Utah Science

Volume 1 Number 4 Article 1

12-1940

Farm & Home Science Vol. 1 No. 4, December 1940

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PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE UTAH AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Vol. I Logan, Utah, December 1940 No. 4

Soil Surveying Fundamental to VIRUS DISEASE OF PEACHES Efficient Land-Use Planning SPREADING IN UTAH Fruit from Infected Trees is Undersized, Recent Establishment of Planning and Action Program Has Misshapen, Bitter in Taste, Ripens Early Intensified the Demand for a Basic Soil Survey Throughout and Drops from Tree the State By B. L. RICHARDS By D. S. JENNINGS and LEMOYNE WILSON HE p ach viru di a ,or o-called F mor ff ici nt u e i to be made cultivat d. 1 hi ha b n owing, in larg T T -di ea ,wa fir t ob erved in I of the farm land ~ in Utah, by both mea ur ,t a mi under tanding of the Utah on chokecherry in 1937, and on th pr ent and future generations, p uliaritie of the various soil culti- peach in Box Elder ounty in July, . pecific and detail d in£ rmation re­ ated and their requirements in the 1939. ub equent preliminary sur- gardino- the character and quality of way of manao-em nt procedure for the veys during ugu t 193 howed th oil i n ce ary. 0 erman nt sys­ maintenance of productivity. W hen <1 i ea e to be g nerally di trihut cl in t m f agriculture can be built up, land oil ar tudi d in detail in the soil high p rcentag through ut ox El­ valu tabli h d, r quitable taxa­ urv y and the in formation obtained cl r, \ brand avi Countie. un~1g tion ch dul outlin d until the tatus i Ul pI 111 nt d by phy ical, chemical 1940, alt Lake and ache ountl of th land i d t r111in d. articularly and bi I gical tudi ' in the lab ratory were added to the territory of 1 nown i' thi information now r qui red by and al by fi ld • I rim nt with f r­ di tribution. In ofar a ware 11 w in­ many tat, f deraI, and private agen­ tiliz r and management method, formed, tah ounty an 1 the outhern cie . mu h can b 1 arned re arding their peach ar a of the tat are free of the Th agenci must know the loca- 1 r P r management and the informa­ di ea e, but pread to th e ar a may tion and xt nt of good lands; they tion 0 obtained w uld b h lpful to be immenent and may take place at mu t kn w wh ther the ubsoil are ev ry farmer. any tim , if inc1 I, it ha 11 tall' ady d p and perviou ; whether the drain­ Th il map, by delineating those done o. age and { rtility are of uch a character il area that po imilar Ie el The alarming xt nt t which th a to p r111it profitable return to set­ of inh r nt f rtility and imilar phy i­ di a e occur in the ar a i hown from tler and make po ible the develop­ cal charact ri tic which together in­ the fa t that of 20 rchard vi ite 1 in m nt of I ro perou communities. fl u nee oil 1 roducti ity, can be u ed Davi County during th urvey of Like\ i , they mu t know the location by the farmer to guide him in the u e 193 ,only tw orchard. old r than four an 1 e ,t nt of the soil which create of p ci f icaH rec mmended practices y ar w re found t be Ii ea e fre . p t ntial problem areas; areas with (C olltinlted 01£ page 8) Th a rage incid nee of infection for d n e clay ub iI, hardpans, alkali the 20 orchard amounted to 23 per­ accumulation, r other unfavorable Peach leaves affected with new virus pro­ cent of the tree planted. In five of fact r which would re ult in low duced by innoculating young peach trees these di ea ed orchard , more than 40 yield and un conomical return. oil with buds from diseased trees. Such af­ p rcent of the tre ,ere infected, and fected leaves lose their green color, turn urv y ' and th ir accompanying soil yellow and drop prematurely. in one of the latt r, a i ~ -y ar-old r­ mal and te. ~ t provide thi informa­ chard, p rcent of the tr e were di - tion . The oil ur y al erv a a ea d. Th di a e wa 0 ey re in ha i in tll quital Ie an I prop l' di - thi particular orchard that all f the tribution and u e of irricration water. tr w re pull d out and d troyed. Probably the o-reat t value of the In 1 .fO, orchard have be n fund in ,oil urv y, how v r, lie in the help which a high a 7S p rcent of th it giv th individual {arm r and land tr are di a d, anc111 w oth r gr w- p rat r in the formation of a proper r are con idering liminati n 0 f th ir and adequate oil-management pro­ planting. o- ram on hi {arm. \ ailable data and F ruit from inf ct d tree or infect- inf nnati 11 from farm r through­ d p rti 11 f di ea ed tr e ar U11- out th> tat indicat that the il pro­ d r iz d, mi hal 11 bitt r in ta te, ductivity ha d din d on tll averag, ripen early and drop from the tree. ab ut 2S p rcent ince the oil wa fir t ( Continued on page 11) Page 2 FARM AND HOME SCIENCE D e c e m.b e r 1 940

VITAMIN-C (ASCORBIC ACID) NUTRITION OF NEW ELM PEST INVADES UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE UTAH STUDENTS FOUND LOW. By GEORGE F. KNOWLTON

Adequate Vitamin-C Intake Necessary to Maintain Health and IlE 4 uropean elm-l af beetle, Build Up Resistance to Disease. T Galerucella xanfholllelaella chr., now i wIle tabli hed a a pe t of elm By ALMEDA PERRY BROWN tree at mithfield. Unle de troyed ORE than thre -fourth of all stu­ omething Ie . than one-fourth of the while in it pre nt limited area of M dent te ted by the Department total, (7.1 percent + 15.0 percent) known infe tation, thi pe t may b of Home Econ mic howed either bor­ how a ati factory tate of vitamin­ xpected O'radually to b come wide­ derline r poor vitamin- nutntlOn. C nutrition while more than three­ 'pread and v ry injuriou t elm trees ne hundred twenty- ven te t were fourth (47.2 percent + 30.7 percent) in Utah. made on tudent to determine the vita­ how either borderline or poor vitamin­ min- level of the blood pIa ma which C nutriti n. i according to many authoritie , an What d e thi mean in term of a~curate index of the immediate nutri­ health to tl1e young I eople upon whom tion of a per on with re pect to vitamin the e te t were mad? Exc pt in a C. few ca e lllarked by poor comple"rion Healthy people ha in a g od up­ and apparent fatigue ther wa nothing ply of vitamin C (a corbic acid) in the in their appearance t indicate ub­ diet have been found to have from 0.8 normal health. to 1.0 milligram a corbic acid to each It i probable that there doe not 100 milliliter of blood pia ma. Figures ' i t in Utah a vitamin-C (a corbic within thi rano'e are therefore con­ acid) d ficiency 0 dra tic a to cause siel red a ind xe of ad quate vitamin­ a typical ca e of curvy, but the Hun­ C nutrition. When the blood plasma garian inti t, lbert zent-Gyorgyi, Adult, eggs, and larvae of elm-leaf beetle contain mor than 1.0 milligram a - ha pointed out that the ab ence of corbic acid to each 100 milliliters of curvy i not nece arily health. He Thi new 1 t when adult i approxi­ pIa ma it i taken a an indication that illu trate thi point by reference to mately ne-fourth inch long. When the body ti u are aturated' with two lots of experimental guinea pigs. full grown, the larva i nearly one-half vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Person Tho e in on cage had been made cor­ inch long. having value from . mg. down to butic by mean of a vitamin C defici­ 1 ring injury by the be tIe con i t 0.4 mg. ar con id l' cl in a borderline ent diet, the other had becn given just tate of nutrition with re pect to this of eating hole ' entirely through the nough vitamin C to prevent th ir de­ I a, e. The larvae at the under ur­ factor. Tho with Ie than 0.4 mg. v 1 ping curvy. II r a oned that faces of the lea e , cau ing more ex­ are believed to be in a eriou ly under­ merely being able to it up in a cage nouri h cl condition. t n i\ injury. The keletonized leaves without apparent ympt 111 of scurvy With the e index in mind it will curl, turn brown and fall from the doe not warrant a conc1u ion of health. tree prematur ly. Repeated eriou be intere ting and enliO'ht ning to ex­ efore uch a conc1u ion is reached the amine the re uIt of the blood pIa ma defoliation oft n re ult in death of the animal hould be ubj cted to all ort tree. te ,t ' mad by the micro-method of of train, made to work, exposed to Farmer and Abt on Utah tate Agri­ Th a 1ult beetl s ur ive the winter cold, toxin, inf cti 11 , in order to in pr tected plac 111 rO'ing in time cultural College tud nt . find out at what level of vitamin-C to f ed up n unfolding elm leav in f the 127 te t mad : l1utriti n they did be t, that i at what early -pring. Each female may lay 500 9 or 7.1 perc nt how d 1.0 mg. or lev I th y r c iv d the reate t degree o reproduction i rapid, more vitamin Cpr 100 m1. pIa mao of protection. ther inve tigator ha\ e and injury f 1I0wing the overwintering 19 or 15.0 percent h wed between eXI re ed ihi ame iel a, and sub- of moderate numb r of adult may be O. and 1.0 mg. or mor vitamin C per tantiating it clinician have reported de tructi to foliage. 100 1111. pIa mao ca e in which p r on on low vitamin­ 60 or 47.2 per nt h vV d b tween C intake ha e O'one on for indefinite Control i mo t commonly eff cted 0.4 and O. mg. or mor vitamin C per period without riou re ult, then by praying the tre with lead arsenate, 100 ml. pIa ma. through ome unu ual train, uch a 4 p und in 100 o-allon f water, as 39 or 30.7 percent ho\ ed 0.-1- mg. a brok n bone, a evere vomiting oon a the I ave are three-fourth or Ie vitamin C per 100 1111. pIa ma. pell, hay be n plunged into active O'1'own, u ing pow r orchard prayer Int rpr ting the ab ve tabulation it curvy. to t1' at larg tree. A second pray' i een that only 7 p rc nt of the te t In r c nt year it ha been ob erved houlc1 b appli d three week later. how a tate of ti 'ue aturation with by vari u inve tigator that in certain When once under control, a ingle an­ re pect to \ itamin C; nly fifteen per­ di ea e th body u e much larg I' nual pray applied reo'ularly oon af- cent hmv a O'ood or ati factory tate quantltI of vitamin than i normal­ t r th larvae hatch from th gg i f vitamin- llutriti n. Tim it i. een ly u ed wh n th body i in good h altho that the t:t eli iel th 111 elv into uch ob ervation have led to the uBi i nt t prevent en u injury two ignificant group : the maller, (Colltinued on page 11) from this I e$t. F ARM AND HOME SCIENCE Page 3 New Fruits for Utah Gardens Promising New Summer, Fall, and Early Winter Apple Varieties

By FRANCIS M. COE ultural • 1 rim nt tati n r ult 1 IcInto hand Y 11 \\'

mall-

th Late Fall and Early Winter Varieties

11- f

~ tati n a- New Early Apple Varieties

ab ut a ulinary VI rou

IVilson June. rt of McIn­ lid wa h d often fund qualit purp

and on ac unt Tr ful of th arli r

Left, Blackjon-a new earlier and darker coloring budsport of Jonathan which appears to yield a higher percentage of extra fancy colored fruit than ordinary Jonathan, especially on shaded branches. Right. Sweet Delicious-a promising new apple for local market and home use. Page 4 F ARM AND HOME SCIENCE December 1940

ENLARGED RESEARCH PROGRAM REQUESTED farm and Home Science With the increased complexity of tionable procedure to continue long­ agriculture in Utah there is an add­ time fundamental experiments on Published Quarterly by the Utah ed demand on the resources of the leased land, which may be with­ Agricultural Experiment Station Station. Sound land utilization, ef­ drawn by the lessor. Heavy losses Logan. Utah ticient disease and insect control, may occur in breaking the continuity R. H. WALKER, Director economic soil conservation, range of crop and soil experiments. GLADYS L. HARRISON. Editor rehabilitation, better adapted fruit It is recommended that a ten-year and vegetable crops are all depend­ land purchase program be developed Address correspondence regarding material appearing in these columns either to the ent upon constructive research. As in which necessary experimental editor or to the author. these problems expand in scop~ there land may be purchased and partly More detailed information on the subjects is an ever increasing demand for financed with funds now used for discussed here can often be found in Station bulletins and circulars or may be had through new investigations. land rentals. correspondence. Requests for the investigation of Funds Not Adequate To Meet Needs new problems are constantly being These needs cannot all be met with received. These include appeals for the present inadequate funds granted FARM AND HOME SCIENCE investigations of the bee losses in to the Station. HIS issue completes the first recent years, for th~ control of pota­ N early two-thirds of the funds T volume of Farm and Home to diseases and pests, for soil and ir­ used in the pursuit of research in Science. From the numerous re­ rigation surveys, for better fruit and agriculture in Utah are supplied by quests for copies we have received vegetable marketing methods, for the federal government. While the and from the many kind comments more hardy fruit trees that will with­ average amount made available by we believe that the publication has, stand the cold winters of the higher the federal government throughout at least to some extent, been success­ valleys, for improved grazing prac­ all the states is only one-third of all ful in bringing the results of experi­ tices, for better livestock manage­ funds. This does not include salaries mental work of the Station to the men t practices to increas'e lamb and nor expenses of federal employees people who can use them. The num­ calf crops. on the campus, which come directly ber of copies published has already Improved Research Facilities Needed from Washington, but only money been increased twice to meet the appropriated directly to the Station added number on the mailing list. In order that the research program through four federal acts, the Adams Practically all the articles appear­ may in some way be commensurate Act, the Hatch Act, the Purnell Act ing in the quarterly have been re­ with the magnitude of the agricul­ and the Bankhead-Jones Act. Less printed in farm and trade journals, tural problems requiring investiga­ than 25 percent of the money used thus increasing the circulation of tion more adequate research facilities for experimental purposes comes the material to many people through­ should be provided. The present re­ from direct state appropriation. Only out the United States and some search staff should be supplemented as the state realizes the value of re­ foreign countries who do not receive in a number of places. More and bet­ search to agriculture progress and the original publication. ter equipment is needed in many lab­ thereby financial success, and ap­ In this issue we are enclosing a oratories. More land for experimen­ propriates money adequate for the card which all those desiring to con­ tal research involving soil conserva­ needs of the program can the Station tinue to receive Farm and Home Sci­ tion, land use, fertility, crop im­ keep abreast of the many problems ence must fill out and return to us. provement, disease control, irriga­ facing the agriculture of the state, All that is necessary is to write your tion and other problems where soils and thereby find solutions which name and address, put a one cent must be used is indispensable. will help make a prosperous agricul­ stamp on the card and mail it. If we At present the Experiment Station ture and free and contented rural do not receive the card with your rents 140 acres of land. It is a ques- peoples. name and address, your name will be removed from the mailing list. Professor D. W . Pittman of the De­ Experiments at the Station have shown partment of Agronomy and Soils has that common crops such as sugar beets, George Alvin Carpenter• has been ap- been granted a leave of absence to become alfalfa, pastures, tomatoes and peas give pointed to the position in agricultural specialist in soils for the Department of an outstanding response to the use of economics left vacant by the resignation Agriculture of Iran (Persia). He and Mrs. superphosphate fertilizer or other fertilizer of Dr. W. U. Fuhriman. Mr. Carpenter Pittman left the campus about the middle containing available "citrate soluble" phos­ has served on the Extension Service staff of September. They planned to take a phorus. The response is nearly universal of the University of California. He took boat to Honolulu and from there they in most portions of the southern and east­ his B. S. degree at this institution and his were to fly via Shanghai, Manila and ern part of the state and is frequent in most M.S. at the University of California. Singapore across India to Bagdad, where other portions. Tests show that the soils they would take the train to Terahan, Iran, - except perhaps in southern Utah- are Miss Edith Hayball,• research assistant where they plan to spend the next two not lacking in total phosphorus content, in agricultural economics, was married to years. Mrs. Pittman was formerly bulletin but that their phosphorus is in a form un­ Mr. June Andrus the first of November. editor at the Station. available to the plant. The decomposition They are making their home in San Fran­ Professor Pittman's place has been tak­ of manure in the soil will react with the cisco. en by Dr. Harold B. Peterson from the phosphorus which is already there to make University of Nebraska. Dr. Peterson is it available to the plant, but where manure Mr. Paul Huefner, who has been em­ is not to be had in sufficient quantity sup­ ployed by the U. S. Bureau of Agricultural a native of Provo. He graduated from the Economics, will take the position left B. Y. U. and received his Ph.D. from the erphosphorate may be substituted, at least vacant by Miss Hayball's resignation. University of Nebraska. in part, with good results. FABM AND HOME SCIENCE Page 5

TILE DRAINAGE NOT ADVOCATED FOR LAND They ar firm rand tand handlin b tt r than th t nd r 1cInto h fruit. OVERLAYING AN ARTESIAN BASIN and ar ] w r in ft ning. The This Type of Land Can Be Drained by Pump Wells characteri tic mak th vari ty appear pr mi ing to f How McInt h on the By WILLARD GARDNER mark t and ut f trag. ATER k it · wn 1 ,Ian it i Sweet Apples theref r natural to a ume W tah n d O'ood r d w t apple that it hould find it way int tile a take th plac f the Id fa hioned drain. H we\' r wh n wat r i con­ old n weet and ther now dying fined under pre ur in a wat r-l ear­ ut in th old r planting. To bring inO' tratum I eeking it I ,el 'do n t t appl mar t tah home mean that it will m v d wnward. t t\ a n w vari tie a matt r f fact it will c ntinu to ep liciou and, weet upward thr uO'h the rlying lay 0 Ion a th pr ure i maintain d. It w uld be po ibJ by placing the drain. Inadequately draine'd land: one-half drain uffici ntly el tint rc pt all thi section corresponding to a d :ain-spacing up, arcl 111 ving' at r and tIm PI' v nt of 164 feet. (Taken from a technical article published by Dr. Ddn Kirkhctm of the soil water-logging. How ver. a car f ul physics laboratory in the 1940 Transactions tud f th th ry f the 111 ,em nt of the American Geophysical Union, d keeper. ug- of und rground water, UI pI m nt d p. 592.) u and local b 111 d 1 t t in th phy ic lal rat r)" th lrain, wh r a th r mainin thr 1 ad d finitel to th c nelu. i n that 1 ad aIm t elir ctly upward t th il drainag by m an. of tile drain would urfac ,thu . rving a a] rman nt h "hall impra ticabl f r man a ourc f wat r-I ggin f r thi mid II of thi kin I. 1orti n f th lanel. T carr t thi d­ Typical r . ult f th e lab ratory f t w uld r quir ith r that the drain t :t , ar vi, idly portra d in th ac­ plac d Illuch d p r r mu h 11 ar r compan) in r figur . If th r ad r will th r thu il1\'olvin pr hibitiv imagine a tratu111 f \ at r-b aring gravel huri d fifty f t b n ath th f r claiming . ud ace by a cOlltil1tlOU v rbur 1 n £ 1 that w uli at lay, with -inch til drain pIa I at a depth f nin f t b 1 w th urface and ] 4- f t apart, th ,at r eping lowly fr m th gra I upward int th lrain . . h can t a fair id a a t th Delicious and Jonathan Budsports igni ficanc f th illu ·tration. hot'l ell Deli­ The iIlu:tration :h w: a . mall lab­ CiOlf . £ oratory 1110d I . illlulatin th ca. d - Ider crib >d, havin r b n con 'truct I in ' U h a wa) a t xhibit with oloring mat­ t I' th cour ' of th wat r a it p. upward into th drain. Th ri ht-hand d e f th figur i midwa ' 11 tw n two drain . . n int r tiner f atur of xtr 111 ly m ­ practical imp rtanc i · th' fact that oil s \' n of th t n path ·h \\'n I ad to

NEW FRUITS t in clu. t r ". ort- of IcInto h an 1 olltil/lled frolll page 3) ( trial for n rtland i w II lik d \Y r. ,h have plant d it in Yall y. It r mil McInt. h w bud­ cI in fruit character and i. f­ col r t n old and accept d a l\IcInt h al­ 111mon though th fie h i. hardly a t nd r and m Iting. Th tr b ar arli rand m r h avily and hang b tter than th 1 ar nt vari t . The are annual b ar- 1 cially attractive. The Solution of Depende: Station Workers Are Importc indu trial tud

III 11 t wa: Illllch a. land th til drain h ulcI ne er b n mall ar a b cau e ' of r1ac cI im111 diat ly n xt t an impervi­ c1 an cu1tivati n for tw y ar

u la r r if a maximum drainage flow g od c ntr I with a minimum f t. i- d ird. (3) c mbination of cr ppin and cul­ 2. ti ati n. me per nnial r p in­ hay \ 1 in grC\ mi.,tur r uch llant a mo th br m and R d anary ha v hown pr mi , a bein abl to mp t favorably with whitetol and m rning glory. 4. LIral Problems Is th Research roblems of Economic w r rmers quar in th len th of th r win a on b tw n th lat t killing fr t pring an 1 th earli t autumn i fr 111 1 5 to 200 cIa in "Utah' ixie'; 150 t 1 0 crop. cIa) in the principal agricultural val- 3. I y ; and t day in th hi h r a ricultural all y . Th av rag gr \ - a on f r the tat ab ut 12 1ay 20

wint r hay h wn u h Iamb 1 rocltl and b tt r : em th 1110 t 1 r mi in nl ancI ar ffici nt 111

in NEW PUBLICATIONS { Bul. 292. Effects of feeding ewe t­ lambs during their first winter. f m -Alma C. Esplin, Milton A. r- Madsen, Ralph W. Phillips.

Scope of the Research Program

Th ari d nditi n thr ugh ut th a ricultural ar a of the . tate r - quir a hr ad r ad pt d h th th tati n ha Bul. 293. Velvon, a new smooth-awn­ ed barley.-R. W. Woodward and D. C. Tingey.

ha be n cJ and i ch 111i try Cir. 114. Dynamometer tests of draft th Jeru al III horses.-Ralph W. Phillips, Mil­ ton A. Madsen, Harry H. Smith. cI a

r u1t n p r nt d rri and cub du t Any of these publications may be by th .. ntom I gy epartment to b obtained free by addressing a card effective in ecticide for the control of to the Utah Agricultural Experi­ ment Station, giving the number and the pea aphid in Utah. series of the pUblication desired. 11. l\Iotor lubricating il ha b n w II . In ( Olltil/lICd 0/1 pa uc 10) Page 8 F ARM AND HOME SCIENCE December 1 940

What is a Soil Survey il ur ing c n ·i t th x- n, cia ' ificati nand mappin in th fi ld. The il ar

ar in r ad r railr ad cut, d in order that ul> oil a urfac may b I r truc­ t xture

th r mical analy e .

The Soil Maps Th urv y r mak thr map ' f th ar a. Th fir:t 'h \ th I ca­ tion ( ach of th 'oil t P , 1 ha ' ., and mi ' C Han u lanel typ: in r la­ tion t r ad:, h u:e ', tr am ', lak " . cti nand t wn:hip lin sand th r I cal cultural and natural f atur f th land cape. Thi map cla ifi oil according t th ir inh rent ph - ical and h mi al charact ri tic ju t a animal and 1lant are cIa ifi d into r \ ari ti and d n t indi- cat dir ctly th ir a ricultural-u \ alue. Thi cla , ificati 11 d e gl h \ up n Map of Utah showing the areas cove re d by the soil surve y. Surveys have been complete d in the dotte d area s; work is still underway in the areas cross hatched whi h

SOIL SURVEYING f r the ri e i r Valley, the lrgll1 iv r rea, and Beryl-Enterpri rea (Continued from page 1) of Ir n ounty, and all of the inta -practice d veloped by the inv ti a­ a 'in xc 1 t the hI y Valley wh r ti nand.. ri nc f th r n . il11ilar m what imilar tudy wa mad il . In thi 'i ay the il m 20 y ar ago. T dat a total of bring t th farm r 2 +1 1 of land ha e been ur- xp rim ntal r arch. ified a t their potential grain It i hoped that thr u h th il ur- uring the a on of and im­ land cla - v w rk a r rientation f tah agri­ 3 , work wa aloin progr In of culture may be br u ht ab ut that will anp te, Jua and Millard mat rially increa e it hanc f nn cti n with th Colo­ a hi \ ing a la ting tabilit . r at a in water d I p­ Progress of the Soil Survey in Utah m nt pr j ct. n ar a of lightly mor il ur ey and land cIa ificati n in than on -half million acre was partial­ ·tah ha b n ing f rward n a limit­ I c mpleted under this project, mak­ d al in 1 3+. Th field \ ork in a total ar a f omewhat 0 r 2- Thi: cia ificati n may 11 t apply In ha b n c mpl t d f r th culti at cI 500.000 acr completed and partiall c rtain ca e ' f r 1 cializ d r p ' land fait Lak and Utah C unti mpl t d. (Collti/lIled OIL page 10) F ARM AND HOME SCIENC E Pa ge 9

VARIATION IN PROTEIN PERCENTAGE OF with not , much y g tativ growth, quality of th wheat w uld hav be n WHEAT THE RESULT OF ENVIRONMENT high r. In oth r \ rd, high yi ld are Moisture, Temperature and Soil Are Important Factors u. ually a. c:iated with low red quality in Determining Quality in Wheat and I \1 yi Id with higher quality, how v r, rver al f thi may occur. By A. F. BRACKEN \-Vh n wint r wh at grown on ir­ n.LER. and farm r O"en rally of June wh n wint r wh at wa. rip n­ rigated lanel ha a high prot in content kn w that quality a. d tennin c1 ing w r unusually high. Th I w M on(' of thr po .. ibiliti may acc unt hy prot in p rc ntag is a variahle char­ Illoisture . uppli . comhin d with high for th re 'pon: . Th land may ha act ri. ti f wh at. I l ma h w temperattlr ordinariI would h COll­ b n pr iou Iy manur eI, r alfalfa chang . (rom year si ler d favorable (or th pr ducti 1 of may ha b en gr wn previ u ly, or in to y ar, from farm dry-farm wh at f high quality. n vent n ith r of the e c ndition pre­ to farm and fro111 th c ntrary thi y ar' cr p wa gener­ vail d the add d moi ture upply tim­ area to ar a. Much ally f poor quality with protein fall­ lllat 1 nitrificati n to a point that uf­ xp rimental work ing a low a perc nt. n the oth r fici nt nitrogen wa available, alona­ ha b en don to d - hand 'ome of the., int r wheat grown with fav rable atmo ph ric condition, und r irrigati n wa in demand be- t fa or pr dllction f high quality cau: (high quality. Thi indicat O"rain. that in addition t ~limat, \he il mu t be c nil r d a a fact r c ntrolling, in Alfalfa Increases Nitrogen in Soil r ult · ar n t in part, th pr t in c ntent of wh at. Even though application of nitrog n y t the inf rmati n now can be d pended upon generally to in­ Effect of Soils ufficiently c nclu:ive to ex­ crea e yield a well a quality of wheat, plain m t f th variati n found to oc- ~ ince protein f rmation i larO" ly . uch treatment lik ly would prove un­ cur in th pr t in ntent f bread d P nd nt ul n nitr gen, it i obviou profitable und r mo t condition be­ wh at . that oil w 11 uppli d with availalle cau e of the high co t of the fertilizer. Th prot in cont nt of wh at i de­ amount of thi el m nt may produce more practical olution of the prob­ t rmin c1 to a large xt nt by th n­ wheat f high quality, pr vid d climatic I m i the application of barnyard ma­ vironment in \ hich the crop i gro\1 n, c ndition are favorabl. number of nure in amount of 5 ton or more to an that i the climatic and oil condition. experiment have been reported how­ acre or inclusion of alfalfa in the rota­ It ha been found that protein large­ ing th effect available nitrogen ha on tion. t the ephi Dry-Land tation ly accumulate in th \ heat kern I quality a w 11 a the yield of wheat. wheat grown on land receiving no ma­ eluring the early tag of growth with Mo t £ the data indicat that when nure had a protein content of 11.5 per­ the percentage of tarch increa ing with available nitrogen in th form of odi­ cent, on land receiving 5 t n manure maturity. Thi b in tru it i obviou um nitrat calcium nitrate, or ammoni­ the prot in content wa 13.67 percent, that any xt rnal conditi n which pro­ tun ulfate i uppli d toil ignificant and n land r ceiving 10 t n f manure long maturity will tend to increase the incr a 0 ur in the pr t in p rcent­ ach alternate year the pr tein content amount of tarch and d cr a th pr­ age and yi ld of wheat. wa 15.22 percent. However, it mu t t in I rcentag . ' onver ely, an nvi­ In re peet to the r lation hip between be admitted that thi type of treatment ronment which ha ten maturity fav r : il moi ture and availalle nitrogen it i limit d, particularly on dry farm . th pr duction of wheat of high r ha h en found that a high moi tur rowing of alfalfa appear to offer the quality. Eith r lack of water or high cant nt in th oil with en ugh avail­ b t practical olution to the problem. temperature acting alon or in com­ abl nitrogen for maximum growth Land on which alfalfa ha been grown I ination, b f re and at th time of ma­ and d v lopm nt f th wh at plant f r t, 0 year ha been found to pro­ turity, forc the crop t ripen rapidl , re ult. in hi h yi Id of wh at with a duce increa ed quality of wheat for th thu tending to in l' a quality. Thi high p r ntage f I rotein. A high or ight following a on. Ifalfa, how­ condition i charact ri tic ( th dry ptimu11l m i tur content in a 'oil ver, appar ntly do not produce a r a and having c n id rabl nitr gen a ailable maximum nitrog n accumulation until lain. In for th plant in th arly p rioel of O"rown for four or mor year on the humid ection, uch a fund in Eu­ growth, but n t en ua-h during the am land. nder uch condition a rop in the ea tern wheat area in the fruitinO" anel ril ning p ri eI for maxi­ favorabl re idual effect n quality of Unit d tate, and und r irria-ati n 111 mum pr ducti n, r ult in a high yi ld wh at houlcl be more pronoun ed and th We t wheat (1 w r prot in 1 r­ of \Vh at with a 1 w red protein c n­ continu over a longer period of time. centage i u ually pr duc d wing t t nt. In addition to environmental condi­ greater m i ture uppli . It 111U t b Juring the pa t ea on ufficient tated. h w v r that high quality nitr g n wa available on the dry farm ti n which ar r pon ible for influ­ wheat i. not alway pr duc d n th t upp rt a c mparatively high yi lei encing the prot in content of wheat, dry farm and wh at (low protein but th amount wa not enough to give van t1 vary in thi re pect. t th percentag under irri ation. Thi ,a the cr p a high prot in content in pite 1 ephi Dry-Land tation diff rence f true during the pa t ea on. rain f f \ eath r c ndition "hich are u ual­ 1.5 to 2.0 p rcent have b en found to any value to dry-farm wh at fell fr m I c n id r d favorahle for th pro­ occur h tw en varietie with Turkey, the la t of priluntil th cr p wa. ri] , du tion f high quality rain. n the Utah Kanr I and Kharkof u. ually and temp rature during the latter part hand, if yield had b en low r high. Page 10 FARM AND HOME SCIENCE Dece' mber 1940

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH' SOIL SURVEYING

( OIllilllled from page 7) (Colltilll/rd from page 8) ff cti indi at ciiU1l1 [I urid [or rick t

in

y ar , Present Needs Th n il tah ha

New swine barn at the Animal Husbandry farm. This barn serves as a farrowing house and for experimental feeding work

y w rk ha been c n­ with limit d fund anc·1 F ARM AND HOME SCIENCE . Page 11

VIRUS DISEASE OF PEACHES tr the ociat in th Bur au o( lant In- (Contil/llcd from page 1) du try and I y plant path I ri t in th tat wh r th tuc1i arri d It i· i nt I' tin tnt that tr nc e­ on. inI ct d d n t I' C r, ncith l' ar e b come th y compi ted kill d by the di a e, but live on and con ti- tute r rv ir f the inf ctiou \ iru that thr at n neighboring b1 m owing to tr e and finally the entire or­ f c ntagiou chard. iru Ii ea e that pr ad The exa t cau f thi new through th orchard and cau e peach di a e wa not kn wn 10 ' in cr p producti n in pnor to 1940. Exp rimental rchard tre and in nur ery tudi in Bountiful thi year, t ck. articularly the peach hower, hay yi Id d r uIt ancl om oth r tone fruits are and it can now d fini tely be an thr aten cl at th pr nt tim . nounced that thi malady i Int lIi o- nt c ntl' 1 of viru tran mi ible and c ntagi u , in fruit tr e an 1 and that it i cau ed 1 y a d - nly n thorouo-h re­ finite iru imilar in nature to earch into th . ymptom mani­ tho e viru e that cau e uch Ie tati n vari ti and ao'es of animal di ea a hog cholera, tr aIT ct d, u c ptible and mea I , mall pox, hoof and The crate to the left has 35 unripened fruits from the healthy im111un h t in horticultural mouth di ea e, and to the virus portion of an Early Elberta tree, the one to the right has an I "\ ild llant ,rate f pr ad, or degeneration di ea es of the fruits from a diseased limb of the same tree part of th plant in£ cted, in- potato. cuI ation period of th di ea e in wa indicat d pr iou Iy, th r i convin cl of th imp rtance of thi th tre, and many t chnical pint that om vid nc that thi ame viru f th p ach an 1 th thr at ar tudi d in b th fi Id and laboratory. which aff ct th p ach al afI ct to th ntir p a h Exp rim ntal pI t wh r larg num­ th ch k ch rry and 10 ibl th r rtln t and b r f nur r tr 111a) 1 ubj ct d tat . 111 ml r f th t n I ruit group. t artificial in culati n un 1 r ~ ntr 11 d It 111io-ht 1 f il1t I' t. at thi lint, c ndition ' ar ntial to 'uch r- t call att nti n t the fact that n r­ ar h . . arch tudic ' have y r h' '11 mad n 1\ ot unly th' ·tudi' · on \ iru . di 'ca 'c . fruit di ea' in th tate £ Utah. Thi fact xplain why 'uch di a a thi air ady ,vid - pr ad but al inv tiga­ viru: di a ' f th P ach fr qu ntly n n "\ viru di 'ea ' b for th y attain prop rti n £ r at mao-llitud Y nd il11111 diat ontr I, :lre { pri I' t d t cti n r eli vcr. It i th utm ,t yalu t the fruit indu try.

VITAMIN-C NUTRITION ( Olltillucd frolll page 2) PUBLICATIONS

th 'or , n w O"ro\\'n int practical cr­ In the half century since the Ex­ taint)', that in m way 11 t ntir Iy periment Station was established the results of experiments conducted under to d a, ) t, vitamin a i t the have been published in 293 bulletins, b ely in r i ting inf cti n. 114 circulars, and 76 leaflets. In ad­ tho di a in which itamin r­ dition numerous articles have been written by staff members for publi­ quir m nt are increa dar diphtheria, cation in scientific journals, farm tub r ulo i , rl1 umati fey r t n iliti magazines and newspapers. These publications have dealt with and com111 n c ld in fact many di - a wide variety of subjects including a e which ar accompani el b an crop and livestock production, soil 1 at ion in b dy teml ratur . management, irrigation and drain­ age, rural, social and economic con­ t H.n on, th explor r, \ h x- ditions and home economics. Many peri nc with cur y qualifi : him to of the bulletins and circulars are still p ak \ ith auth rit)' on th di a , available and may be obtained free of charge. A list of available publica­ ha d cribed th arIy ympt m of tions may be obtained upon request vitamin- inad quacy t b lazine • at the Bulletin Office of the Agricul­ Over most of the state nitrogen fertilizer tural Experiment Station. and irritability which 111anif t it If may be added to, or substituted for, ma­ in unwarrant cl argum ntatiy ne . nure for better growth of grasses, grains, a \ Y rk 1 cliatri ian who fruits, small fruits, vegetables and similar products. Ammonium sulfate is the most here and is especially adapted to Utah during hi · Ii f tim doubt! · had a widely used inorganic nitrogen fertilizer soils because of its rather acid residue. P age 12 F ARM AND HOME SCIENCE D e c.e m b e r 1 9 4 0

FEEDING OF EWE ·LAMBS DURING THEIR FIRST WINTER IS RECOMMENDED Feeding Produces Larger Gains, Greater Wool Yields, Longer Staple, Lower Death Losses and Higher Fertility

By ALMA C. ESPLIN, MILTON A. MADSEN and RALPH W. PHILLIPS Incr a' d c t of pr ducti n f rang the following umm r, 1l1ce meat and wo I ha made 11 ce ar an th y" igh 1 nly lightly m re than incr a e in pr ducti n p r h ep if a th range lamb at br dino' tim. profit i to b mad. ifty y ar aO'o, ain from the beginning of the f d­ heep in Utah returned a profit to the in p riod to br edinO' w r 36, 3 , and operator with four .and five pound 37 pound in the group that ~ re f d; fIe ce and 30 to 40 percent lamb crop. and 35 I und in th rang gr up. The co t of production per heep wa e3) r at r yield f un c lIred and 25 to 75 nt whil no\ it i appro ri­ ·c II red w 01 wer btain d f r m the mat ly 5 to 7 p r ·heep. lamb which were {d. Th yi 11 of rofitable management today mu t coured wool wer 4.1, 4.0, and 3.7 in include feedinO' and breeding in all the group that" ere fed, and 2.6 d tail . The elimination of dry ewe pound in tile rai1ge roup. eew s not regularly producing lamb ) e4) The taple wa iO'nificantly 111U. t be practiced, and ewes hould I nger in fl c of the lamb whi h tart production in their cond year. were f el, a raging 2.34, 2.26, and Th fir t pha of the tudy was con­ 2.1 inch in th e group a coml ar­ Ewes being put throug h counting chute ducted to determine the effects of feed­ ed with 1. 7 inch in the range group. at coop erator's ranch inO' range ew lamb during their fir t (5) Death 1 e w re I in the '\ inter. During each year a group of 50 grollp r c IV1l1g ecial feed during th r at r o'ain in w iO'ht to lamb wa marked and maintained in th ir fir t wint r, bing 1.3 a com­ f eding had be n 10 t 1 y th I the original range herd a controls, and par d with 10.0 perc nt in th range of ih bre ding ( 25 ewe lamb were placed in each of roup. Lo e fr 111 th beO'inning of th and 2 abo ). thr e group for feeding. The lamb feeding p riod until br ding time the The incr a d yi Id ' of wool and \ hich were f d during the winter were following fall w re .0 p rc nt hl the lamb in th fir t y ar eli 1 not pay co t returned to the original herd in the gr lip that wer f d, and 18.0 per­ f f eel lind r xp rimental c ndition pring. The re ul t how : e1) Greater c nt in the ranO'e group. but wa uffi ient to pay und r favor­ o'ain were made by the lambs which e ) The perc ntage f we lambing aIle condition n farm . Incr a e in were gi en pecial feed during their at two year of ag , of tho e alive at wool yi ld and I n th of tapl low r fir t wint r. Group that were fed bre ding, wa 64.7 in th O'roup that death 10 and heavi r lamb cr p gained 21, 27 and 25 pound, compared wer f d, and 45.5 in th range group. in the ucc eding y ar point to a ne d with 10 pounds in the range group. Thi ignificant difference in lamb for arly maturity in rang 111 (2) Mo t of thi advantage in weight yi Id ·wa obtained a a re ult of feed­ Utah. \ a 10 t \ hen the lamb were put on ing during the fir t winter, even though College series No. 602

Agricultural Experiment Station Penalty for private use to avoid payment of postage $300 UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE LOGAN, UTAH

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