CLIMATE FACTS AND POLICY POLICIES AND PROCESSES

275 MILLION tCO2e Kazakhstan 2050 strategy Green Economy concept 16 TONNES PER CAPITA Ecological code with climate provisions Laws and programmes on energy savings, renewables, emissions trading Industrial development, housing modernization and climate mitigation programmes Energy labelling, audits and certification, special fixed tariffs for renewable energies 2020 targets Pledge to keep GHG emissions in 2020 at 15 per cent below 1990 level Maintain GHG emissions in power sector at 2012 level Increase share of alternative (sun, wind, biogas, small hydro) energies to 3 per cent Reduce GDP energy intensity by 25 per cent 2030 targets and INDC Mitigation Base year: 1990 Unconditional 2030 target: 15 per cent economy-wide reduction compared to base year Conditional 2030 target: 25 per cent economy-wide reduction compared to base year Reduce GHG emissions in power sector by 15 per cent compared to the 2012 level Increase share of renewable energy to 30 per cent, including alternative energies 10 per cent Reduce GDP energy intensity by 30 per cent Adaptation priorities Water security, water use efficiency Food security, agricultural growth 17.3 12,276 MILLION US $ 1990-2012 GHG inventory of all sectors & gases POPULATION PER CAPITA Established GHG inventory process and cadastre GDP 99% Evolving MRV and GHG emissions modelling systems OF TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FROM UNFCCC expert review of GHG inventory FOSSIL FUELS Biannual emissions reporting to the UNFCCC since 2014

Sources: latest national GHG inventory data (2010-2014) or estimates based on INDCs CLIMATE ACTIONS (2014-2015); population, energy and economic data (2012-2014) from the World Total GHG emissions in 2012 at 20 per cent below 1990 level Development Indicators of the World Bank Growing carbon sequestration by forests and grasslands http://data.worldbank.org/indicator Countrywide gasification and switch to natural gas Emissions standards: Euro-4 in 2013, Euro-5 in 2016, Euro-6 in 2020 Pioneer in emissions trading since 2013 160+ enterprises in power, oil-gas, manufacturing, 150+ million tonnes of CO2 2014 prices at EUR 1.5 per tonne of CO2 Member of the Partnership for Market Readiness National allocation plan for GHG emissions quotas Expo-2017 in Astana: Future Energy The current installed capacity: wind 61 MW, solar 55.5 MW, small hydro 117 MW, biogas 0.8 MW Rapid growth in renewable energy projects Local green economy initiatives and projects CLIMATE FINANCE US $100 billion investment in greening the energy sector by 2050 Expecting 10 GW of installed capacity of green energy by 2030, and 33 GW by 2050 Climate Investment Funds US $200 million Renewables, modernizing district heating, waste management, railways GEF US $37 million for 8 projects Wind power market, energy-efficient residential buildings, urban transport NAMAs: Two projects in the pipeline Astana urban development, solar power EBRD energy reforms and projects US $80 million support to Yereymentau wind project Renewable energy financing facility Sustainable energy financing facility Incentives for renewables and energy savings Subsidies for renewable energy Tax rebates for energy efficiency Novosibirsk l o b Ufa o I T rt ys Ob Barnaul Petropavlovsk h Samara Novosibirsk Chelyabinsk l m o i Omsk Ufa Kostanayb h o s I T I Ekibastuzrt ys Ob Barnaul Petropavlovsk h RUSSIA AstanaSolar a lg o Samara V Oral Astana Oskemen m i EreymentauPavlodar Volgograd h Karagaly (planned) s I (under construction) Expo 2017 l AstanaSolar Zaysan a a lg r o U V Oral Astana Semey Oskemen Volgograd KAZAKHSTANEreymentauBalkhash (under construction) Karagaly (planned) Expo 2017 (under construction) Astrakhan Aktobe Zhezkazgan l Karaganda Lake Zaysan ra U Aral Dzhungar Gates u s (planned) y (planned) r a Fort Shevchenko (planned) Balkhash (under construction) Atyrau Il Astrakhan S Zhanatas (planned) i Taldykorgan y Zhezkazgan Ghulja r Da Shokpar Makhachkala Aral ry BalkhashSolar Dzhungar Gates a u (under construction) Shelek s (planned) y Lake Balkhash C (planned) r C (planned) Kuryk (planned) a h CHINA a Fort Shevchenko (planned) ZhanakorganS Otar u s p Aral Sea (under construction) Kuqa Il i S ZhanatasBurnoe (planned) i TaldykorganIssyk-Kul a Ghulja yr BishkekKapchagay n UZBEKISTAN Da Kyzylorda Shokpar Makhachkala Aktau ry KYRGYZSTANSolar rim S a (under construction) Shelek Ta AZERBAIJAN e Dashoguz Urganch Uchquduq C C Naryn (planned) a Kuryk (planned) Tashkent h Almaty 0CHINA200 km a Zhanakorgan Otar u kan s Tox p (under construction) TarazFerghana Kuqa Baku Turkmenbashi TURKMENISTAN Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2015 i Burnoe Osh Issyk-Kul a Bishkek n UZBEKISTAN Kujand Samarkand d im Shymkent KYRGYZSTAN n r Fossil fuel energyS installations and carbon emissions Renewable energy installations and plans a a Kashgar k T Bukhara r AZERBAIJAN e Dashoguz Uchquduq Urganch a Naryn Y a Tashkent 0 200 km Dushanbe TAJIKISTAN oxkan Energy and emissions Karshi Ferghana T CO2 emissionsBaku from thermalTurkmenbashi power plants,TURKMENISTAN million tonsAshgabat per year: A Wind park Solar park Hydropower plant mu Osh Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2015 Atre D k Karakum Cana ar Mary l ya Kujand Korug Samarkand d Termiz Qurghonteppa n Fossil fuel energymore than installations 5 and carbon emissions Renewable energy installations and plans a Kashgar k Sari Thermal power-plant (coal/oil/gas) BukharaInstalled capacity: r M a Y T

e u r j Tehran e g a n Dushanbe Gilgit b TAJIKISTAN CO emissions from thermal power plants, million tons per year: Karshi Mazar-eWind parkSharif More than 100 SolarMW park Hydropower plant 2 2 - 5 Ashgabat Am Mashad u Qom Atrek Da Karakum Canal ry PAKISTAN 1 - 2 IRAN Mary a AFGHANISTAN Korug more than 5 Termiz Qurghonteppa50 MW -100 MW 0.5 - 1 Sari Thermal power-plant (coal/oil/gas) Installed capacity: Mingora INDIA M

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e u r j lessTehran than 0.5 e g a n Gilgit b Mazar-e Sharif MoreLess than than 50 100 MW MW 2 - 5 Mashad Qom IRAN AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN 1 - 2 50 MW -100 MW 0.5 - 1 Mingora INDIA less than 0.5 Less than 50 MW

Policies and institutions

The Kazakhstan 2050 strategy and the Green Economy drops in oil and gas prices and emergent domestic energy concept (developed by the former Ministry of Environment and deficit, the country is considering adding nuclear power to its not yet approved at the President’s Cabinet level) are guiding energy mix. Reflecting the increased importance of energy as Kazakhstan’s transition to a green economy. Launched in a key economic driver, in 2014 Kazakhstan moved climate- 2013, these initiatives take a long-term (until the year 2050) related matters (such as the development of a green economy strategic approach to promoting best available technologies, and the reduction of carbon emissions) from the dissolved introducing new financial mechanisms and incentives, improving Ministry of Environment and Water Resources to the reformed environmental performance in all key economic sectors and Ministry of Energy. Responsibilities for the water and forestry curbing greenhouse gas emissions. Unique among Central sectors were assigned to other ministries, including the Ministry Asian countries, Kazakhstan has an ecological code based on of Agriculture. KazAtomProm - the national nuclear company - comprehensive environmental and climate change legislation. also contributes to the development of renewable energy. The country introduced this code in 2010, and has updated it frequently since then to reflect regulations and targets for GHG The Kazakhstan-led Green Bridge partnership, agreed at emissions. regional ministerial environmental conferences in 2010 and 2011, is intended to support green economic growth throughout Central Kazakhstan is the leading producer of uranium in the world, but Asia through international cooperation, support in technology has no active nuclear power plants. Responding to the global transfer, exchange of knowledge and climate financing. Novosibirsk Chelyabinsk l o Omsk b Ufa o I T rt ys Ob Barnaul RUSSIA Petropavlovsk h Samara lga Novosibirsk Vo Chelyabinsk l m o i Omsk Pavlodar Ufa Kostanayb h o s I T I rt ys OAltaib Barnaul RUSSIA Petropavlovsk Ekibastuzh SamaraOral Astana Oskemen Volga Semey m i Pavlodar Volgograd Kostanay h Aktobe s I Altai Ekibastuz l Karaganda ra Astana U Oral Lake Zaysan Oskemen Semey Volgograd KAZAKHSTAN Atyrau Aktobe Astrakhan Zhezkazgan Balkhash l Northern Caspian Karaganda ra Lake Balkhash and U Aral u Lake Zaysan s Ili River basin y Lake Balkhash r a KAZAKHSTANS Atyrau Aral Sea Il Astrakhan S i Taldykorgan y Zhezkazgan Balkhash Ghulja Northern Caspian r C Da Kyzylorda Lake Balkhash andhu Makhachkala Aral ry Aktau a u Shu-Talas basin s Ili River basin y T Lake Balkhash C r a Almaty a la CHINA a S s s p Aral Sea Taraz Kuqa Il i S i TaldykorganIssyk-Kul a y Ghulja UZBEKISTANr Shymkent C Bishkek n Da Kyzylorda hu Makhachkala Aktau Uchquduqry KYRGYZSTAN rim S a Shu-Talas basin Ta AZERBAIJAN e Dashoguz Urganch T C a Naryn Almaty a Tashkentla 0CHINA200 km a s oxkan s TarazFerghana T Bakup Turkmenbashi TURKMENISTAN Kuqa i Osh Map Issyk-Kulproduced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2015 a UZBEKISTAN Shymkent Bishkek n Kujand Samarkand d im Uchquduq KYRGYZSTAN n r S a a Kashgar k T Rivers with intense water use and increased stress from Bukhara Densely populated and agriculturally important areas with increasedr AZERBAIJAN e Dashoguz Urganch a Naryn Y a Tashkent 0 200 km climatic and hydrological changes environmentalDushanbe stress and projected impacts of climate changexkan Impacts of climate change Karshi FerghanaTAJIKISTAN To Baku Turkmenbashi TURKMENISTANAshgabat A mu Osh Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2015 Atre D Major food producing and populatedk areas: risk of extreme Karakum Cana ar Forest- and bush fires Mary l ya Kujand Korug Samarkand d weather and crop losses Termiz Qurghonteppa n a Bukhara Kashgar k Rivers with intenseSari water use and increased stress from Densely populated and agriculturally important areas with increasedr a M Y T

e u Severe drought impacts r j environmental stress and projected impacts of climate change climatic and hydrological changes e Tehran g a n Dushanbe Gilgit : risk of flooding due to sea level fluctuation b Karshi Mazar-e Sharif TAJIKISTAN Ashgabat A Mashad mu and changes in winter ice coverAtre D Reduction of ice cover and risk of glacial outburst floods MajorQom food producing and populatedk areas: risk of extreme Karakum Cana ar Forest- and bush fires Mary l ya AFGHANISTAN Korug PAKISTAN weather and crop losses IRAN Termiz Qurghonteppa Sari Mingora INDIA M

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e u Severe drought impacts r j Tehran e g a n Gilgit Caspian Sea: risk of flooding due to sea level fluctuation b Mazar-e Sharif and changes in winter ice cover Mashad Reduction of ice cover and risk of glacial lakes outburst floods Qom IRAN AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN Mingora INDIA

Kazakhstan scorecard

Country’s share of global emissions National climate policy actors Country’s emissions per capita General climate action ambition Policy leadership: Green Economy Council under the President, Ministry of Energy Mitigation commitment: Emissions reduction UNFCCC focal point: Ministry of Energy Decoupling from population growth GHG inventory and projections: Jasyl Damu Decoupling from economic growth Climate technology network coordination: Nazarbaev Renewable energy prospects University

Adaptation action Greenhouse gas emissions and projections for Kazakhstan Million tonnes 400

350 -15%

300 -25%

250

200

150

100

50

0 Projections -25 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2020 2030

Energy Industrial processes Agriculture Waste Land use change and forestry Lower range Higher range

Projections are based on Kazakhstan’s INDC © Zoi Environment Network (2015)

Climate actions Climate finance Kazakhstan is a candidate for Annex 1 membership in the UNFCCC, and since 2009 has held special status as an Annex Kazakhstan is a pioneer in emissions trading in Central Asia. Current 1 Party for the purposes of the Kyoto Protocol. The Kazakh average carbon trading price is 450 Kazakh tenge (2 Euros) per tonne. GHG inventory leads Central Asia in terms of quality and com- pleteness, and the country’s emissions modelling uses advanced The EBRD is financing a 50 MW wind power plant in Yereymentau, tools. In 2014, the country published its first biannual update 100 km east of Astana - one of the first large-scale wind energy report as part of its special status reporting obligations. projects in Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan’s GHG emissions reached their highest level in 1990 The national nuclear industry invests in wind, geothermal and solar at 357 million tonnes of CO2-equivalent, and in 2012 were 20 applications, and implements these projects with foreign investors per cent below that level. GHG emissions in the energy sector such as the integrated production of photovoltaic modules with account for more than 85 per cent of total emissions. Under the French Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission CEA. Kyoto Protocol the country pledged to limit its emissions to near its 1990 levels. The Kazakhstan 2050 strategy and the Green National authorities are promoting the idea of energy certificates Economy concept all aim for a countrywide reduction of GHG and energy labelling, together with the development of taxation emissions of 15 per cent by 2020 and 25 per cent by 2050, tools to improve energy efficiency. Small-scale remote users of al- compared to 1990. The Kazakh INDC reiterates a 15 per cent ternative energy sources with installed capacity up to 5 kWh not reduction as an unconditional target, and specifies a conditional connected to the central grid may receive a governmental subsidy target of a 25 per cent reduction using 1990 as the base year. covering half of the tariff.

The country also has specific emissions targets for the power sector by 2020 and 2030, and has goals related to energy Sources of information for the scorecard efficiency. The current domestic GHG emissions trading system (ETS) and the national action plan on carbon emissions quotas Kazakhstan’s publications, strategies and information materials: Ka- concentrate on the energy sector and industrial installations zakhstan 2050 strategy, Green Economy concept, Astana EXPO- 2017 emitting more than 20 000 tonnes per year. The ETS covers 140 process, Green Bridge Initiative million tonnes of CO2 from 170 enterprises out of 270 million tonnes of CO2 emissions in the energy and industry sectors, but National climate-related assessments and reports: Biannual emissions does not include municipal or household energy consumption or report 2014, Third-sixth national communications to UNFCCC 2013, Cli- the agriculture, waste and forestry sectors. mate mitigation programme

Kazakhstan’s path to decarbonization contemplates low-carbon Publications and materials of the World Bank, EBRD, GEF, UNECE, En- energy that includes both renewables and nuclear sources. A vironment and Security initiative, International Emissions Trading Asso- target for their share is set at 50 per cent by 2050. By 2020, the ciation, Renewable Markets total installed capacity of solar power stations in Kazakhstan may reach 75-100 MW, and for wind power may exceed 1 000 MW, Maps and atlases by Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Energy, UNDP, INCOTEC Watch, Carbon Monitoring for Action, Global Risk Data Platform with an additional 500-700 MW of small-scale hydropower and biogas capacities. At the same time the rapid growth in domestic Zoï expertise, intelligence and interviews with stakeholders in Kazakhstan energy consumption and the new thermal power stations under construction make the transition from coal to cleaner energy This publication has been pro- challenging. duced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.