DOCSLIB.ORG

Critical Literacy Practices, Social Action Projects, and The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Critical Literacy Practices, Social Action Projects, and The CRITICAL LITERACY PRACTICES, SOCIAL ACTION PROJECTS, AND THE READER WHO STRUGGLES IN SCHOOL Courtney Marie Bauer, B.F.A., M.Ed. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2011 APPROVED: Carol Wickstrom, Major Professor Mariela Nuñez-Janes, Minor Professor Leslie Patterson, Committee Member Nancy Anderson, Committee Member Nancy Nelson, Chair of the Department of Teacher Education and Administration James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Bauer, Courtney Marie. Critical Literacy Practices, Social Action Projects, and the Reader Who Struggles in School. Doctor of Philosophy (Reading), December 2011, 310 pp., 31 tables, 3 illustrations, references, 84 titles. This study, conducted at an urban public school, explored the engagements of five, fourth grade, African American students who struggled with reading in school as they participated in critical literacy practices and social action projects with the assumption that critical analysis of written texts and concrete social actions were necessary for student empowerment. Using Discourse Analysis within a microethnographic framework, participants’ responses were analyzed. Early in the study, participants were hesitant to join in critical conversations about race. Over time, as participants deepened their critical literacy engagements, they divulged lived racism both in their private and public worlds. Specifically, the participants described the tensions and transgressions they experienced as minorities from civil rights curriculum, teachers and other students. The findings revealed instead of text based analyses, critical literacy practices transformed into the participants’ critical analysis of racism they experienced in their various worlds (home, school, and the larger, outside world) through language (not text). Similarly, the pre-conceived idea of social action projects changed from the creation of concrete products or actions into discussions in which mainstream discourse was interrupted. Tacit and overt understandings about race, identity and power suggested that the participants assumed multiple and contradictory identities (such as “victim of racism” and “racially prejudiced”) that both empowered and oppressed others in the social action group. Implications for critical literacy practices include that empowering and liberating pedagogy through ‘risky conversations’ is difficult, transitory and radical within the context of school. Copyright 2011 by Courtney Marie Bauer ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people to thank for all their support, love, and guidance throughout this journey. First, I am deeply grateful to my husband and children, Matthew Crummey, Zoey Crummey and Siobhan Crummey, without whom I would have never started or completed this program. Your patience and support allowed me to spend countless hours studying, writing, and attending classes. I also am indebted to my committee, Dr. Carol Wickstrom, Dr. Leslie Patterson, Dr. Nancy Anderson and Dr. Mariela Nunez-Janes. I appreciate all your time, support and wisdom as I have gone through this process. To all my many friends and extended family who helped me finish the dissertation, I’m sure I would not have completed my ‘big book report project’ if you hadn’t sacrificed your time and expertise. This includes my parents, my sister Megan Bauer, and my good friends and cheerleaders, Tamica McClarty, Dana Brooks, and Charlene Kalinski Lastly, I am deeply grateful to all my participants, Selma, Hannah, Florence, Stephen and Ian. Thank you for your honesty and your trust in me to share your stories. You have forever changed me as a teacher and researcher and I hope that this study inspires other students and teachers to have the courage to engage in risky and radical conversations. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................. 6 Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 6 Framework and Research Questions ........................................................ 9 Evolution of the Research Question ................................................ 9 Definition of Terms ................................................................................... 10 Summary ................................................................................................. 14 Organization of the Research Report ...................................................... 14 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 16 Sociocultural Theory of Literacy ............................................................... 18 Critical Pedagogy, the Critical Pedagogue, and Research ...................... 23 Critical Sociocultural Theory .................................................................... 25 The Role of Identity ....................................................................... 26 The Role of Power ........................................................................ 27 Critical Race Theory ................................................................................ 28 Critical Discourse Analysis and Critical Language Awareness ................ 30 Critical Literacy ........................................................................................ 33 iv Review of Critical Literacy Research in the Classroom............................ 37 Increased Student Interaction ....................................................... 38 Critical Analysis of Language Increased ....................................... 41 Critical Thinking Skills Increased ................................................... 42 A Call to Action.............................................................................. 43 Misinterpretations of Critical Literacy ............................................ 45 Summary ................................................................................................. 48 3. CONTEXT OF THE STUDY ........................................................................... 50 Introduction .............................................................................................. 50 Background of the Study.......................................................................... 50 Readers who Struggle in School ................................................... 51 Discovering Critical Literacy .......................................................... 52 Complexity of Critical Literacy: Race and Resistance in the Classroom .......................................................................... 53 Purposeful Sampling of Participants ........................................................ 54 Importance of Selecting ‘Readers who Struggle’ in School ........... 54 Criteria for and Selection of ‘Readers who Struggle ...................... 55 Identifying Racial Affiliation ........................................................... 58 Participants .............................................................................................. 59 Hannah ......................................................................................... 59 Academic Performance ...................................................... 59 Personal Background and Teacher Observations .............. 60 v Florence ........................................................................................ 62 Academic Performance ...................................................... 62 Personal Background and Teacher Observations .............. 63 Stephen ......................................................................................... 65 Academic Performance ...................................................... 65 Personal Background and Teacher Observations .............. 66 Selma ........................................................................................... 66 Academic Performance ...................................................... 67 Personal Background and Teacher Observations .............. 67 Ian ................................................................................................. 69 Academic Performance ...................................................... 69 Personal Background and Teacher Observations .............. 70 White Teacher ............................................................................... 71 Childhood ........................................................................... 73 Peace Corps ....................................................................... 74 Teacher .............................................................................. 76 Graduate School ................................................................ 77 Teacher as Researcher ...................................................... 77 Summary of Participants .......................................................................... 78 Context of the Study ...............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New England Reading Association
    Volume 46 • Number 1 • 2010 New England Reading Association Mural in response to children’s and young adolescent literature N news E education R research A article The New England Reading JOURNAL Association Journal Volume 46 • Number 1 • 2010 EXECUTIVE BOARD DELEGATES Editor: Helen R. Abadiano PRESIDENT CONNECTICUT NEW HAMPSHIRE Judith Schoenfeld James Johnston Jennifer McMahon Associate Editors: Jesse P. Turner Rhode Island College Central CT State University The New Hampton School Lynda M. Valerie Providence, RI New Britain, CT New Hampton, NH Department Editors PRESIDENT-ELECT Linda Kauffmann Margaret Salt Spring Hermann Eileen B. Leavitt Capitol Region Education Council Plymouth Elementary School Julia Kara-Soteriou Institute on Disability/UCED Hartford, CT Plymouth, NH Diane Kern Durham, NH Sandip LeeAnne Wilson Miriam Klein Gerard Buteau 1st VICE PRESIDENT Sage Park Middle School Plymouth State University Editorial Board Kathleen Itterly Windsor, CT Plymouth, NH Margaret Salt, Chair Westfield State College Kathleen Desrosiers Westfield, MA MAINE RHODE ISLAND Miriam Klein Linda Crumrine Courtney Hughes Barbara Lovley 2nd VICE PRESIDENT Plummer Motz School Coventry Public Schools Nancy Witherell Lindy Johnson Falmouth, ME Coventry, RI Literacy Coordinator Journal Review Board East Montpelier, VT Barbara Lovley Kathleen Desrosiers Julie Coiro Fort Kent Elementary School Warwick Public Schools Ellen Fingeret PAST PRESIDENT Fort Kent, ME Warwick, RI Carol Reppucci Catherine Kurkjian Margaret Salt Central CT State University Jane Wellman-Little Lizabeth Widdifield Janet Trembly New Britain, CT University of Maine Coventry Public Schools Kenneth J. Weiss Orono, ME Coventry, RI Nancy Witherell SECRETARY _________________________ Subscription rate for Association members Angela Yakovleff MASSACHUSETTS VERMONT and institutions is $35.00 per year; Whitingham Elementary School Cynthia Rizzo Janet Poeton Retired educator membership is $20.00 Wilmington, VT Wheelock College Retired Classroom Teacher per year; Single issues are $20.00 each.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Literacy, Digital Platforms, and Datafication
    Critical Literacy, Digital Platforms, and Datafication T. Philip Nichols, Baylor University Anna Smith, Illinois State University Scott Bulfin, Monash University Amy Stornaiuolo, University of Pennsylvania [Final manuscript, as accepted for Pandya, J.Z., Mora, R.A., Alford, J., Golden, N.A., & de Roock, R.S. (Eds.), The Handbook of Critical Literacies. Routledge, November 2020] Abstract This chapter considers the place of critical literacy research, teaching, and practice in relation to an emerging media environment characterized by digital platforms and datafication. We outline key ideas associated with platform studies and Big Data, and highlight where current frames for critical literacy align with these concepts. We also contend that platforms and datafication present a challenge for critical literacy scholars and practitioners: while critical literacy is valuable for identifying and analyzing many facets of digital activity, it can strain to explain or intervene in the emergent interplay of social, technical, and economic dimensions that animate digital platforms. Rather than undermining the project of critical literacy, we suggest that these limitations offer an opportunity to clarify the place of critical literacy within a wider repertoire of tactics for mapping, critiquing, and transforming digital ecosystems. We offer some implications such a stance might hold for research, teaching, social action, and practice. Introduction In this chapter, we examine key ideas associated with platform studies and datafication, and their relation to critical literacy. We contend that platform technologies present a challenge for critical literacy scholars: while critical literacy is a powerful resource for identifying and analyzing certain digital practices, it can strain to explain or intervene in the broader social, technical, and economic forces whose entanglements animate digital platforms.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Literacy
    CRITICAL LITERACY: WHAT’S WRITING GOT TO DO WITH IT? Barbara Kamler, Deakin University Based on Keynote address for The English Teachers Association of Queensland State Conference, Marist Brothers College Ashgrove, Queensland August 16, 2002 My address is entitled Critical Literacy: What’s Here the slippage from ‘writing and reading’ Writing Got to Do With It? If I were to give a to ‘reading practices’ is fairly seamless and succinct reply to this question, I could offer three is symptomatic, I would argue, of a broader words. On the one hand, I would say ‘Everything’ tendency for literacy to get read as reading (one word) because I believe writing is central or enacted as reading practices. In Barbara to the project of critical literacy and that a Comber’s (1994) important text on critical critical approach to student writing can make a literacy, she argues that in practice, critical difference - to student’s capacity to understand literacy involves at least three principles for and manipulate both the stories of their lives and action: the genres of schooling. • Repositioning students as researchers of On the other hand, I would say ‘Not enough’ language (two words) because in classrooms where • Respecting student resistance and teachers are enacting critical literacy as part exploring minority culture constructions of a repertoire of literacy practices, the focus of literacy and language use has been more deliberately on reading than writing. So, too, in the research literature, where • Problematising classroom and public academics examine what critical literacy means texts. in early childhood, middle years, high school I would add that in practice, these principles and adult literacy contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementing Critical Literacy Pedagogy
    IMPLEMENTING CRITICAL LITERACY PEDAGOGY Implementing Critical Literacy Pedagogy to Pose Challenges and Responses of Elementary School Learners By: Nicole Pittman A research paper submitted in conformity with the requirements For the degree of Master of Teaching Department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto Copyright by Nicole Pittman, April 2016 1 IMPLEMENTING CRITICAL LITERACY PEDAGOGY Abstract This case study was designed for the purpose of answering the following research question: how do elementary school teachers implement critical literacies in order to pose critical challenges and responses of learners in the twenty-first century? Using qualitative research methods I conducted semi-structured interviews to gain insight to whether practices and teacher prompts of critical thinking proposed by the recent curriculum documents of the Ontario Ministry of Education are working for my participants. An in-depth literature review and three face-to-face, open-ended interviews brought forth data that highlighted four key themes including: 1.) Constructing Student Identities, 2.) Teacher Critical Pedagogy, 3.) Differentiating the Classroom Environment, and 4.) Supporting Inquiry Based Learning. The accumulation of themes was integrated into a discussion of the research findings, providing recommended strategies and areas for future research. By implementing critical literacies in the classroom, students learn to exist in the world through deeper involvement and engagement of content, leading towards greater social action that has the potential to transform environments of the school and their society. All of my participants along with supporting literature gathered suggest that teachers can foster the kind of inquiry and discussions necessary in a critical literacy program by building safe, inclusive classroom cultures that promote student inquiry.
    [Show full text]
  • Gee's Theory of D/Discourse and Research in Teaching English As A
    Gee’s Theory of D/discourse and Research in Teaching English as a Second Language: Implications for the Mainstream Tim MacKay University of Manitoba MacKay, T. Gee’s Theory of D/discourse and ESL 1 In this paper I will undertake an exploration of James Paul Gee’s theory of D/discourses and discuss the relevance of this theory to current research in the fields of second language acquisition (SLA) and teaching English as a second language (TESL/ESL). In doing so, I will elaborate on Gee’s theory of D/discourse and will focus on Gee’s discussion of how D/discourses may be acquired. Following this, I will explore some of the parallels that exist between Gee’s theory and current research in SLA and TESL, and by doing so, will demonstrate how certain conditions are required for D/discourse acquisition to occur in the manner theorized by Gee. My intention is to use Gee’s theory and TESL research to suggest that schools and classrooms with students from minority language backgrounds need to carefully consider the social contexts in which these students are integrated. I also intend to show how Gee’s theory and TESL research provide support for the notion that, for effective language learning and academic achievement to occur for ESL learners, pedagogical interventions need to target students who are first language speaker of English in order to enhance ESL students’ opportunities to learn and integrate into the classroom. Gee’s Theory of D/discourses Linguistic theory has always played a significant role in the formulation of theories for second language acquisition (for summaries see, Beebe, 1988; Ellis, 1985; Fitzgerald Gersten & Hudelson, 2000; Spolsky, 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivating Layered Literacies: Developing the Global Child to Become Tomorrow’S Global Citizen
    International Journal of Shulsky, D.D., Baker, S.F., Chvala, T. and Willis, J.M. (2017) ‘Cultivating Development Education and Global Learning layered literacies: Developing the global child to become tomorrow’s global citizen’. International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning, 9 (1): 49–63. DOI 10.18546/IJDEGL.9.1.05. Cultivating layered literacies: Developing the global child to become tomorrow’s global citizen Debra D. Shulsky, Sheila F. Baker, Terry Chvala and Jana M. Willis* – University of Houston–Clear Lake, USA Abstract Disappearing cultural, political and physical boundaries push humanity beyond a one-community perspective. Global citizenry requires a set of literacies that affect the ability to communicate effectively, think critically and act conscientiously. This challenges educators to consider reframing instructional practices and curricular content. The authors promote a transliterate approach spanning communication platforms, including layered literacies: critical, civic, collaborative, creative, cultural, digital, environmental, financial, and geographical. Promoting layered literacies provides a landscaped view of reality (featuring a depth and breadth of knowledge and understanding that cultivates culturally sensitive communication skills), increases critical thinking and empowers learners as agents of change. The authors advocate for a paradigm from which teachers can construct curriculum, meet the challenges of a global community and cultivate layered literacies. Keywords: literacy; global citizenship;
    [Show full text]
  • Building Literacy Communities of Those Actions, Would Garner Intense Analytical Scrutiny
    BUILDING LITERACY COMMUNITIES The Thirty-Second Yearbook A Doubled Peer Reviewed Publication ofThe Association of Literacy Educators and Researchers Co-Editors Susan Szabo Timothy Morrison Texas A&M University-Commerce Brigham Young University Merry Boggs Linda Martin Texas A&M University-Commerce Ball State University Editorial Assistant Guest Co-Editor Luisa Frias I. LaVerne Raine Texas A&M University-Commerce Texas A&M University-Commerce Copyright 2010 Association of Literacy Educators and Researchers Photocopy/reprint Permission Statement: Permission is hereby granted to professors and teachers to reprint or photocopy any article in the Yearbook for use in their classes, provided each copy of the ar- ticle made shows the author and yearbook information sited in APA style. Such copies may not be sold, and further distribution is expressly prohibited. Except as authorized above, prior written permission must be obtained from the Associa- tion of Literacy Educators and Researchers to reproduce or transmit this work or portions thereof in any other form or by another electronic or mechanical means, including any information storage or retrieval system, unless expressly permitted by federal copyright laws. Address inquiries to the Association of Literacy Educa- tors and Researchers (ALER), Dr. David Paige, School of Education, Bellarmine University, 2001 Newburg Road, Louisville, KY 40205 ISBN: 1-883604-16-8 Printed at Texas A&M University-Commerce Cover Design: Crystal Britton, student at Texas A&M University-Commerce ii OFFICERS AND ELECTED BOARD MEM B ERS Executive Officers 2008-2009 President: Mona W. Matthews, Georgia State University President-Elect: Laurie Elish-Piper, Northern Illinois University Vice President: Mary F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Practice and Principles of Teaching Critical Literacy at the Educational Video Center
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Oxford, UK and Malden, USAYSSEThe Yearbooks for the Society of the Study of Education0077-57622004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd20051041 Part Two: Doing Media Literacy in the Schoolsteaching critical literacy at the evcgoodman chapter 11 The Practice and Principles of Teaching Critical Literacy at the Educational Video Center steven goodman We did a documentary about homeless youth . It was an important topic for us to learn and research about because it will change not only the way we think about it, but whoever watches the video will also change their way of thinking about it. And it’s gonna make a difference in people’s lives. —(Vanessa, EVC Documentary Workshop) Overall, what I’ve learned from EVC and what I will take with me, is basically not only working with the camera and things like that and making a documentary, but all in all, how to go out and meet people. And how talk to people. —(Serena, EVC Documentary Workshop) Dialogue is the encounter between men, mediated by the world, in order to name the world. —Paulo Freire (1970, p. 69) Four high school students walk down a mid-Manhattan street as they talk excitedly about who will conduct the first interview. They have generated good questions to ask concerning the problem of homeless youth in New York City, but are not quite sure if anyone will stop to answer them. They pause at a street corner and work awkwardly to disentangle the cables connecting the digital video camera, microphone, and headphones they are holding. Once they sort out their equipment and their crew roles, the book bag and the camera change hands.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Introduction
    xi Introduction Introduction Reconceptua- Over the years our definitions of literacy have changed. Although historical accounts and outlines chronicling these changes have lizing Literacy appeared in print (Myers, 1996; Smith & Lambert Stock, 2003; and Literacy Rosenblatt, 2003; Squire, 2003), there is no end to the process of change and so we continue to learn and add to this history. As we Teaching understand more about language and literacy, our conception of literacy changes and with it, ideally, our instructional practices. For example, we used to think about literacy as a commodity: a set of useful skills that you either had or didn’t have and for which differ- ent teaching pedagogies and materials were developed, bought, and sold. During the mid-1990s, for instance, “[T]he differences among factions in the reading field resulted in fragmentation, disarray and division” (Dole & Osborn, 2003). The field was polarized along a number of dimensions; for example, phonics versus whole language, explicit versus implicit instruction, skills versus strategies, textbooks versus trade books, predictable versus decodable books, and reading groups versus literature circles (Graves, 1998). More recently we have begun to think of literacy as sets of social practices. Social practices are particular ways of doing and being as well as particular ways of acting and talking that are rooted in life experiences. Since different people have different life experi- ences it follows that social practices are differentially available to various individuals and groups of people. This differential availabil- ity means that not everyone has equitable or equal access to literacy. Conceptualizing literacy as social practices further implies that different cultures value and have access to different literacies or malleable sets of cultural practices, that is, a community’s ways of being and doing.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Name Developing a Sunywide Transliteracy Learning
    Project Name Developing a SUNY­wide Transliteracy Learning Collaborative to Promote Information and Technology Collaboration Principal Investigator Trudi Jacobson ​ ​ Campus Albany, University at ​ ​ Year of Project 2012 ​ Tier Tier Three ​ Project Team ● Thomas Mackey, Empire State College ● Mark McBride, Buffalo State ● Michael Daly, Fulton Montgomery Community College ● Michele Forte, Empire State College ● Jenna Hecker, University at Albany ● Ellen Murphy, Empire State College Overview Summary Creation of a Transliteracy Learning Collaborative as a SUNY­wide think tank and incubator for promoting transliteracy and emerging frameworks for information literacy including learning analytics, badges, and the semantic web. Other areas of exploration include the transition from high school to college, and developing learning communities. Outcomes Summary Robust resources are provided on the website to guide student in understanding of metaliteracy. There is also ​ ​ an Open SUNY Textbook available to assist with Metaliteracy. ​ ​ Project Abstract The proposed Transliteracy Learning Collaborative (TLC) will be a SUNY­wide think tank and incubator for promoting transliteracy and emerging frameworks for information literacy (IL). TLC will transcend boundaries based upon the traditional definition of information literacy and the concept of librarians as the sole interested party. This grant will establish SUNY in the forefront of higher education institutions committed to developing students as lifelong creators of information in all forms. It will address how to infuse transliteracy throughout students’ academic careers, opening dialogues among different educational groups, and exploring issues such as learning analytics, badges, and the semantic web. TLC will solicit participants to serve on 5­6 teams that will address key components of a system­wide transliteracy initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Literacies Narrative Amanda Sladek
    The New Literacies Narrative Amanda Sladek ... literacy is always plural: literacies (there are many of them ... and we all have some and fail to have others).... —James Paul Gee I've been teaching a version of the literacy narrative for several years. In my first attempt, I taught the assignment as outlined by Anne Beaufort: a short narrative essay centered on the topic of the writer's experience reading and writing (187). Susan DeRosa notes that "students' literacy narratives could provide a space for them to rewrite versions of their literacy experiences and events," allowing them to become "active participants in the construction of their literacy development" in order to "challenge prescriptive ideas about literacy" (2). When I taught this assignment for the first time, though, that didn't happen. The unit wasn't a disaster, mind you. Several students wrote great literacy narratives, and many of them said they appreciated the oppor­ tunity to write about their lives. It just... fell a little flat. I had a hard time getting students to fully engage with their literacy experiences, let alone challenge their preconceived notions of literacy. While responding to my students' papers, I quickly identified a pattern I call the "literacy narrative arc": students provide an anecdote about their early love for reading; then, they describe a high school teacher who extinguished their natural thirst for literacy by assigning The Scarlet Letter; finally, they close with a general statement about the importance of literacy (they are writing for an English teacher, after all). I'm astonished by the number of papers that follow this arc, and not just because I liked The Scarlet Letter.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Resistance Empowerment? Using Critical Literacy with Teachers
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 371 335 CS 011 764 AUTHOR King, James R.; And Others TITLE Is Resistance Empowerment? Using Critical Literacy with Teachers. PUB DATE 12 Dec 93 NOTE 20p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Reading Forum (Sanibel Island, FL, December 12,1993). PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) L'ports Evaluative/Feasibility (142) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Classroom Research; Course Descriptions; Elementary Education; Higher Education; Reading Research; *Resistance (Psychology); *Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Behavior; Teacher Student Relationship; *Theory Practice Relationship IDENTIFIERS *Critical Literacy; Empowerment ABSTRACT A case study examined implementation of a critical literacy perspe,:tive (in both course content and course processet) in a Master's level course in the supervision of reading. Subjects were 10 married, white, female teachers. The course engaged in the interrogation of the teachers' literacy beliefs, teaching approaches, and schools curricula in literacy. Data included fieldnotes, audiotapes, and teachers' writing. One of the major findings was that the teachers systematically resisted the use of critical theories. The teachers declined to use critical literacy approaches in their own classes, they did not attempt to control the course, and they refused to talk about the course. The teachers seemed to understand the concept of the new literacy and were even fluent in their discussions and writings about its premises and merits. A separation between the critical theory of the course and the practice of teachers remained a consistent feature of the course. Teachers explained the boundaries of appropriate and inappropriate behaviors as ways of keeping themselves out of trouble.
    [Show full text]