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Feldspar Deposits of the United States

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Feldspar Deposits of the United States DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR BULLETIN 420 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE FELDSPAR DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES BY EDSON S. BASTIN WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction............................................................... 5 Chemical and physical characters......................................... 5 Potash-soda feldspars................................................. 5 Lime-soda feldspars, or plagioclases.................................... 7 Origin and geologic occurrence..................... *...................... 10 Minerals of the feldspar deposits............."............................... 11 Methods of mining ....................................................... 15 Commercial availability of deposits............................... ........ 16 Methods of milling........................................................ 18 Uses..................................................................... 19 Grades and prices ........................................................ 21 Production ............................................................... 22 Localities by States....................................................... 23 Maine............................................................... 23 Androscoggin County............................................. 23 Auburn.............;........................................ 23 Minot ....................................................... 26 Poland ...................................................... 26 Lincoln County .................................................. 27 Edgecomb .......................-...:.....-................. 27 Oxford County........................;.......................... 28 Hebron...................................................... 28 Sagadahoc County.. '...... ........................................ 31 Georgetown.................................................. 31 Topsham .................................................... 33 Massachusetts........................................................ 41 Connecticut, i........................................................ 41 General statement................................................ 41 Hartford County ..... ....................:............ ........... 42 Glastonbury ................................................. 42 Middlesex County................................................ 47 Chatham ....................I............................... 47 Haddam..................................................... 48 , Middletown.................................................. 49 Portland............................................;........ 50 New Haven County............................................... 53 New York ........................................................... 54 Essex County.................................................... 54 Crown Point................................................. 54 Ticonderoga ................................................. 55 Fulton County .......:............................................ 56 Saratoga County.................................................. 57 Corinth.......... 1....,...............................'....... 57 Edinburg.................................................... 58 / 3 4 CONTENTS. Localities by States Continued. Page. New York Continued. Westchester County........^..................................... 60 General statement............................................ 60 Bedford ..................................................... 60 North Castle................................................. 63 Pennsylvania ........................................................ 63 General statement................................................ 63 Chester County .................................................. 64 London Grove ............................................... 64 New Garden................................................. 66 Newlin ...................................................... 67 West Cain................................................... 67 West Nottingham ............................................ 68 Delaware County................................................. 70 Concord .............................. ..... .................. 70 Middletown ....................'........-.................... 72 Maryland............................................................ 72 Baltimore County ................................................ 72 Howard County.................................................. 75 Cecil County..................................................... 76 Virginia............................................................. 77 Wisconsin ........................................................... 78 Minnesota...........................................:............... 78 Texas ............................................................... 79 Index ............................................................... 83 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. Microphotograph of thin section of feldspar from quarry of Goldings Sons Company, Georgetown, Maine............................ 6 II. A, Highly inclined dike of pegmatite in schists at Pemaquid Point, Maine; B, Flat-lying or sill-like dike in pegmatite in bed of Androscoggin River,-Auburn-Lewiston, Maine..................' 10 III. Intergrowths of feldspar and quartz.............................. 12 IV. Preliminary geologic map of portions of Maine, showing location of feldspar quarries and mills..................................... 24 V. A, Crystal of microcline feldspar in Roaring Creek feldspar quarry, Connecticut; B, Portion of G. D. Willes feldspar quarry, Tops- ham, Maine................................................... 38 VI. Preliminary geologic map of a portion of Connecticut, showing loca­ tion of feldspar quarries and mills.............................. 40 VII. A, Vertical pegmatite dike intruded along fracture plane in granite gneiss, East Glastonbury, Conn.; B, Quartz dike cutting pegma­ tite at Howe quarry, South Glastonbury, Conn.................. 42 VIII. Preliminary geologic map of southeastern Pennsylvania and adjacent parts of Delaware and Maryland, showing locations of feldspar quarries and mills............................................. 64 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE FELDSPAR DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES. By EDSON S. BASTIN. INTRODUCTION. The present bulletin brings together in a single volume all available practical information concerning the commercial feldspar deposits of the United States. Scientific problems are discussed only so far as they are of commercial importance or so far as the discussion may contribute to a general understanding of the deposits. The feldspar localities of Maine were visited by the writer in the summer of 1906, the work being authorized by the United States Geo­ logical Survey in cooperation with the Maine State Survey Commission. Those of New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Maryland were visited at various times from 1906 to 1909 under the auspices of the United States Geological Survey. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERS. The feldspars are compounds of alumrna and silica with one or more of the bases potash, soda, and lime; rarely barium is present. They fall into two principal groups, the potash-soda feldspars and the lime- soda feldspars, both of which may be present in the same deposit or even intergrown in the same crystal. POTASH-SODA FELDSPARS. The principal representatives of the potash-soda feldspar group are orthoclase and microcline, both of which have the composition KAlSi3O8 or K.jO.Al203.6Si02. These two varieties have also the same crystal form and are similar in most of their physical properties. For commercial purposes they may be regarded as identical, since they can not be distinguished from each other with the unaided eye and are often associated in the same crystal. The theoretical percentage composition of pure orthoclase or microcline is as' follows: Silica (Si02), 64.7 per cent; alumina (A1203), 18.4 per cent, and potash (K2O), 16.9 per cent. Soda may partly or completely replace potash in these feldspars. If it is more abundant than the potash the feldspar is called anorthoclase. 5 6 FELDSPAR DEPOSITS -OP THE UNITED STATES. The feldspars of the potash-soda group mined in the United States are mostly pale flesh colored to nearly white, though the rock from Bedford, N. Y., is reddish and that from near Batchellerville, N. Y., is a pearl gray. The potash spars from Norway and from Bedford, Ontario, are reddish in color. The cause of the reddish color is not definitely known, but in some feldspars it seems to be due to the presence of small quantities of finely divided iron oxide. The per­ centage of iron oxide is smaller, however, in many pink feldspars than in those of lighter color. All the pink spars burn perfectly white, and if the color is due to the iron, the content is too small to be in the least detrimental in pottery manufacture. Fresh feldspar is so hard that only with difficulty can it be scratched with a knife blade. As found in the quarries, the potash-soda feldspars seldom show true crystal faces, but when undecomposed break readily into angular pieces, bounded in part by smooth cleavage faces. There are three directions of cleavage, intersecting at definite angles, which are prac­ tically identical for orthoclase and microcline, and change only slightly with an increase in the soda content. Only two of the cleavages are well defined, arid these invariably intersect
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