the project. The women participants were mainly concerned with the problem of water supply especially during summer, lack of householdsanitation (latrines) and the need for smokelesschulhas suited to the local cooking style. 5.5 Proceedingsof Public ConsultationMeetings The detailed proceedings of the Public Consultations along with copies of meeting notices (English & Kannada) and the list of invitees / participants to the

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 5.3 meeting are given in Annexure5.1. An abstract showing the number of participants in the public consultations is given in the following table.

ABSTRACTINDICATING THE NUMBEROF PARTICIPANTS IN THE PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

Si. District Pilot Total No of Total No of Public No Gram Panchayats Officials Men Women Total 1 Dharwad Shiraguppi 22 57 13 92 Rottigwad 27 53 11 91 Yamakanamaradi 30 65 23 118 2 Belgaum Inchal 24 58 15 97 3 Gulburga Gundagurthi 27 24 13 64 3Gulburga Betegera B 23 47 03 73 Virupapura 15 20 10 45 4 Gadag Virupapura Tanda 15 30 20 65

All the GPs except Inchal (Belgaum) expressed their keen interest to participate in the 'Follow-on' project as per the prescribed rules for participation. The elected representatives of Inchal GP wanted some more time to take a decision regarding their participation.

Following is a summary of the environmental issues discussed during the Public Consultations along with the identified mitigatory measures.

SUMMARYPROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

Shiraguppi (Dharwad District)

Environmentalissue(s) RecommendedMitigatory Measure(s)

* Water quality is highly brackish and hence not * Identification of alternate (surface) source and potable simple treatment * Improvement to village tank and treatment Slow Sand Filter (SSF) of tank water. * Poor household sanitation lack of latrines due * Provide ownership based group latrines to space constraint * Improve water supply and generate demand for construction of latrines, * Sullage disposal - a problem in BC soil * Construct sullage drains in 'not covered' areas creating cesspools causing breeding of mosquitoes * Easy movement of people, cattle and vehicular * Paving of roads and internal streets / lanes and traffic difficult especially during rainy season construction of storm drains due to BC soil * Indoor air pollution due to use of smoke * Provision of smokeless chulhas of appropriate emitting fuels design, existing designs are not found suited for cooking (roti making) * Recurrence of GE cases, cholera and dysentery, * Effective and sustained programme of health worm infestation and hygiene education

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 5.4 Rottigwad (DharwadDistrict)

Environmentalissue(s) RecommendedMitigatory Measure(s)

* Water supply: quality brackish * Identification of alternate (surface) source and - acute scarcityin summer simple treatment - village tank could be a potential source with simple treatment(SSF) * Householdsanitation-women demand latrines * Provide HH/group/communitylatrines * Poor environmentalsanitation, sullage disposal * Provide sullage drains in 'not covered' areas, in BC soil poses problem washingplatforms. * Easy movement of people, cattle and vehicular * Paving of roads and internal streets / lanes and traffic difficult especially during rainy season constructionof storm drains due to BC soil * Indoor air pollution due to use of smoke * Provision of smokeless chulhas of appropriate emitting fuels design, existing designs are not found suited for cooking (roti making) * Recurrenceof GE cases, cholera and dysentery, * Effective and sustained programme of health worm infestation, typhoid and hygiene education to generate demand for household latiines, to promote desirable personal and householdhygiene practices.

Yamakanamaradi(Belgaum District)

Environmentalissue(s) Recommended MitigatoryMeasure(s)

* Acute scarcity of potable water in summer * Identificationof new sources (ground / surface) months - Ghataprabhairrigation project, ground water recharge of existing bore wells, open dug wells * Householdsanitation (latrines)- lack of space * Provide ownership based group latrines or communitylatrines * Convenient movement of people, vehicles and * Paving of roads / lanes in unpaved areas cattle difficult * Sullage I storm water disposal problem in * Provide sullage and storm drains in 'not certain pockets covered' areas, rehabilitate existing drains, washing platforms. * Indoor air pollutiondue to smoke * Provide smokeless/ improvedchulhas * Recurrenceof GE cases, cholera and dysentery, * Effective and sustained programme of health worm infestation,typhoid and hygiene education to generate demand for household latrines, to promote desirable personal and householdhygiene practices.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 5.5 Inchal (Belgaum District)

Environmentalissue(s) RecommendedMitigatory Measure(s)

* Water scarcity during summer - no quality * Identify new sources of good yield to augment problem the existing supply * Household sanitation - women demand * Provide household/group/community latrines latrines * Poor environmental sanitation - stagnation of * Provision of storm drains in areas not covered sullage / waste water in storm drains and rehabilitation of existing drains, washing platforms. * Indoor air pollution due to smoke - women are * Provide smokeless / improved chulhas not satisfied with the existing designs * High incidence of worm infestation scabies and * Effective and sustained health and hygiene upper respiratory diseases education programme to generate demand for household latrines, to promote good personal and household hygiene practices including regular deworming. * Recurrence of GE cases, cholera and dysentery, * Effective and sustained programme of health worm infestation, typhoid and hygiene education to generate demand for household latrines, to promote desirable personal and household hygiene practices.

Gundagurthi (Gulbarga District)

Environmental issue(s) Recommended Mitigatory Measure(s)

* Non-availability of adequate quantity of potable * Identification of new sources (sub-surface flow water, problem becomes very acute during from the nearby stream / Kaginee river is a summer, one bore well supply brackish potential source) to augment supply and rehabilitation of existing system. * Lack of household sanitation (latrines) * Provide household /group/community latrines * Inadequate sullage and storm water disposal * Provide sullage and storm drains in 'not system covered' areas * Indoor air pollution due to smoke * Provide smokeless / improved chulhas * Recurring incidence of water-borne / water * Effective and sustained sanitation and hygiene related diseases promotion to generate demand for household, latrines, to promote personal / household hygiene practices to desirable extent

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 5.6 Betagera B (Gulbarga District)

Environmental issue(s) Recommended Mitigatory Measure(s)

* Non-availabilityof adequatequantity of potable * Rehabilitationof existing water supply system water (OHT heavily leaking, public distribution and augmentation of facilities if necessary points without taps in pits) (sub-surface water from the nearby Kamalavathiriver could be a potential source for augmentingsupply) * Household sanitation (latrines) - women face * Provide household /ownership based group hardship due to lack of latrines, existing latrines community latrines are not in use due to lack of maintenance * Poor environmentalsanitation due to stagnation * Paving of internal roads / lanes in 'not covered' of sullage in lanes / streets / lack of washing areas, constructionof storm drains, provision of platforms due to which public water points are washingplatforms. facing water stagnation. * Indoor air pollution due to smoke emission * Providesmokeless / improvedchulhas from the cooking area and poor ventilation * Prevalence of water-borne / water related * Effective and sustained SHP programmes to diseases (one person with filariasis seen at the generate demand for householdlatrines and to time of Public Consultation) promotepersonal / householdhygiene.

Virupapura Village and Tanda (Gadag District)

Environmentalissue(s) RecommendedMitigatory Measure(s)

* Excessive concentration of fluoride in drinking * Rehabilitate the existing surface source based water as manifested by fluorosis high among water supply systems to ensure equitable children. supply * Organizedfluorosis survey of children to detect entire community to assess the magnitude of the problem to take up preventive and curative measures * Inequity in water distribution in the present * Revamp the existing distribution system to supply from Tungabhadramulti villagescheme ensureequity in supply * Space constraint and lack of adequate water * Promote ownershipbased group latrines supply for installationof householdlatrines * Lack of improved chulhas - awareness * IEC programme to promote smokeless / programmefor demand generationineffective improvedchulhas and personal / environmental hygien * Unpaved roads and inadequate sullage and * Paving of internal roads / lanes and provision storm water disposal systems of sullage and storm water disposal systems. * Recurring incidence of water and sanitation * Sustained IEC campaign to generate demand related diseases. for household defluoridation systems, household latrines, to promote desirable personal and householdhygiene practices.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvirommental Analysis Study - Final Report 5 7 It is a common observation in all the pilot GPs that the livestock is kept by the owners within the residential premises. It is reported that this practice which seems to have a deep rooted tradition and a mind set in the community is common in other project districts as well. Originally started perhaps with the idea of providing security to the animals from theft, the practice has continued for ages despite the fact that it creates unhygienic conditions for the human population. From the farner's point of view, the live stock is a valuable asset to him. And he feels that if the cattle is kept under his / his family member's immediate supervision, he will be able to devote the best attention for the upkeep of the cattle in the most productive form. Also the routine of feeding, washing and milking of the cattle as also collection of wastes becomes simple and less time consuming than when the cattle is kept away from his residential area. Non-availability of alternative space outside the house to keep the cattle also acts as a constraint in doing away with the age old practice. This issue is also directly related to the practice of keeping a stack of fodder and often the manure pit within the household premises creating an unhygienic environment. Thus, this issue is a complex one and warrants a detailed, separate study.

5.6 Summary The Public Consultations in the pilot GPs of the project districts of Dharwad, Belgaum, Gulburga and Gadag have brought out the following environmental issues, many of which are common between the GPs. * Acute scarcity of potable water in summer months * Water quality is highly brackish and hence not potable a Excessive concentration of fluoride in drinking water as manifested by fluorosis high among children * Space constraint and lack of adequate water supply for installation of household latrines * Sullage disposal - a problem in BC soil creating cesspools causing breeding of mosquitoes * Easy movement of people, cattle and vehicular traffic difficult especially during rainy season due to BC soil * Indoor air pollution due to use of smoke emitting fuels * Recurrence of GE cases, cholera and dysentery, worm infestation * Poor environmental sanitation due to stagnation of sullage in lanes / streets I lack of washing platforms due to which public water points are facing water stagnation. * High incidence of worm infestation, scabies and upper respiratory diseases

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ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

6.1 Preamble

In this chapter an attempt is made to systematically compare the feasible alternatives to the proposed project in termnsof their suitability under the local conditions and their potential environmental impacts. The following criteria were considered in the analysis of alternatives: 1. Whether the objective of improved water and sanitation delivery services on a sustainablebasis could be achieved and if so to what extent. 2. Whether the environmentalimpacts due to the project interventions have been considered and if so whether adequate mitigatory/ compensatorymeasures for the identified negative impacts have been suitably incorporated in the project design. For purposes of comparison 'without project' scenario has also been considered.

6.2 'Without Project' Scenario

All rural habitations in the State of Karnataka have access to organised drinking water supply of one type or the other provided by the government under various programmes. However, the level of service in terrns of per capita supply varies considerablyin differentparts of the State and even within the same GP. There is still a considerable section of the population who do not get the minimum recommended supply of 55 lpcd (Ref. Table 4.9). There are also a number of habitations which have reasonable access to water supply but suffer from serious water quality problems due to the presence of excessive concentration of contaminants such as fluoride, nitrate, iron, TDS, etc.(Ref. Table 4.10) These habitations need to be supplied with safe drinking water meeting the prescribed standards. There is again a third dimension to the water supply problem. There are also reported instances of villages which have slipped into the category of difficult habitations either due to the sources becoming inadequate or dry. Thus, there is a considerable backlog in providing adequate access to safe drinking water to all the villages. This is compoundedby the burgeoningpopulation which is growing at more than 2% per annum warranting measures to step up efforts and investments in this sector.

Ground water, tapped through dug wells and bore wells, forms the mainstay for rural water supply in the State. Bore wells are also becoming increasinglypopular for irrigation needs. The number of wells in the State has increased from 255687 in 1970 to 576682 in 1994. Likewise, the net ground water draft has been steadily increasing from 247884 Ha.m as on 01/0111983to 496141 Ha.m by the end of 1994 (Ref. Table 4.3). Fluctuating rainfall and non-control over the increase in the number of ground water structures and the consequentincrease in ground water draft

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 6.1 have created the problem of declining water level in many parts of the State. Many dug wells, though deepened, as also bore wells have become dry. As per the budget document (2001-2002) of Kamataka 'over exploitation and excessive deepening of bore wells have caused ground water level in 72 taluks of the State to dwindle. If this situation is allowed to go unchecked, it will result in far reaching environmental and ecological consequences'.

As regards household sanitation the situation is grim with only 6.9% of the households having access to latrines as per 1991 Census. During the past decade significant efforts have been made to provide sanitation facilities in rural areas under various State and Central programmes. The achievements, however, have not been significant to make a visible impact on household sanitation. Likewise, the other environmental sanitation and hygiene programmes such as 'Nirmala Grama Yojana', 'Swachcha Grama Yojana', 'Bio-gas Plants', 'Smokeless Chulhas' etc. launched in the State are yet to gain momentum.

Despite considerable investments in water supply and sanitation sector in the past decade, the impact on the health and hygiene of the rural population has not been commensurate as is evident from the large number of reported cases of water and sanitation related diseases in the State (Ref. Table 4.15)

In this backdrop, it is highly imperative to give the much needed thrust to the water supply and sanitation programmes in the State consistent with environmental safe guards so as to achieve the goal of 'Health for All' within the reasonable future, and overall economic development. Needless to say that the 'without project' scenario will only see the appalling conditions grow from bad to worse.

6.3 Alternative I -The KIRWS&ESP

The main objectives of the KIRWS&ESP are i) to enhance the quality of life of the people in rural areas through poverty reduction and improved health and productivity, which would accrue from improved access to 'safe' water and environmental sanitation facilities and ii) to promote long term sustainability of the rural water supply and sanitation sector by identifying and implementing an appropriate policy framework and strategic plan.

The KIRWS&ESP launched in 1993 has been implemented in two phases in 1105 villages spread over 12 districts. The project included the following components:

1) Rural water supply covering a) Construction of new and rehabilitation of existing water supply schemes, b) Assistance for PHED's (now RDED) bore well programmes, c) Leakage repair works,

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 6.2 d) Water quality monitoringprogrammes, and e) Measures for ground water recharge.

2) Environmental sanitation which includes construction of the following environmental sanitation facilities: sullage drains, pit latrines, washing platforms, cattle troughs, bio-gas plants, bathing cubicles (on demand), street dust bins, minor road I bylanesre-profiling.

3) Health communication covering creation of greater awareness through communication, and generate demand for improved hygiene and environmentalsanitation.

4) Institutionstrengthening through: a) Creation of Village Water Supply andSanitation Committees(VWSSC), b) Communitydevelopment programmes, and c) Comprehensivetraining programmes.

The rules for participation in the project did not provide for user contribution towards capital cost for water supply but 100% O&M cost was to be met by the beneficiary communities. However, the community contribution was 30% of the capital cost for the environmentalsanitation components.

An impact evaluation study of the KIRWS&ESPhas been undertaken by the PPMU through a Consultantwith focus on the following areas of impact.

1. Access to safe water in terms of a. Distance traveled to fetch water b. Increasedconsumption c. Effective functioning of schemes (ie. prevalence of leakages, system failures, service problems at criticalpoints and quality of water at tap) d. Easier availabilityof safe water to socially disadvantagedgroups.

2. Increased sanitation coverage with the stipulated user contribution, greater and improved coverage of drainage and increase in the number of individual sanitary latrines.

3. Health impact in terms of reduced prevalence of water-borne diseases, better overall health especially of children and women and improved awareness of environmentalhygiene issues.

4. Sustainabilityin terms of: a. Econornic impact : time savings to individual households resulting in additional working days and comparison of per capita O&M costs of project water supply schemesvis-a-vis regular governmentfunded schemes.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 6.3 b. Social impact: increased social interaction and greater participation in community activities. c. Gender impact: increased participation in project activities by women and enhanced role of women in the community. d. Institutional impact: capacity and sustainability of village level institutions, VWSCs, DPMUs and PPMU. e. Technical impact: effective functioning of the water supply schemes.

The study conducted in 30 representative project villages and 6 non-project villages for matched comparison using appropriate indicators has revealed the following.

i) The overall impact of the project on the beneficiary community has been positive and significant ii) The impact of Phase-fl villages has been greater and positive in relation to Phase-I villages. iii) The impact of the project on population in the project villages has been positive compared to that in the non-project villages.

The project has also resulted in an encouraging trend of reforms in the rural water supply and sanitation sector of the State by incorporating a demand responsive approach with beneficiary participation as well as meeting cent percent O&M cost by user communities in the project as against the supply driven approach hitherto adopted.

Another study by ORG with specific focus on ground water recharge component of the project has concluded that the impact of this component has been positive and significant.

The project, however, did not have a formal EA Study as an integral part of the project design.

The following is a compilation of the observations from available documents regarding the implementation of the KIRWS&ESP. These could provide useful lessons in the implementation of the 'follow-on' project.

1. In the implementation of KIRWS&ESP, the main thrust has been on the quantity of water supply, followed by quality. Environmental sanitation has taken a back seat, so also the ground water recharge component which is yet to begin in some villages.

2. The level of community participation in technology choice is sub-optimal. They were not apprised of alternate technology choices, cost implication of each option, maintenance issues, etc.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 6.4 3. The beneficiary villages show a wide variation in cost recovery on the O&M front. The general picture, however, is that the tariff actually collected vis-a-vis what is required for total recovery is very low due to several reasons such as

o Improper selection of villages o Willingness-to-paystudies were not cautious about the O&M part o Cost implicationswere not told to villagers during the PRA/projectbeginning. o Project villages having to pay, but those under the regular RDED/ZPED schemes getting water free. u Poor billing and collectionsystem etc.

4. The number of agencies coupled with the compartmentalizationof the task on hand has created complexitiesthat have resulted in delays, or avoidable irritation. For, instance many NGOs blame the hardware expert for letting them down both in terms of timeliness and in terms of quality. The hardware experts feel let down by the software side insisting that the latter promise to the villagers what is not scientifically feasible. This aspect of the project needs special scrutiny in the future.

5. In both the PPMU and DPMU, the single most adverse factor in the smooth progress of the project is the turnoverof key personnel.

6. The fragmentation of the engineering works amongst the DCs (Design Consultants),the CSCs (ConstructionSupervision Consultants) and the RDED has also led to delays in planning and executing the schemes, without any overt benefits. The dispersal of responsibilitiesis another area of concern that needs to be addressed.

7. Coordinationand actual implementationof trainingneeds a lot to be desired.

8. Hygiene and Public Health issues need to be an integral part of the project. While education seems to have been imparted, because of the nature of cost sharing in the project and the unseemly obsession with water supply at the village level, environmental sanitation has taken a back seat. In some beneficiary villages, while good quality water supply may reduce water-borne diseases like dysentery, cholera and jaundice, malaria could be on the increase since adequate drainagehas not been provided resulting in pools of dirty water stagnating in several places. The importance of good sanitationcan hardly be gainsaid, especially when water supply is on the increase.

9. There is a need to include costs of water supply schemes in the cost-sharing formula, as otherwise the choice of technology and sustainabilitycould become skewed.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 6.5 10. The most crucial issue appears to be that of O&M management, especially tariff collection. The trend is quite varied both in collection and the amount spent on O&M. Tariff collection overall does not show a healthy picture, with a number of villages still yet to get into action. More importantly, there is a situation where in some villages tariff collection is ahead of expenses (even accounting for electricity tariff) while in others it falls woefully short of the bare minimum. This is another area of major concern that should be addressed in the 'Follow-on' project.

11. The SSR and SSI schemes seem to be the most problematic with respect to post commissioning and O&M management.

6.4 Alternative II - The DANIDA Project

Under an agreement for bilateral co-operation between the Government of India and Denmark a demand driven Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation project (RDWSS) was initiated in Kamataka in 1997. The project also called 'Jalanidhi' is aimed at achieving an improved and sustainable drinking water supply and sanitation service in selected GPs in the districts of Kolar, Chitradurga and Bijapur (now Bijapur and newly constituted Bagalkot)

The DANIDA project strategy is to plan and carry out all components and activities at the Gram Panchayat in an integrated manner using demand driven and participatory approaches at all stages of the project cycle. The approach is directed by guidelines about service level, feasible technology choices, and conditions for the communities to take part in the project through contributions to capital and recurrent cost. The project promotes least cost feasible options, focusing on scheme rehabilitation and extension (rather than providing new ones), strengthening of the existing O&M system and establishing / strengthening village level Water and Sanitation Commnitteesfor participation in quality control during construction. This project also did not have a specific EA study integrated in the project design.

A review of the progress of Phase-I of the project by a Joint Review Team (JRT) has brought out the following observations.

* The progress toward achieving the first immediate objective is good, but it is doubtful that the objective will be met in full by the end of the phase. The indications are that GPs will be able to operate and maintain their water supplies from a technical perspective. It is too early to conclude if the GP will be able to collect sufficient revenue to sustain the water supply financially.

* The longest delays in implementation are reported on PWS.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnviromnental Analysis Study - Final Report 6.6 Participatory Planning

* The project has developed a "step by step planning process" that allows GP leaders and residents to contribute to and approve the plans drawn up by the ZPED for improving their water supplies. The process seems to have been very effective in getting people meaningfully involved in planning their supplies. This participation greatly strengthens the prospects for GPs successfully managing the project-assisted schemes.

* A shortcoming in the participatory planning has been that people effectively do not have much choice due to GOK norms and the limited range of technologies available.

* The planning process appears time-consuming. The bottlenecks in the planning process appear to be on the technical side, in establishing water sources and preparing the Engineering Study Reports (ESRs)

User Contributions

* The project requires users to contribute 5% of the preliminary estimated capital cost in order to participate in the project.

Fluoride Removal

* The project has gone a long way towards achieving this immediate objective especially on the technical side, more work will be necessary on the awareness and attitude side to sustain the technical solutions before the objective is fulfilled.

* The biggest achievement for the project has been to get the acceptance of GOK and GOI for dual supply systems-providing a small quantity of potable water to a community for human consumption and maintaining the ordinary water supply with non-potable water for other purposes.

* Two key elements in the new strategy are (i) contracting local NGOs to recruit and supervise villagers to work as Community Motivators and Health Educators (CMHEs) and (ii) training local masons to construct improved design latrines. The GPs at present do not have a direct role in supervising the work of the NGOs. One obstacle in getting people to build latrines has been the slow dispersal of the subsidies promised under NGY.

6.5 The KRWS&ESP-II('Follow-on' project) The 'Follow-on' project is holistic in its approach and comprehensive in its content when compared with the project discussed above. The proposed project

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 6.7 provides for all necessary ingredients as reflected in the project components to bring about maximum positiveimpact on the beneficiarypopulation.

The philosophy underlying the project is to improve water supply and environmentalsanitation in the target villages through active beneficiary involvement and participation in all stages of planning and decision making, assuming full responsibilityfor operation and maintenance,including cost recovery, and capital cost sharingin the project components. Thus, there is a convergence in the approach envisaged for implementation of the proposed project and the strategy for water supply and sanitation sector formulatedby the GOK.

6.5.1 Project Content& Rules For Participation

The proposed 'Follow-on' project not only includes all the components of KIRWS&ESPbut also some additional components to make it more comprehensive to achieve greater overall health and economic benefits to the target community. These include (i) paving of internal roads and streets (ii) provision of community compost yards and removal of manure pits from the dwelling areas (iii) provision of smokeless chulhas/bio-gasfor the households, (iv) constructionof group latrines with individual ownership, community latrine complexes and institutional latrines in schools (v) targeted women's development programmes and (vi) statewide sector development programmes to enhance the state's capacity to carry forward and scale up sector reforms statewide. Thus, the overall impact of the project in achieving the objective of the development goal would also be greater due to the above mentioned additionalcomponents includedin the project.

The focus of activity of the KIRWS&ESP has been the beneficiary village while in the 'follow-on' project, the focus will be on the GP as a whole. Thus, the project area will be more broad based encompassing all the habitations including Lambani Tandas in the GP. This will facilitate effective project management with administrative,organizational and technicalsupport from the GP.

The rules for participation of the beneficiary community in the 'Follow-on' project are different with reference to cost sharingand are as under.

- Water Supply & Ground Water Recharge - 10% users, 5% GPs - Sanitation (internal roads, drainage, etc) - 5% users, 10% GPs - Household latrines, fixed GOK subsidy of Rs.2000 for BPL and Rs.1200 for others, all other costs by the owner - Other private facilities like garbage pits: Minimum 40% cost sharing by the users. These are more progressive in nature and would have a positive impact in relation to the promotionof 'user pays' principle leading to long term sustainabilityof the systemscreated under the project.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 6.8 6.5.2 Siting of the 'Follow-on' Project

The proposed 'Follow-on' project is to be implemented in phases in 11 districts, all located in the northern part of the State. Most of the districts identified for the proposed project are drought-prone,and districts not covered under the earlier project are Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Bijapur, Bagalkot and Karwar. These districts face acute drinking water scarcity during summer and also suffer from water quality problems due to the presence of excessive concentration of chemical contaminants such as fluoride, TDS, iron and nitrate in drinking water. These districts are also characterisedby low levels of household and environmentalsanitation coverage and high incidence of water and sanitation related diseases. Thus, the selection of the districts for the 'Follow-on' project is need based and well justified in ensuring equity to the under served segments of the population.

6.5.3 System ComponentDesign

One of the important components of the proposed project is aimed at enhancing the level of water supply to an average of at least 55 lpcd in habitations where the current service level is less than this recommended norm. This will necessitate augmentation of existing sources / identification of new sources and design of piped water supply systems.

Presently more than 95 % of rural water supply schemes are based on ground water source. From economic considerations,it is widely accepted practice that if ground water of potable quality (without the need for treatment) is available in adequate quantity, it should be the first priority for selection. In the context of the proposed project, there are many habitations which experience the problem of water scarcity, water quality or both. For instance in Dharwad district (one of the 3 pilot districts for the proposed project) the problem of water quality relates to high salinity in ground water due to which the existing ground water sources are rejected by the people. In such cases, alternate surface sources (village tanks / rivers / streams/ canals) which will require only simple treatment such as slow sand filtration, river / tank bed filtration will have to be considered. Such surface source based systems may be designed to cater to the needs of a group of villages / habitations in order to have the benefit of economiesof scale.

There is again the issue of falling trend in ground water level observed in certain pockets which needs to be addressed while selecting the sources. Increased exploitation of ground water in such critical (dark/grey) areas will aggravate the problem of falling ground water level and the associatedenvironmental consequences. The potential adverse impact could be mitigated by enforcing the Ground Water Act to regulate ground water abstraction, and implementationof effective ground water rechargemeasures.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 6.9 In keeping with the demand responsive approach to the project with capital cost sharing and meeting cent percent O&M cost by the community, expectations of the people for access to safe water will be high. This may even lead to discarding the existing bore well sources with HPs and MWS schemes with centralized distribution in preference to the PWS schemes with provision for private house connections (PHCs) and public stand posts (PSPs). This aspect needs due consideration while arriving at the future demand (yield) of the new sources and the design of the system components. The existing bore wells fitted with hand pumps and the MWS systems may, however, be used as standby sources during periods of breakdown in normal water supply.

In situations where it becomes inevitable to go in for expensive treatment technologies for quality affected sources, it may even be necessary to consider introduction of dual supply - lirnited supply of safe drinking water once a day say in the momringand supply of second grade quality in the evening for purposes other than drinking and cooking. Another alternative is to tap existing private sources of good yield and potable quality after paying adequate compensation to the owners of the sources.

6.5.4 SanitationOptions

A major issue of environmentalconcern in all the pilot districts / GPs is the lack of household sanitation systems (latrines). The present level of coverage in the project districts is low when compared to the state level coverage of 6.9%. Open air defecation is almost universal in the project districts with its associatedenvironmental and public health risks. This practice is also a major cause of soil and surface water contamination. In the pilot GPs (Rottigwad and Siruguppi) of Dharwad district, the village tanks are used as a source of drinking water in preference to the ground water which is brackish. It is common to find people wading through the tank barefoot to collect their requirement of water unaware of the contamination of the water caused by such a practice. Thus, there is an urgent need for provision of safe sanitation systems in these villages to minimise the public health risks due to the prevailing unhygienic practices. The programmes launched by the state under the 'Nirmala Grama Yojana', the 'Swachcha Grama Yojana' and the centrally assistedprogrammes are yet to make a significantimpact on sanitationcoverage in the project districts.

The nature of soils encountered in the project districts varies from place to place. During field visits, it was observed that the type of soil varies considerably even within the same village / habitation. In the pilot GPs in Dharwad district, the type of soil obtainedis medium to deep black cotton soil. These soils have high water holding capacity and when wet do not allow percolation of water. For such soils, special provisions have to be made in the design of twin pit pour flush latrines. Conventional septic tanks in these soils will not only prove expensive but also pose

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 6.10 difficulties in the disposal of the effluent. Apart from this, it is also necessary to identify appropriate latrine models for waterlogged areas, particularly in command areas.

In the pilot GPs of Gulbarga district for example, the soil is generally clayey in nature and of shallow depth. In many villages rocky strata (Shahabad stones) are encounteredbeneath the top soil. In such areas individual householdlatrines may not be feasible and ownership based group latrines and community latrines connectedto a bio-gas plant may have to be considered. In almost all the villages visited in the pilot GPs there is scope for provisionof individual household latrines in some parts of the village. In other parts with thick clusters of houses, ownership based group latrines may be appropriate. It is also desirable to construct one demonstrationlatrine at the GP headquarters and one demonstration soak pit in each pilot village according to local soil conditions. This will help the GPs to promote latrine and environmental sanitation programme in its area and on the other hand households will also acquire know-how in adopting the model. This approach, duly supported by the IEC activities, will ensure promotionof householdlatrines to a larger extent.

It is common to see in most of the villages in the project districts, sullage being let on to the streets. This practice results in the streets remaining slushy and dirty most of the time even during dry seasons. This problem gets aggravated during monsoons, especially in areas with black cotton soil, resulting in pools of stagnant sullage. These create unsightly conditions,cause hindrance to smooth movement of people and vehicles and also serve as veritable breeding grounds for mosquitoes. The situation may become still worse with improvement in water supply service levels. Recognising the seriousness of this problem, the people of Rottigwad village in Dharwad district accorded top priority to the construction of sullage drains in the village in preference to improving their water supply service level. Thus, it is needless to reiterate that sullage and storm water drains should constitute an integral component of total village sanitation so as to achieve maximum health benefits. The 'follow-on' project has rightly identifiedthis componentas a part of the total package to bring about the desired health benefits to the people.

In most of the villages in Karnataka,the network of internal roads and streets / lanes are narrow with adequate space only for movement of bullock carts and cattle. They become dusty during the dry months and slushy during the monsoons, especially in areas with black cotton soil such as in Dharwad and Gulburga districts. Normal vehicular movement and associated economic activities including agricultural operations are seriously affected. With the habit of people walking barefoot still being common in villages,it is difficult for people to keep their feet reasonably clean. Promoting environmental sanitation and personal hygiene under such conditions would necessarilycall for measures for paving of the roads / streets with appropriate materials. The choice of paving material should facilitate smooth movement of people and cattle, easy maintenanceto keep the streets clean and efficient drainage of

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 6.11 storm water. The 'Follow-on' project without this component, therefore, will not be able to bring about the desired impact on the economic growth of the village and the health and well being of the people in the village.

Another issue of environmental hygiene concern relates to the traditional practice of the people keeping their livestockwith in the living householdarea. Heaps of cattle dung, stacks of fuel wood and open pits for dumping household refuse in front of the house or in the backyard is a common sight. These hygiene issues need to be addressed through appropriate sanitation measures in order to bring about maximum beneficial impact due to the project. Discussion with households in some of the project villages indicated that they are willingto shift the cattle to the backyard if space is available. This needs an effective education and awareness programmein the villages.

In the rural households of the pilot districts,the most comrnmonlyused cooking fuels comprise firewood, agriculturalresidues (stalks of dried cotton and tur plants) and cow-dung cakes. These fuels emit large quantities of smoke which makes the domestic environment unhealthy. The poor ventilation of the dwelling houses combined with the use of smoke emitting fuels in the kitchen cause upper respiratory infections and conjunctivitis particularly among women and children. This is also corroborated by the large number of reported cases of upper respiratory diseases in the project districts. The inclusionof this componentin the 'follow-on' project would go a long way in improvingthe health and well being of women and children in the rural households and thereby achievingthe overall development goal of better quality of life of the rural population.

6.6 Summary

From the foregoing analysis of the alternatives, it is evident that the objectives of the proposed investment in the rural development sector will be fully realised through the proposed KRWS&ESP-I1 as it is holistic in its approach and incorporate all necessary components which, when implemented and used will bring about maximum health benefits to the beneficiary rural population. All major environmentalissues related to the various project interventions are being addressed and appropriate mitigatory measures are being integrated in the project design. The net benefit from the project is expected to be highly positive. Further, the demand responsive approach to the project will herald a healthy trend in promoting and carrying forward the reforms in the rural water and sanitation sector of the State.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 6.12 7

IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS

7.1 Preamble

In the context of the proposed 'follow-on' project and the activities for the various project components, this chapter identifies and analyses the potential environmentalimpacts. For each of the project interventions,these impacts have been classified as positive I negative and primary / secondary. This exercise will form the basis for designing the mitigatory measures to be integrated in the overall project design so as to eliminate / minimiseI compensatefor the likely negative impacts and to enhance the net positive impact due to the project.

The implementation of the proposed KRWS&ESP-II can be considered as comprising three phases: (i) the planning / preparatory phase (ii) the construction phase and (iii) the post construction or the operational phase. The component activitiesunder these phases will be as follows.

PlanningI Preparatory Phase - Information, Education and Communication(IEC) campaigns in the project districts to create awareness arnong the target communities regarding the proposed project and to facilitatetheir participationin the project. X Public Consultationswith the beneficiary communitiesregarding their needs, priorities and preferences with respect to the project components and to identifyissues of environmentalconcern. * Identification of technology options for source, water treatment and distribution, safe disposal of household solid and liquid wastes , proper use and maintenance of environmentalsanitation facilities, promotionof personal hygiene, and ground water recharge. * Site identification and selection for source location, treatment works, service reservoirs and for ground water recharge. * Taking possession/ acquisitionof land as required for the above

ConstructionPhase * Rehabilitation of existing water supply schemes to ensure their efficient functioningand optimumcapacity utilisation

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - FinalReport 7.1 * Construction of bore wells, water treatment works, over head tanks (OHTs) and laying of distributionpipelines * Constructionof ground water recharge structures * Installation of on-site sanitation systems, ownership based individual / group latrines, communityand institutionallatrines * Construction of drainage and sullage disposal systems, soak pits, developing kitchen gardens, bio-gas plants, paving of internal roads / lanes and installation of smokeless / improved chulhas / construction of washing platforms.

OperationPhase

* Ground / surface water abstraction, treatment and distribution including pumping as necessary * Regular use and proper maintenance of household and environmental sanitation systems,ownership based / communityand institutionallatrines * Operation and maintenanceof drainage, sullage and garbage disposal systems and bio-gas plants * Regular SanitationHygiene Promotion (SHP) programmes to promote proper use and upkeep of the facilitiesinstalled, and safe personal hygiene practices * Institutional capacity building through periodic orientation programmes for GP / TP / ZP level functionariesin their identified areas of activity

The project itself is not expectedto cause any adverse environmental impacts. The project will bring about positive health and environmental benefits through supply of 'safe' drinking water and creation of sanitary facilities in the village.

The potential environmental impacts arising from the project interventions / activities have been identified, classified as positive / negative and presented in a matrix form in Table 7.1. Appropriate environmentalmitigation measures will be included in the project design and the project is expected to have a net positive effect on the environment.

7.2 Pre-ConstructionPhase Impacts

During the pre-constructionphase, intensive IEC campaigns will be launched in the project districts. These will be aimed at creating awareness among the target communitiesregarding the local environmentalissues, the objective and scope of the proposed water supply and sanitation project and the rules for participation in the project by the community. These campaignsare expected to generate demand for the project from the target communities.

KRWS&ESP-IiEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 7.2 TABLE7.1: KARNATAKARURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTALSANITATION PROJECT-I1 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT MATRIX Si PotentialEnviromnental Impact (s) No Project Interventions Positive Negative

Preparatorv activities Primary Primary

Information Education Communication * Appreciation of environmental and * Land acquisition and cash (IEC) campaigns to generate demand sustainability issues of the project by the target compensation, if any for the project community * Financial burden on * Public consultations to identify issues * Community's willingness for informed community and the GP of concem to the communities, their participation secured and their environmental preferences and priorities regarding the concerns ascertained proposed project * Collective decision by community regarding * Technology options for source, water siting of facilities, technology choice and treatment & distribution and safe service levels household and environmental sanitation * Capacity building in development planning and systems administration * Site identification /selection for location of source, WTP and service reservoirs . Taking possession / acquisition of land for siting the common facilities * Awareness on Capacity building of user group, women's group, VWSCs, GPs

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 7.3 Table 7.1 Cont... 2 Water Supply Primary Primar * Rehabilitation/ upgradation of existing * Availability of increased / demnandedlevel of * Increased ground / surface water supply systems safe drinking water on a sustainable basis water abstraction Construction. of new bore wells, pump * Labour, time and cost saving in fetching * Risk of lowering ground water houses, surface source water treatment water plants, OHT and laying of distribution * Reduction in surface runoff, increase in ground * Risk of hydraulic interference systems etc. water recharge, halt to declining water table between existing and new dug and improved sustainability of water supply / bore well sources * Construction of ground water recharge sources * Increased generation of structures * Improvement in quality of ground water sullage through dilutiondue to recharge * Temporary disruption in * Employmentopportunities for local technicians existing water supply services / artisans/ NGOs and private sector . Financial burden on the . Reduced financialburden on State communityand the GP Secondary * Reduction in water and sanitation related diseases, improvedpersonal, family health and hygiene leading to improved quality of life of the people * Opportunities for income generation especially by women * Increase in overall development activities such as housing, transportation, education, and culture * Increase in value of property

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - FinalReport 7.4 Table 7.1 Cont... 3 Sanitation Primary Primary * Installationof household sanitation * Reduction in soil and surface water . Risk of ground water contamination systems/ ownershipbased group contamination from sanitation systems latrines/ community/ institutional * Reductionin water and sanitationrelated latrines diseases, improved personal/ family health and hygiene * Employment opportunities for local technicians/ atrisans/ NGOS & private sector Secondar * Improvementin general health status of people * Enhanced environmentalsanitation and hygiene statusand general aesthetics of village * Increase in value of property * Temporary increase in ambient noise level and dust concentration due to construction activities

* Paving of internal roads and * Smooth flow of vehiculartraffic, reduced * Disruption of normal movement of constructionof drainage and sullage maintenanceof vehicles,reduction in dust people and vehicular traffic disposal systems level and improvedaesthetics including diversion of traffic during Secondary street / lane paving and construction * Increase in value of property of sullage and storm drains

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - FinalReport 7.5 Table 7.1 Cont... . ~~~~~Primar Constructionof bio-gas plants, communitycompost yard & * Sanitary disposal of cattle dung / human provision of smokeless/ improved excreta leading to improvedenvironmental chulhas hygiene and aesthetics. * Reductionin breedingplaces of disease vectors * Reduction in indoor air pollution * Less consumptionof cooking fuel due to higher fuel efficiency of smokeless/ improvedchulhas * Reduction in upper respiratory infection * Reduced financialburden on State

Secondary

* Improvement in general household environment * Decreasein medical expenses * Decrease in recurring expenditure on houses * Increase in value of property

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - FinalReport 7.6 4 CommunityDevelopment & Primary InstitutionalDevelopment * Enhanced Community mobilisation for local development works * Improved decision making process among the user community * Improved self-reliance for planning, implementation and O&M of development works. * Greater social interaction and collective responsibilities * Improved community awareness / knowledge on water, health, hygiene and environment leading to positive behavioral changes 5 State wide Sector Development Primarv * Ground Water Act has been passed by GOK for regulation & control of over exploitation of ground water * Enhanced capacity of the State in carrying forward and scaling up sector reforms * Improved management and regulation of RWSS sector

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 7*7

The IEC campaigns will be followed by detailed public consultationswith the communitiesto assess specificallytheir needs, priorities, and environmentalconcerns so as to integrate these in the project design. The technology options for the various project components along with the order of costs thereof will be discussed with the target communitiesto enable them decide on the project profile in keeping with the rules for participation.

To bring about an increase in the per capita supply to a level demandedby the beneficiary community, new sources (ground / surface water ) have to be identified. For more than 90% of the new water supply schemes,the source will be ground water tapped through dug / bore wells. If the new sources are to be located in private lands, these have to be acquired through voluntary donation or by paying appropriate cash compensation.

Likewise, the ground water recharge component of the project, aimed at achieving sustainabilityof water supply source, envisages constructionof appropriate structures nearby the sites identified for source location. These sites may come under privately owned or government land. The need for land acquisition and cash compensation, if any, will be known only after the site identificationis made and the type and number of structures decided. The issue of land acquisition and compensationis being addressedunder a separate social assessmentstudy. This issue, however, is not expected to be of any major concern and could be resolved easily by the beneficiarycommunity and the GP.

7.3 ConstructionPhase Impacts

During the construction phase, the major activities will comprise earthwork excavation, trenching, transportation of constructionmaterials, handling, laying and jointing of pipes, and building of structures such as pumping stations, treatment works, ground level reservoirs I overhead tanks etc. These activities would cause a general increase in the suspended particulate matter (dust) in the ambient air. The increase in concentration, however, would be of a temporary nature and localised. Likewise, the increment in noise levels due to the proposed activities will also be negligible.

The rehabilitation of existing water supply schemes may involve repair / replacement of some components of the system. This may result in temporary disruption of existing water supply services.

During construction of sullage / storm drains and paving of internal roads I lanes, there will be disruption of normal movement of people and traffic, including diversion of traffic. Such disruptions,however, will be of a short duration.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 7.8 The project activities do not involve loss or disturbance of sensitive areas and cultural properties. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population (Lambani tandas) in the project area will also have the benefit of participation in the proposed project.

The project will generate significant employment opportunities during the construction stage in addition to some indirect employment. This in turn will have a positive impact on the income level of the population, both local and regional.

7.4 OperationPhase impacts

7.4.1 Positive impacts

Access to Adequate Ouantitv of Safe Water on a Sustainable Basis

The most significant positive impact of the project in the operation phase will be the availability of adequate quantity of safe drinking water on a sustainable basis thus meeting a basic need for a healthy, productive life of people in the villages. The water supply schemes will be designed for an average of 55 Ipcd with a provision for 70 lpcd in case of individual house connections.

Reduction in Drudgerv in Water Collection and Generation of Income Opportunities

The proposed water supply schemes will ensure a better service delivery which would enable supply of safe water at convenient public points and through house connections on demand. This will largely eliminate / reduce the drudgery in fetching the daily water needs by the households, particularly women and children. The time and labour saved due to the better and more convenient service could provide opportunities for income generation, especially for women. Due to improved access to piped water supply at convenient locations, the need for individual household investment on water carts (Rs.2000-3000/- per cart) and annual maintenance thereof (Rs.400-600/-) could be significantly reduced, if not elirninated. However, part of this benefit will be off set by the fact that the individual households have to pay their share towards the cost of O&M of the public facility.

Source Sustainability through Ground Water Recharge

The construction of ground water recharge structures of appropriate design to suit the local soil conditions and hydrogeology will promote the sustainability of water supply sources. These measures, would also help reduce surface run off, minimise soil erosion, promote growth of vegetation and arrest / reverse the declining trend in ground water level observed in certain areas in the project districts. In areas affected by excessive concentration of chemical contaminants such as fluoride, TDS

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study- Final Report 7.9 etc. ground water recharge will bring about an improvementin water quality through dilution.

Improved Personal and Environmental Hvyiene

Availabilityof adequate supply of safe water through the new schemes would promote better personal and environmentalhygiene which is presently at a low level, especially among the poor sections of the community. This impact will be further enhanced through a regular and continuing programme of sanitation and hygiene promotion activities targeted on the beneficiary population to bring about positive behavioral and attitudinalchanges.

The household sanitationsystems, sullage I drainage schemes and construction of solid waste / garbage disposal systems under the proposed project would help minimise soil and surface water contamination. These measures will bring about a significant reduction in the incidence of water and sanitation related diseases which are widely prevalent in the project districts and improvement in the general aesthetics of the village. Due to improved health, medical expenses of the households are expected to decrease. The use of improved chulhas would reduce fuel consumption, incidenceof upper respiratorydiseases and householdrecurring expenditure.

Employment Opportunities

The proposed project involves operation and maintenance of large number of water supply schemes and ground water recharge structures. This will generate significantemployment opportunities to the local technicians and NGOs which in turn will have a positive impact on the income levels of the wage earners and small entrepreneurs.

Community Capacit' Building and Self Reliance

The bottom-upplanning and decision making which are essential ingredients of the proposed project and routine operation and maintenance of the assets created would generate and promote among the beneficiary communitiesa sense of pride and self reliance, and enhance their capacity building in other sectors of community development.

Reduced Financial Burden on State

Due to active participation of the beneficiary communities in all stages of planning and implementationof the project, including sharing of capital costs of the schemes and meeting the total O&M expenditure, there will be reduced financial burden on the State. This would facilitate increased coverage of population by the State with the availablegovernment funds.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study - Final Report 7.10 7.4.2 Potential Negative Impacts

Increased Ground/ Surface Water Abstraction

Most of the proposed water supply augmentation schemes will be based on ground water sources tapped through dug / bore wells fitted with power pumps. The schemes also provide for individual house connections on demand at the owner's cost. Due to the better service levels and easy access the new systems will afford to the consumers, the per capita consumption of water is expected to increase than at present. This would result in increased abstraction of ground I surface water in the area. However, the additional draft would constitute only a small percentage (less than 10%) of that used for irrigation. Considering the fact that the stage of ground water development in most of the project districts is not critical except in some isolated pockets, the increased abstraction would not cause any significant impact on the ground water regime. Further, the ground water recharge component which will form an integral part of the project for achieving sustainability of the source would largely compensate for the increased abstraction of ground water. The Karnataka Ground Water Act which has been passed by the legislature and is awaiting formal assent by the President of India would also enable the GOK to regulate ground water abstraction for other than drinking purposes in order to prevent any adverse environmental impact:

Lowering of Ground Water Level

As per available long term (1978-1997) data, there has been a declining trend in ground water level in many project districts (Ref. Table 4.6 ) indicating that mining of water is taking place. Creation of additional / new sources in such critical areas may increase the gravity of the situation. This could be mitigated by ensuring proper siting of the new source(s), implementing concurrently compensatory ground water source recharge measures and, regulating the ground water abstraction for other than public water supply by enforcing the Karnataka Ground Water Act.

Hydraulic Interference Between Existing and New Bore Well Sources

When a high yielding source is located for a new scheme in an area with a number of irrigation bore wells, there is a potential risk of hydraulic interference between the bore well sources. In extreme cases, the nearby sources may dry up. This problem could be minimised / eliminated by observing the criteria of minimum distance for locating a new source from an existing one and by regulating ground water abstraction including closure of existing in-igation wells in an over-exploited area as per the provisions of the Karnataka Ground Water Act.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - Final Report 7.11 Risk of Ground Water Contamination

An important component of the proposed project relates to the construction of large number of household safe sanitation systems / ownership based group latrines / community latrines and institutional latrines in the project villages. The type of soil and its depth in the project districts vary considerably so also their infiltration capacity. Depending on the nature of soil in an area, the sanitation systems may pose a risk of ground water contamination unless safe sanitation technologies best suited to the local soil type and hydrogeology are selected and installed and adequate preventive and corrective measures are implemented. The preventive measures would include proper siting of new sources and sanitary protection of all water supply sources. The single most important corrective measure is to ensure continuous, effective chlorination of all water supplies.

Financial Burden on Community

The proposed project will adopt a demand driven approach to water supply and sanitation service delivery with financial participation by the beneficiary households, the local GPs and the Government of Karnataka. Further, the total responsibility for O&M of the newly constructed and existing water supply schemes will rest with the beneficiary community. Thus, there will be an increase in financial burden on the community. However, part of this burden will be off set by the savings in recurrent cost of maintaining the water carts by the households to fetch their daily water needs. These issues of the proposed project are being addressed in detail under a separate Economic Analysis Study.

7.5 Summary

In sum, the overall impact of the project on the beneficiary communities and the environment is expected to be positive resulting in an improvement in the health and quality of life of the people in the project area. Adverse impacts, if any, could be minimised / compensated by incorporating appropriate mitigation measures which could be readily designed and integrated with the project as discussed in the following chapter.

KRWS&ESP-11Environmental Analysis Study- Final Report 7.12

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Preamble

The proposed KRWS&ESP-I1,as discussed earlier, will bring about positive health and environmentalbenefits through supply of safe drinking water, provision of safe sanitation systems, sustained health and hygiene education programmes as also ground water recharge measures aimed at sustainabilityof community water supply sources. The project is also likely to cause some adverse environmental impacts depending upon site specific situationsencountered in the project area. Appropriate environmentalmitigation measures have been identified and discussed in this chapter. These measures suitably integrated in the project design would eliminate / minimise the adverse impacts and enhance the net positive benefit due to the project.

8.2 Key EnvironmentalIssues & MitigatoryMeasures

A critical analysis of the base line data, observations during site visits discussionswith district and GP level functionariesand the public consultationshave clearly brought out the following key environmentalissues that need to be addressed in the project design and implementation.

8.2.1 WaterQuantity Issues

All the habitations in the State have access to organized water supply. The level of per capita supply, however, varies widely between the habitations (Ref.Table 4.9 ) . The minimum per capita supply prescribed by the State is 55 lpcd. There are 26517 habitations in the State with a per capita supply less than 55 lpcd. Many of these habitations experience scarcity of 'safe' drinking water in summer and therefore need augmentationof supply.

During periods of scarcity and in areas with severe ground water quality problems, villagers prefer to use traditional water sources - namely large rain fed village tanks. (Eg, Rottigwad, Nalavadi in Dharwad district, Yatnahalli, Huilgol in Gadag district and Gabbur in Koppal district). However, accordingto GOK estimate such villages account for only 10-20 percent of overall project villages.

Existing water supply schemes, especially in the salinity affected areas of Dharwad district, are mostly utilized to meet water needs for other than drinking purposes (washing, bathing, etc.) includingwater for cattle.

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study -Final Report 1 According to information availableon long term (1978 - 1997) ground water level, there is a declining trend in water level in several districtsincluding some of the project districts but limnitedto a few areas. This phenomenon is attributed to over exploitation of ground water for agriculturalpurposes. As per information from the Mines & GeologyDepartment there are three taluks in the project districts which have been categorised as 'dark', six taluks under category 'grey' while the rest of the taluks come under the 'white' category (Ref. Table 4.4). But as far as the overall project area is concerned,there is much scope for further ground water utilisation.

MitigatoryMeasures

Augmentationof existing water supplies can be achievedthrough one or more of the followingoptions. a) Augmentthrough rehabilitation / uprating of existing systems whereverfeasible b) Identification of new sources (local / distant) of good quality and yield + safety chlorination. These will be mostly ground water sources. In areas not affectedby chernical contaminants, new good-yielding ground water sources could be identified using modern geophysical techniques (to minirnize failure rate) or existing privately owned irrigation wells of good yield and potable quality could be identified and acquired. c) Local surface sources (village ponds / streams/ canals) which require only simple treatment (SSF / river bed filtration) and chlorination. Existing village tanks, if considered as an alternate source , need to be desilted / enlarged to increase their storage capacity and protected by fencing to prevent contaminationfrom human! animal access. For villages located in the vicinity of seasonal rivers / streams the feasibility of tapping sub-surfaceflow (riverbed filtration) could be explored. d) Distant surface sources with simple treatment (SSF) and chlorination for a group of villages (multi village schemes) e) Dual water supply - existing supplies (rejected by community due to quality problem) for purposes other than drinking and potable water supply through any of the options listed above. f) Appropriate blending of water from existing sources (ground water) to obtain water meeting the drinking water quality standards. g) Effective enforcement of Karnataka Ground Water Act to regulate and control ground water abstraction to accord priority for drinking water. Identified critical areas with falling water level should be notified forthwith by the Appropriate Authority and the Act enforced in all its earnestnessto halt this trend. h) Concurrent ground water recharge at the source to promote source sustainability. This activity should receive priority in order to achieve sustainability of water supply sources. The Watershed Development Department should conduct a detailed survey to identify potential sites and appropriate conservationstructures

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.2 such as check dams, sub-surface dykes, recharge trenches, abandoned borewells etc. best suited to the local conditions. i) Regular monitoring of ground water level. The ZPED should regularly monitor the ground water level in the project area as an integral part of overall monitoring programmein collaborationwith the technical support from the Mines & Geology Department.

The key considerationin decidingon the alternativeshould be to eliminate, as far as practicable, the need for any treatment. A trade off analysis of the feasible options shouldprecede the final decision in each case.

8.2.2 Water Ouality Issues

The water quality problem in the project districts is essentially of two types (i) the natural presence in ground water of chemical contaminants such as fluoride, TDS, iron and nitrate of geological origin in concentrations exceeding the levels permissible in drinking water and (ii) the chemical / bacteriologicalcontamination of water at the source,in the distributionsystems or during collection, handling , storage and use at the users end. The concern for ground and surface water contamination relate to; i) Non point sources of pollution in the catchment area due to the common practice of open air defecation, and possible agricultural and surface run off, especially during the rainy season; ii) Washing, bathing and other domestic activities around the open dug wells / bore wells with hand pumps, MWS schemesby the communities; iii) Indiscriminatedumping of householdsolid waste near water points; iv) Improper siting of public water points at low lying areas due to non-availabilityof appropriateGovernment sites; v) Uncoveredcisterns / absence of regular / periodical cleaning of OHTs / cisterns; vi) Inadequate and irregulardisinfection of drinkingwater supplies; vii)Inadequate testing and irregular monitoringof drinking water quality; viii)Unhygienic practice of collecting water by the households from pits dug in the ground due to inadequateresidual pressure in the distributionpipe; ix) Frequent breakageI leakage in rising main and distributionlines; x) Frequent leakage at valve chambers; xi) Misuse of valve chambers as defecationplaces by the community; xii)Impropercollection, storage and handlingof water by the households;

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.3 The bacteriological contamination of water supply is confirmed by the persistent incidence of large number of water borne! water related diseases in all the project districts ( Ref. Table 4.15).

Mitigatory Measures j) Sanitary survey of existing and new sources of water supply to identify potential sources of contamination. The recommended procedure for sanitary survey is described in Annexure 8.1; ii) Source protection - the measures will include conversion of existing dug / bore wells into sanitary wells and fencing of surface sources to prevent human / animal access and catchment area protection. A technical note on sanitary protection of dug wells is at Annexure 8.2; iii) Effective and continuous chlorination of existing and new water supplies to obtain a minimum residual chlorine of 0.5 mg/l. Details of a simple, effective system of chlorination of pumped water supplies using bleaching powder solution are included in Annexure8.3; iv) Preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution system (leak detection l repair and control) and preparedness for crisis management during major breakdowns; v) Regular water quality testing and control; vi) Proper location of cisterns and measures to prevent misuse of valve chambers as defecation places; vii) Ensuring adequate residual pressure at the distributionpoints; viii) Promotion of household / group latrines and community latrine complexes / institutionallatrines; ix) For ground water sources with quality problem, identification of alternate / distant sources and, in extreme cases, treatment at community / household level (eg. Activated alumina / Nalgonda technique or any other proven, field tested method for fluoride removal); x) Effective and sustained sanitationand hygiene promotion(SHP) programmes to bring about positive behavioral and attitudinal changes with special focus on women and children;

8.2.3 Household Sanitation& Hygiene Issues i) One of the most visible signs of backwardnessin all the project districtsis the lack of basic household sanitationfacilities. The State level coverageof sanitation was only 6.9% as per 1991 Census. Under the various State and Central programmes, individual sanitary latrines are being provided. However these programmes are yet to make any visible impact. In many cases the household latrines are used

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study-Final Report 8.4 only by women and old / sick persons. Open air defecation is still the most commonlyprevalent practice in almost all the villages with its associatedproblem of soil and water pollution and public health risks. This situation is largely due to lack of awareness among the people regarding the inter relationship between health, water, sanitationand advantagesof sanitary latrines. ii) The rural households commonly use agriculturalresidues and cow-dung cakes as cooking fuels which emit large quantity of smoke. Poor ventilation in the dwelling houses combined with the use smoke emitting fuels causes acute upper respiratory ailments and conjunctivitis, especially among women and children. Despite the National Programme on Improved Chulhas having been introducedin the state during the year 1983 - 1984 the acceptance rate in the pilot villages has been very low. During public consultations in Shiraguppi and Rottigwad, the women said that the presently available design(s) are not suited to their way of cooking, particularlyroti making. This brings out the need for an organizedstudy regarding the type of locally used fuels, the style of cooking as also the preferences of women to a particular design (fixed type chulha with a chimney / portable metal chulha without a chimney). The portable chulha affords flexibility with regard to its location within / outside the house. For the fixed type, a specific area within the house has to be permnanentlyearmarked. iii) Another issue of hygiene concern in the pilot districts relates to the common practice of keeping the livestock within the owners household living area. This practice, reported to be common in other project districtsas well, seems to have a deep rooted tradition and a mind set among the community. Originally started perhaps with the idea of ensuring security of the animals from theft, the practice has continued for ages despite the fact that it creates unhygienicconditions for the human population. From the farmer's point of view, the live stock is a valuable asset to him. And he feels that if the cattle is kept under his / his family member's immediate supervision,he will be able to devote the best attention for the upkeep of the cattle in its most productive form. Also, the routine of feeding, washing and milking of the cattle as also collectionof wastes becomes simple and less time consuming than when the cattle is kept away from his residential area. Non- availability of alternative space outside the house to keep the cattle also acts as a constraint in doing away with the age old practice. This issue is also inter linked with the practice of keeping a stack of fodder and often the manure pit within the householdpremises creating an unhygienicenvironment. This issue is a complex social issue and warrants a detailed study and sustained IEC programme to bring about a change in the mindset of the households and to provide a practicable alternativeto the current practice - persuadingthe households to shift the cattle to the backyard wherever space is availableor to shift them to allotted areas outside the village. The GP could play a lead role in framing appropriate rules / regulationsin this regard.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.5 Mitigatorv Measures i) Effective, sustained IEC programmewith focus on women to generate demand for householdlatrines, smokelessI improved chulhas and bio-gas plants. ii) Selection and installation of 'safe' sanitation systems to suit local soil types and user preferences. Low cost sanitation systems such as the twin pit pour flush (TPPF) latrines could be provided, for individual households. A note on recommendedconstruction practice and pollution safeguards for TPPF latrines is given in Annexure 8.4 . Wherever there is a constraint of household space, 'group of latrines' could be consideredon individualownership basis. iii) Identify and promote the type of chulhas preferred by local women and suited to locally available cooking fuels and style / method of cooking. Here again, an effective IEC programme should be launched to create awareness, especially among women on the need for better ventilated kitchen in order to reduce the incidence of upper respiratory diseases.

8.2.4 EnvironmentalSanitation and HygieneIssues i) In most of the villages, stagnant pools of water were found around stand posts, as well as either at the back or in front of the houses due to absence of any drainage system. These pools were found to be breeding places for mosquitoes and incidence of malaria cases was reported to be very high in such areas. ii) Lack of household I communitylatrines in most of the project districts: the entire village is being used for open air defecation, especially children defecate indiscriminately. iii) The internal roads in villages with black cotton soils such as in Gulburga and Dharwad are not paved, become slushy during rainy season and create problems for smooth movementof people, bullock carts, tractors and other vehicles.

Mitigatorv Measures i) Effective, sustained IEC campaign to generate demand for ownership based group latrines, community latrines and institutional latrines and their proper use and maintenance; ii) Constructionof sullage drains includingtreatment and disposal works. A network of well planned drains for disposal of sullage from the village, including spill water from the public stand posts should be designed and constructed especially along the main roads / lanes in the village. Equally important is the safe treatment of the collected sullage and utilisationof the treated effluent. Stabilizationponds could provide the simplest method of treatment and the treated effluent could be used for agricultural purposes / grass farms for fodder. The GP can prepare an action plan for the purpose so as to generate income to the GP which can defray part of the O&M expenditure.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.6 iii) Pavement of internal village roads for ensuring well drained village roads, and convenientmovement of people vehicles and tractors within the villages; iv) Solid waste management programmes, including identification of a common disposal site for sanitary disposal of householdsolid waste. The GP can identify a land where the solid waste could be compostedand the compost produced could be sold to generateincome to the GP. v) Regular clearing of village dust bins and its transportationfor sanitary disposal at a common site by the GP for which necessary hand carts should be provided by the GP to the village sweepers.

8.2.5 Water and SanitationRelated Health Issues i) In almost all the project districts high incidence of GE cases has been reported, (Ref. Table 4.15). In addition, cholera and typhoid cases have also been commonlyreported. There is also the problem of high fluoride in drinking water in many project districts such as Gadag, Koppal, and Gulburga.A large number of cases of worm infestationand upper respiratorydiseases have also been reported. ii) The personal hygiene standards of the people in general, especially of the economicallydisadvantaged, is very poor. iii) Health and hygiene education programmesare not effective. iv) Lack of awarenessand non-affordabilityto meet the medical expenses by some of the people who suffer from water-bome & water related diseases aggravate the situation which leads to outbreak of epidemics.

Mitigatorv Measures i) Effective, sustained SHP programmes with special focus on women and children to create felt need for household latrines and also to practice desirable personal l family and communityhygiene practices. ii) Preventiveand curative measuresincluding regular de-wormingprogrammes iii) An organized survey by well trained medical doctors and para / non medical staff to identify fluorosis cases especially among schoolchildren, pregnant women and lactating mothers to carry out programme of curative medication including nutritionalsupplements in addition to supply of safe defluoridatedwater.

8.3. Frame Work for Action In the light of the foregoing, the recommended frame work for rnitigation action is summarisedbelow.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.7 FRAME WORK FOR ACTION

SI. Project Component Action Plan No I Water SupyIV - Rehabilitation/ upgradation of existing infrastructureI Quantity to provide a service level of 55 Ipcd Quality - Identify alternate / distant sources free from quality problems - Treatmentfor fluoride/ iron I nitrate - Continuous chlorination of water supply to ensure bacteriologicalsafety O&M of Water Supply - Capacity building of GPs for preventive / corrective Schemes and crisis management - Ensure 100% tariff collection. Ground Water Recharge - Construct check dams, subsurface dams, recharge trenches as appropriateto the local hydrogeology - Rejuvenate abandoned borewells II. Sanitation - Promote household/ group / community/ institutional (Latrines) latrines Drainage - Construct sullage / storm water drains, soak pits / promote kitchen garden for isolateddwellings Paving of Internal Roads - Paving of internal lanes / roads / streets with macadam / Streets I asphalt/ gravel surface / granite stone / slab pitching / brick paving as appropriatefor the requirement of the village Smokeless Chulhas and - Identify and install smokelesschulhas suited to locally Bio-gas available cooking fuels and method of cooking by the households. - Install bio-gas plants as per the demand by the households. Cornmunity Compost - Identify common sites for composting of village refuse Yards / garbage on a scientificbasis. Water Point and Habitat - Install public stand posts at appropriateplaces Development - Provide well drained platforms for efficient drainage of spil water. - Providedustbins at appropriateplaces - Provide washing platforms / cattle troughs as per the ______requirementof the village. III Communitv and - Orientation of VWSCs I Women Groups I GPs in InstitutionBuilding social , technical and managementaspects. - Training of VWSCs / Women Groups I GPs to carry out effective IEC activities. IV State-wide Sector - Enhance capacity building and sustainabilityof village Development level institutions including 100% O&M cost recovery, VWSCs, DSUs and PPMU.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.8 8.4 EnvironmentalManagement Plan

In the light of the proposed project interventions,the identified environmental issues (Chapter 7) and the potential adverse impacts during the project implementation, the recommended environmental management plan (EMP) along with the agency responsible are presented in Table 8.1 Model EMPs for three pilot GPs representing typical situation encountered in the districts with respect to water quantity, water quality and other environmentalissues are presented in Annexure 8.5. This could form the basis for actionplans for implementation.

8.5 EnvironmentalMonitoring and Evaluation

In keeping with the project interventions / identified environmental issues which need to be addressedin the project design and implementationand the expected impacts, a list of environmentalperformance indicators has been identified along with the agencies responsiblefor monitoring(Table 8.2). These, along with the indicators for the other components of the project, could provide a basis for monitoring and evaluation of the project performance.

8.6 InstitutionalStrengthening

The water and sanitation sector policy of GOK is forward looking, comprehensive and rural welfare oriented. In keeping with the decentralisation process initiated under the Panchayat Raj Act of 1993, the Department of Rural Development and PanchayathRaj is adopting a demand-responsiveapproach to rural development programmes.As part of this process the responsibilityof implementing rural drinking water and environmentalsanitation programmes is transferred to the elected democraticinstitutions at the grassrootslevel. Effective implementationof this policy and various programmes/ projects such as the proposed KRWS&ESP-II calls for matching institutionalframe work, human resource deployment and capacity building at all levels.

The professional skills required for planning, design, supervision and monitoring of water and sanitationprojects under the KRWS&ESP-IIare beyond the realms of civil engineering alone. It calls for a multi-disciplinary team of professionals with sound knowledge and expertise in specialised fields such as water resources management, sanitation,health, environment, ecology and social sciences. In the context of the proposed project, the RDED at the State Level and the ZPED at the district level are weak in this respect. This was evident during discussions with State and district level functionariesat the time of field visits. Thus, there is a need to establish at the State level a separate wing with multidisciplinaryexpertise in areas such as planning, engineeringdesign, technical scrutiny of water & sanitationproject, preparation of tender documents and monitoring and evaluation with necessary supportingstaff. Equally importantis the need to develop an effective IEC strategy to

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.9 bring about positive behavioural and attitudinal changes leading to improved health status of the target communities.

In the context of the proposed project, there is an urgent need to strengthen the ZPED by inducting environmentalengineers with expertise in water resources management and social scientist-cum-hygieneeducation specialists who can play a key role in effective implementationof the project. Their professionalskills need to be updated through periodic orientation programmes with focus on emerging trends and technologiesin water and sanitationsector and related environmentalaspects.

Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance

Currently, there is no agency in the State with a well defined mandate for routine water quality monitoring and control of rural water supplies. The RDED checks the potability of any newly established borewell / surface source by conductingall the tests on the water samples collected. If the quality parameters are within the prescribed limits, the source is developed and allowed to be used by the beneficiaries. If the water does not satisfy the quality requirements, new borewells are drilled after conducting detailed geophysical survey. In areas where there is no source of good water supply people are allowed to make use of the same. Thereafter there is no regular programmeof monitoringthe qualityof water supplies.

The District Health and Family Welfare Office collects and analyses water samples from rural habitations during periods of epidemic outbreaks of diseases or only when public complaints regarding water quality are received. The analysis of water samples is again restricted to the bacteriologicalquality only. In the year 2000, a programme of testing water quality for organized water supply schemes for 14 quality parameters has been started by the RDED. This programme, however, does not include traditional sources which are commonlyused in villages and the public taps.

As for the water quality monitoring, there is a need for a 'State of art' laboratoryat the RDED at the State level which could function as a referral laboratory for all the district laboratories. The mandatoryfunctions of the state laboratorywould include the following:

* analysis of water and waste water for complex / difficult parameters such as pesticidesand insecticides,trace metals etc * analyticalquality control * R& D on local field problems such as high fluoride in drinking water, simple cost effective methods of disinfection,appropriate household latrine designs etc * evaluation of new products and processes for their adoption and large scale promotionin the field. * training of laboratorypersonnel in water and waste water analysis

KRWS&ESP-I1 Environmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.10 In the light of the large number of habitations affected by high levels of fluoride in drinking water in the project districts, it is necessary to find alternative sources for new water supply schemes. If such sources can not be found within economic distance, simple household / community defluoridation systems have to be identified. The two technologies developed and accepted with fair degree of success are (i) the Nalgonda technique and (ii) the activated alumina process. In this context the field experiences gained in the implementation of DANIDA assisted project in the State should be brought to bear upon the decision making in the choice of technology. Additionally, it is necessary to undertake R&D on commercially offered technologies, defluoridation such as electrodialysis, ion-exchange etc for their efficacy under field conditions. This objective could best be achieved only by establishing at the State level (RDED) an R&D wing backed by a 'State of art' laboratory and a multidisciplinary team of well qualified, experienced environmental engineers J scientists with adequate financial support. The R&D wing would also undertake evaluation of other process / products used in water treatment and field problems that may be identified in the area of rural water supply and sanitation and training programmes. In the light of estimated investment in the proposed project and the likely technology issues that may arise during its implementation, the establishment of an R&D wing as above will be well justified. This wing should be headed by a well qualified and competent environmental engineers at CE / SE level supported by one EE (Environmental Engineering) and a team of scientists comprising a chemist, a bio- chemist, an instrumentation scientist (M.Sc./ Ph.D in Physics) and other supporting staff ie. lab technicians.

In this backdrop the following strategy is recommended in order to strengthen the various institutions at the State / District level.

Human Resource Infrastructure At State Level (RDED) At State Level (RDED) * One Environmental Engineer with * State of art laboratory with modem minimum P.G. qualification in the cadre equipment for water quality testing, of C.E / S.E. analytical quality control (AQC) and * Two Executive Engineers with P.G R&D support. degree in environmentalengineering and * Audiovisual equipment with a mobile sciences van * One Chief Chemist-cum-Bacteriologist At District Level . Two lab. Technicians * Existing district labs establishedunder * One Social Scientist -cum- Hygiene RGNDWMto be made functionaland Education Specialist with P.G. strengthenedin terms of instrument/ qualification and Diploma in Health equipment. Education. * Audio visual equipmentwith a mobile * Other supportingstaff van District Level . A Chemist with experiencein routine water and waste water analysis * One lab technician

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.11 To develop water quality monitoring on a sustainable footing, it may be necessary to consider innovative approaches, such as creating awarenessabout water quality at all levels involving communitiesin water quality testing and identifying / designating separate agencies for i) water quality monitoring & control and ii) water qualitysurveillance. In this context the following strategy is recommended for consideration.

A two tier system of water quality monitoring 1) Regular water quality testing by ZPED, twice a year for complete physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters and 2) simple routine tests, at least once a week at the GP level for limited parameters such as pH, conductivity and residual chlorine using portable kits. There are a number of trained hand pump caretakers at village level who can be employedfor this purpose.

The RDED / ZPED will impart trainingto the persons identified by the GP in routine collection and testing of water samples for the parameters listed earlier using portable kits. These tests should be conducted at least once a week in respect of borewell sources. For supplies from surface sources the residual chlorine in the treated water should be tested daily as a surrogate parameter to indicate the bacteriologicalsafety of the supply. The portable kits should be evaluated and field tested for their performance and reliability by a competent agency before these are supplied to the GPs. Adequate funds for periodic replenishment of consumables required for the kits shouldbe made availableby the ZP. Proper record of test results should be maintained at the GP level for inspection by anyone interested. Any abnormalchanges in water qualityparameter values shouldbe immediatelybrought to the notice of the districtlaboratory for necessaryfollow up action as appropriate.

The water quality surveillance activity should be the responsibility of the office of the District Health & FarnilyWelfare which will monitorindependently the quality of rural water supplies twice a year. For this purpose, the existing Public Health laboratoriesshould be strengthenedin terms of laboratory facilitiesand trained chemists, currently not availableat these laboratories.A system of record keeping and feedbackon the quality of public water supplyshould be in place.

KRWS&ESP-1IEnvironmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.12 Table 8.1: Karnataka Rural Water Supply And Environmental Sanitation Project-II

Environmental Management Plan

Project EnvironmentalIssues PotentialNegative MitigatoryMeasures Responsibility Interventions Impacts 1 - 2 3 4 5 Water Supply * Water Quantity Issues

Hand pumps, Mini - Scarcityof drinking water - Increased ground / - Augment supply through GP/DSU Water Supply, Piped during summer surface water rehabilitation / uprating of Water Supply, - People resort to village abstraction existing systems wherever Multi-village tanks as alternate sources - Risk of lowering feasible GP/DSU/ Schemes - Per capita supply < 55 ground water level - Identify new sources (local / M&GD lpcd in many habitations - Risk of hydraulic distant) of good quality and - Erratic power supply and interference between yield + safety chlorination voltage fluctuations existing and new dug - Local surface source (village GP/NGO/DSU / bore well sources tanks) +SSF + chlorination, - Increased generation desilt the tanks to increase GP/DSU/ID of sullage storage capacity and protect the - Temporary disruption source by fencing in existing water - Distant surface sources + SSF + supply services chlorination for single / multi village schemes - Dual water supply - Blending of water from existing sources

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.13 Table 8.1 Cont...

* WaterQuality Issues

- Severe water quality - Identify alternate / distant GP/DSU/ problems in bore well sources M&GD sources due to excessive - Sanitary survey + source GP/NGO/ concentration of fluoride, protection + treatment for DSU salinity, TDS, iron, iron / fluoride nitrate etc - Continuous chlorination of GP - Water in traditional water supply to ensure a village tanks / ponds rninimum residual chlorine of turbid 0.5 mg /litre - Absence of residual - Preventive and corrective GP chlorine in water supply maintenance of water - Absence of water quality distribution system monitoring - Regular water quality testing + GP - High incidence of water- control borne / water- related - Effective IEC campaigns GP/NGO/ diseases DSU

Ground water - Decline in ground water - Enforce Ground Water Act + GOK rechargemeasures level due to over monitor regularly ground water M&GD exploitation for level DSU agriculturalpurposes - Drying up of dug / bore wells in summer

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.14 Table 8.1 Cont... - Implement concurrent GP/NGO/DSU ground water recharge measures to promote source sustainability Sanitation Construction of - Lack of household - Risk of ground water - Sustained IEC GP/NGO/DSU household / group / latrines - coverage very Contamination from programmes with focus on community / low (1-3%) sanitation systems women to generate GP/NGO institutional - Lack of space for demand for household / /DSU latrines household latrine group / community latrines - Constructed latrines not - Install 'safe' sanitation being used regularly systems to suit local soil - Open air defecation very type and user's preference common Paving of internal - Roads become dusty - Temporary increase in - Paving of internal roads / GP/NGO/DSU roads / streets in during dry seasons, ambient noise level and streets with appropriate villages slushy during rainy dust concentration due to locally available material seasons making construction activities to ensure proper drainage vehicular movement - Disruption of normal and all weather movement difficult and creating movement of people and of vehicles unsightly conditions vehicular traffic including diversion of traffic during street / lane paving and construction of sullage and storm drains (These impacts being marginal need no mitigation action)

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.15 Table 8.1 Cont... Construction of - In areas with BC soil, - Temporary increase - Construct sullage drains and GP/NGOIDSU sullage and storm sullage & storm water in ambient noise provide low cost treatment / drainage disposal is a serious level and dust disposal I re-use systems for problem concentration due to sullage - Village internal roads constructionactivities - Design and install efficient GP/ DSU become slushy and - Disruption of normal storm water drains slippery movement of people - Creation of breeding and vehicular traffic places of disease vectors including diversion of traffic during street / lane paving and construction of sullage and storm drains (These impacts being marginal need no mitigationaction) Provision of - Indoor air pollution - Sustained IEC campaigns with GPINGOIDSU smokeless chullhas - High incidence of upper focus on women to generate and bio-gas respiratoryailments demand for smokeless / - Unhygienic improvedchulhas environmental sanitation - Identify and promote the design GP/NGO/DSU conditions due to large of chulhas preferred by women number of manure pits and suited to locally available ______cookingfuels

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.16 Table 8.1 Cont... Provision of - Unhygienic practice of - Sustained IEC campaigns to GP/NGO community compost keeping cattle population persuade the cattle owners to yard and removal of within the householdarea shift the cattle outside the living manure pits from - Prevalence of unhygienic area dwelling areas environmental sanitation - Provide community compost GP/NGO/TP/ conditions due to heaps yard for sanitary disposal of DSU of cattle dung and refuse cow dung and other dumps etc biodegradablerefuse - Creation of breeding places of diseasesvectors Water point and - Lack of sanitationI water - Proper siting of the water points GPINGO/ DSU habitat development stagnation - Provide well drained platforms GP/NGO/ DSU - Bacteriological - Sustained EEC campaigns to GP/NGO contanminationof water educate people to keep the supply water points clean GP/ NGO - Missing taps - Prevent vandalism to public - Lack of washing taps platforms - Provide dust bins and promote - Indiscriminate dumping individual /community compost of household solid waste pits / yards for sanitary disposal - Lack of sullage drains of household solid waste

GP - GramPanchayath TP - TalukPanchayath DSU- DistrictSupport Unit M&GD- Mines& GeologyDepartment NGO- NonGovernmental Organisation ID - IrrigationDepartment

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.17 Table 8.2: Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (World Bank Assisted)

Performance Indicators

Si Project Interventions/ PerformanceIndicators Monitoring Agency No Components 1 Water Supply - Access to safe water supply of a level* equal to that demanded by the user conmmunity GP/ DSU Water Quantity (Average 55 lpcd) Water Quality - Chemical contaminant level in water within the prescribed limit at the time of PSUi/D commissioningthe source and subsequentlywhen monitored twice a year GP/DSU/ HD - A minimumof 0.5 mg / litre free residual chlorine in treated water tested daily HD - Independentwater quality surveillanceonce in 6 months to ensure quality compliance HD - Decline in number of G.E, typhoid,infective hepatitis cases Ground Water Recharge - Decrease in number of wells going dry in summer GP/ DSU Measures - Trend in falling ground water level halted / reversed GP/M&GD - KarnatakaGround Water Act is enforced in notified 'critical' areas GOKtM&GD

* This can be estimated based on power consumption by the clear water pumps over a known period of time ( say a month) and the horsepower and discharge capacity of the pump

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.18 Table 8.2 Cont... 2 Sanitation Construction of - Increase in number / percentage of household / group / community / institutional GP/TP/DSU household / group/ latrines constructedand in use. community / institutional - Declinein number of G.E, typhoid, infective hepatitiscases GP/HD latrines - Reductionin householdmedical expenditure HD Paving of internal roads / - Percentageincrease in length of roads / streets paved GP/DSU streets in villages - Smoothflow of vehicular traffic GP - Decreasein annual maintenanceexpenditure of carts and vehicles GP Constructionof sullage - Percentageincrease in length of stormdrains constructed GP and stormdrainage - Absence of cesspools, stagnant storm water GP Reductionin malaria, filaria cases GP/HD Provision of smokeless - Increase in number of smokelesschuihas / biogas installed and in use GP/DSU chulhas / bio-gas - Declinein number of upper respiratoryinfection cases GP/HD Provisionof community - Numberof compost yards provided and in use GP compostyard and - Reductionin number of household manure pits GP removalof manure pits from dwelling areas 3 Community - Improved sustainabilityof village water and sanitation facilities GP Development and - Numberof women's groups gainfullyengaged in income generation activities DSU InstitutionBuilding - Number of SHP programmes organized and attendees, and simple pre and post PPMU evaluation tests to assess the change in KAP of the target population / healthy home survey 4 State vide Sector - Enhancedcapacity and sustainabilityof village level institutions including 100% O&M DSU, PPMU I Development cost recovery VWSCs, DSUs and PPMU. GP- Gram Panchayath TP - Taluk Panchayath DSU - District Support Unit HD - Health Department M&GD- Mines & Geology Departmuent GOK - Government of Karnataka

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study -Final Report 8.19 KRWS&ESP-I1 Environmental Analysis Study ANNEXURES

Annexure 1.1

TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS STUDY

World Bank Assisted KarnatakaIntegrated Rural Water Supply And EnvironmentalSanitation Project

Background

1. The World Bank assisted Karnataka Integrated Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project (KIRWS&ESP)has been implemented in 1105 villages of 12 erstwhile districts ( 16 present districts) of Karnataka namely Bangalore (R), Tumkur, Hassan, Mandya, Mysore (Chamarajanagar), Dakshina Kannada (Udupi), Shimoga (Davanagere), Belgaum, Bidar, Gulbarga,Raichur (Koppal) and Bellary (Davangere). The credit closing date was 3 0thSeptember 2000. The implementation of the project has set an encouragingtrend of reforms in the sector of rural water supply and sanitation in the state.

2. The Government of Karnataka had approached the World Bank through Government of India for assistance for a Follow-On project. The Bank launchedthe first project preparationmission for the Follow-On project which visited the State during November - December 2000 and discussed various policy parameters for the Follow-On Project. The project objectives, project components and project policy parameters for the Follow-On project are as given in the attachmentto this TOR.

3. The project will bring about positive health and environmental benefits through supply of 'safe' drinking water and creation of sanitary conditionsin the village. The project will have programmes related to improved water quality monitoring, health and hygiene education as well as ground water rechargefor water supplysource protection. Several environmentalmitigation measures will be included in the project design and the project is expected to have a net positive effect on the environment. The project itself is not expected to cause any adverse environmentalimpacts. However, some key environmentalconcerns related to the project are:

Water Quantity Issues

Availability of 'safe' drinking water, especially in the summer months when most of the traditional sources of water supply become dry and the public supply is inadequate because of dwindling sources of water supply; and

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study * Overexploitation of ground water resources, severely impacting drinking water supply sources.

Water Quality Issues

* Water quality problems, mainly relating to fluorides, brackishness and nitrates in drinking water sources; * Non-point sources of pollution in the catchment area, including possible agricultural and surface runoffs, especially during the rainy seasons; * Inadequate monitoring of drinking water quality; * No analysis on the bacteriological contamination of drinking water supplies; * Inadequate and irregular disinfection I chlorination of drinking water supplies; and * Washing t bathing and other domestic activities around the sources of water supply and water points.

Environmental Sanitation Issues

* Internal villages roads without proper formations or pavements; * Inadequate, non-functional sullage and storm water drains; * Personal Hygiene, Health, Household Environment and Sanitation issues; * Improper and indiscriminate disposal of household solid waste, garbage and cow dung; * Problems related to attitude and habits regarding environmental, health and sanitation issues - need for spreading environmental, health and hygiene education for changing the mindset; * Widespread incidence of respiratory infections among women and children; and * Extremely low coverage of the state household latrine programme.

4. To contribute to the environmental sustainability of the project, an 'Environmental Analysis' Study is required. The study will collect and analyze information regarding the environmental issues related to the project and prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), duly integrated in the overall project. The aim of the EA study is to analyze the existing environmental issues related to rural water supply and sanitation and ensure that these inadequacies are addressed or mitigated in the project design.

Objectives of the Study

5. The Key objective of the Environmental Analysis (EA) Study is to recommend measures for enhancing and sustaining the positive environmental benefits of the project. Appropriate measures to mitigate any identified

KRWS&ESP-11Environmental Analysis Study adverse environmentalimpacts will be integrated as part of the overall project design.

6. Specifically,the EA would:

* Identify and assess the existing environmental issues ( with a focus on water quantity and quality related issues, personal hygiene, health, household environment and sanitation, and environmentalsanitation issues) and how these issues will be addressed through the various activities / tasks under the proposed project ; and

* Recommend an Environment Management Plan (EMP), including well-defined performanceindicators for the identified issues.

7. The project components, including safe delivery of water supply and sanitation facilities, ground water recharge structures, health and hygiene education are all expected to contribute positive benefits. Recognizing these, the consultant should analyze whether the project activities / tasks are adequate to address the existing environmental issues or not. If not, appropriate mitigation plans should be prepared in the form of specific operational guidelines and recommendations should be made regarding suitable implementation arrangements and performance indicators. The Consultant should pay particular attention to identify issues that need to get mainstreamedinto differentproject activities.

Scope of the Study

8. The study will be based on field visits to selected GPs, supplemented with secondary sources of information from various Government Departments / Agencies, Institutions and Primary Health Centers, relating specifically to project area. The specific tasks of the study are to:

(i) Assess the availability of safe drinking water from surface / ground water sources, on the basis of secondary sources of information. Specific details should be collectedregarding declining water tables in the project area;

(ii) Examine the extent and possible causes of contamination of drinking water sources. The Consultantis expected to draw upon the findings of the survey commissionedby the Government of Karnataka to test the quality of water for all sources of public water supply systems. In addition, the Consultant should collect information from secondary sources to examine possible non-pointsources of contamination;

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study (iii) Assess adequacy of current water quality monitoring programmes and institutional capacity for the project area, and provide recommendations for enhancing these as well as disseminating water quality information to the rural public;

(iv) Assess current programmes disinfecting / treatment of drinking water supplies and provide recommendations for enhancing as well as making these effective;

(v) Collect information and prepare simple implementation guidelines on 'safe' sanitation technologies as appropriate for the project area, on the basis of soil characteristics, hydrogeology, Proximnityof water sources, etc;

(vi) Assess environmental sanitation issues in the project area, including need for pavement of internal village roads and properly designed network of sullage and storm water drains;

(vii) Collect information on major diseases and their causes in the project area, and assess how these can be reduced through various project interventions;

(viii) Asses need for personal health and hygiene programmes ; and

(ix) Prepare environmental performance indicators ( on the basis of key issues ) which can be duly interfaced with the overall project indicators.

9. A review of exiting legislation and policies should be undertaken, to help the project attain the objective of providing safe water and sanitation facilities.

10. The consultant should draw from the findings of the 'Water Quality Assessment' study, and the 'Water Quality Mapping' study being under taken as part of the project, for analyzing water quality issues in the project area.

11. The project has a specific ground water recharge component for protecting the sources of water supply. In addition the project is also addressing public health / hygiene aspects, including user participation and awareness raising programmes, as part of the Health, Sanitation and Hygiene component. The Consultant will interact with these groups to have the benefit of the information, as necessary for the preparation of the EMP.

12. The major environmental issues should be presented in a descriptive, matrix form and classified as primary, secondary etc. The EA study should be

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study representative of project district areas including irrigated and non-irrigated areas, with Maps and Tables for clarity.

13. An analysis of alternate scenarios should clearly bring out the value addition by integrating environmentalissues in the design of the project.

14. Views of the target groups and the local NGOs should be taken into account in the preparations of the EA, in accordance with the public consultation requirement as laid down in OP / BP/GP 4.01. This should be done for the GPs selected for study.

15. EA Report should provide the information as well as the required analysis, in accordance with the Word Bank's OPIBP/GP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment and the Environmental SourcebookUpdate on Water Resources and Sanitation.

16. The study shall be conducted in GPs that would be representative across the proposed project districts, terrain, source of water (ground water and surface) and quality of water. In order to ensure uniformity of sample area for all proposed studies of the project, the study would be conducted in six identified Gram Panchayats (GPs) (24 villages approximately)of three districts namely Belgaum, Dharwad and Gulbarga ( two GPs in each district), as identified by the Government of Karnataka.

17. The entire assessment should be transparent and applicable to the entire project area, and the consultants will provide all relevant data / information in this regard. All assumptions made should be clearly stated along with their justification.

Methodologyfor the Study (Suggested)

18. The methodology to be adopted for conducting this study will be based on participatory approaches. The target groups will be consulted both at the level of planning the study and also as its finalization and as and when required. The prime source of information will be bases on the key informant interviews, field visits, survey of institutions and their linkages. The secondary information will be collected from the documents, records and reports. The emphasis should be on achievingthe objectives of the study. Schedule and Outputs of the Study 19. The study is proposed to be carried out in five stages; Stage 1: Inception report including preparation of study tolls, developing preliminary approach to the study, detail methodology for preparation

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study of the report, draft questionnairefor sample survey, identification off data requirements, mode of data collection and outline of the final report.

Stage 2: Assessment of environmental issues, based on field survey and data tabulation from a representative sample of schemes and households across the proposed project area and other secondary sources of infornation for the project area.

Stage 3: Draft Report on EnvironmentalAnalysis with identified environmental issues, recommended mitigatorymeasures, Environment Management Plan and PerformanceIndicators: It should provide baseline information and specify environmental issues related to the project, on the basis of collection, collation and analysis of data (primary and secondary) and public consultations. It should include an analysis of altemative scenarios and recommendations regarding mitigation measures, monitoring, evaluation strategies and institutional responsibilities. The Report should be supported by Annexes containing data, relevant to the consideration of environmentalissues in the project area.

Stage 4: Rapid appraisal during April 2001 including presentation of Draft Report to NGOs , relevant institutionsand organizationsfor comments - Preparation of Draft Final Report on Environmental Analysis, incorporatingcomments on the Draft Report presentations:

Stage 5: Final Report, incorporatingcomments from Government of Karnataka on State 4 Draft Final Report.

20. The output of the consultants will be the following:

a) Inception Report together with the tested check-lists / instruments proposed to be used (including questionnaire) and the formats of the expected results ( 3 copies); b) IntermediateStatus Report after completing field work ( 5 copies) c) Draft Report ( 5 copies ) d) Draft Final Report ( 5 copies ; and e) Final Report ( 10 copies).

In addition to the paper copies, the consultants will make available electronic copies ( in a floppy / CD ) of:

a) All reports in MS Word Files

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study b) All raw data in tabulated form, together with relevant summary tables, in MS-Excel Files / MS Access Database at the time of submission of draft report and revised final report;

21. The study should be completed within 13 weeks from the date of commissioning the study. PPMU (GOK) should provide comments at each state of Report preparation within one week of submission of the report and these should be addressed by the consultant at each stage of report preparation. The following are the benchmarks from the date of commissioning of the study.

Time Schedule(Weeks) Benchmarks (Reports) For each From date of stage / report conunissioning Stage 1 - Inceptionreport 2 Week 2 Weeks Completion of Stage 2 and Intermediate Status 3 Weeks 5 Weeks Report 8 3aWeeks Weeks Completion of Stage 3 and Draft Report 3 Weeks 8 Weeks Completion of Stage 4 and Draft Final Report 3 Weeks 11 Weeks Completion of Stage 5 and Final Report 2 Weeks 13 Weeks-

Data, Services and Facilities for the Study

22. The Government of Karnataka through the Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMIU)for the current project would supervise the study and facilitate interaction and exchange of information between the consultants, concerned GOK departments and will also be made available to the consultants. PPMU/ZP staff may join the consultant team during selected field visits. The CEOs of the Zilla Panchayats shall facilitate all processes during the field visits, wherever necessary.

Review Committeeto Monitor ConsultantsWork

23. The Director, PPMU shall be responsible for review and monitoring the progress of the study. The Government may constitute a review committee to monitor the progress and interact with the consultants. The Director, PPMU or his nominee will be the chairperson of the committee and the committee will include experts nominated by the Director in consultation with the Bank. The committee may also seek comments and inputs on the consultant's work from the Bank staff and other experts as appropriate.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study Qualificationof Key ProfessionalPositions

24. The consultant should have considerableexperience and professional expertise in the area of Water Resources and Environmental Management, especially relating to water supply and sanitationprojects.

25. Persons Months - Water Resource and EnvironmentalManagement Specialist - 2 person months.

Checklist of Bank.Policies

a) EnvironmentalAssessment: i) Operational Policy 4.01 ii) Bank Procedures 4.01 iii) Good Practices 4.01 b) Pollution prevention and Abatement Handbook.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study Annexure 2.1 Projects RequiringEnvironmental Clearance as per Schedule-Iof Ministryof Environment& Forests Notification,1994 1 Nuclear power and related projects such as heavy water plants, nuclear fuel complex, rare earths 2 River valley projects including hydel power, major irrigation and their combination including flood control 3 Ports, harbours, airports (except minor ports and harbours) 4 Petroleum refineries including crude and product pipelines 5 Chemical fertilizers (Nitrogenous and Phosphatic)other than single superphosphate 6 Pesticides (Technical) - 7 Petrochemicalcomplexes (both Olefinic and Aromatic and Petro-chemical intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactum LAB etc. and productionof basic plastics such as LLPDE, HPDE, PP, PVC 8 Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals 9 Explorationfor oil and gas and their production,transportation and storage 10 Synthetic rubber 11 Asbestos and asbestos products 12 Hydrocyanicacid and its derivatives 13 Primary metallurgicalindustries (such as production of iron and steel, aluminium, copper, zinc, lead and ferro alloys) Electric arc furnaces (mini steel plants) 14 Chlor alkali industry 15 Integrated paint complex includingmanufacture of resins and basic raw materials required in the manufacture of paints 16 Viscose staple fibre and filament yarn 17 Storage batteries integrated with manufactureof oxides of lead and lead antimony alloy 18 All tourism projects between200 m - 500 m of high water line and at locationswith an elevation of more than 1000 m with investmentof more than Rs. 5 crores 19 Thermal power plants 20 Mining projects (with leases more than 5 hectares) 21 Highways projects 22 Tarred roads in Himalayas and or Forest areas 23 Distilleries 24 Raw skins and hides 25 Pulp, paper and newsprint 26 Dyes 27 Cement 28 Foundries (individual) 29 Electroplating

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study Annexure2.2 KARNATAKA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

Tenth Assembly (Eighth Session) (Adjourned Meetings)

THEKARNATAKA GROUND WATER ( REGULATIONFOR PROTECTION OF SOURCESOF DRINKINGWATER) BILL, 1999. (L.C. Bill No. 6 of 1999) (A passed by the legislative Council)

A Bill to regulatethe exploitationof ground water for the protectionof public sourcesof drinkingwater and mattersconnected therewith and incidentalthereto.

Whereas it is expedient to regulate the exploitation of ground water for the protection of public sources of drinking water and to provide for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto.

Be it enacted by the Karnataka State Legislature in the fiftieth year of the Republic of India as follows:- CHAPTER- I

PRELIMINARY

'. Short title extent and commencement:-

1) This Act may be called the Karnataka Ground Water (Regulation for Protection of Sources of Drinking Water) Act, 1999. 2) It extends to the whole of the State of Kamataka. 3) It shall come into force on such date as the State Government may, by notification appoint and different dates may be appointed for different local areas or different provisionsof this act.

2. Definitions:- In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires:-

1) "appropriate authority" means the Deputy Commissionerand includes any officer, not below the rank of an Assistant Commissioner,as the Government may, by notification appoint for the purpose of this Act, and different officers may be appointed for different local areas of the State. 2) "drinking water purpose" means consumption or use of water by human population for drinking and for other domestic purposes, and includes consumption of water for similar such relevant purposes for live stock.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study Explanation :- For the purposes of this clause, the expression "domestic purposes" shall include consumption or use of water for cooking, bathing,washing, cleansing and other day-to-day activities.

3) "Government" means the State Government. 4) "Ground Water" means water existing in an aquifer below the surface of the ground at any particular location regardless of the geological structure in which it is stationary or moving and includes all ground water reservoirs. 5) "Local Authority" means and includes a Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council, Zilla Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat, Grama Panchayat, Town Panchayat, Industrial Township, Improvement Board, Urban Development Authority and Planning Authority, Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board, KarnatakaUrban Water Supply and Drainage Board constituted under any law for the time being in force. 6) "Over exploited water sled" means a watershed where the estimated annual ground water extraction is more than eighty-five percent of the estimated average annual ground water recharge, calculated in the prescribed manner, and declared as such under section 6. 7) "Public source of drinking water" means a well from which the Government or a local authority or such other authority as the Government may, by notification specify, provides water to the public and includes such point or any other drinking water source as may be notified by the appropriateAuthority. 8) "Public water supply system" means the structures relating to a public drinking water sources, including conveying pipelines, storage reservoir, stand posts, hand pump, power pump and all other materials connected thereto, through which water is supplied for drinking water purpose. 9) "requisite quantity of water" means the quantity of water calculated on the basis of per capita supply to be fixed by the Government from time to time. 10) "Sink" with all its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, in relation to a well includes any drilling, boring or digging of a new well or deepeningcarried out to an existing well. 11) "Technical officer" means an officer of the Department of Mines and geology, Governmentof Karnatakanot below the rank of a Geologist. 12) "Water scarcityarea" means an area declared as such under section 4. 13) "Watershed" means an area confined within the topographic water divide line, as identified and notified by the Ground water Survey Division of the Department of Mines and Geology. Government of Karnatakafrom time to time having regard to the purposes of this act.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study 14) "Well" means a well sunk for the search for or extraction of ground water and includes a dug well, bore well, dug-cum-bore well, tube well and filter point.

CHAPTERII

PROTECTIONMEASURES FOR PUBLIC SOURCES OFDRINKING WATER

3. Permission of sink well etc:-

1) No person shall without obtaining permission from the appropriate authority under sub-section(3)sink any well for water for purpose of extracting or drawing water within five hundred metres of public source of drinking water: Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to sinking of a well on behalf of the Government or a local authority for being used as a public drinking water source.

2) any person desirous of obtaining permission under this section shall make an application to the appropriate authority in such form and accompaniedby such fees as may be prescribed. 3) On receipt of an application under sub-section(2) the appropriate authority may on the advice of the Technical Officer, and having regard to the interest of the general public to have the supply of requisite quantity of water for the purpose of drinking water from the public sources and for reasons to be recorded in writing grant perrnissionfor sinkingof well or reject the application. 4) Every permissiongranted under sub-section(3)shall be subject to:- a) the condition that the appropriate authority may, for reasons to be recorded in writing by order prohibit, restrict or regulate from time to time the extraction of water from such well if in its opinion it is necessary to do so in the interest of protection of public sources of drinking water. b) Suc'hother conditionsand restrictions as may be prescribed.

4. Declaration of water scarcity area :- If, at any time during the course of monsoon or thereafter, the appropriate authority on the advice of the Technical Officer and having regard to the quantum and pattern of rainfall and any other relevant factor is of the opinion that the public sources of drinking water in any area within its jurisdiction or likely to be adversely affected, it may by order declare such area to be a water scarcity area for such period as may be specified in the order, but no exceeding one year at a time.

5. Regulation of extraction of water from wells in water scarcity area:-

KRWS&ESP-II EnvironmentalAnalysis Study 1) Upon declarationof any area as water scarcity area under section 4, the appropriate authority may for the duration of the period of water scarcity, by order, regulate the extraction of water from any well in such area by restricting or prohibitingsuch extraction for any purpose where such well is within a distance of five hundred meters of the public source of drinking water. 2) The order imposing such restriction or prohibition under sub-section (1) shall be served or caused to be served personally by delivering or tendering the same to the owner of the well at least fifteen days before the commencement of the order of restriction or prohibition, as the case may be. Where the owner cannot be found, an authentic copy of the order may be served on any adult member of the family. In the case of an order affecting a corporationor a firm. It shall be served in the manner for the service of a summons under rule 2 of order XXIX or rule 3 of order XXX, as the case may be, in the First Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.

6. Declaration of over-exploitedwatershed:- The appropriate authority may on the advice of the Technical Officer, declare a watershedas over exploited water shed.

7. Prohibitionfor sinking wells in over-exploitedwatershed:- 1) No person shall, without obtaining permission of the appropriate authority under sub-section(3) sink well for any purpose within the area of an over-exploitedwater shed. 2) Every application for permission under this section shall be made to the appropriate authority in such form and accompanied by such fees as may be prescribed. 3) The appropriateauthority may on receipt of the application and having regard to the requirement of water for purpose of providing drinking water and in the interest of general public either grant permission to sink well or reject the application. 4) Every permission granted under this section shall be subject to:- a) the condition that the appropriate authority may, for reasons to be recorded in writing by order prohibit, restrict or regulate the extraction of water from such well for such period as may be specified in such order, if in its opinion, it is necessary to do so in the interest of protection of public sources of drinking water and b) such other conditionsand restrictions,as may be prescribed.

8. Prohibition of extraction of water from an existing well for certain period:- If on the advice of the Technical Officer, the appropriate authority is satisfied that any existingwell in area of over exploited watershed

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study is adversely affecting any public source of drinking water, it may, notwithstandinganything contained in any law for the time being in force and having regard to the quantum and pattern of rain fall and other relevant factor and after giving its owner a reasonable opportunity of being heard, by an order, prohibit the extraction of water from such well during the five months period fTomthe First February to thirty-firstJuly every year.

9. Closing down of existing well:- Notwithstandinganything contained in this Act or any other law for the time being in force, if on the advice of the Technical Officer, the appropriate authority is satisfied that any existing well in the area of an over-exploitedwatershed is adversely affecting any public source of drinking water and such source cannot be adequately protected by action under section 8, it may after giving the owner of the well a reasonable opportunity of being heard, require him by order to stop the extraction of water from and close seal off such well forthwith either temporarily or permanently having regard to the extent to which it is adversely affecting the public source of drinkingwater.

10. Power of entry upon any land for obtaining information:-Whenever it is necessary to make an inquiry or examinationin connectionwith the protection of a public source of drinking water or with the maintenanceof a public water supply system, the appropriateauthority or any officer duly authorized by it in this behalf may after giving prior notice. a) enter upon such land as he or it may think necessary for the said purpose. b) Undertakesurveys or take levels thereon. c) Conduct pumping tests and geophysicalsurveys. d) Conduct well logging on the bore e) Install and maintain water level recorder and water gauges on the well and f) Do all such other things as may be necessary for the prosecution of such inquiry and examination.

11. Power to stop contraventionof the provisionsof section 3,5,7,8 or 9

1) Whereverit appears to the appropriate authoritythat any well has been sunk or is being sunk in contraventionof the provisions of section 3 or 7 or water has been extracted or is being extracted in contraventionof section 5, 8 or 9 the appropriate authorityor an officer duly authorized by it in this behalf may enter upon that land, remove obstruction. If any, close the pumping of the water, disconnect power supply, seize any material or equipment used in connection with such extraction of water and take any such action, as may be required, to stop such contravention and may, by order, require the owner or the person in

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study possession of the well to close or seal off the well at this expenses and in such manner as the appropriate authority may specify in such order and such owner or person shall comply with such order. 2) Where such owner or person fails to comply with any order made under sub-section(1), the appropriate authority may, after giving such owner or persons due notice in that behalf enter upon the land and close or seal off the well, and the cost incurred thereof shall be recoverable from such owner or person as an arrears of land revenue.

12. Payment of compensation:-

1) Where an order of closing down or sealing of the well is made under section 9 the owner of such well may apply to the appropriateauthority in the prescribed manner for payment of compensation. 2) The Appropriate Authority may on making such inquiry and requiring the owner to produce such evidence as it may deem necessary make an order for payment of compensation to the owner which shall not exceed the depreciated value of the well and the structurethere on.

13. Bar to claim compensation:- Subject to the provisions of section 12 no person shall be entitled to claim any damages or compensation from the Government for any loss sustained by him as a result of any order passed under the clause(a) of sub-section(4)of section 3 or under sections 8,9 or 11 or by virtue of any action taken under this Act.

CHAPTER- III

MISCELLANEOUS 14. Appeals:-

1) Any person aggrieved by any order made by the AppropriateAuthority under any of the provisions of this Act may, within a period of thirty days from the date of receipt of the order by him, appeal to the Deputy Commissioner, if the order is made by any officer other than the Deputy Commissioner and to the Divisional Commissioner, if the order is made by Deputy Commissioner. On receipt of such appeal, the Appellate Authority shall, after giving a reasonable opportunityto the appellant of being heard, pass such order as it may think fit. Every order made by the Appellate Authority in such appeal shall be final and shall not be called in question in any court. 2) Before giving any decision in such appeal the appellate authority shall obtain the reviews of such officer of the Department of Mines and Geology as may be prescribed, and shall take such views into consideration.

KRWS&ESP-1IEnvironmental Analysis Study 3) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section(l) ever order made and every direction issued under this Act shall be final and shall not be called in question in any court.

15. Protectionof action taken in good faith:-

1) No suit prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against any public servant or person appointed or authorized under this act in respect of anything done or intended to be done in good faith under this Act or pursuance of any order made or directions issued under this act. 2) No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lies against the Government or any Officer of the Governmentfor any damage caused or likely be caused by anything, done or intended to be done in good faith under this Act, or in pursuance of any order made or direction issued under this Act.

16. Penalty

1) Whoever contravenesany of the provisionsof this Act or obstructs any person in the discharge of his duties under this Act or contravenesany order or violates any rule made under this Act shall on conviction, be punished with imprisonment which shall not be less than one month but which may extend to six months or with fine which shall not be less than one thousand rupees but, may extend to five thousand rupees or with both. 2) Whoever, without proper authority damages, alters or obstructs any part of the public water supply system shall on conviction, be punished with imprisonment which shall not be less than two months but which may extend to one year or with fine which shall not be less than two thousand rupees but may extend to five thousand rupees or with both. 3) In the case of a continuing offence the offender shall be punished with an additional fine which may extended to rupees hundred for every day during which offence continues after the conviction.

17. Offences by companies:-

1) Where an offence under this Act has been committed by a company, every person who at the time the offence was committed, was in charge of and was responsible to the company for the conduct of the business of the company, as well as the company shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against the punished accordingly.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to any punishment provided in this Act if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence. 2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) where an offence under this Act, has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of or is attributable to any neglect on the part of any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company such director, manager, secretary or other officers shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offend and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly. Explanation:- For the purposes of this section. a) "company" means a body corporate and includes a firm or other association of individualsand b) "director" in relation to a firm means partner in the firm.

18. overriding effect of Act.:- The provisions of this Act and the order issued or made thereunder shall have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other law for the time being in force.

19. Method of service of noticesetc.:-

1) Subject to such rules as may be prescribed service of any notice or other document under this Act or any Order made thereunder on any person to whom it is by name addressedshall be effected.

i) by giving or tendering the said notice or document or a copy of the said order to such person or ii) if such person is not found by leaving such notice on document or copy of the order at his last known place of residence or business or by giving or tendering the same to some adult member or servant of his family, or iii) by sending such notice or document or the copy of the order to such person by registered post or iv) by affixing such notice or document or copy of the order on some conspicuous part of his house if any, in which such person is known to have last resided or carried on business or personally worked for gain.

2) No such notice shall be deemed to be void on account of any defect of form.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study 20. Power to make rules:-

1) The Government may by notification and after previous publication make rules to carry out the purposes of this Act. 2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may provide for- a) the form of application under sub-section(2) of section 3 and the fees to be paid in respect of such application. b) The conditions and restrictions under clause(b) of sub- section(4)of section 3. c) The form of application under sub-section(2) of section 7 and the fees to be paid for such application. d) The restrictions and conditions under clause(b) of sub- section(4)of section 7. e) The manner of applying for payment of compensation under section 12 and payment of fees for applying for payment of compensation. f) Any other matter for which rules have to be made or are necessary 3) Every rule made under thissActshall be laid as soon as may be, after it is made before each House of the State Legislature while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days, which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if before the expiry of the session in which it is so laid or the session or sessions immediately following both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made the rule shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect as the case may be so however that any modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under the rule.

21. Power to remove difficulties :- if any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the Government may as occasion arises, by order do anything which appears to it to be necessaryor expedient to remove the difficulty.

Provided that no such order shall made after the expiry of the period of two years from the date of commencementof this Act.

STATEMENTOF OBJECTSAND REASONS

(As appended to at the time of introduction)

Government of India had circulated a model Bill for regulation of extraction of Ground Water in the year 1990-1991. The Central Government have since then repeatedly been urging the State Government, to pass an appropriate legislation to

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironrnental Analysis Study introduce regulatory measures to protect sources of drinking water in rural areas. The Government or Maharashtra and the Government of Andhra Pradesh have passed Ground Water (Regulation for Drinking water purposes) Act in the year 1993 and 1996 respectively.

The Karnataka Ground Water (Regulation for protection of sources of Drinking water) Bill, 1999 is proposed to be enacted with several regulatory measures as summerised below:-

i) Sinking a well for the purpose of extracting or drawing water within a distance of 500 meters from a public drinking water source without obtaining permission of Appropriateauthority is prohibited. ii) The Appropriate authority, in times of water scarcity may declare an area to be a water scarcity area for such period as may by specified in the order, but not exceedingone year at a time. iii) Upon declaration of any ear as water scarcity area the Appropriate authority may order for restricting or prohibiting extraction for any purpose where such well is within 500 meters of the public drinking water source. iv) The Appropriate authority on the advice of the technical officer may declare a watershed as over exploited watershed. v) The Appropriate authority shall have powers to prohibit sinking of wells in over exploited watersheds. vi) If the Appropriate authorityis satisfied that any existing well in area of an over exploited watershed is already affecting any public drinking water source may prohibit the extraction of water from such well during the period from February to July every year and other incidental matters. Hence the Bill.

MEMORANDUMREGARDING DELEGATED LEGISLATION

Clause 2:- Sub-Clause (6) of this empower the State Government to frame rules regarding the manner of calculation of estimated average ground water recharge.

Clause 3:- This clause empower the State Government to - a) Prescribe the form and fee to be accompanied with an application to be made under sub-section(2) and b) Prescribe the conditions and restrictions subject to which the permissionunder sub-section(3)shall be granted.

Clause 7:- This clause empower the State Government to - a) Prescribe the form and fee to be accompanied with an application to be made under sub-section(2) and

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study b) Prescribe the conditions and restrictions subject to which the permissionunder sub-section(3)shall be granted.

Clause 12:- This clause empower the State Government to frame rules regarding the matter in which the owner of a well whose well is closed or scaled off by the appropriateauthority, may apply to the appropriate authority for payment of compensation.

Clause 14:- This clause empower the State Government is prescribe the officer of the mines and geology department for obtaining view in this matter before taking a decision.

Clause 18:- This clause empower the State Government to frame rules for the purpose of service of any notice or other document under the Act.

Clause 20:- This clause empowerthe State Government to frame rules to carry out the purposes of the Act.

The proposed dzlegationof Legislative power is normal in character.

FINALMEMORANDUM

The Karnataka Ground Water (Regulation for protection of sources of drinking water ) Bill, 1999 provides that appropriate authority has to order for the payment of compensation for closing or sealing off well either temporarily or permanently having regard to the extent to which it is adversely affecting the public drinking water source. Such compensation can be paid out of the grants already provided for water supply to Zilla Panchayats. The estimated financial expenditure cannot be quantified now and there is no extra financial expenditure involved in the proposed measure. M. P. PRAKASH Minister for Rural Development and PanchayatRaj

YAKUB SHERIFF Secretary

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study Annexure 2.3 STATUS OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING DISTRICT LEVEL LABORATORIESAS ON MAY 15, 2001

Si. District Type of lab. Building Functional Sanctioned by Remarks No Dist. Level Completed whom Lab Date of Est. 1 Gulburga 25/05/1990 Yes Yes GOI Phase I Working 2 Raichur 05/04/1990 Yes Yes GOI Phase I Not Working 3 Dharwad 04/01/1996 Yes Yes GOI Phase I Not Working 4 Mysore 01/07/1992 Yes Yes GOI Phase I Not Working 5 Belgaum 10/01/1991 Yes Yes GOI Phase I Not Working 6 Mangalore 11/01/1991 Yes Yes GOI Phase I Working 7 Bangalore (R) 03/02/1996 Yes Yes GOI Phase I Not Working 8 Hassan 1995 Yes Yes GOI Phase I Not Working 9 Turnkur 27/06/1998 Yes Yes GOI Phase I Not Working 10 Kolar 04/06/1999 Yes Yes GOI Phase I Not Working 11 Bellary 11/07/1994 Yes Yes GOK / N.A.P Working 12 Bijapur Aug-1993 Yes Yes GOK / N.A.P Working 13 Bidar 05/04/1993 Yes Yes GOK Working 14 Mandya - Yes Yes WB Project Not Working 15 Shimoga - Yes Yes WB Project Not Working 16 Bagalkote - Yes Yes GOI Mar-98 Working 17 Chamarajanagar - Yes No GOI Mar-98 18 Davanagere - Yes No GOI Mar-98 19 Gadag - Yes Yes GOI Mar-98 Not Working 20 Haveri - Yes No GOI Mar-98 21 Koppal 01/04/2000 Yes Yes GOI Mar-98 Working 22 Udupi - Yes No GOI Mar-98 23 Chitradurga - Yes No GOI Jul-98 24 Chikkamagalur - Yes No GOI Jul-98 25 Kodagu - No No GOI Jul-98 26 Uttara Kannada - No No GOI Jul-98 27 Bangalore (U) _ Yes No GOK

NOTE: N.A.P: Netherland Assisted Project GOI - Governmentof India, GOK - Government of Karnataka, WB - World Bank Not Working for want of staff Source: RDED,Bangalore

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5 L L Annexure 4.1

RAINFALLAND FORESTAREA IN KARNATAKA

c _ Geographical Normal Forest Area % of Forest District Area Rainfall Area (Sq. Kms) (mm) (Sq. Kms) _ 1. Dakshina Kannada 4,843.00 3,975 2,894.97 59.78% 2 2. Udipi 3,598.00 4,119 2,150.76 59.78% . 3. Uttara Kannada 10,291.00 2,835 8,291.51 80.57% Region Total 18,732.00 3,643 13,337.24 71.20% 4. Kodagu 4,102.00 2,718 1,234.12 30.09% < 5. Hassan 6,814.00 1,031 541.07 7.94% Ez -i 6. Chikkamagalur 7,201.00 1,925 2,179.08 30.26% > 7. Shimoga 8,465.00 1,664 2,662.45 31.45% Region Total 26,582.00 1,835 6,616.72 24.89% 8. Bidar 5,448.00 847 482.31 8.85% 9. Gulbarga 16,224.00 777 1,137.85 7.01% 10. Raichur 5,559.00 631 432.29 7.78% " ll. Koppal 8,458.00 572 657.73 7.78% 0. 12. Bellary 8,419.00 636 1,485.11 17.64% @ 13. Bijapur 10,475.00 578 505.86 4.83% 14. Bagalkot 6,592.00 562 318.34 4.83% Z 15. Dharwad 4,230.00 772 418.49 9.89% 16. Gadag 4,657.00 612 460.74 9.89% E~ 17. Haveri 4,851.00 753 479.93 9.89% 18. Belgaum 13,415.00 808 2,228.65 16.61% ______Region Total 88,328.00 686 8,60730 9.74% 19. Davanagere 6,018.00 649 1,260.27 20.94% 20. Chitradurga 8,388.00 573 1,207.87 14.40% cu 21. Tumkur 10,598.00 688 866.90 8.18% X 22. Bangalore (U) 2,190.00 867 319.69 14.60% 23. Bangalore(R) 5,815.00 817 848.86 14.60% 24. Kolar 8,223.00 744 1,039.41 12.64% cn 25. Mandya 4,961.00 700 193.79 3.91% 8 26. Mysore 6,269.00 782 2,164.02 34.52% EZ 27. Chamarajanagar 5,685.00 751 1,962.43 34.52% Region Total 58,147.00 730 9,863.24 16.96% State Total 191,789.00 19199 38,424.50 20.03%

Source: RuralWater Supply and Sanitationin KarnatakaStrategy Paper 2000-2005, Rural Development and PanchayatRaj Department,Government of Karnataka.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study

Annexure5.1 GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA

World Bank Assisted KarnatakaRural Water Supply Pnd EnvironmentalSanitation Project - II

Public ConsultationMeeting Notice cum Handout

Preamble

The Government of Karnataka has approached the World Bank through the Government of India for assistance for a Follow-on Project. The Project will be implemented with objective to improve the health status of the rural communities in 10 districts of Northern Kamnatakaviz., Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Gulburga, Bidar, Raichur and Koppal. The project will be implemented on a pilot basis in 12 Gram Panchayats in selected 3 districts out of 10 districts. In this connectionPublic Consultationshave been arranged.

To discuss on the below mentioned activities, specific dates, venue and time have been fixed. All the office bearers and members of Gram Panchayats, villagers, NGOs are requested to participate in the public consultations to give valuable suggestions,opinions and views.

Project Components

Water Supply i) Rehabilitation / Upgradation of infrastructure for rural water supply [upgrading the current service level of the project villages / GPs to a demanded level of supply of safe water (free from quality problems)] ii) Water Point and Habitat developmentand iii) Undertaking Ground Water Recharge measures for sustainability of ground water sources of water supply.

Sanitation i) Paving of internal roads and streets in the village ii) Constructionof efficient sullage and storm water drainage iii) Provision of community compost yards and removal of manure pits from the dwelling areas of the village iv) Provision of smokelesschulhas I bio-gas for all households v) Constructionof household latrines, group latrines with individual ownership, community latrine complexesand institutionallatrines in schools.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study CommunityDevelopment and Institution Building i) Capacity building of User Groups / Women's Groups / VWSCs/ GPs in social, technical and management aspects of planning , imp'ementation and operation of RWSS infrastructure. ii) Targeted Women's DevelopmentProgrammes iii) GP InstitutionalDevelopment Programmes iv) Setting up and operation of state and district level project institutionsand their capacity building and v) Sanitation and Hygiene promotion.

Project Policy Parameters

The policy parameters outlined for the KRWS&ESP-Ilare

* Gram Panchayats (GPs) will be the focal point for project implementation.

* At the district level, the Zilla Panchayats (ZPs) shall be responsible for Project implementation. The KRWS&SA sliall set up a dedicated multidisciplinary Project Support Unit (PSU) to assist ZPs and to act as facilitators (software, hardware and management support). The Chief Executive Officer, ZP shall be responsible for the Project implementation at the district level and shall be the team leader for PSU. The PSU would be responsible for monitoring& evaluation of project activities and the functioningof PSU would be integrated with ZP.

* The ZP-PSU shall launch an IEC campaign about the project and its rules for all GPs and villages in project districts. The GPs and villages willing to avail the benefits of the project shall express their willingness to abide by the project rules of capital cost sharing, 100% user financed O&M, etc and register themselves with the ZPs.

* GPs will be piimarily responsible for Planning, Procurement, Construction & Operation and maintenance of facilities with technicalsupport of the ZPs.

Fund Flow

* Project funds shall be released by Govemment of KRWS&SA to ZPs. The ZPs shall release all funds to GPs in prescribed installments. The ZP may conduct necessary checks and provide for mechanism to ensure that the GPs utilise the funds properly. Every subsequent installment shall be released only after

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study satisfactory utilisation of the first installment. The GPs shall make all payments for all activities at GP level.

* The GPs shall be strengthenedto carry out such project management.

* GPs will decide on the choice of technology and service level, which they demand and are willing to finance. The rules of per capita cost ceiling would however apply. KRWS&SA will decide on an investment ceiling per GP for water supply and sanitation components.

Capital Cost Sharing.

Water Supply & Ground water Recharge - 10% users, 5% GPs Sanitation (internal roads, drainage,etc) - 5% users, 10% GPs Household latrines, fixed GOK subsidy of Rs.2000 for BPL and Rs. 1200 for others, all other costs by the owner. Other private facilities like garbage pits: Minimum40% cost sharing by the users.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study

PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 1. SHIRAGUPPI Proceedings of the Public Consultation meeting held in GP building at Shiraguppi village of Hubli Taluka, Dharwad District on 17-04-2001at 11.00 A.M.

Members Present: Elected Representatives S.No Name Designation 1 Smt. Kashavva S. Kundagol ZP Member 2 Shri. Shivappa.R. Hallur President, GP Member 3 Smt. NajaboonbeeN. Nadaf Vice-President,GP Member 4 Shri. S. V. Neelagund GP Member 5 Smt. Tulasavva G. Kurahatti GP Member 6 Smt. Renuka Y. Kali GP Member 7 Smt. KasturavvaN. Gari GP Member Men Women Total 8 Public Participants 57 13 70

Officers Present S.No Name Designation 1 Shri.Sashi Ranjan Das HS & HE EducationExpert, PPMU, Bangalore 2 Dr. Paramasivam EA Consultant 3 Shri. Narayanasami EA Consultant 4 Shri. P. M. Kulkarni Asst. Engineer, D.P.U. Dharwad 5 Shri. S. G. Joshi Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 6 Shri. Suresh Kulkarni Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 7 Smt. Madhuri Chikkodi Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 8 Smt. Mukul Heblikar Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 9 Shri. M. P. Hiremath Ex-officer, TP, Hubli 10 Dr. G. V. Hegde Asst. Geologist, Z.P. Dharwad 11 Shri. G. V. Patil Asst. Director of Agrculture, Hubli 12 Shri. P. A. Patil Dist. Water ResourcesDevelopment, Dharwad 13 Shri. U. A. Javali Area Developmentofficer, Hubli, Education co- ordinator 14 Shri. M. N. Ganiger Asst. Agricultureofficer, Hubli 15 Shri. R. F. Ravadagi Agriculture Assistant, Shiraguppi 16 Shri. V. G. Menashinkai Asst. Engineer, Z.P. Hubli 17 Shri. B. M. Bhajentri Village Accountant,Shiraguppi 18 Shri. C. R. Benakanahalli Vet. Department,Shiraguppi 19 Dr. Jyoti Bevinamarad Health officer, PHC, Shiraguppi 20 Shri. B. M. Shinde J.H.F., PHC, Shiraguppi 21 Shri. C. G. Shenchaveerappa Asst. Ex-officer, Z.P. Eng. Sub division, Hubli 22 Shri. Hemagiri Ex-officer, Kundagol

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study The meeting began with an invocation song by the local school children. Shri. C. S. Marambeed, Secretary of the GP welcomed the officers and requested Shri. Shivappa R. Hallur, President of the GP to preside over the function.

Shri. S. R. Das, Health, Sanitation and Hygiene Education expert, Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Bangalore explained to the gathering the project background, the objectives and the purpose of holding the public consultation meeting. The environmental issue related to problems of water supply, sanitation, health & hygiene, internal roads, community / individual latrines, gobar gas, smokeless chulhas etc., were highlighted. The audience was informed as to how the proposed project will be designed to resolve these issues.

Water Supply: Presently the drinking water is being supplied by PWS tapping bore wells located on Bhandiwad Road. The rain fed village tank is also used as a source of drinking water by the villagers. The people wanted a permanent solution to their drinking water problem and suggested improvements to the existing tank and appropriatetreatment to the tank water.

The GP authorities informed about the ZP's proposai to desilt the tank to increase its water storage capacity. Since the ground water in the area is brackish and with the possibility of ground water depleting, there was general consensus on having water supply scheme with the existing tank as the source and a treatment plant.

Shri. P. M. Kulkarni, Asst. Engineer informed that the project will be designed to provide safe potable water supply at 40 Ipcd & 70 lpcd through public stand post and household connections respectively.

The project philosophy based on active participation of the GP by taking on the implementationrole and mobilising contribution from GP and the public for the proposed project were discussed in detail.

The villagers including women expressedthat once adequate water is available more people who do not have enough space in their houses would be interested in constructingindividual / ownership based group / communitylatrines.

The participating GP members and the villagers in general agreed to the conditionslaid down for the project includingrecovery of full O&M cost.

Sanitation : The villagers said that proper connection and use of latrines is not made although the Government has spent lot of money. Even now many GP members did not have individual latrines although made compulsory. Hence, it should be made effective through proper health & hygiene education and ensuring adequate supply of water. The women members stressed the need to promote construction and use of latrines once adequate quantity of water is made available.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study The project officials briefed the participants on the health benefits owing to better water supply including saving in time and cost of medical treatment. Dr. Mrs. Jyoti Bevinamarad said that cases of Gastroenteritis, Dysentery, stomach pain were common in the village during summer season.

Internal Roads: Since the area is characterised by black cotton soil, there is an urgent need to have paved internal roads to facilitate movement of motor vehicles, carts and people in rainy season. The repair work done every year by spreading murrum does not provide permanent solution to the problem.

Gobar Gas and Smokeless Chulha: The villagers expressed apprehension on effectiveness of the present model of smokeless chulha. They suggested the need to develop a modified model to suit their cooking requirement.

The villagers expressedtheir preference to keep their cattle within their house hold area ( or in the backyard ) to ensure proper care and attention. They appreciated the need to encourage constructionof Gobar Gas plants.

Institutional Development: The GP authorities requested the officials to extend all support to make the GP take on the new responsibility. The villagers cautioned regarding the lapses and irregularitiesthat have occurred previously elsewhere and to ensure that proper care is taken at the time of selecting contractors, and construction supervisionagencies. They requested for technical support and financial accounting procedures from PPMU.

Shri. M. P. Hiremath TEO of Hubli taluk said that the village is fortunate to have been identified as a pilot GP and that full use must be made of the project benefits. The village being financially strong, should be able to take on the responsibility of project implementation including the sharing the capital cost and recovery of full O&M cost.

Shri. R. S. Hallur, President of the function summarised the discussion by stating that the project ideology is good and that there is a need to have another meeting to discuss in detail the modalities of monetary contribution and prioritising the needs of the villagers. The GP confirmed their willingness to participate in the project and agreed to the conditions

The meeting concludedwith vote of thanks by Shri. Suresh Kulkarni.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study 2. ROTTIGAWAD

Proceedings of the Public consultation meeting held at the Temple Premises in Rottigawad village of Kundr-gol Taluka, Dharwad District on 17-04-2001 at 4.30P.M.

Members Present: Elected Represnttive S.No Name Designation 1 Smt. Gangavva H. Madalli President, GP Member 2 Shri. H. C. Madalli Vice-President, GP Member 3 Shri. D. K. Betageri GP Member, Rottigawad 4 Shri. H. D. Hiregoudar GP Member, Rottigawad 5 Shri. D. B. Meegundi GP Member, Rottigawad 6 Smt. Asha Kurahatti GP Member, Rottigawad 7 Shri. B. M. Hospet GP Member, K.Kurahatti 8 Smt. G. B. Olekar GP Member, K. Kurahatti 9 Shri. V. L. Yankammanavar GP Member, kodliwad 10 Shri. M. M. Sorangi GP Member, Bharadwad 11 Shri. S. K. Malligawad GP Member, Bharadwad 12 Smt. Rajbee L. Pattet GP Member, 13 Shri. N. S. Sulebhavimath GP Member 14 Shri. D. G. Doddamani GP Member 15 Shri. K. B. Karakannavar Secretary, GP. 16 Public Participants Men I Women Total

______I I I1 6 4

OiMcersPresent

S.No Name Designation 1 Shri. Sashi Ranjan Das Health & Hygiene Education Expert, PPMU, Bangalore 2 Dr. K. V. Basappa Consultant, PPMU, Bangalore 3 Dr. Paramasivam EA Consultant 4 Shri. Narayanasani EA Consultant 5 Shri. P. M. Kulkarni Asst. Engineer, D.P.U. Dharwad 6 Dr. G. V. Hegade Asst. Geologiest,Mines & Geology, Dharwad 7 Shri. R. B. Hiremath Asst. Agriculture officer, Kundagol 8 Shri. L. G. Patil Asst. Director of Agriculture,Kundagol 9 Shri. M. K. Govindannavar Z. P. I.E. Kundagol 10 Shri. Suresh Kulkarmi Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 11 Smt. Madhuri Chikkodi Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 12 Smt. Mukul Heblikar Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 13 Shri. Hemgeri Kambli Ex-officer, Kundagol 14 Shri. 1. H. Honnappanavar Ex-officer, ZP

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study The meeting began with an invocation song by Ms. Preti Kurahatti. Shri. K. B. Karakannavar, Secretary of the GP welcomed all the officials, elected representatives and the villagers for the meeting. Shri. H. C. Madalli, Vice-president of the GP was chosen to be the President of the function.

Shri. S. R. Das explained in brief the objectives of the project, policy parameters, cost sharing pattern, operation and maintenance cost and the crucial role which the GP is expected to play in effective implementationof development works.

The need to have proper co-ordination and involvement of all 4 villages included in the GP to achieve equitable benefit from the project was expressed by the participants. The villagers put forth their problems regarding water supply, sanitation and internal roads.

Water Supply: The area is of black cotton soil and ground water is highly brackish in nature. Presently the people are drinking water from bore wells fitted with H.P. and PWS is provided in Rottigawadvillage only. The water supply is not regular and people resort to drinking water from the existing village tanks (which are unprotected) and suffer from water-borne and water-based diseases. The tanks are rain fed and highly polluted. The problem is compoundedin summer season and the Z.P. arranges for supply of water by tankers to these villages.

The villagers spend on an average Rs. 600/- to Rs. 800/- per year on the cart used for transporting water from the tanks. The GP members and villagers agreed to share capital cost of the scheme as per project guidelines.

Shri. P. M. Kulkami, Asst. Engineer explained the role of GP in implementation of the scheme and the participatory approach right from project preparation and selection of source, technology, payments etc. to recovering full O&M cost.

In view of the acute water supply problem faced by the villagers and the high cost of scheme involved the villagers requested to commence project activities at the earliest assuring of their full cooperation.

Sanitation: The area is characterisedblack cotton soil and in Rottigawad UGD lines are laid for sullage disposal. The villagers requested for extending the final disposal point upto the local pond. Few villagers expressed lack of space as a constraint for construction of individual latrines and suggested construction of community latrines for women.

Internal Roads: The internal roads are in bad condition and during rainy season they become slushy, making movement of motor vehicles, carts, villagers extremely

KRWS&ESP-II EnvironmentalAnalysis Study difficult. The GP members and villagers demandedfor having properly paved roads and agreed to contribute the share of capital cost as envisaged in the project.

Shri Basappa Consultant PPMU Bangalore sought opinion on the need to strengthen the GP to take on the new responsibility. The GP members felt that with adequate technical support and accounts personnel the GP would be able to perforn better.

Few villagers requested to clarify if a village of the Panchayat failed to contribute in time, whether the Panchayat would be able to go ahead with development works in other villages. It was agreed to motivate all villagers to take advantage of the project by actually involving in timely contribution and sharing responsibility by all of them.

Shri Patil, Principal, Junior College spoke at length on the merits of the project of this nature and appeal to the people to voluntarily contribute for the successful launch of the scheme. After detailed discussions, the villagers voluntarily agreed to contribute as under.

S.No Name of Person Amount I Shii M.F. Patted 5001.00 2 Shri D.K. Betageri 15001.00 3 Shri H.D.Hiregoudar 10001.00 4 Shri B.D.Bagari 5001.00 5 Shri R.V.Hebsur 5001.00 6 Shri S.T.Hiremath 10001.00 7 Shri B.K.Hiregoudar 5001.00 8 Shri Veerappa Meti 2500.00 9 Shri Lingangoudr I Channappagoudar 2500.00 10 Shr Laxhmappa S. Kuri 2500.00 11 Shri GurushanthayaS. Hiremath 2500.00 12 Shri Fakkirgouda V. Hiregoudar 2500.00 13 Shri Dyamanna B. Megundi 1001.00 TOTAL 68508.00

It was decided to open a S.B.A/C in Bank in the name of Mr. D.K.Betageri and other 5 members as committeemembers.

The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks by Shri Suresh Kulkarni.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study 3. BETAGERAB.

Proceedings of the Public Consultation meeting held at Siddeswar Temple in Betagera B. village of Sedam Taluka, Gulburga District on 25-04-2001 at 10.30 A.M.

Members Present:

Elected Representatives

S.No Name Designation 1 Shri. Mallikaijun TP Member 2 Shri. Embasab Patel President, GP 3 Smt. Manikamma S. Vice-President, GP 4 Shri. Shivashankarappa Yanegunddi GP Member 5 Shri. Narayanaraddy Hasanpalli GP Member 6 Shri. Sharanappa Yallapur GP Member 7 Smt. Nagaveni P. Raddy GP Member 8 Smt. Suthrabi Nabeelal GP Member 9 Smt. Shantamma Bhajantri GP Member 10 Shri. Venkataraddy Huvinbhavi GP Member 11 Smt. Laxmi Mallanna GP Member 12 Shri. Gundappa Timmanna GP Member 13 Smt. Laxmaibai Talur GP Member 14 Shri. Veerashetti S. Panchagalli GP Member 15 Shri. Hanumanth L. GP Member 16 Public Participants Men Women | Total 47 03 50

Officers Present

S.No Name Designation 1 Shri. S.ShashiRanjan Das HS & HE Expert PPMU, Bangalore 2 Dr. H.K.Ramaraju EnvironmentalEngineer, PPMU, Bangalore 3 Dr. R.Paramnasivam EA Consultant 4 Shri. K.Narayanasami EA Consultant 5 Shri. D. Jayaram Chief PlanningOfficer, Gulburga 6 Shri. K. S. Lingappa D.P.M. Gulburga 7 Shri. Ambrish Rotundagi Asst. Engineer, D.P.M.U., Gulburga 8 Shri. Mane Ex-officer, ZP, Sedam 9 Smt. Renuka Yalal C.P.H.E. DPMU, Gulburga 10 VeershettPanjagalli T.P.D. officer, Sedam I I Shri. Krishna Kulkami Bhageerath,NGO., Dharwad 12 Smt. Madhuri Chikkodi Bhageerath,NGO., Dharwad 13 Assistant Education Officer Sedam

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study Shri Mounesh welcomed all the elected representatives, officials and the villagers for the meeting. Shri Imam Patel, GP President was chosen as the president of the function.

Shri. S. R. Das, PPMU, Bangalore explained in detail to the participants regarding the project philosophy, the project components , cost sharing, 0 & M cost recovery and the crucial role of GP in the implementation of the project. Shri. Jayaram, CPO, ZP, Gulburgabrought out the differencebetween the regular ZP programme and the World Bank Assistance Project and highlighted the importance of community involvementin decision making and project implementation.

Water Supply : The villagers expressed satisfaction with the present water supply arrangements in all 6 villages of the GP. They do not perceive water supply as a problem to be addressed under the project.

Sanitation: The villagers demanded construction of open drains, individual latrines and improvement of internal roads. They expressed willingness to contribute monetarily and participate in the project. Smt. Manikamma, Vice-president, GP said itiat women folk in the village face great hardship withoui toilets and that at times people throw stones at them when they go for open air defecation.

Smokeless Chulha & Gobar Gas: The villagers felt that with proper education and motivation it is possible to generate demand for individual to have smokeless chulha and Gobar Gas plants. They also agreed for their share of contribution to receive benefits under the project.

The villagers of adjoining habitations wanted to ensure that the GP head does not discriminate ( neglect ) their village during project implementation and that equitable development of all villages is achieved.

The members suggested that the project components need to be prioritised village wise and the cost estimatesprepared to enable people to share the capital cost. The project officials clarified that all decision making regarding choice of technology, contractor supervising of work including effecting payment would be by the Panchayat. All necessary technical and financial management support shall be provided to the GP. The villagers appreciated the approach to the project and assured of submitting the proposal to Z.P. authorities before 14'hMay 2001 as suggested by Shri. Jayaram, CPO, Z.P., Gulburga.

The meeting concluded with vote of thanks by Mr. Veeraiah Swamy, Secretary of the GP.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study 4. GUNDAGURTHI

Proceedings of the Public consultation meeting held at Hanuman Temple in Gundagurthi village of Chitapur Taluka, Gulburga District on 24-04-2001 at 10.30 A.M.

Members Present: Elected Representatives S.No Name . Designation 1 Shri. Mapanna Gunjigeri ZP Member 2 Smt. Monamma ZP Member 3 Smt. ShakuntalaJ. Guddad President, GP, Evani 4 Shri. Sunil Kumar V. Vice-President, GP, Gundagurthi 5 Smt. Jayashri Siddanna GP Member, Gundagurthi 6 Shri. Shivayogi Guralingappa GP Member, Gundagurthi 7 Shri. Mallappa Oreddy GP Member, Gundagurthi 8 Shri. Pandurang N. Doddamani GP Member, Gundagurthi 9 Smt. SushilabaiNeelakanth GP Member, Gundagurthi 10 Shri. VijaykumarG. Malkad GP Member, Gundagurthi 11 Smt. DevammaShivaram GP Member, Gundagurthi 12 Smt. Lalitabai Devendra GP Member, Gundagurthi 13 Shri. Meerappa S. Doddamani GP Member, Evani 14 Shri. Shankar Siddaramappa GP Member, Evani 15 Shri. ShivalingappaMahadevappa GP Member, Belagumpa 16 Smt. Shashikala Shrimath GP Member, Belagumpa 17 Shri. Manikayya F. Guthedar GP Member, Belagumpa 18 Public Participants Men Women Total 24__24 13 37

Officers Present S.No Name Designation I Shri. Sashi RanjanDas HS & HE Expert, PPMU, Bangalore 2 Dr. Ramaraju EnvironmentalEngineer, PPMU, Bangalore 3 Dr. Paramasivam EA Consultant 4 Shri. Narayanasami EA Consultant 5 Shri. D. Jayaram Chief Planning Officer, Gulburga 6 Shri. K. S. Lingappa District Project Manager, DPMU, Gulburga 7 Shri. Ambrish Rotundagi Asst. Engineer, D.P.M.U., Gulburga 8 Smt. Renuka Yalal C.P.H.E. DPMU, Gulburga 9 Shri. Ravikiran Kanti Executive Officer, Chitapur 10 Shri. Satyanarayana J. E. Chitapur 11 Shri. Kalyanrao Bujurki 12 Shri. Ashok Joshi Taluka Panchayat, Chitapur 13 Shri. HanumanthPrabhu J. E. Z.P. Chitapur 14 Shri. B. R. Mutagi 15 Shri. Shankar Rao Kulkami 16 Shri. Krishna Kulkarni Bhageerath,NGO., Dharwad 17 Smt. Madhuri Chikkodi Bhageerath,NGO., Dharwad 18 Shri. Mahaveer Bhageerath,NGO., Dharwad 19 Shri. H. S. Shirasavalgi

KRWS&ESP-1IEnvironmental Analysis Study The Taluka Executive Officer welcomed the elected representatives, officials and villagersto the meeting. Smt. ShakuntalaGuddi, President, GP was unanimously chosen to be the President of the function.

Shri. Jayaram, Chief Planning officer, ZP, Gulburga explained to the audience the project background, rules and responsibilitiesof the GP and the need to contribute for participationin the project. Further, the benefits from project of this nature were explained and response from the participants was sought. Since the GP would be the implementingagency, there is no chance for bad quality work or misappropriation.

Shri. S. R. Das, PPMU, Bangalore explained to the participants about the project philosophy, health benefits accruing from potable water supply and sanitation and the project components. He called for active involvement and co-ordination between villagers of the Panchayat to successfullyimplement the project.

Water Supply : In Gundagurthi, PWS is functioning but the villagers opined that the quantity of supply is inadequate. The water from the bore wells located about 7 Km away from the village.( near Vacha ) was stored in open well about 1 Km from the village and also directly at the OHT.

In Belagumpa, and Evani water is being supplied through MWS scheme. In Malkund people are receiving water through PWS. The problem in the remaining 3 villages is owing to improper operation and maintenance of the scheme including electricity shortage. The stand posts are mostly without taps and as a result spill water stagnates around. People wanted to ensure that proper recharge of ground water is undertaken.

Only Gundagurthi people demand augmentation of existing PWS scheme. Shri. Mapanna, Z.P., member spoke on the occasion on behalf of the villagers and agreed to the condition of cost sharing in construction, operation and maintenance of the scheme. He said that this pilot village chosen should be the model for the entire Panchayat..

Sanitationand Internal Roads: The villagers of the Panchayat village demanded for constructionof individual latrines community latrines where space is a constraint and constructionopen drains and improvementto internal roads. The Panchayat and villagers agreed for cost contribution. Shri. Jayaram CPO suggested that a village- wise action plan village wise can be prepared and worlctaken up in stages. The women folk emphasised the urgent need to posses individual latrines. Apart from smokeless chulha and Gobar gas, ownership of group latrines can be agreed to on individualbasis.

KRWS&ESP-llEnvironrnental Analysis Study Institutional Development: The villagers demanded timely technical support and guidance from engineers, apart from accounts staff to assist the Secretary of the GP. This would facilitate keeping proper accounts and monitoring of works.

The members and villagers agreed to participate in the project by cost sharing and taking on the responsibility of scheme implementation. Shri. Jayaram requested the Panchayat to submit their proposal for taking up work before 14h May, duly prioritising their needs

Shri Laxman Shingeri, Secretary, GP proposed vote of thanks

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvirornental Analysis Study 5. YAMAKANAMARADI

Proceedings of the Public consultation meeting held at Kalyan Mantap in Yamakanamaradi village of Hukkeri Tal jka, Belgaum District on 19-04-2001 at 1 1.00 A.M.

Members Present: Elected Representatives S.No Name Designation 1 Shri. Pares A. Malaji ZP Member 2 Shri. VijayshingG. Rajaput TP Member 3 Shri. Umesh D. Avalakki GP Member 4 Shri. Amarnath S. Mishrikoti GP Member 5 Shri. Shankar D. Tubachi GP Member 6 Shri. Laxman D. Gorachi GP Member 7 Shri. Sultan M. Bepari GP Member 8 Smt. Mallavva V. Teguri GP Member 9 Smt.Lagamavva R. Poeheri GP Member 10 Smt. Tara S. Gaddiwaddar GP Member 11 Smt. Shakuntala M. Guchikade GP Member 12 Smt. Mahananda I. Kalli GP Member 13 Smt. Taramati S. Yadawad GP Member 14 Shri. Shivappa A. Harijan GP Member 15 Shri. Ulas B. Kapshi GP Member 16 Shri. B.B. Hanji GP Member 17 Shri. N.M. Teli Leader of the Village 18 Shri. R.D. Kulkarni Leader of the Village 19 Public Participants Men Women Total ___= : _65 23 88

_Officers Present S.No Name Designation 1 Shri. Sashi Ranjan Das HS & HE Expert, PPMU, Bangalore 2 Dr. K. V. Basappa Consultant, PPMU, Bangalore 3 Dr. Paramasivam EA Consultant 4 Shri. Narayanasami EA Consultant 5 Shri. P. M. Kulkarni Asst. Engineer, D.P.U. Dharwad 6 Shri. N. S. Patil Exten.-officer,ZP, Hukkeri 7 Shri. B. B. Bandai Panchayat Ex-officer, Hukkeri 8 Shri. J. M. Hugar Asst. Engineer, Z.P. Eng. Sub Division, Hukkeri 9 Shri. Krishna Kulkarni Member Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 10 Shri. Suresh Kulkarni Member Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 11 Smt. Madhuri Chikkodi Member Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 12 Smt. Mukul Heblikar Member Bhageerath,NGO., Dharwad

KRWS&ESP-11Environmental Analysis Study Shri. Vijay welcomed the elected representatives of ZP ITPand GP, local leaders, officials and the villagers for meeting. Shri. B. B. Hanji, Senior co-operative leader was unanimouslychosen to be the president of the function.

Shri. S. R. Das explained to the audience the philosophy, the policy parameters, the project components, capital cost sharing, 0 & M cost recovery and institutional arrangement etc. for the proposed water supply and environmental sanitationproject with assistance from the World Bank.

Water Supply: The villagers put forth the water supply problem faced by them and the temporaryrelief measures taken up to overcome the problems. The present water supply from bore well and open well has high TDS and the supply becomes acute in summers as the quantity of the water available is inadequate to meet the requirement of this big village. The traditional pond in the village cannot be used as it receives waste discharges from Janata plot located in the catchment and the water is unfit for drinkingpurpose.

The elected representatives opined that tapping water from Ghataprabha pipeline laid for supplying drinking water to Sankeswar and Hukkeri towns is the proper choice as a sustainable source for their scheme.

Shri. J. M. Hugar, AssistantEngineer, ZPE Sub Division, Hukkeri said that a line estimate accounting to Rs. 60 Lakhs is proposed and submitted for inclusion in the programme, with the provision for tapping water from KUWSDB pipeline (about 7 Km from the village).

The villagers wanted to take up recharging of the existing bore wells / open wells which can serve as standby source. In view of the high cost involved in construction of surface source based scheme, the members requested that the per capita cost ceiling should not be seen as a constraint.

Shri. P. M. Kulkarni, Assistant Engineer clarified that the per capita investment cost would be around Rs. 2000/- and that it would not be a constraint, if the villagers agreed to contributing their share of capital cost and taking on the responsibilityof full 0 & M cost recovery. However, detailed source options would be made availableby the engineers to enable GP to take a final decision.

Shri. Umesh Avalakki said that with no local source of water supply and declining ground water table, there is an urgent need to look for sustainable source for their water supply scheme.

Shri. Ramesh Kulkarni said that there is no doubt about the successful implementationas the villagers are willing to take full responsibility for capital cost

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study sharing and recovery 0 & M cost. Mr. K. V. Basappa, PPMU, Bangalore stressed the important role to be played by the GP in collecting cash contribution for the project and responsibilityin implementation.

Sanitation: It was reported that already 900 individual latrines existed in the village and there was demand for 500 more latrines. The use of toilet is compulsory in schools. The disposal of the sullage and storm drainage has to be taken up and proper rectification of existing drains is also to be attended to. The villagers felt that the entire village sanitation needs to be covered without any cost ceiling limit, as the contribution from their side is not a problem. They wanted to make the village as a Model Village in the Project area.

Internal Roads: A few villagers opined that the existing width of the road has to be increased and improvementstaken up. The officials clarified that the GP can decide on such issues and take up improvements with a technology suiting the local conditions.

Gobar Gas / Smokeless Chulha: The villagers responded positively to the project idea of promoting Gobar gas and smokeless chulha. They suggested for suitable modificationin the design of smokeless chulha to meet their specific requirement.

Institutional Arrangement: The members felt that adequate and timely technical support and financial management skills are to be provided to the staff for efficient administration and implementation of the scheme. Shri. Ashok B. Tubachi said that complete coverage of water supply and sanitation facilities would ensure contribution and thereafter O&M cost recovery.

Shri. Paras A. Malaji, Z.P. member appreciated the project implementation strategy and the role expected to be played by the Panchayat. Shri. B. B. Hanji president of the function said that the people had faith in Panchayat Raj institution and full cooperation in terms of sharing cost and taking on implementationresponsibility would be guaranteed by the village. There should be no doubt regarding capital cost contribution and that the project authorities should start preparation activities at the earliest. He added that the tackling water supply problems is foremost and sanitation works can be taken up in stages.

The meeting concludedwith vote of thanks.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study 6. INCHAL

Proceedings of the Public consultation meeting held at GP in Inchal village of Saudatti Taluka, BelgaumDistrict on 20-04-2001at 11.00 A.M.

Members Present: Elected Representatives

S.No Name Designation

1 Shri. A. A. Mirjannavar President, GP Member 2 Smt. KasturiS. Bazi Vice-President,GP Member 3 Shri. U. C. Kanni Nayakar GP Member 4 Shri. J. M. Miliannavar GP Member 5 Shri. B. S. Mallur GP Member 6 Shri. N. S. Neelannavar GP Member 7 Shri. Y.S.N. Toli GP Member 8 Shri. B. R. Pujari GP Member 9 Public Participants Men Women ITotal 58 15 73

Officers Present

S.No Name Designation

1 Shri. S.Shashi Ranjan Das HS & HE Expert, PPMU, Bangalore 2 Dr.R. Paramasivam EA Consultant 3 Shri. K.Narayanasami EA Consultant 4 Shri. G. A. Kotagi Exten.-officer,ZP, Hukkeri 5 Shri. R. S. Kammar Village Accountant,Inchal 6 Shri. B. S. Totager Asst. Director of Agriculture, Saudatti 7 Shri. C. N. Hadapad Asst. Agriculture officer, Muragod 8 Shri. S. S. Hanchimani Agri. Assistant,Inchal 9 Dr. Nirmala Medical Officer, Inchal PHC. 10 Shri. N. Y. Madiwalar Jr. H.A. P. H. E. Inchal 11 Shri. S. S. Harkuri Asst. AgricultureOfficer 12 Shri. M. D. Madiwalar Secretary,GP, Inchal 13 Shri. Krishna Kulkarni Member Bhageerath,NGO., Dharwad 14 Shri. Suresh Kulkami Member Bhageerath,NGO., Dharwad 15 Smt. MadhuriChikkodi Member Bhageerath, NGO., Dharwad 16 Shri.M.A.Doddamani CPHE Expert, DPMU, Belgaum

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study Shri. A. A. Mirajannavar,President of the GP was chosen as Presidentof the function. He read out the contents of the information brochure distributedearlier for the benefit of all participants.

Shri. S. R. Das, PPMU, Bangaloreexplained the project philosophy,the policy parameters, the proposed project components, the rules for the participants, 0 & M cost recovery, institutional arrangement and issues relating to health and hygiene education.

Water Supply: The President of the GP briefed about the existing water supply arrangements in the village. Shri. Krishna Kulkarni, of Bhageerath reported on the water quality testing done for various sources in the villages. The quality of ground water is good but the worrying issue is the decreasing yield of ground water sources. This is the main problem and proper attention is to be given for recharging the sources. Presently water from bore wells is pumped in to the open wells in the village from where it is collected by the villagers. The bore wells fitted with hand pump serve as additional source. The PWS system is reportedly not used owing to system deficiency.

The villagers expressed apprehension about the Government intention to collect money from all villagers for proposed scheme. Further the male members refused to contribute for the scheme although they want a solution to their problems. The women participants contradictedthis statement and expressed their willingnessto participatein the project by making contribution to solve the problems of the village.

The President said that the O&M cost is not at all paid in Mutawad village and people seem to be negligent about this. He said that the issue of contributionneeds to be discussed in detail later on and final decision taken regarding their participants in the project. The people reported of GP misusing of funds earlier and expressed displeasure about the GP's performance. The people also questioned the wisdom of the policy makers in expecting monetary contribution from villagers which has not been the case in the past.

The project officials explained the need to involve the communities in planning, implementation and O&M to achieve sustainability of the schemes and learn from experiences of past failures.

Sanitation: The villagers demanded construction of open drains and individual / community latrines. The women participants felt that once adequate water supply is given, there would be demand for adequate sanitation facilities.

Internal Roads : The villagers expressed the need to take up improvements to internal roads but did not show enthusiasm for monetary co,ntribution.

KRWS&ESP-ll EnvironmentalAnalysis Study The members felt that another meeting be convened within a week (tentatively 22nd April ) inviting the village elders and other elected representatives to discuss the issue of cash contribution in detail. Mr. S.R Das requested the GP to take early action and suitably resolve to participatein the proposed project.

Shri. A.A. Mirajannavar sought a week's time to respond to Z.P. authorities after detailed consultation with village leaders. As suggested by few villagers 'Tom / Tom' would be made regarding the meeting details to have full participation of the villagers.

The meeting concluded with vote of thanks by the Extension officer, Taluka Panchayat, Saundatti.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study 7. VIRUPAPURA

Proceedings of the Public consultationmeeting held at Higher Primary School, Virupapuraof Kalkere G.P in Gadag District on 21-04-2001 at 11.00 a.m.

MembersPresent: Elected Representatives

Si Description Men Women Total

No . I G.P. Members 4 1 5 2 Public Participants 20 30 50 3 T.P. President -- 1 1

OfficersPresent

Si Designation Office / Department No 1 HS&HE Expert, PPMU, Bangalore 2 E.A Consultant 3 E.A.Consultant 4 Chief Executive Officer Zilla Panchayath,Gadag 5 Deputy Secretary Z.P. Gadag 6 CouncilSecretary Z.P. Gadag 7 Executive Officer Taluk Panchayath.Mundargi 8 AssistantExecutive Engineer ZP Sub-Division,Mundargi 9 Panchayath Extension Officer T.P. Mundargi 1o District Health & F.W Officer District Health & F.W Office, Gadag 11 Taluk Health Officer Health Department,Mundargi 12 AssistantDirector Kamataka Land Army Corporation 13 G.P. Secretary Kalkere 14 School Teachers Education Department,Virupapura 15 Block Health Educator Primary Health Centre, Dumbal

Panchayath Extension Officer welcomed all the representatives, officials and the villagers for the meeting. The Chief Executive Officer, Z.P. Gadag presided over the function.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study Shri.S. R. Das, PPMU, Bangalore briefed the participants about the project philosophy, project components, cost sharing, meeting O&M cost by the user community, advantages of latrines. He further explained the adverse effect of consuminghigh fluoride water leading to different types of fluorosis and the required preventive and curative measuresthereof.

The Chief Executive Officer, Z.P explained about the various rural development programmes being implemented in the district and also the proposed World Bank assisted KRWS & ESP-II . He appealed to the community to take advantage of the project by actively participating in the project which will be implementedmainly by the Z.P with the technicalsupport from district level agencies.

He invited the participants, particularlythe women folk to express their views and suggestionsand priorities in relation to the proposed project.

The villagers expressed their concern regarding the poor quality and irregular water supply. They desired to have the treated supply as against the untreated water supply presently available to them. The people expressed their inability to go in for household latrines due to space constraint and would like to have ownership based grouped latrines. Adequate water supply is a prerequisite for promotion of latrine programmes. They were eager to accept improved / smokeless chulhas of good design suited to their method of cooking. Another important aspect brought out by the people related to the need for good approach road from the main road and also internal road. The participants and the elected members of the G,P expressed their willingnessto participatein the proposed project as per the rules framed.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study 8. VIRUPAPURATANDA

Proceedings of the Public consultation meeting held at common meeting place of the Virupapura Tanda of Kalkere G.P in Gadag District on 21-04-2001 at 2.00 p.m.

MembersPresent: Elected Representatives Sl.No Description Men Women Total 1 G.P. Member 0 1 1 2 Public Participants 30 20 50 3 T.P. President 1 1 OfficersPresent

Sl.No Designation Office / Department 1 HS&1E Expert, PPMU, Bangalore 2 E.A Consultant 3 E.A.Consultant 4 Chief Executive Officer Zilla Panchayath,Gadag 5 Deputy Secretary Z.P. Gadag 6 Council Secretary Z.P. Gadag 7 Executive Officer Taluk Panchayath.Mundargi 8 AssistantExecutive Engineer ZP Sub-Division,Mundargi 9 PanchayathExtension Officer T.P. Mundargi 10 District Health & F.W Officer District Health & F.W Office, Gadag 11 Taluk Health Officer Health Department, Mundargi 12 AssistantDirector KarnatakaLand Army Corporation 13 G.P. Secretary Kalkere 14 SchoolTeachers EducationDepartment, Virupapura 15 Block Health Educator PrimaryHealth Centre, Dumbal

Shri. S.R. Das explained to the lambani people the project background, the objectives and the purpose of holding the public consultation meeting. The environmentalissues related to water supply, householdand environmental sanitation as well as health and hygiene were explained to the people. Having understood the project rules, the woman G.P. member took the lead and assured that the Tanda people are willing to participatein the proposedproject and extend all co-operationin the implementationof the project. Though they are satisfied with the existing water supply status ie., three bore wells with hand pumps yielding good potable water, they would like to have the better level of service throughpiped water supply. At present, there are five household latrines in the Tanda, and they would like to have more of such latrines. They also expressed the need for better paved approach road to the Tanda as also paving of internal roads and efficient surface drainage. With regard to household sanitation, the women indicated their willingness to install smokeless / improved chulhas.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study BASELINE DATA FOR THE PILOT GRAMPANCHAYATS

Si Particul Dharwad District Belgaum District Gulburga District No Shiraguppi Rottigwad Yamakanamaradi Inchal Gundagurthi Betegera B 1 Total Land N/A N/A N/A 12401.66 4064.85 2 Agricultual Land - N/A N/A 9788 11802.06 3590.73 3 Population 4001 7093 8400 11786 8531 5365 4 Households 675 1190 2076 1800 1950 875 5 Male 2080 N/A N/A NIA 3985 3286 6 Female 1921 N/A N/A N/A 3687 2279 7 S.C & S.T 4-325 N/A N/A N/A 2001 1076 8 Main Occupation Agriclture Agr. Agr. Agn. Agri. Agr. Chilli, Jowar, ChlL Sugarcane,Jowar, Jwr o,lwr 9 Main Crops Cotton, JCohilr Cotton, Grouwdna C ro,tr, Wheat Tora, Jowar Groundnut, Vegetable Groumdnut Wheat 10 Coimuiitv Hall 1 2 2 1 3 Nil I1P.W.S 1 4 1 2 2 2 12 M.W.S - 4 2 Nil 3 13 13 Open Well - 2 4 10 26 13 14 Open Tank 1 4 Nil 1 Nil Nil 15 Bore Well 6 21 13 25 7 21 16 Punp sets , 3 105 48 10 22 17 Tractors 45 13 42 18 18 12 18 PrimarySchool 1 5 4 6 4 7 19 High School I 1 2 2 1 20 Anganawadi 3 1 8 6 7 7 21 Teachers 10 25 N/A 55 28 30 22 Librar1 i I I 1 1 23 Yuvak Sangja 3 6 6 3 8 2 24 Mahila Sangha 2 1 3 2 6 2 25 Bus Stand 1 1 1 1 Nil Nil 26 Post Office I I I 1 4 Nil 27 Public Heaith 1 1 1 1 1 Nil 27 Centre 1 _ Nil 28 AAninalHusbandry I 1 1 I 1 Nil 29 Banks / Societv 1/1 2 5 3 Nil Nil 30 Ration Shop 1 2 3 3 2 31 Smokeless Chulha Nil Nil 80 Nil Nil 32 Gobar Gas Plant 4 1 15 _ ^3 1 1 33 Individual Latrines 170 75 954 165 8 6 34 CommonLatrines 2 2 4 16 Nil Nil Open Guters 200m 35 Under Ground 400 m 500 FL 10% 35% Nil Nil Drainage(UGD) 400m 36 Lane Paving Nil 45% 50% 35% 50% 37 Soak Pits Nil 160 65 Nil 15% 38 Washing Slabs _ Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

KRWS&ESP-II Environental Analysis Study

Annexure 8.1

Sanitary Survey of Water Supply Sources

The importance of a sanitary survey of water sources cannot be overemphasized.With a new supply,the sanitary survey shouldbe made in conjunction with the collection of initial engineering data covering the development of a given source and its capacity to meet existing and future needs. The sanitary survey should includethe detectionof all healthhazards and the assessmentof their present and future importance. Persons trained and competent in public health engineering and the epidemiologyof waterbomedisease shouldconduct the sanitary survey. In the case of an existingsupply, the sanitary survey shouldbe made at a frequency compatiblewith the control of the healthhazards and the maintenanceof a good sanitaryquality.

The information furnished by the sanitary survey is essential to complete interpretationof bacteriologicaland frequently the chemical data. This information should always accompany the laboratoryfindings. The following outline covers the essentialfactors which shouldbe investigatedor consideredin a sanitary survey.Not all of the items are pertinent to any one supply and in some cases, items not in the list would be importantadditions to the survey list.

GroundWater Supplies a. Characterof local geology;slope of ground surface. b. Nature of soil and underlying porous strata; whether clay, sand, gravel, rock (especiallyporous limestone);coarseness of sand or gravel; thickness of water- bearing stratum, depth to water table; location, log and constructiondetails of local wells in use and abandoned. c. Slope of water table, preferablyas determined from observationalwells or as indicated,presumptively but not certainly,by slope of groundsurface. d. Extent of drainagearea likely to contributewater to the supply. e. Nature, distanceand directionof local sourcesof pollution. f. Possibilityof surface-drainagewater entering the supply and of wells becoming flooded; methodsof protection. g. Methods used for protectingthe supply against pollutionby means of sewage treatment,waste disposal, and the like. h. Well construction: 1. Total depth of well. 2. Casing: diameter,wall thickness,material and length from surface. 3. Screen or perforations: diameter, material,construction, locations and lengths.

Source : Manual of IndividualWater SupplySystems (1973) U.S. EPA. Water SupplyDivision

KRWS&ESP-I1Environmental Analysis Study 4. Formationseal : Material(cement, sand, bentonite,etc.), depth intervals, annularthickness andmethod of placement. i. Protectionof well at top: presence of sanitary well seal, casing height above ground, floor, or flood level, protection of well vent, protection of well from erosion and animals. j. Pump house construction(floors, drains, etc.), capacity of pumps, drawdown when pumpsare in operation. k. Availability of an unsafe supply, usable in place of normal supply, hence involvingdanger to the public health. 1. Disinfection: equipment, supervision,test kits, or other types of laboratory control.

Surface-WaterSupplies a. Nature of surfacegeology: characterof soils and rocks. b. Characterof vegetation,forests, cultivatedand irrigated land, includingsalinity, effecton irrigationwater, etc. c. Populationand seweredpopulation per sq Km of catchmentarea. d. Methods of sewage disposal, whether by diversion from watershed or by treatment. e. Characterand efficiencyof sewage-treatmentworks on watershed. f. Proximityof sourcesof fecal pollutionto intake of water supply. g. Proximity,sources and characterof industrialwastes, acid mine waters,etc. h. Adequacyof supplyas to quantity. i. For lake or reservoir supplies: wind direction and velocity data, drift of pollution,sunshine data (algae). j. Character and quality of raw water : coliform organisms (MPN), algae, turbidity,color, objectionablemineral constituents. k. Nominal period of detentionin reservoiror storagebasin. 1. Probable minimumtime requiredfor water to flow from sources of pollutionto reservoirand throughreservoir intake. m. Shape of reservoir, with reference to possible currents of water, induced by wind or reservoirdischarge from inlet to water-supplyintake. n. Protectivemeasures in connectionwith the use of watershedto control fishing, boating, swimming,wading, permitting animals on marginal shore areas and in or upon the wateretc. o. Efficiencyand constancyof policing. p. Treatment of water : kind and adequacy of equipment;duplication of parts; effectivenessof treatment; adequacyof supervisionand testing; contact period after disinfection;free chlorineresiduals carried. q. Pumping facilities : pump house, pump capacity and standby units, storage facilities.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study Distancesto sources of contamination

All ground water sources should be located a safe distance from sources of contamination.In cases where sources are severely limited, however, a ground water aquifer that might become contaminated may be considered for a water supply if treatmentis provided. After a decision has been made to locate a water source in an area, it is necessary to determine the distance the source should be placed from the origin of contaminationand the directionof water movement.A determinationof a safe distanceis based on specificlocal factors describedunder "SanitarySurvey".

Because many factors affect the determination of "safe" distances between ground water supplies and sources of pollution,it is impracticalto set fixed distances. Where insufficientinformation is availableto determinethe 'safe' distance,the distance shouldbe the maximum that economics,land ownership,geology and topographywill permit. It should be noted that the direction of ground water flow does not always follow the slope of the land surface.Each installationshould be inspectedby a person with sufficienttraining and experienceto evaluateall of the factors involved.

Since safety of a ground water source depends primarily on considerationsof good well constructionand geology, these factors should be the guides in determining safe distances for different situations. The following criteria apply only to properly constructedwells. There is no safe distancefor a poorlyconstructed well.

When a properly constructedwell penetratesan unconsolidatedformation with good filtering properties and when the aquifer itself is separated from sources of contaminationby similarmaterials, research and experiencehave demonstratedthat 50 feet is an adequate distance separatingthe two. Lesser distances should be accepted only after a comprehensivesanitary survey,conducted by qualified state or local health agency officials,has satisfiedthe officialsthat such lesser distances are both necessary and safe.

If it is proposed to install a properlyconstructed well in formationsof unknown character,the state or GeologicalSurvey and the state or local health agency shouldbe consulted.

When wells must be constructedin consolidatedformations, extra care should always be taken in the location of the well and in setting "safe" distances, since pollutantshave been knownto travel great distancesin such formations.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study The followingtable is offeredas a guidein determiningdistances

Formations Minimumacceptable distance from

Favorable 50 feet. Lesser distancesonly on health departmentapproval following (unconsolidated) comprehensive sanitary survey of proposed site and immediate surroundings

Unknown 50 feet only after comprehensivegeological survey of the site and its surroundingshas established,to the satisfaction of the health agency, that favourableformations do exist.

Poor Safe distances can be established only following both the (consolidated) comprehensivegeological and comprehensivesanitary surveys. These surveys also permit determiningthe direction in which a well may be located with respect to sources of contamination.In no case shouldthe acceptabledistance be less than 50 feet.

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental Analysis Study Annexure 8.2 Sanitary Protection of Wells Through Cement Grouting

The annular open space on the outside of the well casing is one of the principal avenues through which undesirable water and contamination may gaini access to a well. The most satisfactory way of eliminating this hazard is to fill the annular space with neat cement grout. To accomplish this satisfactorily, careful attention should be given to see that

1. The grout mixture is properly prepared. 2. The grout material is placed in one continuous mass. 3. The grout material is placed upward from the bottom of the space to be grouted.

Neat cement grout should be a mixture of cement and water in the proportion of 1 bag of cement and 20 - 25 liters of clean water. Whenever possible, the water content should be kept near the lower limit given. Hydrated lime to the extent of 10 per cent of the volume of cement may be added to make the grout mix more fluid and thereby facilitate placement by the pumping equipment. Mixing of cement or cement and hydrated lime with the water must be thorough. Up to 5 per cent by weight of bentonite clay may be added to reduce shrinkage.

GroutingProcedure

The grout mixture must be placed in one continuous mass; hence, before starting the operation. sufficient materials should be on hand and other facilities available to accomplish its placement without interruption.

Restricted passages will result in clogging and failure to complete the grouting operation. The minimum clearance at any point, including couplings, should not be less than 4 cm. When grouting through the annular space, the grout pipe should not be less than 2.5 cm nominal diameter. As the grout moves upward, it picks up much loose material such as results from caving. Accordingly, it is desirable to waste a suitable quantity of the grout which first emerges from the drill hole.

In grouting a well so that the material will move upward, there are two general procedures that may be followed. The grout pipe may be installed within the well casing or in the annular space between the casing and drill hole if there is sufficient

Source: Manual of Individual Water Supply Systems (1973) U.S. EPA. Water Supply Division

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study clearance to permit this. In the latter case, the grout pipe is installed in the annular space to within a few cm of the bottom. The grout is pumped through this pipe, discharging into the annular space, and moving upward aroundthe casing, finallyoverflowing at the land surface. In 3 to 7 days the grout will be set, and the well can be completed and pumpirg started. A waiting period of only 24 to 36 hours is required if quick-setting cement is used.

When the grout pipe is installed within the well casing, the casing should be supported a few cm above the bottom during grouting to permit grout to flow into the annular space. The well casing is fitted at the bottom with an adapter threaded to receive the grout pipe and a check valve to prevent return of grout inside of the casing. After grout appears at the surface, the casing is loweredto the bottomand the grout pipe is unscrewedimmediately and raised a few cm. A suitablequantity of water should then be pumped through it, thereby flushing any remaininggrout from it and the casing. The grout pipe is then removed from the well and 3 to 7 days are allowed for settingof the grout. The well is then cleared by dilling out the adapter,check valve, plug, and grout remainingwithin the well.

A modificationof this procedureis the use of the well casing itself to convey the grout to the annular space. The casing is suspended in the drill hole and held a few meters off the bottom. A spacer is inserted in the casing. The casing is then capped and connection made from it to grout pump. The estimated quantity of grout, including a suitable allowance for filling of crevices and other voids, is then pumped into the casing. The spacer moves before the grout, in turn forcing the water in the well ahead of it. Arriving at the lower casing terminal, the spacer is forced to the bottom of the drill hole, leaving sufficient clearance to permit flow of grout into the annular space and upward through it.

After the desired amount of grout has been pumped into the casing, the cap is removed and a second spacer is inserted in the casing. The cap is then replaced and a measured volume of water sufficient to fill all but a few feet of the casing is pumped into it. Thus all but a small quantity of the grout is forced from the casing into the annular space. From 3 to 7 days are allowed for setting of the grout. The spacers and grout remainingin the casing and drill hole are then drilled out and the well completed.

If the annular space is to be groutedfor only part of the total depth of the well, the grouting can be carried out as directed above when the well reaches the desired depth and the well can then be drilled deeper by lowering the tools inside of the first casing. In this type of construction,where casingsof varioussizes telescope within each other, a seal should be placed at the level where the telescoping begins, that is, in the annular space between the two casings. The annular space for grouting between two casings should provide a clearance of at least 4 cm and the depth of the seal should be not less than 3 m.

KRWS&ESP-II EnvironmentalAnalysis Study Annexure8.3 DifferentialPressure Bleach PowderSolution Dosing Equipmentfor Disinfection of Small PumpedWater Supplies The principle of operation of this unit is based upon the utilisation of the differential pressure, set up by insertion of an orifice plate or a Venturi tube in the discharge main to squeeze chlorine solution from a rubber bag and inject it into the main flow. The unit consists essentially of a pressure vessel containing a loose replaceable rubber bag secured at its neck to the top of the vessel by a rubber lined neck piece, in the side of which a flanged outlet pipe is fitted. A top cover plate, which bolts on to the neck piece is provided with a quick release cover by which the solution is filled into the feeder. Alternately, when several fillings are required per day a separate solution preparation vessel can be provided with a pipe leading to the feeder so that quick recharging can be effected. The high pressure water on the upstream side of the orifice plate connected to the body of the doser squeezes the rubber bag containing the bleaching powder solution and forces the solution through the outlet pipe into the main, carrying the water to be treated. The inlet to, and the outlet from, the doser are providedwith gate valves. In addition, the outlet tube is provided with a needle valve to regulate the flow of the bleaching powder solution. A drain pipe is incorporatedinto the body of the pressure vessel to drain the water while recharging is carried out. When bleaching powder solution is added to the water, a baffled acid proof mixing section is provided for insertion into the pipe line just after the point where the solution enters the line. The valves and piping on the outlet side of the doser have to be of corrosion resistant material. Such units are suitable for chlorinating small communitywater supplies with bleaching powder solution consisting of bleaching powder and soda ash in the ratio of 5:1 (the addition of soda ash helps to convert calcium hypochlorite into sodium hypochlorite and reduce deposition). However, the rubber bag needs periodic replacement. The differential pressure type chlorinators are commerciallymarketed in this country and are widely used for disinfection of water supplies. There should be a minimum of 10 psi pressure in the main line carrying water for proper functioningof these units. Assuming a bleaching powder solution of 5000 ppm of available chlorine is used, the recharging interval for the different capacities of chlorinators available is given in the followingTable. Daily supply at Volume of bleachingpowder Recharge interval (days) with a doser Population the rate of 70 solution requiredin oters to give capa tv of litres per capita Ir ppm doseiitt. tLits. 35 N 100 its 140 Lits. 2,000 14,000 28 1.25 2-5 3.57 5.0 5,000 35.000 70 0.5 1.0 1.43 2.0 10,000 70,000 140 0.25 0.5 0.71 1.0

KRWS&ESP-11Environmental Analvsis Studv Orifice assembly \ ~~~Watermain

\ X $ ~~~~~~~~~&-~Fl>ow I , ~~~Samnplingcokk / Cover plate P V.C. Chemical Outlet pipe pyeparation redAire,,vent ~ ~) X GI. Inlet pipe Feedt I ~e pp

RubberkLot neck piece N eed~~eele valve

Rubberbag -

Pressure vessel

Drain valve

Drain pipe

TYPICAL SKETCH OF BLEACHINGPOWDER SOLUTIONFEEDER DISPLACEMENTTYPE CHLORINATOR Annexure 8.4 Recommended Construction Practice and Pollution Safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines 1. Pits in Water Logged, Flood Proneand HighSub-soil Water Areas In high sub-soil, water logged or flood-prone areas, the pits should be raised above the ground level to a height such that the invert of the incoming drains/pipes is just above the likely flood water or sub-soil water level. Raising the pipes will necessitate raising the latrine floor also. In pits located in water logged or flood prone areas, earth should be filled and well compacted all around the pits in 1000 mm width and up to the top. It is not necessary to raise the pits by more than 300 mm above the plinth of the house because if water rises above the plinth, the residents will anyway vacate the house. hi high sub-soil water areas, about 300 mm filling all around the pits may be done depending on site conditions. In these situations, the pits should be designed as wet pits, taking into consideration the infiltration rate of the type of soil. 2. Pits in Rocky Strata In rocky strata with soil layers in between, leach pits are designed on the same principles as those for low sub-soil water level taking the long term infiltration capacity of the soil as 20 litres per sq.m per day. However, in rocks with fissures, chalk formations, or old root channels, pollution can flow over a very long distance; hence these conditions demand careful investigation and adoption of pollution safeguards. In impervious rocky strata, since there will be no infiltration of liquid, the pits will function as holding tanks. In such situations, a PF latrine with leaching pits is not a suitable system.

3. Pits in Soils with Low Infiltration Capacity

Leaching capacity tends to be the limiting factor when the infiltration capacity of soil is low. In these circumstances, there are two options: construct a larger pit, or increase the critical leaching area. The forrner option is costly, while the latter can be accomplished by backfilling and compacting with brick ballast, gravel, sand etc., in the required width all around the pit, since the leaching area is the vertical surface of the excavation of the pit rather than the external wall of the pit.

Source : Technical Guidelines on Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines (1992) Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India Regional Water and Sanitation Group - South Asia. UNDP/World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study increasethe critical leaching area. The former option is costly, while the latter can be accomplishedby backfilling and compactingwith brick ballast, gravel, sand etc., in the required width all around the pit, since the leachingarea is the vertical surface of the excavationof the pit rather than the externalwall of the pit.

Pits in Black Cotton Soil are designedon the basis of whether the pit is wet or dry, taking the infiltration rate as 10 litres per sq. metre per day. However, a minimum 300 mm* vertical fill (envelope all around the pit) of sand, gravel or ballast of small sizes shouldbe provided all round the pit, outside the pit lining,to separatethe soil and the pit liningas well as to increasethe infiltrationsurface area.

4. Pits Where Space is a Constraint

Where circular pits of standard sizes cannot be constructed due to space constraint,deeper pits with smallerdiameter (not less then 750 mm), or combinedoval, square or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartmentsby a partition wall, may be provided. In case of combined pits, the partitionwall, as well as the adjoining side walls up to 225 mm width, should not have any holes. The partitionwall should be 225 mm deener than the pit lining. Both faces of the partition wall should be plastered in cement mortar 1:6.

5. Pollution Safeguards

Proper information and investigation of both geological! hydrogeological conditions of sites where pits are to be located, and the location of drinking water sources, size, all are pre-requisites in planning, designing and constructionof on-site low cost sanitation systems to ensure that pollution risk to ground water and water distribution mains is minimal. Faulty construction and wrong data/ information regarding hydrogeologicalconditions may lead to pollutionof drinkingwater sources. To ensure that the risk of pollutingground water and drinking water sources is minimal,the following safeguardsshould be taken while locatingthe pits:

a. Drinking water should be obtained from another source or from the same aquifer but at a point beyond the reach of any fecal pollutionfrom the leach pits. b. If the soil is fine (effective size 0.2 ramor less), the pits can be located at a minimumdistance of 3 m from the drinkingwater sources, provided the maximum ground water level throughout the year is 2 m or more below the pit bottom (low water table). If the water table is higher, i.e. less than 2 m below the pit bottom, the safe distanceshould be increasedto 10 m. c. If the soil is coarse (effectivesize more than 0.2 mm), the same safe distancesas specifiedabove can be maintainedby providinga 500mm thick sand envelope,of fine sand of 0.2 mm effectivesize, all aroundthe pit, and sealingthe bottomof the pit withan

KRWS&ESP-I1Envirormuental Analysis Study imperviousmaterial such as puddleclay, a plasticsheet, lean cementconcrete, or cement stabilisedsoiL d. If the pits are located under a footpathor a road, or if a water supply main is within a distanceof 3 m fromthe pits, the invert level of tht. pipes or drains connectingthe leach pits should be kept below the level of the water main, or I m below the ground level. If this is not possibledue to site considerations,the joints of the water main shouldbe encased in concrete.

KRWS&ESP-II EnvironmentalAnalvsis Studs

RECOMMENDED MODEL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) Annexure 8.5 GRAM PANCHAYAT: SHIRAGUPPI (DHARWAD DISTRICT)

EnvironmentalIssues RecommendedEMVP

* Serious problem of salinity in the bore well based PWS & hence * Use existing village tank as a source of drinking water after people use traditional village tank water for drinking treatment through a SSF and effective, conitiniuouschlorination * Problem of water scarcity during summer due to falling ground (Action: GP/NGO/DSU) water level * Adopt a flexible per capita supply of treated water * Lack of household / community latrines, non-availability of (Action: GP/ DSU) adequate water supply to promote individual / community * Continue to use water from the existing sources for other than latrines and incorrect / improper use and poor maintenance of drinking (Action: GP/NGO/DSU) existing latrines. . Desilt the tank to increase storage capacity, protect the tank from • Because of black cotton soil, the village roads / lanes become human / animal access by fencing & promote source slushy during rainy season making people, cattle and vehicular sustainability by improving rain water harvesting in the movement difficult catchment area of the tank (Action: GP/TPINGOIDSU) * Indoor air pollution-existing models / designs of smokeless / * Effective and sustained IEC programmes to generate demand for improved chulhas are not suited to local cooking style. household latrines / ownership based group latrines I comniuniity * Recurrence of GE and Choiera cases. latrines and thei- proper and regular use and maintenance. * Stagnation of householdwaste water (Action: GP/NGO/DSU) * Unscientific method of disposal of household and commercial a Paving of village roads and laying of drains for effective disposal solid waste of sullage and storm water (Action: GP/NGO/DSU)

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study

GRAM PANCHAYAT: YAMAKANAMARDI (BELGAUM DISTRICT) Annexure8.5 Cont...

Environmental Issues Recommended EMP

* Acut water scarcity during summer * Augmentation of water supply through either i) identifyi ig * Falling ground water level due to over exploitation for locally existing high yielding potable-quality, privately -owned agricultural purposes bore well or new bore well after detailed geophysical survey. * Lack of space is a constraint in the promotion of household There exists a risk of hydraulic interference between wells, latrines acquiring privately owned irrigation wells may pose difficulties * Only part of the village covered by sullage & storm drains, need unless the Ground Water Act is enforced or ii) tap Ghataprabha for rehabilitation of existing drains. as a source with treatment by SSF and effective chlorination- * Need for improved chulhas to minimise indoor air pollution. may prove expensive and hence cost ceiling limnitmay have to be relaxed, competent O&M personnel a must for ensuring the demanded service (Action: GOKJDSU/GP) * IEC campaign to promote ownership based group latrines (Action: GP/NGO/DSU) * Rehabilitation of exiting storm drains and augmentation of sullage & storm drains (Action: GP/DSU) * Paving of unpaved stretches of village internal roads / lanes (Action: GP/NGO/DSU) * Identify the felt deficiencies in the existi.ig chulhas in use, the user needs and preferences and promote improved models of chulhas, and bio-gas (Action: GP/NGO/DSU) * Sustained EEC campaigns to bring about improved behavioral changes with respect to personal, family and environmental hygiene and sanitation. (Action :GP/NGOIDSU)

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study

GRAM PANCttAYAT: KALKERE: HABITATIONS: VIRUPAPURA AND VIRUPAPURA TANDA (GADAG DISTRICT) Annexure 8.5 Cont..

Environmental Issues Recommended EMP

* Excessive concentration of fluoride in drinking water as * Repair / rehabilitate the existing treatment and distribution manifested by dental / skeletal / non-skeletal fluorosis among the system to ensure supply of fluoride fce, chlorinated drinking people, especially among children , pregnant women and water (Action: GP/NGO/DSU) lactating mothers. * Provide household / community defluoridation systems based on * Inequity in water distribution in the present supply from activated alumina / Nalgonda technique or any other proven, Tungabhadra multi village scheme field tested intervention - success rate may be low for household * Space constraint and lack of adequate water supply for systems in view of the cost involved and skilled attention needed installation and use of household latrines to ensure safe water. (Action: GPINGO/DSU/PPMU) * Lack of improved chulhas - awareness programme for demand * Effective IEC campaigns to dissuade people from using fluoride generation ineffective affected sources (Action: GP/NGO/DSU/PPMU) * Unpaved roads and inadequate sullage / storm water disposal * Organised fluorosis survey by trained medical, para medical / systems non medical personnel to detect fluorosis cases particularly * Recurring incidence of water and sanitation related diseases among school children, pregnant women and lactating mothers and preventive / curative measures (Action: GP/NGO/HD/DSU) . Promote ownership based group latrines (Action: GP/NGO/DSU) * Sustained IEC programme to promote smokeless / improved chulhas and positive behavioral changes with respect to personal ______. and environmental hygiene (Action: GP/NGO/DSU)

GP - Gram Panchayat, NGO - Non-GovernmentalOrganization, DSU - District Support Unit, TP - Town Panchayat HD - Health Department, GOK - Governmentof Karnataka

KRWS&ESP-II Environmental AnalysisStudy

List of References / Documents Consulted

1. Rural Water Supplyand Sanitationin KarnatakaStrategy paper 2000-2005 Rural Developmentand PanchayatRaj Department, Governmentof Karnataka 2. Brief note on Water Supply and Sanitation facilities in the pilot Gram Panchayats - Dharwad District supplied by Zilla Panchayat, Dharwad at the time of visit of World Bank Team to Dharwad District on 31/01/2001 3. Information regarding fluoride content in dcinking water, health, land cultivation etc., in Gadag District supplied by Zilla Panchayat, Gadag at the time of visit of World Bank Team to Gadag District on 31/01/2001 4. Notes submitted to World Bank Team visiting Koppal District on 01/02/2001 - Zilla Panchayat, Koppal 5. Aide Memoire - World Bank Preparation Mission No.2 (Jan 29 - Feb 9, 2001) 6. Ground Water Resource Status of Kamataka, Mines & Geology Dept., GOK. (PublicationNo. 286/1995) 7. National Workshop on WQM&S in Rural Areas Status Reports of six States by RGNDW Mission Volume-I, 1997. 8. Proceedings and Recommendationsof the National Workshop on WQM&S in Rural Areas, Aug-1997 by RGNDWM, GOI. 9. Water Quality Analysis Reports of RDED, GOK. 10. Water Quality Analysis Phase I villages, of PPMU, GOK. 11. Final Report of the Eco-Committeeby Irrigation Dept. of GOK, 2001. 12. Behaviour of Ground Water Level in Dharwad District (1977-1993) Publication No.334/1997,Mines & GeologyDept., GOK. 13. An Analysis of Ground Water Levels during 1996 in Karnataka State Publication No. 363/1997,Mines & Geology Dept., GOK. 14. Appraisal of Ground Water Quality of Bidar District, Karnataka Publication No. 364/1998, Mines & GeologyDept., GOK. 15. Evaluation of Ground Water Quality in Mundargi Taluk, Gadag District Publication No. 418/2000, Mines & Geology Dept., GOK. 16. Evaluation of Ground Water Quality in Soundatti Taluk, Belgaum District Publication No. 419/2000,Mines & Geology,Dept., GOK. 17. Status Report by the Bureau of Health Intelligence, Directorate of Healths & Family Welfare Services, GOK 1995-1996& 2000. 18. Karnataka Integrated Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project Impact Evaluation Study - Draft Final Report TATA Consultancy Services 'NITON', Bangalore. 19. Study on Rapid Sector Assessment in Kamataka, Final Report June 2001, OM Consultants (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore. 20. Approach for World Bank Assisted KRWS&ESP-II for Ground Water Recharge, GOK, PPMU, RD&PR Dept., Bangalore. 21. InstitutionalAssessment Study for the World Bank-Aided IRWS&ES Project in Ka:nataka, AdministrativeStaff College of India, Hyderabad,Jan-2001. 22. External Impact Evaluation of Ground Water Recharge Component under IR7' S and ES Project - Final Report, ORG Oct-1999.

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - FinalReport 23. KAP Study on HSHE Components- STEM, Sep-2000. 24. ImplementationCompletion Report on HSH:E- STEM,Sep-2000. 25. Rural Drinking Water SupplyProgramme, RGNDWM, GOI, 2000. 26. State of Art Report on the Extent of Fluoride in Drinking Water and the ResultingEndemicity in India. Fluorosis Research and Rural DevelopmentFoundation, New Delhi, 1999

KRWS&ESP-IIEnvironmental Analysis Study - FinalReport