DOCSLIB.ORG

Food Structure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Food Structure Food Structure Volume 3 Number 2 Article 12 1984 Ultrastructural Studies of Raw and Processed Tissue of the Major Cultivated Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus E. M. Jasinki B. Stemberger R. Walsh A. Kilara Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/foodmicrostructure Part of the Food Science Commons Recommended Citation Jasinki, E. M.; Stemberger, B.; Walsh, R.; and Kilara, A. (1984) "Ultrastructural Studies of Raw and Processed Tissue of the Major Cultivated Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus," Food Structure: Vol. 3 : No. 2 , Article 12. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/foodmicrostructure/vol3/iss2/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Food Structure by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOOD MICROSTRUCTURE, Vol. 3 (1984), pp. 191-196 07 30-5419/84$1 . 00+. OS SEM Inc. , AMF O'Hare (Chicago), IL 60666 U.S.A. ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF RAW AND PROCESSED TISSUE OF THE MAJOR CULTIVATED MUSHROOM, AGARICUS BISPORUS E. M. Jasinski. B. Sternberger, R. Walsh, and A. Kilara Food Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 111 Borland Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802 Introduction Commercial mushroom processors currently lose Shrinkage, the loss of weight during process­ approximately 30 percent of the mushroom weight ing (blanching and canning), continues to plaque due to shrinkage during processing (blanchi ng and the mushroom processing industry. Weight losses canning) , resulting in substantial economic loss­ can range as high as 30 percent, which results in es . Microscopy was used to assess the extent and substantial economic losses to the processor (Eby, type of chemical and structural changes induced by 1975) . Shrinkage results from a loss of water and processing mushrooms and causing shri nkage. Scan­ water soluble solids from the mushroom tissue. ning e l ectron microscopy revealed that the Ho we ver, the cause of this loss is not totally processing operations includi ng vacuum hydration , understood. Microscopy can be used in determining blanching , and thermal treatment do not damage the the severity of mushroom processing or in assess ­ integrity of the tissue. Light microscopy re­ ing the effects of processing and/or handling on vealed that the morphology of the tissue, shape the quality of mushrooms . Therefore , an ultra­ and spacing of cells, appear similar for raw and structural examination of raw and processed processed mushroom tissue. However, the intra­ (blanched and canned) mushroom tissue should pro­ cell ular material remained indistinct for both vide insight into the causes of mushroom shrink­ tissue types, and the processed tissue appeared age. distorted. Transmission electron microscopy re­ vea 1ed that commercia 1 mushroom processing caused co~e~2~;~ ~~s c~~ ~{~;~!d (~~~~~~o~i ~~ ~~e t:~r~~jor intracellular damage to the tissue. The heat {Chang, 1980). Information is available on the treatment caused the coagulation of cytoplasmic structure and ultrastructure of raw mushroom material and the disruption of intracellular mem­ tissue; however, minimal information is available branes, resulting in the loss of water holding on the ultrastructure of processed mushroom capacity of the tissue. Therefore, shrinkage of tissue. The general ultrastructure of fungi and processed mushrooms results from "denaturation" of the organelles and the associated loss of water ~::n ~~~;:~;~~~~~r(Br~~ke~;a~~~~~ ~!~k~~~\~a~~ ., holding capacity by those organelles . 1974; Angeli - Papa and Eyme , 1978 ; Alexopoulus and Mims, 1979). These investigations pertain to the stipe elongation mechanism (Craig et al. , 1977a; Craig et al . , 1979), the cell wall structure (Novaes- Ledieu and Garcia-Mendoza , 1981). basidia and septal pore structures (Craig et al . , 1977b; Flegler et al., 1976), cell mem brane development Initial paper received July 14 1984 . (Eyme and Angel i-Couvy, 1975) , the basidiospore Final manuscript received November 8 1984 . structure (Elliott, 1977; Rast and Hollenstein , Direct inquiries to E.M. Jasinski. 1977}. and nuclear distribution (Wanq and Wu, Telephone number: (814) 863-2961. 1974) . However, the relationship of-mushroom ultrastructure to pr ocessing has not been investi­ gated. Mushroom processing operati ons have two major purposes : a) to provide a steri 1 e product and b) to minimize shrinkage of mushroom tissue, to KEY WORDS: Agar icus bisporus, Ultrastructure of maximize canned product yield. Var i ous processes raw mushroom , Ultrastructure of processed mush­ that limit shrinkage have been reported (Go rmley, room, Mushroom, Canning, Transmission electron 1972; Mc Ard le et al ., 1974; Seel ma n and McArdle, m1croscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Light 1975; Steinbuch, 1979 ). Gormley (1972) found that microscopy . freez ing unblanched mushrooms produced a higher qua lity product than freezing blanched mushrooms . Steinbuc h (1979} found that vacuum packing of 191 E. 1~. Jasinski, B. Sternberger, R. Walsh, et al. unblanched frozen mushrooms showed promise in im­ to 3% glutaraldehyde in the same buffer, post proving mushroom quality and reducing shrinkage. fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, and treated with Seelman and McArdle (1975) found that post-harvest 0.5% uranyl acetate in 0.1 t~ sodium acetate over­ night. The samples were dehydrated with acetone g~s~rf~~ ~~s~~~o~~ ~~ ~~~~ai~1l~:~~e~~t~~:~ing and embedded in Spurr firm epoxy resin (Spurr, (PSU-3S- Process) or vacuum hydration (SSV - Process) 1969). Samples were sectioned, stained with 1% prior to blanching, increased the canned product toluidine blue for light microscopy or with 3% yield (decreased shrinkage). Increased yields due uranyl acetate in 7. 5% methanol, 0. 2% lead c i­ to storage at elevated temperatures supported the trate (Venable and Coggeshall , 1965), and Reynolds hypothesis that chemical changes within the mush­ lead stain (Reynolds , 1963) for transmission elec­ room tissue caused an increase in water retention tron microscopy. A Leitz- Ortholux 1 ight micro­ by the tissue (Beelman and McArdle, 1975). The scope and an Hitachi HUllE electron microscope higher storage temperatures resulted in an in­ were used . crease in the mushroom tissue's ability to absorb more water before processing and retain more water Results and Discussion during processing (Beelman and McArdle , 1975). These results indicate that a loss of water hold­ Typical conm1ercial mushroom processing 1n ing capacity or water binding capacity of the the United States (F ig. 1) involves washing the mushroom tissue during processing causes shrink­ mushrooms, then cold storage for up to 48 hours, age. and applying a vacuum hydration treatment, which Chemical changes in the protein structure of completes the pre-processing steps . The remain­ the mushroom tissue could produce the increase in ing steps of the process include blanching, fill ­ water holding capacity during storage (Beelman inq, brining, closing, thermal processing, cool­ et al. , 1973). However, the specific chemical and ing, and storage. The major <JOal of this process structural changes that occur during processing to is for the mushroom tissue to absorb as much water cause shrinkage remain unknown. Therefore, this as possible during soaking and vacuum hydration investigation uses microscopy to assess the extent so that the water lost during blanching and ther­ and type of chemical and structural changes in­ mal processing is mostly the absorbed water. duced by processing (blanching and canning) mush ­ Scanning electron, light, and transmission elec­ rooms. tron microscopy were used to determine the effects this process had on mushroom tissue. f~a teri a 1 s and Methods The scanning electron micrographs of the stem, cap , and gills (Figs . 2- 6) show that the Samples absorption of water during vacuum hydration and Raw cultivated mu~hrooms, Agaricus P..!._spor~s subsequent loss of water during blanchinq and (Lange) Sing were obta1 ned from The Pennsylvama thermal processing does not destroy the overall State University Mus hroom Research Center and the integrity of the tissue . Filaments or hyphae com ­ commercially processed samples were canned buttons pose the outer surface of the stem (Fig. 2) and grown and processed in Pennsylvania. Mushrooms the cap (Fig . 4) . The longitudinal filaments in with tightly closed veils and cap diameters rang­ the raw (Fig . 2a) and processed stem (Fig. 2b) ing from 2.8-3.0 em were selected . Seven sections are bunched together. However, the filaments in of raw and processed tissue were prepared for the processed tissue appear deflated or shriveled scanning electron microscopy. These included out­ (Fig. 2b). Monacha (1965) described the stem as side surface, longitudinal, and cross-sectional a combination of wide inflated hyphae and narrow cuts of the cap (pileus) and stem (stipe) and the threadlike filaments. The cross-section a 1 view outside surface of the gills. Five sections of of the stern (Fig. 3) shows the two types of sep­ raw and processed tissue were prepared for light tate hyphae. The compact filaments of the pro­ and transmission electron microscopy. These in­ cessed tissue (Fig . 3b} with gaps between groups cluded cross- section and longitudinal cuts of the of filaments reveal the same distortion seen on cap and stem a nd cross-section of the gills. the outside surface of the stem (Fig . 2b) . Random Scanning Electron
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BASIDIOMYCOTINA and ITS CLASSIFICATION Dr
    BASIDIOMYCOTINA AND ITS CLASSIFICATION Dr. Vishnupriya Sharma Department of Botany B.Sc sem II, paper 2,Course code 2BOT T2 Title of the Paper- Mycology and Phytopathology Basidiomycotina Diagnostic features of Basidiomycotina 1. Basidiomycotina comprise of about 550 genera 15,000 species 2.Many of them are saprophytes while others are parasitic. These includes mushrooms, toad stools, puff balls, stink horns, shelf fungi, bracket fungi, rusts, and smuts. 3.They have Septate mycelium ,non motile spores and are characterised by the production of a club-shaped structure, known as Basidium 4. Basidium is a cell in which karyogamy and meiosis occurs. However, the basidium produces usually four spores externally known as basidiospores Vegetative structure: The vegetative body is well developed mycelium which consists of septate, branched mass of hyphae which grow on or in the substratum obtaining nourishment from host. Sometimes, a number of hyphae become interwoven to form thick strands of mycelium which are called rhizomorphs. In parasitic species the hyphae are either intercellular, sending haustoria into the cells or intracellular. The colour of the hyphae varies according to the species through three stages before the completion of life cycle. Three stages of development of mycelium The three stages are the primary, the secondary and the tertiary mycelium. The primary mycelium consists of hyphae with uninucleate cells. It develops from the germinating basidiospore. When young, the primary mycelium is multinucleate, but later on, due to the formation of septa, it divides into uninucleate cells. The primary mycelium constitutes the haplophase and never forms basidia and basidiospores. The primary mycelium may produce oidia which are uninucleate spores, formed on oidiophores.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulk Isolation of Basidiospores from Wild Mushrooms by Electrostatic Attraction with Low Risk of Microbial Contaminations Kiran Lakkireddy1,2 and Ursula Kües1,2*
    Lakkireddy and Kües AMB Expr (2017) 7:28 DOI 10.1186/s13568-017-0326-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Bulk isolation of basidiospores from wild mushrooms by electrostatic attraction with low risk of microbial contaminations Kiran Lakkireddy1,2 and Ursula Kües1,2* Abstract The basidiospores of most Agaricomycetes are ballistospores. They are propelled off from their basidia at maturity when Buller’s drop develops at high humidity at the hilar spore appendix and fuses with a liquid film formed on the adaxial side of the spore. Spores are catapulted into the free air space between hymenia and fall then out of the mushroom’s cap by gravity. Here we show for 66 different species that ballistospores from mushrooms can be attracted against gravity to electrostatic charged plastic surfaces. Charges on basidiospores can influence this effect. We used this feature to selectively collect basidiospores in sterile plastic Petri-dish lids from mushrooms which were positioned upside-down onto wet paper tissues for spore release into the air. Bulks of 104 to >107 spores were obtained overnight in the plastic lids above the reversed fruiting bodies, between 104 and 106 spores already after 2–4 h incubation. In plating tests on agar medium, we rarely observed in the harvested spore solutions contamina- tions by other fungi (mostly none to up to in 10% of samples in different test series) and infrequently by bacteria (in between 0 and 22% of samples of test series) which could mostly be suppressed by bactericides. We thus show that it is possible to obtain clean basidiospore samples from wild mushrooms.
    [Show full text]
  • Yeasts in Pucciniomycotina
    Mycol Progress DOI 10.1007/s11557-017-1327-8 REVIEW Yeasts in Pucciniomycotina Franz Oberwinkler1 Received: 12 May 2017 /Revised: 12 July 2017 /Accepted: 14 July 2017 # German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract Recent results in taxonomic, phylogenetic and eco- to conjugation, and eventually fructificaction (Brefeld 1881, logical studies of basidiomycetous yeast research are remark- 1888, 1895a, b, 1912), including mating experiments (Bauch able. Here, Pucciniomycotina with yeast stages are reviewed. 1925; Kniep 1928). After an interval, yeast culture collections The phylogenetic origin of single-cell basidiomycetes still re- were established in various institutions and countries, and mains unsolved. But the massive occurrence of yeasts in basal yeast manuals (Lodder and Kreger-van Rij 1952;Lodder basidiomycetous taxa indicates their early evolutionary pres- 1970;Kreger-vanRij1984; Kurtzman and Fell 1998; ence. Yeasts in Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Mixiomycetes, Kurtzman et al. 2011) were published, leading not only to Agaricostilbomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Septobasidiales, the impression, but also to the practical consequence, that, Heterogastridiomycetes, and Microbotryomycetes will be most often, researchers studying yeasts were different from discussed. The apparent loss of yeast stages in mycologists and vice versa. Though it was well-known that Tritirachiomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Helicobasidiales, a yeast, derived from a fungus, represents the same species, Platygloeales, Pucciniales, Pachnocybales, and most scientists kept to the historical tradition, and, even at the Classiculomycetes will be mentioned briefly for comparative same time, the superfluous ana- and teleomorph terminology purposes with dimorphic sister taxa. Since most phylogenetic was introduced. papers suffer considerably from the lack of adequate illustra- In contrast, biologically meaningful academic teaching re- tions, plates for representative species of orders have been ar- quired rethinking of the facts and terminology, which very ranged.
    [Show full text]
  • Basidiomycotina
    BASIDIOMYCOTINA General Characters • Most advanced group of all fungal classes • Comprises of about 500 genera and 15,000 species • Includes both saprophytic and parasitic species (Mushrooms, Puffballs, Toad stools, Rusts, Smuts etc.) • Parasitic genera spread on stem, leaves, wood or inflorescence (Ustilago, Puccinia, Polyporus, Ganoderma etc.) • Saprophytic species live in decaying wood, logs, dung, dead leaves and humus rich soil (Agaricus, Lycoperdon, Pleurotus, Cyathus, Geastrum etc.) • Characteristics spores are basidiospores, produced on basidia Mycelium • Mycelium is branched, well developed and perennial • Spreading in a fan shaped manner – forming fairy rings in mushrooms • Mycelium spread on the substratum and absorb food • In few genera mycelium form rhizomorphs • Hyphae are septate, septal pore is surrounded by a swollen rim or crescent shaped cap – parenthesome – such septa are called dolipore septum • Not seen in rusts and smuts • Cell wall is made up of chitin • Mycelium occur in three stages • Primary mycelium: Monokaryotic, short lived, formed by germination of basidiospores, represent haplophase, does not bear any sex organs • Secondary mycelium: Dikaryotic, perennial, formed by the fusion (dikaryotisation) of two dissimilar primary mycelium. Represent dikaryotic phase, produce fruiting bodies and show clamp connections • Tertiary mycelium: In higher members, secondary mycelium get organised into specialized tissues forming fruiting bodies. Dikaryotic in nature Clamp Connections • Dikaryotic secondary mycelium grow by
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in the Stypella Vermiformis Group (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota)
    Studies in the Stypella vermiformis group (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) Viacheslav Spirin, Vera Malysheva, Danny Haelewaters & Karl-Henrik Larsson Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology ISSN 0003-6072 Volume 112 Number 5 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2019) 112:753-764 DOI 10.1007/s10482-018-01209-9 1 23 Your article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution license which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works, as long as the author of the original work is cited. You may self- archive this article on your own website, an institutional repository or funder’s repository and make it publicly available immediately. 1 23 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2019) 112:753–764 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-018-01209-9 (0123456789().,-volV)( 0123456789().,-volV) ORIGINAL PAPER Studies in the Stypella vermiformis group (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) Viacheslav Spirin . Vera Malysheva . Danny Haelewaters . Karl-Henrik Larsson Received: 27 June 2018 / Accepted: 30 November 2018 / Published online: 8 December 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Stypella vermiformis is a heterobasid- three species from two newly described genera. S. iomycete producing minute gelatinous basidiocarps vermiformis s.str. is distributed in temperate Europe on rotten wood of conifers in the Northern Hemi- and has small-sized basidia and basidiospores, and it is sphere. In the current literature, Stypella papillata, the placed in a new genus, Mycostilla. Another genus, genus type of Stypella (described from Brazil), is Stypellopsis, is created for two other species, the North treated as a taxonomic synonym of S. vermiformis.In American Stypellopsis farlowii, comb. nov., and the the present paper, we revise the type material of S.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycology Guidebook. INSTITUTICN Mycological Society of America, San Francisco, Calif
    DOCUMENT BEMIRE ED 174 459 SE 028 530 AUTHOR Stevens, Russell B., Ed. TITLE Mycology Guidebook. INSTITUTICN Mycological Society of America, San Francisco, Calif. SPCNS AGENCY National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 74 GRANT NSF-GE-2547 NOTE 719p. EDPS PRICE MF04/PC29 Plus Postage. DESCRIPSCRS *Biological Sciences; College Science; *Culturing Techniques; Ecology; *Higher Education; *Laboratory Procedures; *Resource Guides; Science Education; Science Laboratories; Sciences; *Taxonomy IDENTIFIERS *National Science Foundation ABSTT.RACT This guidebook provides information related to developing laboratories for an introductory college-level course in mycology. This information will enable mycology instructors to include information on less-familiar organisms, to diversify their courses by introducing aspects of fungi other than the more strictly taxcncnic and morphologic, and to receive guidance on fungi as experimental organisms. The text is organized into four parts: (1) general information; (2) taxonomic groups;(3) ecological groups; and (4) fungi as biological tools. Data and suggestions are given for using fungi in discussing genetics, ecology, physiology, and other areas of biology. A list of mycological-films is included. (Author/SA) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** GE e75% Mycology Guidebook Mycology Guidebook Committee,
    [Show full text]
  • Cytology of Teliospore Germination and Basidiospore Formation in Uromyces Appendiculatus Var
    erotoplasma 119, 150- 155 (1984) I~O'['OPt~ by Springer-Verlag 1984 Cytology of Teliospore Germination and Basidiospore Formation in Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus 1 R. E. GOLD* and K. MZNDGEN** Lehrstuhl fiir Phytopathologie, Fakultiit fiir Biologie, Universit~it Konstanz Received May 11, 1983 Accepted in revised form June I I, 1983 Summary (e.g., AI.I~ZN 1933, PAVGI 1975, AN~KSTZR et al. 1980). The cytology of teliospore germination and basidiospore formation These studies have revealed the extremely variable in Urornyces appendiculatus vat. appendieulatus was characterized pattern of meiotic development in the rusts. with light and fluoroscence microscopy. Meiosis of the diploid The purpose of the present study was to provide, for the nucleus occurred in the metabasidium. The four haploid daughter first time in Uromyces appendiculatus var. nuclei migrated into the basidiospore initials where they underwent a appendiculatus, qualitative and quantitative cytological post meiotic mitosis. Each basidiospore was delimited from the meatabasidium by a septum at the apex of the sterigrna. Seventy-five information on the processes of teliospore germination percent of mature basidiospores were binucleate, 24.5% uulnucleate, and basidiospore formation. and 0.5% trinucleate. Mature, released basidiospores measured 16 x 9 gin, were smooth-surfaced, and reniform to ovate-elliptical 2. Materials and Methods in shape. The isolate of Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger vat. Keywords: Basidiospore; Cytology; Meiosis; Teliospore germination; appendiculatusz used in this study was collected in the field as Uromyces appendiculatus. urediniospores from infected leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. The collection was made in the Black Forest (Lahr Valley) in August, 1978. Teliospores were produced, stored, and activated to germinate according to methods described earlier (GOLD 1983, GOLD and 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Mlab 1331: Mycology Lecture Guide
    MLAB 1331: MYCOLOGY LECTURE GUIDE I. OVERVIEW OF MYCOLOGY A. Importance of mycology 1. Introduction Mycology - the study of fungi Fungi - molds and yeasts Molds - exhibit filamentous type of growth Yeasts - pasty or mucoid form of fungal growth 50,000 + valid species; some have more than one name due to minor variations in size, color, host relationship, or geographic distribution 2. General considerations Fungi stain gram positive, and require oxygen to survive Fungi are eukaryotic, containing a nucleus bound by a membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. (Bacteria are prokaryotes and do not contain these structures.) Fungi are heterotrophic like animals and most bacteria; they require organic nutrients as a source of energy. (Plants are autotrophic.) Fungi are dependent upon enzymes systems to derive energy from organic substrates - saprophytes - live on dead organic matter - parasites - live on living organisms Fungi are essential in recycling of elements, especially carbon. 3. Role of fungi in the economy a. Industrial uses of fungi (1) Mushrooms (Class Basidiomycetes) Truffles (Class Ascomycetes) (2) Natural food supply for wild animals (3) Yeast as food supplement, supplies vitamins (4) Penicillium - ripens cheese, adds flavor - Roquefort, etc. (5) Fungi used to alter texture, improve flavor of natural and processed foods b. Fermentation (1) Fruit juices (ethyl alcohol) (2) Saccharomyces cerevisiae - brewer's and baker's yeast. (3) Fermentation of industrial alcohol, fats, proteins, acids, etc. Mycology.doc 1 of 25 c. Antibiotics First observed by Fleming; noted suppression of bacteria by a contaminating fungus of a culture plate. d. Plant pathology Most plant diseases are caused by fungi e.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Conditions for Basidiospore Germination of Lentinus Swartzii and Lentinus Strigosus and Their Morphogenesis
    Asian J Agric & Biol. 2020;8(4):377-385. DOI: 10.35495/ajab.2020.04.240 AJAB Original Article Cultural conditions for basidiospore germination of Lentinus swartzii and Lentinus strigosus and their morphogenesis Rich Milton R. Dulay1,2*, Esperanza C. Cabrera1, Sofronio P. Kalaw2, Renato G. Reyes2, Ching T. Hou3 1Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines 2Center for Tropical Mushroom Research and Development, and Tuklas Lunas Development Center, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija 3120 Philippines 3National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA Received: April 18, 2020 Abstract Accepted: The effects of liquid culture media, pH, temperature, and illumination on the May 14, 2020 basidiospore germination of Lentinus swartzii and Lentinus strigosus as well as their Published: December 31, 2020 morphogenesis were studied and documented. Coconut water and potato broth with pH of 5.0 – 7.0, incubated at 30°C and total dark, were the optimum nutritional and physical factors in liquid culture condition as activators for successful basidiospore germination of the two Lentinus species. A peculiar germination process was observed in which the basidiospores germinated through swelling and elongated to become hyphae. The vegetative phases of both mushrooms occurred in four significant stages: swelling and clumping (a mechanism for plasmogamy), elongation, septation, and branching. On the other hand, their reproductive phases had six distinct stages: mycelial coat formation, browning and hardening stage (only in L.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycology Culture Guide
    MYCOLOGY CULTURE GUIDE Credible leads to Incredible™ Page 2 Order online at www.atcc.org, call 800.638.6597, 703.365.2700, or contact your local distributor. Table of Contents This guide contains general technical information for mycological growth, propagation, preservation, and application. Additional infor- mation on yeast and fungi can be found in Introductory Mycology by Alexopoulos et al.¹ Getting Started with an ATCC Mycology Strain ..4 Biosafety and Disposal ........................................21 Product Sheet ................................................................ 4 Biosafety ........................................................................21 Preparation of Medium ................................................. 4 Disposal of Infectious Materials ..................................21 Opening Glass Ampoules ............................................. 4 Initiating Frozen Cultures .............................................. 5 Mycological Authentication ..............................22 Initiating Lyophilized Cultures ....................................... 6 Phenotypic Characterization ......................................22 Initiating Test Tube Cultures ......................................... 6 Genotypic Characterization ......................................22 Mycological Growth and Propagation .................7 Mycological Applications ...................................23 Properties of Mycology Phyla .......................................7 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Standards ...............23
    [Show full text]
  • Life Cycle of Agaricus
    Life Cycle Of Agaricus Dr. Vishnupriya Sharma Department of Botany B.Sc semII, paper2 Course code 2BOT T2 Title of the Paper- Mycology and Phytopathology Mycota Eumycotina Basidiomycetes Homobasidiomycetetidae Hymenomycetes Agaricales Agaricaceae Agaricus Habit And Habitat Agaricus is an edible fungus, cosmopolitan in distribution and is commonly known as mushroom (generic name Psalliota). This saprophytic fungus is seen during rainy season found growing on soil humus, decaying litter on forest floors, in the fields and lawns, wood logs and manure piles .About 17 species of Agaricus been reported from India. It is commonly known as kukurmutta in UP. and dhingri in PunjaAb.. c ampestris (field mushroom) aAn.d b isporus (white mushroom) are common edible mushrooms. A. bisporus( is widely cultivated for food purposes in Solan (Himachal Pradesh). While some species of Agaricus are poisonous A(e. .xga, nthodermus ). Fairy rings- The mycelium of the Agaricus is subterranean and it grows in all directions from a centre to form circular colony. The mycelium also increases in diameter year after year and the growth occurs on the outer edge, because the central mycelium dies away with age. When the mycelium becomes mature at tips, sporophores are produced and appear in a circle .These circles of mushrooms are commonly called fairy rings", because of an old superstition that the mushroom growing in a ring indicates the path of dancing fairies. Fairy rings by Agaricus campestris are less common. Marasmius oreades Lepiot and molybdites are very good examples for such type of growth. Vegetative Structure- Vegetative mycelium can be of three types Primary mycelium- It develops by the germination of uninucleate basidiospores carrying either +or – strain.
    [Show full text]
  • Gone with the Wind – a Review on Basidiospores of Lamellate Agarics
    Mycosphere 6 (1): 78–112 (2015) ISSN 2077 7019 www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere Copyright © 2015 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/6/1/10 Gone with the wind – a review on basidiospores of lamellate agarics Hans Halbwachs1 and Claus Bässler2 1German Mycological Society, Danziger Str. 20, D-63916 Amorbach, Germany 2Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany Halbwachs H, Bässler C 2015 – Gone with the wind – a review on basidiospores of lamellate agarics. Mycosphere 6(1), 78–112, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/6/1/10 Abstract Field mycologists have a deep understanding of the morphological traits of basidiospores with regard to taxonomical classification. But often the increasing evidence that these traits have a biological meaning is overlooked. In this review we have therefore compiled morphological and ecological facts about basidiospores of agaricoid fungi and their functional implications for fungal communities as part of ecosystems. Readers are introduced to the subject, first of all by drawing attention to the dazzling array of basidiospores, which is followed by an account of their physical and chemical qualities, such as size, quantity, structure and their molecular composition. Continuing, spore generation, dispersal and establishment are described and discussed. Finally, possible implications for the major ecological lifestyles are analysed, and major gaps in the knowledge about the ecological functions of basidiospores are highlighted. Key words – basidiomycetes – propagules – morphology – physiology – traits – dispersal – impaction – establishment – trophic guilds – ecology – evolution Introduction The striking diversity of basidiospores of lamellate agarics, and more specifically of the Agaricomycetidae* and Russulales, is overwhelming. In this paper we will often use the word spore for brevity, but basidiospore will be meant.
    [Show full text]