Virginia Studies HCPS Curriculum Framework/Based on the 2001 Sols Grade 4 (1607 to Pre-Civil War)

Virginia Studies HCPS Curriculum Framework/Based on the 2001 SOLs Grade 4 (1607 to Pre-Civil War)

Henrico County Public Schools 3820 Nine Mile Road Richmond, Virginia 23223 STANDARD VS.1a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i Henrico County Public Schools Grade 4 The student will develop skills for historical and geographical analysis including the ability to a) identify and interpret artifacts and primary and secondary source documents to understand events in history; b) determine cause and effect relationships; c) compare and contrast historical events; d) draw conclusions and make generalizations; e) make connections between past and present; f) sequence events in Virginia history; g) interpret ideas and events from different historical perspectives; h) evaluate and discuss issues orally and in writing; i) analyze and interpret maps to explain relationships among landforms, water features, climatic characteristics, and historical events.

The skills identified in Standard VS.1a-i are cited in the “Essential Skills” column for each chart for Virginia Studies with the exception of “h” (evaluate and discuss issues orally and in writing). Students should have opportunities to practice speaking and writing, but these skills will not be assessed on the Standards of Learning test. All other skills will be assessed on the Standards of Learning test. Teachers should incorporate these skills into instruction throughout the year.

To All Grade 4 Teachers: The history of Henrico County from 1607-1781 should be taught through Virginia Studies. For a comprehensive study guide of Henrico County, please refer to the 3-ring teacher resource binder entitled, The History of Henrico County. Each fourth grade teacher should have a copy. Please check the school’s file server for pictures/slides taken throughout Henrico County.

Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills

Locations of places can be What are some ways that relative Terms to Know Analyze and interpret described in relative terms. location can be described? •relative location: the location of a place or region in relation to maps to explain other places or regions relationships among What large bodies of water border landforms, water Virginia? Relative Location features, climatic Relative location may be described using terms that show characteristics, and What states border Virginia? connections between two places such as “next to,” “near,” and historical events. “bordering.” (VS.1i)

Bordering bodies of water • Atlantic Ocean • Chesapeake Bay

Bordering states • Maryland • West Virginia • Tennessee • Kentucky • North Carolina

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Geographic regions have What are the five Terms to Know Analyze and distinctive characteristics. geographic regions in •Fall Line: the natural border between the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and Piedmont interpret maps to Virginia? Regions, where waterfalls prevent further travel on the river and where the explain relationships land rises sharply Virginia can be divided into five among landforms, •plateau: an area of elevated land that is flat on top geographic regions. How do the geographic water features, regions of Virginia differ? Geographic Regions climatic characteristics, and • Coastal Plain (Tidewater) Where are the geographic historical events. – Flat land regions of Virginia (VS.1i) – Located near the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay (includes Eastern Shore) located? – East of the Fall Line

• Piedmont – Rolling hills and land at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains – Located between the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) Region and Blue Ridge Mountains – West of the Fall Line

• Blue Ridge Mountains – Old, rounded mountains – Part of the Applachian Mountains – Located between the Piedmont and Valley and Ridge Regions – Source of many rivers

• Valley and Ridge – Includes the Great Valley of Virginia and other valleys separated by ridges (The Blue Ridge Mountains and the Valley and Ridge Regions are part of the Appalachian Mountain system.) – Located west of the Blue Ridge Mountains

• Appalachian Plateau – Only a small part of the plateau is located in far, southwest Virginia.

Based on the 2001 Curriculum Framework Document/Virginia Department of Education ©August, 2001 Henrico County Public Schools (Refreshed: July 2005) Lesson Plans, Assessments, a Curriculum Organizer, and a Database of Resource Materials are located in the Henrico County Public Schools Grade 4 Social Studies Toolbox for Instruction. 3 STANDARD VS.2c Henrico County Public Schools Grade 4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the geography and early inhabitants of Virginia by c) locating and identifying water features important to the early history of Virginia (Atlantic Ocean, Chesapeake Bay, James River, York River, Potomac River, and Rappahannock River). Reporting Category: Geography Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills Terms to Know Water features were important to What is a peninsula? • peninsula: a piece of land borderd by water on three sides Determine cause and the early history of Virginia. effect relationships. Which water features were Water Features (VS.1b) Many early Virginia cities important to the early • Atlantic Ocean developed along the Fall Line, the history of Virginia? – Provided transportation links between Virginia and other places (e.g., Compare and contrast Europe, Africa, Caribbean) natural border between the historical events. Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and How did water features (VS.1c) • Chesapeake Bay Piedmont Regions where the land influence the development – Provided a safe harbor rises sharply and where the of Virginia? – A source of food and transportation Draw conclusions and waterfalls prevent further travel make generalizations. on the river. How did the flow of rivers • James River (VS.1d) affect the settlement of – Flows into the Chesapeake Bay Rivers flow downhill to the sea. Virginia? – Richmond and Jamestown are located along the James River. Analyze and interpret maps to explain The four major rivers that flow Where is the Eastern Shore • York River relationships among into the Chesapeake Bay are located? – Flows into the Chesapeake Bay landforms, water separated by peninsulas. – Yorktown is located along the York River. features, climatic characteristics, and The Chesapeake Bay separates • Potomac River historical events. the Eastern Shore from the – Flows into the Chesapeake Bay (VS.1i) mainland of Virginia. – Alexandria is located along the Potomac River.

• Rappahannock River – Flows into the Chesapeake Bay – Fredericksburg is located along the Rappahannock River.

Each river was a source of food and provided a pathway for exploration and the settlement of Virginia.

The Eastern Shore is a peninsula bordered by the Chesapeake Bay to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.

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American Indians (First Why were the first people Christopher Columbus called the people in the lands he discovered “Indians”, Analyze and interpret Americans) were the first people of America called Indians? because he thought he was in the Indies (near China). maps to explain who lived in Virginia. relationships among What evidence is there that Artifacts, such as arrowheads, pottery, and other tools that have been found, tell a landforms, water great deal about the first people who lived in Virginia. American Indians (First American Indians (First features, climatic Americans) lived in all areas of Americans) lived in all (The American Indians (First Americans) who lived in Virginia can be described characteristics, and Virginia. areas of Virginia? according to the language they spoke. A language group is like a family of historical events. languages. Although the languages by individual tribes and cultures may differ, all (VS.1i) There were three major language What were the three major languages within a language group share common characteristics and have a groups in Virginia. language groups found in common parent language.) Virginia, and where was each located? Three Major Language Groups in Virginia • Algonquian was spoken primarily in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) Region. The Powhatans were a member of this group. The Powhatan tribes raised maize, beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco. They hunted and fished. The Indian Chief Powhatan consolidated some thirty Algonquian groups to form a Powhatan chiefdom. More than thirteen thousand people loyal to Powhatan lived in the 6,000 square mile chiefdom. • Siouan was spoken primarily in the Piedmont Region. The Monacans were a member of this group. The women gardened and gathered nuts, berries, and other food. They grew corn, beans, squash, and other crops. The women made household goods out of wood, bone, animal skins, and other available natural resources. Men hunted, fished, and fought in wars. • Iroquoian was spoken in southwestern Virginia and in southern Virginia near what is today North Carolina. The Cherokee were part of this group. The Cherokee lived in small communities, usually located on fertile lands alongside the rivers. Homes were made of wooden frames covered with woven vines and saplings plastered with mud. These were replaced in later years with log structures. The Cherokee society was a matriarchy. The children took the clan of the mother, and kinship was traced through the mother’s family. Women had an equal voice in the affairs of the tribe. Each village had a council house where ceremonies and tribal meetings were held using a democratic process.

Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills Climate in Virginia Virginia’s American Indians What are some • Four seasons Determine cause and (First Americans) interacted with characteristics of – Spring: mild temperatures with rain showers effect relationships. the climate and their environment Virginia’s climate? – Summer: hot and relatively dry (VS.1b) to meet their basic needs. – Fall: cool with rain What are some ways – Winter: cold with snow and ice in some areas, rain in other areas Draw conclusions The climate in Virginia is Virginia’s American • Vegetation and make relatively mild with distinct Indians (First Americans) – Forests, which have a variety of trees, cover most of the land in generalizations. seasons – Spring, Summer, Fall, adapted to the climate and Virginia. Many of Virginia’s American Indians are referred to as (VS1.d) and Winter – resulting in a variety interacted with their Eastern Woodland Indians. of vegetation. environment to meet their Interpret ideas and basic needs? Adaptation to the Environment/Basic Needs events from different The kinds of food they ate, the • Food changed with the seasons. historical clothing they wore, and the – Spring: dug for clams, fished, picked berries perspectives. (VS.1g) shelters they had, depended upon – Summer: grew crops (beans, corn, squash) the region of Virginia where they – Fall: harvested and prepared some of the crops for winter storage Analyze and interpret lived. – Winter: hunted birds and animals, such as deer, squirrel, rabbit, and maps to explain wild turkey relationships among landforms, water • Clothing features, climatic – It depended on the season and activity as to how much clothing characteristics, and they wore. The young children may not have worn anything if they historical events. lived where the weather was warm. Animal skins (deerskins) were (VS.1i) used for clothing. For garments in winter, they also made cloaks of feathers and furs. – They wore decorations made from natural objects, such as shells, animal claws, and pearls.

• Shelter was made from materials around them. – Sometimes they made one-room houses out of saplings tied together with cordage or rope and covered with reed mats or bark. They could be taken apart and carried from place to place.

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Some European countries, What were the reasons for Reasons for English Colonization in America Compare and contrast including England, were in English colonization in In 1606, King James I issued a charter authorizing a group of investors to historical events. competition to increase their America? form the Virginia Company of London to settle colonists in North America (VS.1c) wealth and power by expanding as an economic venture. The Virginia Company of London established the their territories to America. For what reasons did the Virginia Colony to increase England’s wealth and power. Draw conclusions and Jamestown settlers come make generalizations. The first permanent English to America? A Council, appointed by King James I, was to direct the enterprise from (VS.1d) settlement in America was England with a second Council of settlers making the decisions at that Jamestown, founded in 1607, as settlement. The English also hoped that Virginia could be a base for Interpret ideas and an economic venture. missionary activities among the Indian people and a source of gold, silver, events from different and raw materials that the English could not grow or easily obtain. This is historical perspectives. turn would open new markets for trade. (VS.1g)

Jamestown: First Permanent English Settlement in North America Analyze and interpret Jamestown was primarily an economic venture. The stockholders of the maps to explain Virginia Company of London financed the settlement of Jamestown. relationships among In 1607, aboard the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery, 104 landforms, water English men and boys reached the Virginia coast. They passed between features, climatic Cape Charles and Cape Henry into the Chesapeake Bay. They sailed up the characteristics, and James River and stepped ashore at “James Citie” or the present day historical events. Jamestown. (VS.1i)

The explorer credited for this exploration was Captain Christopher Newport. The person credited for the beginning of the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown was Captain John Smith.

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Location and physical Where is Jamestown located? On April 26, 1607, three small ships (Susan Constant, Godspeed, Determine cause and characteristics influenced the and the Discovery) passed between Cape Charles and Cape Henry effect relaitonships. decision to settle at Jamestown. Why did the settlers choose the into the Chesapeake Bay for the purpose of beginning a permanent (VS.1b) site at Jamestown? English colony in the land called Virginia. Captain Christopher Newport and the other voyagers took seventeen days to investigate Compare and contrast What were the advantages and the advantages and disadvantages of the region for such an historical events. disadvantages of the Jamestown undertaking. (VS.1c) site? First consideration for selecting the site were its possibilities for Draw conclusions and defense against enemies from both land and sea. The second most make generalizations. important factor for consideration were adequate harbor facilities. (VS.1.d) The water along the shore had to be deep enough for ships to dock. They also had to find a good supply of fresh drinking water. Interpret ideas and events from different The English chose a small, narrow peninsula to build their historical perspectives. Jamestown fort. The James River bordered Jamestown on three (VS.1g) sides. (Today, Jamestown is located on an island in the James River.) Analyze and interpret maps to explain The site, while easy to defend by Spanish attack from the sea, relationships among initially turned out to be a poor choice. It was low and swampy, landforms, water making it the perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes that carried features, climatic diseases such as malaria. By the end of the summer, nearly half of characteristics, and the men were dead or dying from fever. historical events. (VS.1i) Few of the settlers knew how to farm or had the skills necessary to survive in the wilderness. Crops were not planted in time for winter, and if not for some friendly Powhatan Indians who shared their corn, the settlers would have starved.

The King of England had the What was the importance The charters of the Virginia Company of London were granted by the Identify and interpret power to grant and revoke of the charters of the King of England giving the right (permission) to establish settlements artifacts and primary charters allowing the Virginia Virginia Company of in North America/the New World. and secondary source Company of London to establish a London to the Jamestown documents to settlement in North America. settlement? •First Charter: Authorized the establishment of colonies understand events in In 1606, the First Charter of the Virginia Company of London established history. (VS.1a) The charters of the Virginia companies to begin colonies in North America/the New World. Company of London authorized Draw conclusions and the establishment of colonies, •Second Charter: Allowed for a representative form of government make generalizations. allowed for the establishment of a In 1609, the Second Charter of the Virginia Company of London (VS.1d) representative government, and envisioned two colonies in the New World: one in Jamestown and one to extended English rights to the the north (Citie of Henricus). Make connections colonists. between past and •Citie of Henricus present. (VS.1e) In 1611, four years after Christopher Newport’s early explorations, Sir Thomas Dale left Jamestown to establish a settlement upriver. Relations Sequence events in with the Indians had steadily deteriorated since 1607, and Dale’s company Virginia history. suffered constant attacks. The company finally came to a peninsula on the (VS.1f) north side of the James River, now Farrar’s Island, where Dale established the colony’s second English settlement, “Henricus,” known also as the city Interpret ideas and or town of “Henrico.” In just four months, the “Citie” grew to a fortified events from different settlement. Frame houses lined three streets. The men also built a wooden historical perspectives. church, a brick foundation for a permanent church, storehouses, (VS.1g) watchtowers, and huts.

•Third Charter: Extended English rights to colonists In 1612, the Third Charter of the Virginia Company of London provided that company affairs be managed both by the treasurer and the Council by a majority vote at quarterly meetings of the stockholders. The Third Charter remained in force until May, 1624 when the Virginia Company of London dissolved and Virginia became a Royal Colony.

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As Jamestown grew, the system of What was this system of System of Government Identify and interpret government evolved. government called? In 1618, the Virginia Company of London authorized the popular artifacts and primary election of representatives from eleven different areas of settlement to and secondary source The Virginia (General) Assembly What was the Virginia meet with Governor George Yeardly and the Governor’s Council to documents to was the first elected legislative House of Burgesses, and suggest solutions to the problems of Virginia’s rapidly developing understand events in body in America. why was it important? society. (The Governor’s Council was composed of about a dozen history. (VS.1a) prominent colonial plantation owners, appointed by Crown authority.) Draw conclusions and In 1619, Governor Yeardly called a meeting of the Virginia Assembly. make generalizations. The Assembly included two citizen representatives (called “burgesses”) (VS.1d) from each of the divisions of Virginia. (These citizen representatives were elected by the settlers. At that time, only English men were Make connections considered citizens.) These representatives later became known as the between past and Virginia House of Burgesses. Also included in this meeting were the present. (VS.1e) Governor’s Council and the Governor. Sequence events in The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative Virginia history. (representative) body in the colony and in English America. This was (VS.1f) an important step in beginning the foundation of American democracy.

After 1625, the Virginia House of Burgesses began managing all of the colony’s affairs. Through this legislative body, the settlers had the opportunity to control their own government for the first time. The Virginia House of Burgesses followed English law, acted on all tax laws, and made other laws. By the 1640s, the Virginia House of Burgesses became a separate legislative body of the General Assembly of Virginia.

Today it is still called the General Assembly of Virginia and is the oldest representative legislative body in the western hemisphere.

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Jamestown became a more diverse What was the impact of the Terms to Know Compare and contrast colony by 1620. arrival of the African •cash crop: a crop that is grown to sell for money rather than for use by the growers historical events. people to the Jamestown •indentured servants: settlers who came to the colony to work for a predetermined (VS.1c) settlement? number of years to pay for their passage •natural resources: water, soil, wood, coal, air, sun Draw conclusions •human resources: people at work What was the impact of the •capital resources: goods made (manufactured) by people and used to produce other and make arrival of women to the goods and services generalizations. Jamestown settlement? (VS.1d) In 1614, John Rolfe experimented with different types of tobacco plants and shipped Virginia’s first cash crop of tobacco to England. It became a huge Sequence events in success, making Jamestown a boomtown. The settlers could not keep up Virginia history. with the demand. (VS.1f)

During the summer of 1619, a Dutch man-of-war ship landed at Point Interpret ideas and Comfort (downstream from Jamestown) carrying 20 persons of African events from different descent. It is believed that they arrived as baptized Christians and therefore historical were labeled indentured servants for a period of 5 to 7 years. Although the perspectives. (VS.1g) first person of African descent recorded was “bought” by Governor Yeardley and a merchant, it remains uncertain whether or not they were enslaved or were considered indentured servants. None of the Africans arrived with the papers of indenture that the English servants brought with them from England, which left them vulnerable to exploitation. The cultivation of tobacco, Virginia’s first successful cash crop, boosted the economy and quickly became dependent upon a large force of African slaves.

In 1620, the Virginia Company of London sent 90 unmarried English women to the colony. Their presence enabled the settlers to marry and to begin families. The women also increased the quality of life for the men by cooking better meals, sewing clothes, and taking care of the sick. The Jamestown colony offered the English women greater economic mobility and slightly more freedom than they had in England at that time.

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The English colonists found life What hardships did the Hardships Faced by the Settlers Determine cause and in Jamestown harder than they Jamestown settlers face? From 1606 to 1609, Jamestown was a struggling outpost with little effect relationships. had expected. direction and support from the Virginia Company of London. The (VS.1b) Who provided leadership marshy land surrounding the settlement usually flooded during the times Good leadership was critical to necessary to help Jamestown of high water. This flooding caused the lack of safe drinking water. Compare and contrast the survival of the Jamestown survive and grow? historical events. colony. In addition to this stretch of land, there were about eight hundred and (VS.1c) What changes took place to fifty acres of heavily timbered forestlands around Jamestown, and about ensure survival? eight hundred acres of marsh covered with coarse, reedy grasses. There Draw conclusions and was no cleared land ready for seeding. The settlers lacked some of the make generalizations. skills necessary to provide for themselves and many settlers died of (VS.1d) starvation and disease. Sequence events in Leadership Virginia history. Captain John Smith continued to provide leadership and worked with (VS.1f) the Powhatan Indians to provide corn for the starving settlers. The arrival of two supply ships, the forced work program, the strong Interpret ideas and leadership of Captain John Smith, and the emphasis on self-sustaining events from different agriculture ensured survival of the colony. historical perspectives. (VS.1g) Changes that Ensured Survival Settlers soon learned how to live off America’s rich resources. Farming became the most important way of life. Since the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) Region of Virginia had plenty of rich soil, farmers produced plenty of food. In addition to growing corn and wheat, they raised livestock.

The Powhatan Indians and the How did the Powhatan people Captain John Smith initiated trading relationships with the Powhatan Compare and contrast English settlers at Jamestown and English settlers interact? people. The Powhatans traded food, furs, and leather with the English in historical events. established trading relationships, exchange for tools, pots, weapons, and other capital resources. (VS.1c) and for a while had positive How did the Powhatan people interactions. help the Jamestown settlers The Powhatan people contributed to the survival of the Jamestown Draw conclusions and survive? settlers in several ways. make generalizations. The Powhatan Indians taught the • Chief Powhatan sent his daughter, Pocahontas, to meet the colonists (VS.1d) Jamestown settlers ways to Why did the relationship on behalf of his tribe. She believed the English and Indians could survive in Virginia. between the Jamestown live in harmony. Sequence events in settlers and the Powhatan • Pocahontas began a friendship with the colonists that helped them Virginia history. The relationship between the Indians become strained? survive. (VS.1f) Jamestown settlers and the • The Powhatans introduced new crops to the English, including corn Powhatan Indians became and Indian tobacco. Interpret ideas and increasingly strained over time. events from different The Powhatan people realized that the English settlement would historical perspectives. continue to grow. The Powhatans saw the settlers as invaders, as they (VS.1g) were beginning to take over their lands.

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The temperate climate of Virginia What effect did agriculture Terms to Know Determine cause and made it well-suited for agriculture. have on the Virginia colony? •cash crop: a crop that is grown to sell for money rather than for use effect relationships. by the growers (VS.1b) The success of tobacco as a cash How did agriculture in the •consumer: a person who uses (consumes) goods and services crop transformed life in the Virginia colony influence the •producer: a person who uses (produces) resources to make goods Draw conclusions and Virginia colony and encouraged institution of slavery? and/or provide services make generalizations. the institution of slavery. •goods: touchable things/items people make or use to satisfy needs (VS.1d) and wants •services: activities that satisfy people’s needs and wants Make connections between past and The economy of the Virginia colony depended on agriculture as a present. (VS.1e) primary source of wealth. Tobacco became the most profitable agricultural product and was sold to England as a cash crop. Sequence events in Virginia history. The successful planting of tobacco depended on a reliable and (VS.1f) inexpensive source of labor. The planting of tobacco, Virginia’s first successful economic base, quickly became dependent upon a large force of African slaves. Large numbers of African people were brought to the colony against their will to work as slaves on the plantations. The Virginia colony became dependent on slave labor, and the dependence lasted a long time.

Based on the 2001 Curriculum Framework Document/Virginia Department of Education ©August, 2001 Henrico County Public Schools (Refreshed: July 2005) Lesson Plans, Assessments, a Curriculum Organizer, and a Database of Resource Materials are located in the Henrico County Public Schools Grade 4 Social Studies Toolbox for Instruction. 14 STANDARD VS.4b Henrico County Public Schools Grade 4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of life in the Virginia colony by b) describing how European (English, Scotch-Irish, German) immigrants, Africans, and American Indians (First Americans) influenced the cultural landscape and changed the relationship between the Virginia colony and England. Reporting Category: History Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills By the middle of the 1600s, people from Europe were coming into Cultural landscapes reflect beliefs, How do cultural landscapes North America by the thousands. Some were seeking religious Determine cause and customs, and architecture of people reflect beliefs, customs, and freedom, others came in search of wealth, and others in hope of a better effect relationships. living in those areas. architecture of people? life. The colonies usually offered a better way of life for the Europeans (VS.1b) who chose to come. The beliefs, customs, and architecture of Europe Although a colony of England, Where did the various also came with them. Compare and contrast Virginia developed a unique cultural groups settle? historical events. culture different from that of Cultural Landscapes (VS.1c) England. How did the relationship Whenever people settle an area, they change the landscape to reflect the between the Virginia colony beliefs, customs, and architecture of their cultures. Examples of cultural Draw conclusions and and England change over landscapes include different types of buildings that reflect peoples make generalizations. time? cultural heritage such as barns, homes, and places of worship. Some (VS.1d) place names refecting different cultures include Richmond (named by the English) and Roanoke (named by the American Indians (First Interpret ideas and Americans). events from different historical perspectives. Settlement Areas (VS.1g) • English settled primarily in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and the Piedmont Regions. Analyze and interpret • Scotch-Irish and Germans settled primarily in the Shenandoah maps to explain Valley, which was along the migration route. relationships among • Africans settled primarily in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and landforms, water Piedmont Regions, where agriculture required a great deal of labor. features, climatic • American Indians of Virginia were primarily in the Coastal Plain characteristics, and (Tidewater) Region, the Piedmont Region, and Appalachian Plateau, historical events. where traditional homelands were located. (VS.1i)

Cultural Changes over Time Migration and living in new areas caused people to adapt old customs to their new environment. A distinct culture emerged in the Virginia colony combining English, Scotch-Irish, German, African, and American Indian (First American) cultures, customs, and architecture. traditions. Based on the 2001 Curriculum Framework Document/Virginia Department of Education ©August, 2001 Henrico County Public Schools (Refreshed: July 2005) Lesson Plans, Assessments, a Curriculum Organizer, and a Database of Resource Materials are located in the Henrico County Public Schools Grade 4 Social Studies Toolbox for Instruction. 15 STANDARD VS.4c Henrico County Public Schools Grade 4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of life in the Virginia colony by c) explaining how geography influenced the relocation of Virginia’s capital from Jamestown to Williamsburg to Richmond. Reporting Category: Geography

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Geographical factors often What factors influenced the Some factors which influenced the move of the capital from Determine cause and influenced the location of a capital. move of the capital from Jamestown to Williamsburg effect relationships. Jamestown to • The area around Jamestown was considered marshland. (VS.1b) Williamsburg? • Drinking water was contaminated by seepage of salt water from the Chesapeake Bay. Compare and contrast What factors influenced the • Dirty living conditions caused diseases. historical events. move of the capital from • Fire destroyed wooden buildings in Jamestown. (VS.1c) Williamsburg to Richmond? • Williamsburg was located along the James River, which allowed ships to dock and maintain transportation links. Make connections • Moving to Williamsburg increased the distance of attack by the between past and Spanish, when they entered from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. present. (VS.1e) • Williamsburg was situated at a higher elevation than Jamestown. Sequence events in Virginia history. Some factors which influenced the move of the capital from (VS.1f) Williamsburg to Richmond • Richmond was more centrally located. Analyze and interpret • Population was moving westward. maps to explain • Richmond was located along the James River for ships to dock in relationships among order to maintain transportation links. landforms, water • Richmond’s location was better for trade, as Richmond was located features, climatic along the James River at the Fall Line. characteristics, and • Moving to Richmond further increased the distance of attack by the historical events. Spanish from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. (VS.1i)

Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills Terms to Know Money was not commonly used What forms of exchange •money: a medium of exchange (currency, which includes coins and paper Determine cause and in early agricultural societies. were used in the Virginia bills) effect relationships. colony? •barter: the trading/exchanging of goods and services without the use of (VS.1b) money •credit: buying a good or service now and paying for it later Compare and contrast •debt: a good or service owed to another historical events. •saving: money put away to save or spend at a later time (VS.1c) •natural resources: materials that come from nature (water, soil, wood, coal) Draw conclusions and •capital resources: goods made (manufactured) by people and used to make generalizations. produce other goods and services (VS.1d) •goods: touchable things/items people make or use to satisfy needs and wants Make connections •services: activities that satisfy people’s needs and wants between past and present. (VS.1e) Few people of the Virginia colony used money to buy goods and services. Barter was commonly used instead of money. Tobacco was a highly valued Sequence events in barter item that was used frequently as money. (A tobacco farmer could use Virginia history. his tobacco to pay for goods and services.) Consumers could buy goods and (VS.1f) services from merchants and shopkeepers on credit and would pay their debts when their crops were harvested and sold.

Colonists exported natural resources and imported capital resources from England. In the 1700s, England tried to control the trade of the English colonies, but independent trading still developed. By the middle of the 1700s, the English colonies were following the free enterprise system, where people could start any business they wanted, decide what to make or grow, how much to produce, and what to charge.

There were no banks in colonial Virginia. (FYI: The First Bank of the United States was established in 1791. The main office was in Philadelphia.)

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Conflicts developed between the Why did England want the The French and Indian War (1754-1763) Identify and interpret colonies and England over how the colonists to pay for the The French owned land along the St. Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, and the artifacts and primary colonies should be governed and who French and Indian War? Mississippi River, and extended their claims into the Ohio River Valley. England and secondary source would pay for the French and Indian claimed the land of the Ohio River Valley by virtue of the First Charter of the documents to War. How did the colonists’ ideas Virginia Company of London. The two countries fought over these lands and over understand events in about government differ control of fur-trading and fishing industries. The French had many friends among history. (VS.1a) The Declaration of Independence from those of the English the Indian tribes that helped them fight the English, because the English had often declared that all thirteen colonies were Parliament? cheated and killed their Indian neighbors. The French had several successes in Determine cause and breaking ties with England. capturing English stongholds, but in 1759, the English captured Quebec, and in effect relationships. Why is the Declaration of 1760, Montreal. To end the war, the “Treaty of Paris of 1763”, gave the English (VS.1b) The Declaration of Independence is Independence an important almost all the French lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River. The French perhaps the most important document document? and Indian War put an end to France’s strength in North America. Compare and contrast in American history, defining historical events. American ideals and values. It gave The colonists and English Parliament disagreed over how the colonies should be (VS.1c) reasons for independence and ideas for governed. Parliament believed it had legal authority in the colonies, while the self-government. colonists believed their local assemblies had legal authority. Parliament believed it Draw conclusions and had the right to tax the colonies, while the colonists believed they should not be make generalizations. taxed since they had no representation in Parliament. New laws developed by the (VS.1d) English Parliament angered the colonists. The English Parliament wanted the colonists to pay for the cost of the French and Indian War. The colonists objected to Sequence events in “taxation without representation” by the English Parliament. Virginia history. (VS.1f) Virginians participated in events leading to war with England by boycotting English goods. Interpret ideas and The Stamp Act of 1765 required the colonists to pay taxes (buy stamps) for paper events from different documents. The Sons of Liberty encouraged the colonists not to obey the Stamp Act historical perspectives. and not to buy or import English goods. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766. (VS.1g)

In 1767, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts, taxing the colonies on such English imports as paint, lead, paper, and tea. Troops from England were sent to put down new protests. A fight broke out and people were killed. This was known as the Boston Massacre. Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts that same day, with the exception of tea. (Continued)

Virginians participated in events leading to the American Revolutionary War with England by forming Committees of Correspondence. Committees from the colonies informed each other of these and other important political events. This communication helped to unite the colonies.

Virginians participated in events leading to the American Revolutionary War with England by organizing the Virginia Convention and by participating in Continental Congresses.

This series of events in the 1750s and 1760s began to turn the settlers against the government in England. In many cases, the English challenged and overturned laws passed by the General Assembly and declared them illegal. Virginians thought that the King of England should not meddle in the colonists’ affairs, especially when it came to taxing the colonists.

The first major signs of discontent were in 1765, following the passage of the Stamp Act, the 1767 passage of the Townshend Acts, and the Intolerable Acts of 1774. Alarmed by the growing unrest, Virginia’s Governor Dunmore, who was appointed by the English government, dissolved the General Assembly and placed Virginia entirely under English rule. The colonists ignored the English decision, and the General Assembly met in August 1774 at Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg. After contacting the other colonies through the Committees of Correspondence, the First Virginia Convention made plans to send representatives (delegates) to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia.

The First Continental Congress met in 1774. It was an assembly of colonial delegates from every colony except Georgia. (The thirteen colonies were: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.) They met in Philadelphia to oppose the Intolerable Acts. (Continued)

The Second Virginia Convention met in the Henrico Parish Church (named St. John’s Church fifty years later) in Richmond in March of 1775. It was there that Patrick Henry gave his famous “…give me liberty or give me death” speech. A few weeks later, the first shots of the American Revolution were fired in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts signaling that the colonists would fight for their freedom.

On May, 1775, the Virginia Convention met in Williamsburg to instruct its’ delegates (representatives) going to the Second Continental Congress to vote for independence from England. The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1775 with delegates from all 13 colonies. They established a colonial army and declared American independence.

Virginians participated in events leading to war with England by appointing Thomas Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence.

The Declaration of Independence laid out some basic ideas on which a government should be based. It also gave reasons why Americans should become independent. The Declaration of Independence stated that authority to govern belongs to the people rather than to kings, that all people are created equal, and have rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. On July 4, 1776, delegates of the Second Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence.

Bill of Rights/States By the end of 1776, most states had produced written constitutions or plans of government. Most state constitutions included a bill of rights or a list of rights and freedoms guaranteed to the people. The belief that all people have rights no government can take away, was deeply rooted in English tradition. The idea of stating them on a written plan of government, however, was distinctly American.

The Articles of Confederation The thirteen newly independent states had united themselves under the Articles of Confederation, a constitution drafted in 1777. It was ratified in 1781. It gave few powers to the Congress (legislative branch of the federal government) and left extensive powers to the states.

Battle of Trenton (1776) Located in New Jersey; it prevented the English from getting control of New York and New England

Battle of Saratoga (June 1777) Located in northeastern New York; because of the American victory, the French decided to enter the war on the side of the Americans; it is considered the turning point of the war

Winter at Valley Forge (1778) Located northwest of Philadelphia; George Washington’s winter camp; the American Army spent a cold winter there

Battle of Yorktown (1781) Located on a peninsula on the southern shore of the York River in southeastern Virginia; Virginia patriots served in the Continental Army and fought against the English; the French Navy gained control of the Chesapeake Bay, preventing the English Navy from helping Cornwallis; the French Army helped the Americans dig trenches around Yorktown and fought in the battle leading Cornwallis to surrender at Yorktown, Virginia. (The treaty named the “Peace of Paris” between the United States, England, France, and Spain, formally ended the war in 1783. It acknowledged the independence of the 13 colonies as the United States. It also established the boundaries of the new nation.) (Continued)

Essential Knowledge

During the Revolutionary War, most Virginians provided food, clothing, and supplies for the Continental Army. Many people tried to help the Americans win the war. France sent French soldiers to fight the English. Many Americans fought together to gain independence from England: farmers, sailors, business owners, and teachers all helped.

During the Revolutionary War, some Virginians were neutral and did not take sides. Other Virginians remained loyal to England.

During the Revolutionary War, most Virginia women farmed and supported troops. They continued to work the farms when the men were fighting in the war. They made clothes for the soldiers in the army and cared for the soldiers who were wounded.

During the Revolutionary War, African Americans were divided about the Revolutionary War. Some slaves fought for the English, because they were promised freedom.

James Armistead Lafayette was one of many enslaved Africans from Virginia who served with the troops of the Continental Army under the leadership of the French General Marquis de Lafayette. He took important military information to other American spies. After the war was over, the General Assembly acknowledged his support and gave him his freedom. ((James was his first name, and since he worked for Mr. Armistead, he took his last name. Later after the war, he took the name Lafayette after his military leader.)

George Washington was an officer who fought near the end of the French and Indian War. He provided military leadership by serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Virginia militia and then of the Continental Army during the American Revolution.

Thomas Jefferson provided political leadership expressing the reasons for colonial independence from England in the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence laid out some basic ideas on which a government should be based. It also gave reasons why Americans should become independent. On July 4, 1776, delegates (representatives) attending the Second Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence.

Patrick Henry inspired patriots from other colonies when he spoke out against “taxation without representation” at the Henrico Parish Church (named St. John’s Church fifty years later) in Richmond, Virginia, by saying, “…give me liberty or give me death.”

Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills

The last major battle of the What was the importance of the The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Determine cause and American Revolution was fought American victory at Yorktown? effect relationships. at Yorktown, Virginia. The battle was fought on a peninsula on the southern shore (VS.1b) of the York River in southeastern Virginia. The French Draw conclusions and Navy gained control of the Chesapeake Bay, preventing the make generalizations. English Navy from helping the English General Charles (VS.1d) Cornwallis. Sequence events in The French Army helped the Americans dig trenches around Virginia history. Yorktown and fought in the battle. General Charles (VS.1f) Cornwallis, surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia. Analyze and interpret The American victory at Yorktown was the decisive event in maps to explain the American Revolutionary War. This victory resulted in relationships among the surrender of the English Army, bringing an end to the landforms, water features, climatic American Revolution. (The “Treaty of the Peace of Paris” characteristics, and between the United States, England, France, and Spain, historical events. VS.1i) formally ended the war in 1783.)

Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills

The actions and ideas of Virginians In what ways did Virginians Virginians were important participants in the establishment of the Identify and interpret formed the basis for the new contribute to the successes of the new government by participating in the Constitutional Convention artifacts and primary and constitutional government of the new nation? of 1787. secondary source United States of America. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787 documents to understand Why is George Washington with 55 of the 73 delegates present. All states were represented events in history. (VS.1a) George Washington was the first referred to as the “Father of our with the exception of Rhode Island. The purpose of this meeting President of the United States of Country?” was to discuss problems between the thirteen states. The delegates Compare and contrast America. had many things in common: all were men who owned property; historical events. (VS.1c) Why is James Madison referred more than half of them were lawyers; most of the delegates had James Madison held a strong belief to as the “Father of the fought beside George Washington in the Continental Army; and Draw conclusions and in the importance of a United States Constitution?” many had also helped write the constitutions for their own states. make generalizations. Constitution. (VS.1d) George Washington George Washington, a Virginian and Commander-in-Chief of the Interpret ideas and events Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, was from different historical elected as the first President of the United States of America and perspectives. (VS.1g) often called the “Father of our Country.” Washington provided the strong leadership needed to help the young country grow and develop through difficult times. George Washington provided the model of leadership for future presidents.

James Madison James Madison believed in the importance of having a United States Constitution. Madison kept detailed notes during the Constitutional Convention, which helped the delegates understand the process of developing this most significant document.

The Great Compromise (July 1787) indicated that the new Congress would have two separate houses. One house would be called the House of Representatives. Representation in the House of Representatives would be based on state population. This favored the larger states. The second house would be called the Senate. Each state would have equal representatives in the Senate: two delegates per state. This favored the smaller states.

The United States Constitution

The United States Constitution set up central government with three main branches. The Legislative Branch makes laws, the Executive Branch carries out laws, and the Judicial Branch determines if laws have been broken.

• James Madison’s compromising skills helped the delegates reach agreement during the difficult process of writing the United States Constitution. • Madison is often called the “Father of the Constitution.”

The delegates of the Constitutional Convention signed the Constitution of the United States on September 17, 1787.

Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills

The actions and ideas of Virginians What was the influence of the Virginia Declaration of Rights Identify primary and formed the basis for the new Virginia Declaration of Rights secondary source constitutional government of the on the United States The Virginia Declaration of Rights stated that all Virginians documents to understand United States. Constitution? should have certain rights, including freedom of religion, freedom events in history. (VS.1a) of the press, and the right to trial by jury. Ideas expressed in the Virginia What was the influence of the Make connections Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious George Mason of Virginia drafted this document in 1776. It between past and Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom on the United States was adopted by Virginia’s Fifth Convention on June 2, present. (VS.1e) Freedom served as models for the Constitution? United States Constitution’s Bill of 1776. It spelled out such fundamental liberties as freedom Interpret ideas and events Rights of the Constitution of the of religion, freedom of the press, and the right to a jury trial, from different historical United States of America. in both civil and criminal cases. It formed the basis of the perspectives. (VS.1g) first ten amendments (the Bill of Rights) to the Constitution of the United States of America.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom stated that all people should be free to worship as they please.

Thomas Jefferson drafted this bill in 1777. It stated the principles of separation of church and state and of complete religious freedom. It was introduced to the General Assembly in 1779, but was not passed by the General Assembly until 1786. Without James Madison’s leadership guiding this bill through the General Assembly, the bill probably would not have passed. This document was the basis for the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America, the amendment that protects religious freedom.

Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills

After the American Revolution, What geographic factors The Influence of Geography on the Migration into the Determine cause and Virginia’s agricultural base influenced Virginians to move to Western Territories effect relationships. began to change. As a result, the western frontier of Virginia (VS.1b) large numbers of Virginians and beyond? After the American Revolution, Virginia’s agricultural base began moved west and to the deep to change, and as a result large numbers of Virginians moved west Compare and contrast and to the deep South to find better farmland and new historical events. (VS.1c) South to find better farmland and opportunities. new opportunities. Draw conclusions and - Tobacco farming drained the minerals in the soil, causing make generalizations. Geography influenced the many farmers to look west and south for new land to farm. (VS.1d) movement of people and ideas as Virginians moved to and beyond - Virginians migrated into western territories looking for Analyze and interpret the Virginia frontier. large areas of land and new opportunities. maps to explain relationships among The Great Valley of Virginia - As Virginians moved, they took their traditions, ideas, and landforms, water provided a route for migration to the cultures with them. features, climatic western territories. characteristics, and - Settlers crossed the Appalachian Mountains through the historical events. (VS.1i) Cumberland Gap as they migrated to new lands in the west.