RURALRURAL BUILDINGBUILDING TRADITIONSTRADITIONS ANDAND INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

MilesMiles LewisLewis HHäälsinglandlsingland MarchMarch 20092009 classifications and markings of Swedish deal in the 19th century P B Eassie, and its Uses (Gloucester 1874), pp 7-8 timber marks, early 20th century P N Hasluck, Cassell's and Joinery (Philadelphia 1912), p 52 Korsnäs Sågverks Aktiebolags at Gävle Karl Lund [ed] Sverige i Bilder (Stockholm 1928) p 87 reconstruction of Russian medieval domestic architecture, by M V Krakowski & B D Grekov T T Rice, A Concise History of Russian Art (London 1963), p 99 Log building, Latvia Chris How principal types of log construction top left: - simplest form; bottom left - top and bottom notched; right - as used in Sweden Talbot Hamlin, Forms and Functions of Twentieth-Century Architecture, II, The Principles of Composition (New York 1952), p 313 mill in Skansen Museum corner of a , Sandsede village, Swedish Lapland MUAS701; Hamlin, Forms and Functions, II, p 314 palisade construction, Denmark

Gorm Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsværk (Copenhagen 1984), p 19 early building, Hemse, Gotland, Sweden J H Acland, Medieval Structure: the Gothic Vault (Toronto 1972), p 14; MUAS 5,284 reconstructed C7th Saxon palisade houses, West Stow

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2471/weststow.html barn, Leigh Court, Worcestershire, C14th. interior view Malcolm Kirk, The Barn (London 1994), p 108 timber building, , c 700 BC, of heavy grooved posts and tenoned logs J H Acland, Medieval Structure: the Gothic Vault (Toronto 1972), p 12 house at Ezinge (Groningen), Netherlands, C4th-C3rd BC: reconstruction by Price & Schwarz Lorna Price, The Plan of St Gall in Brief (Berkely [California] 1982), p 82 Saxon Hall, conjectural reconstruction, say C10th MUAS 15,858 slab building in Haderslev Museum, Denmark

Gorm Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsværk (Copenhagen 1984),p 23 Sulehaus, Denmark Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsværk, p 199 half timber house frame with hafter roof, Denmark

Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsværk, p 197 building frame, (purported to be Noah building the ark), from the Bedford Hours, early C15th

Donald Matthew, Atlas of Medieval Europe (Oxford 1983), p 145 box frame construction

R W Brunskill, Illustrated Handbook of (London 1970), p 53 English box frame house MUAS 10,207 construction of a jettied or oversailing upper floor MUAS 18,857 double-jettied house, Forcheim, Germany

Chris How thethe dissolutiondissolution ofof thethe boxbox frameframe closeclose studdingstudding loadload--bearingbearing studsstuds balloonballoon frameframe constructionconstruction simplifiedsimplified jointsjoints Joseph Moxon, Mechanick Exercises ([nominal] 3rd ed, London 1703), House 's Work, plate 11 President's Gallery, Queens' College, Cambridge, c 1540 Miles Lewis 'Elevation of two studd work cottages of the smallest size, with brick gables', by Nathaniel Kent, 1776 Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (2nd ed, London 1776), facing p 263 house at the Bokrijk Museum, Belgium Marc Laenen, no 59 'Elevation of two studd work cottages of the smallest size, with brick gables', by Nathaniel Kent, 1776

Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (2nd ed, London 1776), facing p 263

house at the Bokrijk Museum trussed partition, 7 Robert Adam Street, London, c 1780 Robert Ayton principal member

discontinuous studs

stairway partition, 4 New Quebec Street, London, c 1790 Robert Ayton balloon frame, USA

I.C.S. Reference Library, 'Carpentry' (1900 [1897]), in [vol 14] Carpentry Joinery Stair Building &c (Scranton [Pennsylvania] 1904), fig 72 eighteenth century timber nineteenth century trussed partition

Francis Price, The British Carpenter (London 1753), plate C R S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), p 49, fig 231 butting joints; 4 New Quebec Street, London, c 1790; display at Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia Robert Ayton’; Miles Lewis details of an American balloon frame (simplified joints and skew nailing)

R S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), pp 90, 91 La Belle cut nails, Steubenville, Ohio, USA: Nigel Isaacs. plan of the corner of a cottage at Burra, 1849 after Peter Bell, 'An Early Timber Cottage at Burra' [undated typescript], p 10 Ewbank nails from Captain Bacchus’s , Australia, ?1836 David Callow P Desfeux, Carton-Cuir pour toitures et au Carton Bitumé (Paris 1888), cover & p 4 The Town & Country Roof (no place or date [? 1888]) cover & detail of p 4 sample of 'Cyclone' brand felt by Chapman & Soden, Boston, USA, 1892 Ankarsviks Ångsågs Aktiebolag, Fibre Building Boards, Ankarboard, Insulation and , Manufactured in Sweden, Technical Notes for Architects and Builders (Sundsvall [Sweden], no date), cover & detail of p 7. Fredrik Blom, portrait by Fredric Westin movable two-storey wooden house by Blom

Edlund, 'Monteringsfärdigt i Backspegeln', p 23 Literary Gazette, 25 December 1830, reproduced in Edlund, p 24 ‘maisons mobiles' by Fredrik Blom

Revue Générale de l'Architecture et des Travaux Publiques, 1840, pl 10, reproduced in Edlund, 'Monteringsfärdigt i Backspegeln', p 22 cover of a house catalogue from Ekmans Mekaniska Snickerifabrik, Stockholm, c 1880

Edlund, 'Monteringsfärdigt i Backspegeln', p 20 the IBO and Knivsta systems Burchard, 'Efforts to Modernize Housing Structure', pp 544, 546 the Sesam and Stadens systems Burchard, 'Efforts to Modernize Housing Structure', pp 548, 550 Swedish prefabrication as seen in England, 1945

Hugh Anthony, Houses: Permanence and Prefabrication (London 1945), frontispiece & p 35. Swedish prefabricated buildings, 1945 Anthony, Permanence and Prefabrication, p 55. Borto-Hus, 1937; English illustration of 1945 Edlund, Anthony, Permanence and Prefabrication, p 55. Swedish prefabrication, 1945 B H Cox, Prefabricated Homes (London 1945), figs 19, 20. Swedish prefabrication, 1946 John Gloag & Grey Wornum, House out of Factory (London 1946), pl 3. Terrace of workers’ houses, Kvarnholmen, outside Stockholm John Gloag & Grey Wornum, House out of Factory (London 1946), pl 2. Aneby Hus, 1962; A.B. Myresjö-Hus, 1947 Edlund, 'Monteringsfärdigt i Backspegeln', pp 6, 11 Hultsfreds-Hus, 1973 [detail] Annette Rosengren, 'Det Skulle Vara en Liten Stuga', Edlund, 'Monteringsfärdigt i Backspegeln', in Richard Edlund [ed], Kataloghuset: Det Egna Hemmet i Byggsats (Stockholm 2004), p 154 RURALRURAL BUILDINGBUILDING TRADITIONSTRADITIONS ANDAND INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

MilesMiles LewisLewis HHäälsinglandlsingland MarchMarch 20092009