Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja h 90 n 90,alwdteshlr otreat to scholars the allowed 1950s, and between 1930s others and the Morley G. Sylvanus Thompson, generally were people. commoners peaceful a the considered while scientists Western thinkers, by and performed those to activi- similar in ties speculations, scientific and at philosophical in sun engaged the predominantly the emphasized being as to model priests-astronomers This alignments equinoxes. fix and priests to solstices the “observato- served which goals, called ries” their complexes accomplish architectural To erected (Thomp- events 1952). celestial certain son of prediction deeper expertise the the the in including very keeping cosmos, developing the and society about time the knowledge of of rest philosophy the perceived specific to events sky theo- the the the in interpreted model, this aristocracy to cratic According Morley, 144-146). (e.g. the labors about 1946: agricultural farmers for the suitable inform ob- periods to priests heavens the the certain priesthood, served the on by the and performed witness to season rituals centers rain monumental visited the occasions on depending agricul- slush-and-burn ture places. practiced ceremonial farmers and the proxim- pyramids While close temples, in the buildings to in centers ity resided ceremonial priests the the around and villages dispersed in w ai opnnso aasceydrn the during society (250 Maya Period The Classic of form whole 137-159). components to believed basic 79, were two 70, peasantry the 55, and 262- priesthood 1954: 170-174, Thompson, Mayan 265; 1946: specialized the (Morley, by performed priests-astronomers were sky the of Words: Key h ae xmnstesca n utrlcnetwti hc aapriest-astro Maya which within context cultural 250 and (AD social Period the Classic examines paper The latıuoetdae non oilyclua etodlca curnlssacerdot los actuaron cual del dentro cultural y per´ıodo social Cl´asico (250 entorno el art´ıculo estudia El eMxA(ei eConferencias) de (Serie RevMexAA 16 ([email protected]). 1 hsmdlo aascey eeoe yJ Eric J. by developed society, Maya of model This thsbe ogasmdta h observations the that assumed long been has It nttt ainld nrplgı Historia Antropolog´ıa e de Nacional Instituto archaeoastronomy .INTRODUCTION 1. RFLN LSI AASKYWATCHERS MAYA CLASSIC PROFILING − 0 d.C.) 900 − − 900). 0) h amr lived farmers the 900): , 47 62 (2016) 16–23 , tnsa Iwaniszewski Stanislaw ABSTRACT RESUMEN sn h em“kwthr”(rtpplrzdby popularized (first am “skywatchers” I article term this the Throughout using per- recorded. context were and observations cultural formed astronomical and Maya social which the in is it revisit above-mentioned outdated, to quite the necessary is As astronomers priestly of 127). model mem- 2004: group rituals non-royal (Beliaev and mostreligious bers develop royal because by not performed class did were priests separate during of a that category into suggest the even period 2009: scholars this Inomata Some and hierarchies, (Houston 171-172). titles Classic to noble Late leading and of 2001) ranks development Stuart com- rapid and non- the the new (Houston fostered many elites and period royal families num- this royal growing between during petition the elites of growth, ber demographic ruler.Associated the chief the the with of over name ruling in governors entities minor smaller exhibit- of so- complex, levels Maya various 314- more the ing much Period 1992: became Classic structure Chase, Late cial and the (Chase During class 315). sort middle some of (Hammond the emergence classes of the suggesting subdi- social even multiple or major 1991) were accounts the there new within indicating given visions Maya have the theories (Webster, of favor wrong Modern of was out it 2006). proved fell studies society Maya modern Classic and of model this 143; 132-134, 1920: the Morley, 1928). in Ricketson, observations 1924; man- their (Blom, same make present the astronomers as in as regarded less were or ner more sky performed the activities of observations their but or also astronomers, Clas- modern more were of equivalents as accurate only considered less Not priest-astronomers Maya astronomers. sic modern activ- of of terms ities in observations astronomical ancient ntels ure ftetetehcentury, twentieth the of quarter last the In 1 sat´nmsmyse el en es-astr´onomos mayas oesatddrn the during acted nomers Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja lzso alae,ealdteueo oio so- horizon of calendrically of use composed calendars the observational each enabled lar ballgames, at palaces, temples, or buildings as plazas archaeologists important by most describes Archaeoas- site, the in alignmentsencoded architectural architecture. that argued have Maya tronomers monumental encoded alignments astronomical in of use the on views ceremonies. ritual politi- of efficient control the produce through to ideology members cal elite their its abil- of out, the ity on pointed depended has cohesion and (2001) structure internal Johnston as and, Plank and 2001), eco- McAnany and 2001; (Inomata administrative activities nomic religious, poltical, en- in officials 2001). numerous gaged of (Inomata consisted palaces courts royal inhabited to Maya officials near individual while located and residences buildings, clans other noble than other built usually elaborately complexes, more palace royal in lived families their Martin and (Miller person 121). been same 2004: have the could by practices of performed kinds possi- different is that it ble though skywatchers, divin- and specialists, day-keepers skilled ers, of leading number, in lore growth, celestial the to and numerology calendar, writ- ceremonial in ing, public knowledge specialized and required religious also complex- practices Maya 2005: growing Classic (Foster, and of court development ity royal The the to of 136-137). created demands state were the Maya complex offices suit of a new many development of and rapid emergence bureaucracy, The the fostered Mar- 121). polities & (Miller 2004: person same were tin, the offices by of performed kinds different often These Foster, 123-125). (see society 2005: of con- percent ninety who around slaves) stituted servants, (farmers, and commoners artisans) officials, the soldiers, (lesser traders, pop- class priests, also ranking middle were lower incipient cities the The by per- ulated lineages. individuals noble and to offices taining numerous were of ”palaces”, composed called mon- often multi-room arrangements, complex umental the within royal- The located courts power. for contending nu- often polities creating controlled major hamlets bu- and often villages state rulers centers, smaller lineages, the merous elite that rulers, and divine reaucracy, the by gov- sources populated, erned densely epigraphic were cities and Maya that Archaeological proved place. activities took ritual and administrative economic, litical, way. neutral more a and in astronomical specialists Maya calendar denote to (1980) Aveni A.F. rheatoia tde lomdfidour modified also studies Archaeoastromical and rulers Maya that suggest data Archaeological po- intense where places were cities Maya The RFLN LSI AASYACES17 SKYWATCHERS MAYA CLASSIC PROFILING h ocpsadcneno neuae lt rather commoners. reflect elite the educated texts of an Astronomical those of concern and elite. the concepts Maya in the the events everyday of on lives focusing tools predictive n atn 96 vn ta.2003; al. meaningful et Aveni be (Aveni 1986: activities to subsistence Hartung thought Maya and of were context that the 13 in days of multiples 20 the and by formed intervals, meaningful htm ihteritual the terrestrial and with cycles goal rhythms celestial primary commensurate its to and was 2002) and (Grube interpretation, prognostication in- calculation, tradition divination, intellectual specifically, an cluding More of part was politics. skywatching and calen- religion, genealogy, in mythology, history, trained reveals divination, also also numerology, content were drics, observers Their celestial existed. special- that indeed astronomical did and ists calendrical clearly that codices Postclassic denotes and inscriptions Maya sic prac- ritual and skywatchers courts royal that tices. to implying related closely ones were cer- civic the and both emonial were The buildings events. aligned recurrent astronomically over ob- power predictive and the cosmos Maya tain the alignments understand architectural to tried of skywatchers means By 2011). rmteramo l te ciiistkn place taking activities other all of skies the realm seeing of the practice from the stargaz- remove Maya to the learned that suggest ers al. may This et (Houston 164). individual” 2006: an of line area dotted immediate from and the “removed eyeball objects distant the at addition that looking represented later asserts A idea celestial this dot- the gazing. to a of distant by direction denote the linked in firmament 281) eyeballs pointing and that (2000: line supposed ted Taube in- be and important may Houston it on by Drawing Nahua offered of sights students 1). all (Figure to astronomy well-known is (63r) Codex sees”. “holy god Moon’s “the after the as just as or either sky sight”, lu- perceived the western first was the sunset in the the in that also observed meaning crescent (2006: appears D) nar al. glyph (Glyph et Series this Houston Lunar that at”. look observe The “to 172) mean- or il, vision. see”, read “to of is ing eyeball concepts an Maya representing glyph the should Maya focus on the centered sky, be the of observations naked-eye h srnmcladclnrclcneto Clas- of content calendrical and astronomical The h eito fasagzrfo h Mendoza the from stargazer a of depiction The direct on dependent astronomy ancient the As .MY OCPSO WATCHING, OF CONCEPTS MAYA 2. BEVN,LOIGA,ETC. AT, LOOKING OBSERVING, tzolk’in aedrt create to calendar pac2010, Sprajc ˇ Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja aasyacesosre h evn,te did they heavens, the observed When skywatchers representedMaya 2005). other Mazariegos while (Chinchilla constellations beings, depicted stellar were related grotesque them various as wasclosely of with some which entities, populated animated sky also wahy underworld,was night from the extruded The to Fig. being as night 166-169, sky. signs the star 2006: the of the depictions show The al. also 163) sky et 2005: Houston 281- Stuart 16; 4.26; 2000: Taube Fig. and 283, (Houston eyeballs extruded actu- was he what observing. understand ally to the the attempted at that look he simply sky, suggest not may did skywatcher This connected Codex and Madrid 281-287). (Houston also processes were 2000: cognitive Taube, they or Maya intellectual activities, to the physiological were or to watching sensory seeing seeing, according simple equaled at, only that Looking not acts the knowing. with “creative- with eye- of is, concept that extruded the seeing”, with that associated observed were connection, balls Taube this In and 2). the eye (Figure Houston by stalk observer’s connected a an being through orbit still shows though former extruded the being Mendoza that the of in that Codex from differs (34) Codex Madrid 34). Codex Madrid the from image priest-astronomer the an with of K5799 Early K1280, K1118, (compare vessels “astronomers” Classic classi- representing automatically are as up fied skywatch- turned individuals heads the the of their in images with all embodied – movements was bodily also ers’ but of kinds seeing, practice other of the from was distinct only conceptually Not skywatching surroundings. their in (simplified). Mendoza Codex the in skywatcher A 1. Fig. 18 a nmtdette a oeie display sometimes may entities animated Way the from stargazer Maya a of image the However, IWANISZEWSKI ens n eeta oseltoswr mgndas imagined were other animals. constellations spearing celestial as and seen were beings, Venus deities deities, male seen moon rise and were heliacal sun eclipses the of lunar manifestations and as Solar various in ways. lives people’s particular en- with animated engaged were and that ancestors tities deified gods, looked celestial of they at contrary, perspective the detached on astronomers, the distancing from them perceive not (sim- Codex Madrid the in priest-astronomer plified). A 2. Fig. onlwsivle nnmrlgcladcalendri- and numerological in involved was sonnel star the which attached. to is ek’ grotesque) sign and animal figures various cartouches (human, and lunar location, and heavenly solar a representing planetary symbols), lunar, starry solar, and (with (?) skyband the a to of limited depiction greatly non-royal are and motifs royal Astronomical of rulers elites. members the on other of shown with figures images together the The display monuments Series. various Lunar the mostly to is reduced which information, bear astronomical inscriptions little Those very office, pe- etc. to rituals, ceremonies, private ending important accession and riod all birth, public to death, like: war, order lives marriage, days, and their 9 structure in or give events 7 to 819, of (Long etc.) cycles duration Round, varying used Calendar Maya of Count, the cycles that calendar show multiple monuments differ- of on classes placed ent inscriptions The intertwined. narrations were genealogical historical-mythological and hseiec ae tcerta h cia per- scribal the that clear it makes evidence This computations calendrical Maya, ancient the For .TEMY CIA LS AND CLASS SCRIBAL MAYA THE 3. PRIESTS-ASTRONOMERS Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja ihnpriua on n ce spoht rdi- ceremonies or prophets public as acted at and towns officiated days”, particular of within They “he k’iin, aj (sing. “diviner”). k’iino’ob ah called were painters. have codex specialized should special- by divinatory than codex rather and painted ists astronomical new by special- taken a those been into that of pages implies inclusion This ized the regarding diviners. prob- priestly decisions were by system, Count added Long ably the Various which in dates almanacs the and officials. divinatory lack and (Bricker trained ritual highly period astronomical by Classic 1992) Late probably Bricker the were in that tables) compiled seasonal and Venus eclipses, ofvarious of Mars, consisted cycles content synodic activi- tables(the specialized painting astronomical Their and observations writing ties. with celestial overlapped and were divination, computations that suggests calendar codices Maya Columbian tradition. scribal same clear the part quite of were not keeping calendar is and it skywatching consequence, whether In by 148-149). shaped 2000: were (Houston traditions they intellectual possible different is slightly two it so indepen- writing, and nu- of dent to and prior rel- calendars chronologically are the were 6020) Mesoamerica merology and In 5721, rare. 1196, atively no. (see Kerr specialists ves- example calendrical codex or for diviners Classic of various images sels, on depicted sculptures, religious- local of the by production elite. controlled the was and knowledge that literacy mythological indicates of art record cen- the epigraphic elite and the iconographic in archaeological, 56-57).This tombs 2004: scribal and (Reents-Budet ters of 150), placement the 2000: by the Chich´en Houston Itz´a, and at 160-162, Osario 1991: Cop´an, Fash 14; at (e.g. Fig 9N-8 1997, sites Group Inomata Classic Aguateca, and Late close at several read M8-10 located at Structure to centers often elite able were the were workplaces to least Scribal elite at and the write. 121) of elite members 2004: to Simon, some belonged and scribes they (Miller the know and of groups we Houston some works, 150; Since their signed 257-264). 2000: Houston 2009: 55- Inomata were 1992; 1994: members Closs (Reents-Budet elite were sculptors 59; life and some elite scribes that the also of 2) aspects and two these inseparable sug- may 1) over- activities that: religious This gest and once. political at of religious relationships lapping and of political web were a that in participating activities cal nLt otlsia uaa aedrpriests calendar Yucatan Postclassical Late In pre- surviving the of content the However, or painters scribes, of figures the to Contrary RFLN LSI AASYACES19 SKYWATCHERS MAYA CLASSIC PROFILING ues oiia n iiaylaesadterrel- their and leaders military the and the sub-classes: that political different two suggest rulers, of to consisted Closs class guided second elite lords”, “the the of of education sons the of Period. Classic description inferred the duties Landa’s during Clas- (1992) (military) inherited Late been political Closs have a and might 6020) on (scribal) (K priestly placed the text vessel the painted on sic and Landa de under- well not still is officers society ritual stood. Maya and structure Classic religious the Late the in However, of organization 19-21). and 1992: of- scribal (Closs, and also fices priestly were the relations determining Kinship in important Landa). de “their calendri- as by the (described sciences” of knowledge sons and astronomical second script, and Maya the cal the of of and lords” the priests “the of other of the examining and of training) children (or responsible teaching was was the priest Mai) for this Priest mai particular, High In can the ahau hereditary. Mai”, inher- the Lord of were “Serpent position duties (the the priestly example, controlled For The was ited. priesthood families. Maya ruling that by (2003: know Landa de we Postclassic Diego From 57) and 19). Classic 1992: the (Closs, times in traditions scribal between continuity the of sort some maintained Collapse diviners. could calendrical specialists as these functioned of- have cycles, As calendrical specialist, chi’ilan. of Yucatec prophetic ficiants Colonial or the oracular with an identified 2009: as Inomata head-band” defined and the 174) Houston of 210-221; “speaker hu’n, 2004: sak (Zender ti’ of that was activities. respect calendar in or differ time-keeping nevertheless overlap- to they significant of- functions, show of these and ping similar Though very court look 371-372). the fices in 2004: performed (Zender ceremonies chapels ritual as, activities, his well teaching Among and as accounts tribute records, histori- period. of cal narratives, Classic genealogical propitiation were Late functions and other the worship during the and gods keeping with record and with writing associated was which 189- “he 195) 2004: paper”, (Zender “worshipper” holy 222-224), worships”, 217, who the “he 2001: of Stuart “he and (Jackson title k’uhuun keeps” this who aj between of 2004) that There (Zender and scribes. parallel or strong artists, a spe- as is calendar acted to likely accord- refer and who may texts 128) cialists Classic (2004: few Beliaev a to in The ing occurs 481). title in 203: k’ Sharer aj 213; 2006: (Thompson viners rwn nteifrainpoie yDiego by provided information the on Drawing Maya the survived who scribes the Obviously, elite Maya Classic the of title known Another Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja he ue eetecpue,btas hnamong when also but its captured, when the especially sub- were polity, the ruler or neighbor chief weakening the the of in since jugation welcomed resulted they be only might termed not capture”) (those “to events chu:k’aj, capture as that (2001) commented signifi- Johnston a has activities. suggest military war- Maya of various variation the The cant by recorded bound. actions tightly fare be to seem scribes corporate a group. of ranked sort a or by in astronom- that organized and were calendar concluded specialists period be ical Classic may the of it wall end 2012), east the the al. notations of et place astronomical (Saturno text and the numerological As contains 2015). (Sat- al. an titles et holding (senior) urno sakun as or described brother) are (younger are itz’in them scribal-priests of Xul- taaj some at of depicted, figures the 10K-2 evi- various by Structure where This supported of tun, is painting sculptors. scribes mural or among famous that ranks scribes possible for of also (Hous- dence is ranks lord it defines ruling 189), the it 2009: of Inomata sons and the ton for to title title refer this well Though a may 123-124). as 2004: appears (Beliaev The “heir”) sculptors (“young”, 1989:67). ch’ok (Kerr disciplines title young teaching k’uhuun by being as aj Pawah- illustrated scribes, (ch’ok) displays of which be god Maya 1196 a may K tuun, creation on This painted the scene to the groups. leading corporate grew celes- of and also divination observation individu- calendrical of tial in number specializing the that als assume seems to It Bir´oreasonable Hous- 2011). 171-172; 2005; 2009: Jackson Inomata and 387- 2001; ton Stuart 2004: and (Zender Houston 800 elite and 391; of 600 number (450) between in titles increment substantial the served epoch. their of networks religious and social administra- tive, priests- political, in rit- hypothetical embedded of the were astronomers classes priests, all and Like specialists other admin- ual offices. to political, military ties, related the and family attained istrative were who through scribes members be, and family may priests it the as both similar Be at arrived conclusion. Palenque in of astronomy development k’awiilian the Kan in of patronage role scientific the B’ahlam’s investigated Ger- who Also (2007) scribes. Aldana as of ardo educated sons were the nobles of and ruling offices sons the political the hold could re- sub-classes, scribes close two the a the was there between The indicates lationship K6020 relatives. on their calendars, placed text and in ceremonies specialists and the divination scribes, the and atives, 20 iiayageso n h aeo captured of fate the and aggression Military ob- have archaeologists and epigraphers Recently, IWANISZEWSKI etcce,ec ob nlyal opouealist assert a power. to produce their rulers to maintain) the able (and allowing finally statements recur- be powerful some to of of etc. dates cycles, the rent negotiating computing in for sky, constructing algorithms and the predicting in in events representations, classifying and their and objects skywatchers perceiving the Maya of in The engaged actively societies. were own their within events. dynastic important of dates rulers, the mythical with the cycles, of tzolk’in birthdates linking Clas- motions, in planetary a especially within polity, played Maya class sic scribal the the role recognizes arguments powerful he Johnston (2007) Aldana if like Even inconclusive, are the sky. of the control and in the events movements climatic-environmental involved of alia days, inter of which of knowledge Universe, that detailed the aware very well the were required success rulers their The at affairs level. the gov- city-state conduct to to the families and commoners noble the other over ern re- from to support possibility any the public ceive and producing authority of their rulers diminished capacity of aspirations the political of reaffirming monuments loss for- destroyed The thus were ever. rulers defeated political the abilities the of Their legitimating rights texts hieroglyphic tortured. write were to they bleed- suggesting and broken ing, John- were fingers scribes, their captured that displayed noticed Ex- bound ston which and Bonampak half-naked scribes. few from a courtly mural official a the amining were captives the h oezn n ,9 niiul ie nterural the in lived individuals 3,892 in and resided zone core individuals the 2,044 un- lived about Cul- inhabitants dispersed, and Uaxactun evenly The Rice 23). (compare be- maximum was 1990: bert, this population of its 50% Classic Late Uaxac- low Early the centers, the during important in maximum Classic; other population Like reached area residential tun km2. the 16 in Rice living of inhabitants, 1990:21) approx- Culbert, (5936 were and inhabitants there 6,000 that imately Classic suggest at Uaxactun population peak Period overall recon- the Population or for city-states 1990). structions particular Culbert, and of at- (Rice size ago polities the time infer long to archaeologists ceremonial tempted of cities, arrangements and spatial centers the epigraphic on and and ethnohistorical data on gen- Drawing per acting eration. individuals of interesting number is the estimate it to society, Maya in played astronomers uhave iutsteMy priest-astronomers Maya the situates view a Such nassigteiprac httepriest- the that importance the assessing In .PLT IEADTENME OF NUMBER THE AND SIZE POLITY 4. RET-SRNMR TUAXACTUN AT PRIESTS-ASTRONOMERS Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja etdb oso 20:12,vr e aeClassic Late sug- either few very As call 152), (2000: can Houston priest-astronomers. we by gested whom or Classic specialists Late tzolk’in individuals/gener- the 8-9 in and ation Classic Early the during individuals/generation 3-4 indicate sky- approximately 1 gen- the were Table each there in in provided in or numbers tzolk’in scribes The in the watching. either of trained also half were I a eration divided. only evenly were that they not assume assume are I classes pop- so two The known, the between bureaucrats. proportions state ulation leaders, supplied military others no- and the while political of produced some that families results ble it (1992), Closs by posed non-elite 1). of Table tendencies (see Late the population the that following during assume Period duplicated may Classic roughly we was the Tikal, number when by its AD), conquered (378 was 2 Uax- Tzakol city at after residences built elite were Many actun residents. of maximum palace the 189 giving in- residents, 23-25 are of a A-12 maximum by inhabited and be by A-8, to to (Vald´es, studied estimated A-7, cluded lowered 2005), palaces A-6, is the structures figure to Adams, his addition In So residents. 18). 164 1990: Culbert, esti- (Rice and residents/dwelling common 5.6 the and 5.4 of between mations instead household, 6.3 per of other average persons the to utilizes Contrarily Adams studies, (combined elites). population group population secondary the elite and of % the primary 10 assume to up studies How- constituted current population. whole most con- the they ever, of 2% estimated than and ar- less members F-14) stituted elite and D-20 184 B-25, at B-13, rived B-1, structures A-18, in A-9, at space A-5, palaces sleeping Classic from all (derived in computed Uaxactun residents who elite and (1974) of number Adams 1.1 the Tables 1974). 1990: Puleston, Culbert, 1.2; and (Rice periphery Tao](250-550) [Tzakol] Tpu (550-889) [Tepeu] al lsi 84 Classic Early dpigtemdlo w lt u-lse pro- sub-classes elite two of model the Adopting aeCasc1959631%3. 698-9 16.9 33.8 3.18% 5,936 189 Classic Late SIAIN FTENME FPIS-SRNMR/EEAINA CLASSIC AT PRIEST-ASTRONOMERS/GENERATION OF NUMBER THE OF ESTIMATIONS eid()RsdnsPooto 2 ula aiisSrbsEtmtdn Estimated Scribes families Nuclear (2) Proportion Residents (1) Period tutrs()prpey()i aae pcait and specialists palaces in (3) periphery (2) structures aaelk eta ra+vru 3 56pros nttlo tzolk’in of total in persons) (5.6 (3) versus + area Central Palace-like RFLN LSI AASYACES21 SKYWATCHERS MAYA CLASSIC PROFILING EIDUAXACTUN PERIOD AL 1 TABLE dm,RcadEW 94 Atiletmto fClas- of estimation trial “A 1974, E.W. Richard Adams, societies. own celestial their Maya within situates the observers view of a part Such been tradition. suggesting have scribal could workplaces, divination special celestial scribes in that and trained manufac- sculptors were were of who classes codices specialized and by Inscriptions tured accounts, on. tribute so knowledge, and traditional of diviners and keepers teachers advisers, functionaries, and prophets religious day-keepers, and as they functioned those observations, of also celestial some in if Even specialized specialists once. eco- at divinatory religious, and political, nomic were that relationships plex Uaxactun. Classic Late in liv- ing inhabitants adult priest-astronomers/thousand longer considerably a time. taken and have who calendrics should scribe observations, divination a celestial pat- of training in periodic the specialized that of implies recognition This makes the terns. phenomena to amenable astronomical The them of abilities. nature computational cyclical combination and the observational requires it or of that sculpting, in scribal, other practices from artistic activity of kind this distinguishes peri- phenomena astronomical the of However, nature reading. odic such and abilities painting taught In writing, been age”. as have young might relatively vein, a similar they “at a so training years, start 20 to than had more for active were sculptors prahs nvriyo ea rs,Asi,285 Austin, New Press, Texas Archaeology, of University Nor- Mesoamerican Approaches, ed. Hammond, Uaxactun”, at man populations palace Maya sic lsi aasyacespriiae ncom- in participated skywatchers Maya Classic 1.5 about were there indicate estimations Rough 5753-4 7.5 15 .CONCLUSIONS 5. REFERENCES skywatchers umber Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja oso,Sehn tat ai;&Tue al 2006, Karl. Taube, & David; Stuart, Stephen; Houston, “Peopling 2001, David. Stuart, & D. Stephen Houston, “The 2009, Takeshi. Inomata, & D. Stephen Houston, Ancients: of Minds the “Into 2000, D. Stephen Houston, Defin- Box: Black the “Inside 1991, Ancient Norman. the Hammond, in Life to “Handbook 2005, V. Lynn Foster, Kings: and Warriors, “Scribes, 1991, L. William Fash, war- and “Cosmos 2005, Oswaldo. Mazariegos, Chinchilla Ar- “An 1992, Z. Diane Chase, & F. Arlen Chase, Work Preliminary the on “Report 1924, Frans. Blom, Hi- Maya in Title “Wayab 2004, D. Dmitri Beliaev, Benjamin. 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RFLN LSI AASYACES23 SKYWATCHERS MAYA CLASSIC PROFILING edr acUe 04 ASuyo lsi Maya Classic of Study “A 2004, Uwe. Marc Zender, Prin- Plaza La A: Grupo “El ancient 2005, Vald´es, Antonio. the Juan of mystique “The 2006, David. Webster, hmsn .Ei .15,“h hrce fthe of character “The 1952, S. Eric J. Thompson, g,Uiest fClay Calgary Calgary, of Anthropol- University of ogy, Department Thesis, PhD Priesthood”, 69 Guatemala, Vald´es, Carlos, Uaxact´un, San Pet´en, ed. Uni- de de en versidad Oeste”, Cl´asico centro Per´ıodo Plaza el Arqueolog´ıa en El la Guatemala: y Antonio, Sur Juan Patio El cipal, Fan- 129 York, Arcaeological New and G., Abingdon Routledge, Garrett tasies, Fagan, ed. Maya”, M´exico Editores, XXI Norman. 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