KWAJEX Scientific Overview and Objectives
KWAJEXKWAJEX TRMMTRMM KWAJALEINKWAJALEIN EXPERIMENTEXPERIMENT
NASANASA •• KMR/USAKAKMR/USAKA •• NOAANOAA
Version 24 February 1999 7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV
The scientific goal of KWAJEX ______2 1. Scientific issues to be addressed in KWAJEX ______4 1.1 Temporal sampling ______4 1.2 TRMM microwave imager (TMI)______5 a. Basic concepts ______5 b. Errors associated with radiative transfer calculation ______7 c. Errors associated with inputs to the radiative transfer calculation ______9 d. Errors associated with horizontal inhomogeneity______11 1.3 Precipitation radar (PR) ______12 1.4 Ground validation algorithms ______14 a. Convective/stratiform precipitation ______14 b. Precipitation structure ______17 c. Hydrometeor mapping ______18 d. Surface precipitation estimation______19 1.5 Cloud modeling ______20 a. Initialization ______21 b. Validation______22 1.6 Budget studies______23 2. Observational requirements______24 2.1 Summary of scientific objectives by section______24 2.2 Hydrometeor sampling ______24 2.3 Needs for simultaneous measurements ______25 2.4 Tradeoffs______26 3. Kwajalein Overview ______27 3.1 Geography ______27 3.2 Routinely collected TRMM GV data ______28 3.3 Kwajalein climatology ______29 a. Annual ______29 b. Radar climatology ______30 Variation of precipitating area______31 Diurnal cycle ______31 Storm morphology______32 References ______33
Purpose of this document
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The scientific goal of KWAJEX
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PART I: Scientific Overview
1. Scientific issues to be addressed in KWAJEX
1.1 Temporal sampling
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1.2 TRMM microwave imager (TMI) a. Basic concepts
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b. Errors associated with radiative transfer calculation
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c. Errors associated with inputs to the radiative transfer calculation
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d. Errors associated with horizontal inhomogeneity
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1.3 Precipitation radar (PR)
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1.4 Ground validation algorithms
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a. Convective/stratiform precipitation
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GLVWXUEDQFHVLQWKHHTXDWRULDOZHVWHUQ3DFLILF-$WPRV6FL 5\]KNRY$DQG'6=UQLF 3UHFLSLWDWLRQDQGDWWHQXDWLRQPHDVXUHPHQWVDWDFP ZDYHOHQJWK-$SSO0HWHRU 6DFKLGDQDQGD0DQG'6=UQLF 5DLQUDWHHVWLPDWHVIURPGLIIHUHQWLDOSRODUL]DWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQWV-$WPRV2FHDQ7HFK 6KRUW'$3$.XFHUD%6)HUULHU-&*HUODFK6$5XWOHGJHDQG2:7KLHOH 6KLSERDUGUDGDUUDLQIDOOSDWWHUQVZLWKLQWKH72*$&2$5(,)$%XOO$PHU 0HWHRU6RF 6PLWK($$0XJQDL+-&RRSHU*-7ULSROLDQG;;LDQJ )RXQGDWLRQVIRU VWDWLVWLFDOSK\VLFDOSUHFLSLWDWLRQUHWULHYDOIURPSDVVLYHPLFURZDYHVDWHOOLWH PHDVXUHPHQWV3DUW, %ULJKWQHVVWHPSHUDWXUHSURSHUWLHVRIDWLPHGHSHQGHQWFORXG UDGLDWLRQPRGHO-$SSOLHG0HWHRU 6PLWK($-(/DPP5$GOHU-$OLVKRXVH.$RQDVKL(%DUUHWW3%DXHU:%HUJ $&KDQJ5)HUUDUR-)HUULGD\6*RRGPDQ1*URG\&.LGG'.QLYHWRQ& .XPPHURZ*/LX)0DUDQR$0XJQDL:2OVRQ*3HWW\$6KLEDWD5 6SHQFHU):HQW]7:LOKHLWDQG(=LSVHU 5HVXOWVRIWKH:HW1HW3,3 SURMHFW-$WPRV6FLLQSUHVV 6WHLQHU05$+RX]H-UDQG6( :DNDVXJL.$0L]XWDQL00DWVXR6)XNDRDQG6.DWR $GLUHFWPHWKRGRI GHULYLQJGURSVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQDQGYHUWLFDODLUYHORFLWLHVIURP9+)'RSSOHUUDGDU VSHFWUD-$WPRV2FHDQ7HFK :DOGYRJHO$ 7KH1RMXPSLQUDLQGURSVSHFWUD-$WPRV6FL :DOODFH-0DQG39+REEV $WPRVSKHULF6FLHQFH $Q,QWURGXFWRU\6XUYH\$FDGHPLF 3UHVV1HZ Table 1. Mapping of specific types of measurements to scientific objectives by section. Relative scale of importance of measurement to objective on scale from 1 to 10. v refers to validation portion of objective and i refers to initialization portion of objective. Scientific Objectives RTC RTC PR conv/ precip sfc budget cloud input inhom (1.3 sf struct precip (1.6) mode (1.2.3) (1.2.4) ) (1.4.1) (1.4.2) (1.4.4) l (1.5) Horiz Divergence Profiles at 500m-2 km res in 3D vol 66610881010v over areas 10 10v Vertical Velocity at 500m-2km res in 3d vol 51010788 10 10v along flight tracks 8 8 5v 8v Thermodynamic Profiles sfc to stratosphere 10 3 0 0 5 2 9 10i boundary layer 10 3 0 0 5 2 10 10i within precip regions 10 3 0 0 8 2 5 8v budget over closed array 8 NA 0 6 2 9 10 10vi Horiz spatial variability of water vapor at low levels 5 3 0 4 1 0 10 9vi Surface evaporation 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 9i Surface temperature (SST) 7 0 1 0 5 0 10 8i Surface wind 7 3 10 0 5 7 10 8v Incoming microwave radiation 4 4 0 0 0000 Depth of rain layer 10 7 10 8 10 8 0 5v Microwave scattering of regions with high concs of ice and large ice at TMI freq Upward 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 Downward 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Microwave absorption of rain regions at TMI freq Upward 10 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 Downward 10 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 Mixing ratios and num. conc. with height and their spatial variability within precipitating cloud: water vapor 10 4 0 5 0 0 5 10vi cloud water 8 4 0 8 0 0 0 10v cloud ice 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 10v rain 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 9v snow (aggregates) 10 10 7 10 10 8 0 10v graupel 10 10 7 10 10 8 0 10v Drop size distributions fine res vertical profiles 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 8vi fine res horiz variability 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 5v Graupel detection NA NA NA 8 9008v 3D vols of non-attenuated Z 8 10 10 10 10 6 0 10v Surface rain rates 10 10 10 7 10 10 10 10v 3D volumes of ZDR, KDP and ρhv 0 6 6 8 10 10 0 10v Table 2. Basic characteristics of nominal Kwajalein TRMM GV radar scan strategy. a) Scan speed # bin spacing Max range Nyquist name variables # samples PRF (Hz) (deg/sec) tilts (m) (km) velocity (m/s) survellience Z 8 1 50 250 378.5 396 NA Non-pol volume Z, Vr 18 22 52 250 160.5 934 25.0 dual-pol A Z, Vr, ZDR, 116 (58 H/ 811 250 160.5 934 25.0 volume PHIDP 58 V) dual-pol B Z, Vr, ZDR, 116 (58 H/ 811 250 160.5 934 25.0 volume PHIDP 58 V) b) scan name set of elevation angles (deg) surveillance 1 non-pol volume 0.4, 0.65, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 2.3, 2.7, 3.1, 3.5, 4.3, 5.2, 6.0, 7.0, 8.1, 9.5, 11.1, 13.2, 15.7, 18.9, 23.1, 28.8 dual-pol A volume 0.4, 1.2, 1.9, 2.7, 3.5, 5.2, 7.0, 9.5, 13.2, 18.9, 28.8 dual-pol B volume 0.4, 0.9, 1.5, 2.3, 3.1, 4.3, 6.0, 8.1, 11.1, 15.7, 23.1 Vertical Structure of Hydrometeors Profile of Radiative Calculated Atmospheric Transfer Brightness Pressure, Calculation Temperatures Temperature, RH Surface Wind Speed Surface Temperature Figure 1. Illustration of the radiative transfer calculation input and outputs. All these volumes contain the same number of identically sized targets. a) b) c) d) e) f) All these volumes have the same radar reflectivity. Spatial distribution of targets within volume is unknown and usually assumed to be uniform. Figure 2. Conceptual illustration of the beam filling issue. CHARACTERISTIC HEATING PROFILES CONVECTIVE STRATIFORM HEIGHT + - + HEATING RATE Figure 3. Characteristic heating profiles for convective and stratiform regions. Tropopause -80 TMI PR Deep -65 convective echo top SF -45 echo top Temperature ° C Temperature -25 -10 Bright 0 band { LOW MODERATE HIGH LOW MODERATE HIGH Tropopause -80 GV CLOUD Deep MODELING convective echo top -65 SF -45 echo top Temperature ° C Temperature -25 -10 Bright 0 band { LOW MODERATE HIGH LOW MODERATE HIGH Figure 4. The relative interest in microphysical measurements at various altitudes by the TMI, PR, GV, and cloud modeling facets of KWAJEX. -80 C ° -25 Temperature Temperature -10 Bright 0 band 5 10 Combined priority for microphysics measurements Figure 5. The net relative interest in microphysical measurement at various altitudes derived from Fig. 4. Wake Honolulu, 6082 1314 Hawaii Saipan 1184 Johnston Guam 205 1020 2331 851 Yap Kwajalein 427 450 699 1059 Chuuk Majuro Palau Pohnpei 542 643 Kosrae Figure 6. Map of central Pacific showing distances in km between various islands. Distance is in km. Taongi A. Pacific Ocean Bikar A. R Rongelap A. a Rongerik A. t Enewotok A. Utrik A. a Bikini A. Taka A. k R Ailuk A. C Ailinginae A. a Mejit Is. h l Likiep a ik A. i Wotho A. Jemo Is. n Ujelang A. C Wotje A. Kwajalein A. h Ujae a Erikub Maloelap A. in Lae A. Aur A. N Lib Jabwot Namu A. Majuro A. Ailinglaplap A. Arno A. Jaluit A. Mili 0 150 300 km A. Knox Kili Is. A. The Marshall Islands Namorik A. Ebon A. Figure 7. Map of atolls within the Marshall Islands. Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands 167°10' 167°20' 167°30' 167°40' N NOTE: All target areas are approximate Roi Namur Ennugarret Bokonlabidoka Ennumennent Ennuebing Bikohmot Mellu Ennubirr Obella 9°20' Boggerin Boked Nukne 9°20' Oniotte Bigi Edgigen Debuu MELLU PASS Edjell Biggarenn Boggerik Gagan Bokmaruig Ere 9°10' Bikennel Drebeiu 9°10' Baggeratjan Ja Bokaluom Ujajiivan Boken UJAJIRUKKU PASS Wojeirok Jerak Illeginni Gellinam Geghu Nell Onemak Eru Ennumet Burle Jakeru Enmat Gurer Ennugenliggelap Omelek Eller Eniwetak Kwadack 9°00' NORTH AMBO CHAN PASS 9°00' Legan Meck Jokouij Mian Mann Bigej Torruji BIGEJ CHAN PASS Tonle Gugeegue Ningi Gehh ° 8°50' 8 50' Ninni Ebioaji North Loi GEA PASS Bijinkur 0 5 10 South Loi Gea Ebeye N-Miles Ennylabegan Ebijirikku SOUTH PASS Orubebbu 0 5 10 S-Miles Enubuj Kwajalein 167°10' 167°20' 167°30' 167°40' Figure 8. Map of islands in the eastern portion of Kwajalein Atoll. Surveillance 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 20 20 18 18 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 height msl (km) 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 slant range (km) Figure 9. Range-height plot of 1¡ elevation angle surveillance scan to 380 km range. Minimum range for useable echo is 15 km. Height of freezing level (4.5 km) and nominal maximum echo top height (13 km) are indicated. Non-Pol Volume 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 20 20 18 18 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 height msl (km) 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 slant range (km) Figure 10. Range-height plot of elevation angles in nonpolarization volume scan (Table 2) to 150 km range. Minimum range for useable echo is 15 km. Height of freezing level (4.5 km) and nominal maximum echo top height (13 km) are indicated. Dual-Pol A Volume 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 20 20 18 18 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 height msl (km) 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 slant range (km) Figure 11. As in Fig. 10 except for elevation angles in dual-polarization volume scan A (Table 2). Dual-Pol B Volume 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 20 20 18 18 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 height msl (km) 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 slant range (km) Figure 12. As in Fig. 10 except for elevation angles in dual-polarization volume scan B (Table 2). Aeromet rain gauges RMI rain gauges Roi Namur Kwajalein Atoll Lae Atoll y km Kwajalein Namu Atoll Figure 13. Map of Kwajalein -100 0 100 Atoll and neighboring atolls and islands showing location of Kwajalein GV radar and Ailinglaplap Atoll regularly received GV rain gauge data. -100 0 100 x km 800 (a) Rainfall 600 400 Rain (mm) 200 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec • (b) Average Windspeed 7 •• • • • 6 • • 5 • • • Wind Speed (m/s) 4 • Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 14. Kwajalein climatological data based on records from 1945-1993. a) Monthly precipitation, average (thick line), maximum (thin line), minimum dotted line. b) Average wind speed. (Data courtesy of Aeromet Inc.) Figure 15. Monthly precipitation accumulation in mm for Kwajalein GV region during period of radar operations during August 1998 similar to TRMM GV product 3A-54. JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER Figure 16. Average monthly precipitation in western Pacific derived from satellite SSM/I data using GPROF (Goddard Profiling Algorithm) for period 1987-1996. The 150 km radius TRMM GV area centered on Kwajalein Island is indicated by the circle in the center of the figure. (Figure courtesy of C. Kummerow and E. Nelkin.) 800 (a) 1997 600 400 Rain (mm) 200 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 800 (b) 1998 600 400 Rain (mm) 200 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 17. Recorded monthly rainfall at Kwajalein Island for 1997 and 1998. (Data courtesy of Aeromet Inc.) fraction of radar coverage area with echo > 20 dBZ fraction of radar coverage area with echo > 20 dBZ fraction of radar coverage area with echo > 20 dBZ 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 (a) (e) (c) 0901.00 0701.00 0901.00 0701.00 0902.00 0902.00 0703.00 0903.00 0903.00 0704.00 0904.00 • •• •••• ••• • 0904.00 0705.00 0905.00 0706.00 0905.00 0906.00 0707.00 0906.00 0907.00 0708.00 0908.00 0907.00 0709.00 0909.00 0908.00 0710.00 0910.00 0711.00 0909.00 0911.00 0712.00 0910.00 0912.00 0713.00 0911.00 0913.00 Sept 1997 0714.00 Sept 1998 July 1997 0912.00 0914.00 0715.00 0915.00 0716.00 0913.00 0717.00 0916.00 0914.00 0718.00 0917.00 0915.00 0719.00 0918.00 0916.00 0720.00 0919.00 0721.00 0917.00 0920.00 0722.00 0921.00 0918.00 0723.00 0922.00 0919.00 0724.00 0923.00 0725.00 0920.00 0924.00 0726.00 0921.00 0925.00 0727.00 0922.00 0926.00 0728.00 0927.00 0923.00 0729.00 0928.00 0730.00 0924.00 0929.00 0731.00 0925.00 0930.00 examples inFig.22areindicatedbydots(c). were notavailable.Timescorrespondingtothe Discontinuous linesindicatewhenradardata area coveredbyprecipitation>20dBZ. Figure 18. fraction of radar coverage area with echo > 20 dBZ fraction of radar coverage area with echo > 20 dBZ 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.2 (d) 0805.12 (b) 0801.00 0802.00 0806.12 0803.00 0807.12 MonthlytimeseriesoffractionalGV 0804.00 0808.12 0805.00 0809.12 0806.00 0810.12 0807.00 0811.12 0808.00 0809.00 0812.12 0810.00 0813.12 0811.00 0814.12 0812.00 0815.12 0813.00 August 1997 0816.12 Aug 1998 0814.00 0817.12 0815.00 0816.00 0818.12 0817.00 0819.12 0818.00 0820.12 0819.00 0821.12 0820.00 0822.12 0821.00 0823.12 0822.00 0823.00 0824.12 0824.00 0825.12 0825.00 0826.12 0826.00 0827.12 0827.00 0828.12 0828.00 0829.00 0829.12 0830.00 0830.12 0831.00 0831.12 KWAJ July-Sept 1997 6000 4000 2000 # hrly samples 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 fraction of GV radar coverage area with echo > 20 dBZ KWAJ Aug-Sept 1998 5000 3000 # hrly samples 1000 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 fraction of GV radar coverage area with echo > 20 dBZ Figure 19. Histogram of the fraction of areal coverage of precipitation > 20 dBZ within the GV region tabulated at intervals of 5%. Rain area cumulative distribution 100 80 60 40 cumulative freq (%) 20 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 fraction of radar coverage area with echo > 20 dBZ Figure 20. Cumulative frequency as a function of instantaneous precipitating area. July, August, and September 1997 - thin line, August and September 1998 - heavy line. for the1998data. uncalibrated forthe1997dataandcalibrated which theseplotsarederivedwere the GV hourly coverageisgivenasapercentageof averages. of precipitatingregionscomputedfromhourly percentage ofmaximumhourlyarealfraction Figur e 21. % of max hrly areal fraction area. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 The absoluteareaofthemaximum 0 (a) Diurnal cycleofrelative 2 The radarreflectivitiesfrom Jul 97(uncal) Max =0.06%ofGVarea 4 6 8 11 14 17 20 23 % of max hrly areal fraction % of max hrly areal fraction 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0 (d) (b) 2 2 Aug 97(uncal) Max =0.05%ofGVarea Max =0.17%ofGVarea 4 4 Aug 98(cal) 6 6 8 8 11 11 14 14 17 17 20 20 23 23 % of max hrly areal fraction % of max hrly areal fraction 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0 (e) 2 2 Sep 97(uncal) Max =0.05%ofGVarea Max =0.08%ofGVarea 4 4 Sep 98(cal) (c) 6 6 8 8 11 11 14 14 17 17 20 20 23 23 (a) Figure 22. (a-k) Examples of precipitation patterns at Kwajalein from September 1997. (b) Figure 22. (continued) (c) Figure 22. (continued) (d) Figure 22. (continued) (e) Figure 22. (continued) (f) Figure 22. (continued) (g) Figure 22. (continued) (h) Figure 22. (continued) (i) Figure 22. (continued) (j) Figure 22. (continued) (k) Figure 22. (continued)