Outline of the Family Income and Expenditure Survey

Ⅰ Outline The Family Income and Expenditure Survey village), secondly the survey unit area and (FIES) aims at providing comprehensive data thirdly the household. on income and expenditure of households in . The data are used in various fields, such (2) The First Stage of Sampling as policy planning, econometric analysis, The entire land of Japan is stratified into 168 market research, etc. It also supplies basic data strata according to the following criteria. to the calculation of such macroeconomic (i) Each of the capital cities of prefectures is figures as the Gross Domestic Product made to be a stratum. (Expenditure approach) and the Consumer (ii) Each of Kawasaki-shi (city), Sagamihara-shi, Price Index. Hamamatsu-shi, Sakai-shi and Kitakyushu- The FIES is a fundamental statistical survey shi is made to be a stratum. conducted by the government for the purpose of (iii) The remaining areas in Japan (cities with producing the fundamental statistics provided population of 50,000 or more) are divided by the Statistics Act (Act No.53 of May 23, according to the following criteria to form 2007). It is carried out in accordance with the 74 strata. Family Income and Expenditure Survey a. Districts - 10 districts: Ordinance (Prime Minister's Office Ordinance Hokkaido: Hokkaido No.71 of November 12, 1975) issued on the Tohoku: Aomori-ken, Iwate-ken, basis of the Statistics Act. Miyagi-ken, Akita-ken, Yamagata-ken, Fukushima-ken 1. Coverage of the survey Kanto: Ibaraki-ken, Tochigi-ken, The survey unit is the household in the entire Gumma-ken, Saitama-ken, area of Japan. The following households are, Chiba-ken, -to, Kanagawa- however, excluded as inappropriate households. ken, Yamanashi-ken, Nagano-ken (1) One-person student households Hokuriku: Niigata-ken, Toyama-ken, (2) Inpatients in hospitals, inmates of Ishikawa-ken, Fukui-ken reformatory institutions, etc Tokai: Gifu-ken, Shizuoka-ken, (3) Households which manage restaurants, Aichi-ken, Mie-ken hotels, boarding houses or dormitories, Kinki: Shiga-ken, Kyoto-fu, - sharing their dwellings fu, Hyogo-ken, Nara-ken, (4) Households which serve meals to the Wakayama-ken boarders even though not managing Chugoku: Tottori-ken, Shimane-ken, boarding houses as an occupation Okayama-ken, Hiroshima-ken, (5) Households with 4 or more living-in Yamaguchi-ken employees Shikoku: Tokushima-ken, Kagawa-ken, (6) Households whose heads are absent for a Ehime-ken, Kochi-ken long time (three months or more) Kyushu: Fukuoka-ken, Saga-ken, (7) Foreigner households Nagasaki-ken, Kumamoto-ken, Oita-ken, Miyazaki-ken, 2. Design of the Survey Kagoshima-ken (1) Sampling Unit Okinawa: Okinawa-ken About 9,000 households are randomly selected from appropriate households for the b. City groups – 2 groups: survey. The sample households are selected Cities with population of 150,000 or more based on a three-stage stratified sampling excluding designated cities under article method. The sampling units at three stages are 252-19 of the Local Autonomy Act and firstly the municipality (i.e. city, town and Ku-areas of Tokyo (Middle cities),

population of 50,000 or more, but less following factors. than 150,000 (Small cities A) (i) The accuracy of survey results c. City pattern by major industry The number of households has to be d. Ratios of households in which the age of sufficient to maintain the accuracy of the household head is 65 years old and over following data: e. Ratios of densely inhabited district a. Changes over the year of the monthly population average for all Japan, for classes of f.Population change rates from 2010 to 2015 households (income classes, occupations of the household head, etc.) Cities with population of less than 50,000, b. Changes over the year of the yearly towns and villages are divided into 10 districts. average for each city group, district, and They are subdivided in 42 strata according to the cities with prefectural governments the geographical characteristics and the ratios (ii) Restriction on the field work of households in which the age of household a. An enumerator is in charge of two survey head is 65 years old and over. unit areas, containing 12 sample One municipality is selected from each households. stratum with a probability proportional to the b. Each household is surveyed for six number of the appropriate households for this months, and alternated with another survey. The sample municipalities were first household in the seventh month. The selected nationally at the time of the alternation of the households is done by a enlargement of the survey in 1962. Some of the survey unit area, containing 6 sample cities were replaced only in the minor revisions households. Every month, one sixth of all in 1968, 1972, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998, sample households are switched. 2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018. The sample towns and villages began to be regularly replaced [Reference: The allocation procedure of sample from 1966, and the sample cities also began to households (Two-or-more-person households)] be regularly replaced from 2009. The allocation of sample households to municipalities is based on the procedures of the (3) Allocation of Sample Households to following steps from (1) to (3). Municipalities (1) The sample size (approximately 5,000 The allocation of sample households to households), which is required to ensure municipalities is determined by considering the statistical accuracy of the national

Table (i) Allocation of the Number of Households to be Surveyed One-person Num. of Two-or-more-person households households Surveyed City groups Num. of Num. of municipali- Surveyed Sampling ratios Surveyed ties households Households All Japan 168 8,076 - 745

Cities with population of 50,000 or more - - - - Ku-areas (ward) of Tokyo 1 408 1 / 5805 34 20 major cities 20 2,016 1 / 1998 - 1 / 7276 168 Cities with prefectural governments 31 3,048 1 / 498 - 1 / 1714 254 (excluding major cities) Other cities 74 2,100 1 / 1205 - 1 / 14502 175 Cities with population of less than 50,000, 42 504 1 / 1539 - 1 / 15841 42 towns and villages (11) - - 72 Dormitories (One-person households)※

※ Surveyed municipalities of Dormitories (One-person households) are included in Ku-areas (ward) of Tokyo and 20 major cities.

survey results, is allocated to (4) The Second Stage of Sampling municipalities based on the number of The second sampling unit is the survey unit households of strata including each area, a pair of the Enumeration Districts of the surveyed municipality. Population Census. Instead of selecting the (2) Additional allocation is made to the survey unit areas directly from the municipality, districts (except Hokkaido and survey blocks are first selected, and then the Okinawa) whose sample size is less than survey unit areas are selected from them. In the 400 households by allocation in (1). The beginning of the Survey, the sample was number of added sample size is based on randomly selected. After that, sample selection the number of households of strata is done according to the rule of sample rotation including surveyed municipality in the (cf. (6) below). district. Explained below is the sample selection in (3) Additional allocation up to 96 the beginning of a new sampling scheme. Each households is made to the cities with municipality is divided into the same number of prefectural governments and designated partitions as enumerators so that each partition cities under article 252-19 of the Local contains nearly equal number of appropriate Autonomy Act whose sample size is less households. Each enumerator is assigned to one than 96 households by allocation in (1) of these partitions, which limits the area that he and (2). or she has to cover. From each of the partitions Consequently, the number of households to one survey block is selected for an enumerator. be surveyed is 8,076 households. The blocks, each containing 1500 - 3000 The number of households allocated to each appropriate households in principle, are made of city groups or the cities with prefectural by subdividing the partitions. Each block is governments is shown in Table (i) or divided into some areas and two of them are “Appendix 1: Number of Surveyed Households, selected randomly as survey unit areas, which Adjustment Coefficient by Cities, Towns and is the sampling unit at the second stage. Each Villages (Two-or-more-person Households)” survey unit area is composed of two (p.330). Enumeration Districts of the Population Census.

[Reference: Survey for one-person households] (5) The Third Stage of Sampling a. One household selected from two survey From the list of all households in the survey unit areas is surveyed. unit area, which is made by the enumerator, six b. Each household is surveyed for three sample households are selected by random months, and alternated with another numbers from each survey unit area for two-or- household in the fourth month. Every more-person households, and one sample month, one third of all sample households household is selected from two survey unit are alternated. areas for one-person households. Inappropriate c. In addition, to assess the young one- households are excluded from the selection person households more properly, the beforehand. number of survey unit areas for dormitory is set to 12. 6 households are selected (6) The Rotation of Sample randomly from each survey unit area. 6 In order to avoid bias in the obtained figures, households are surveyed for three months and to save sample households from the burden in a dormitory, and alternated with of bookkeeping over a long period, the sample another household in the fourth month. has to be renewed regularly. However, The number of surveyed households in discontinuity in the time series due to the general survey unit areas is set to 673, change in sample has to be also avoided. In the and that in the survey unit areas for survey, in the case of two-or-more-person dormitory is set to 72. In total, 745 households, one sample household is surveyed households are surveyed (Refer to for six months and is replaced by a new one. “Appendix 3” in detail, p.335). The ratio of replacement is kept constant every

month, and thus one-sixth of the sample is with amounts of savings and liabilities held and monthly renewed. their plans to purchase houses or land. Replacements take place not only household Family Account Book, Yearly Income by household, but also by survey unit area as a Schedule and Savings Schedule are filled in by whole. Each survey unit area is surveyed for a households themselves, and Household year, and after that the survey unit area is Schedule is completed by enumerators through replaced by another within the same block. interviews. During the year six sample households have to In case unavoidable reasons prevent be randomly selected twice, once in the households from making entries, enumerators beginning and once in the seventh month. Each fill in the Non-responding Household Schedule survey unit area is replaced in a certain month. with the total of usual monthly expenditures as The months of replacement are scattered well as some of the survey items in the equally from January to December. Household Schedule are obtained. In the case of one-person households, one sample household is surveyed for three months 4. Aggregation method and then replaced by a new one. (1) Process for aggregation The data thus obtained in the forms are 3. Execution of the Survey checked by the supervisors. And the collected (1) Organization questionnaires are sent to the Statistics Bureau, The Survey is conducted through the Ministry of Internal Affairs and following channel: Minister for Internal Affairs Communications. After sending, we conduct and Communications → Prefectural Governors classification and inputting to the computer as →Supervisors→Enumerators→Households well as reviewing the content of the questionnaires at the National Statistics Center. (2) Questionnaires Throughout the whole aggregation procedure, The sample households are requested to keep computers are fully utilized. daily accounts of all the transactions in money in the household economy. The account books (2) Estimation are collected every half month, and are (i) Two-or-more-person households summarized into the form of tables for First, the adjustment coefficients by publication. Also, the online response system municipality are calculated in order to has been introduced from January 2018. compensate the difference in sampling ratios Data are obtained in four kinds of for strata. They are proportional to the inverses questionnaires, namely, Household Schedule, of sampling ratios so that the adjusted number Family Account Book, Yearly Income Schedule of households in Japan will be equal to the and Savings Schedule. Enumerators fill in the number of the households in the universe Household Schedule with the number of multiplied by 1/498, the maximum of the household members, occupation and industry of sampling ratios for the strata. earners, type of the dwelling, etc. Households Second, these adjustment coefficients by are requested to fill in the Family Account municipality are corrected by the distribution of Books with daily income and expenditures. two-or-more-person households by 10 districts Also, two-or-more-person households fill in and 4 groups by number of household members quantities for each item, but the quantities of which are given by the results of Labour Force foods are filled in only at the first month. For Survey. workers' households and no-occupation Third, the average figures of All Japan and households, both incomes and expenditures are districts are estimated by these corrected recorded, while for other households, only coefficients. expenditures are recorded. In addition, The monthly average figures are estimated in households are requested to fill in the Yearly the Formula 1. The yearly average values are Income Schedule with income over the past calculated by the simple arithmetic means of year, and two-or-more-person households are monthly figures. also requested to fill in the Savings Schedule

List of Estimation Formulas 【Formula 1】Two-or-more-person households  N  ＊ X   ij C  ijijkl  P  ik ijkl  ij  Wik X  ， Cik  W ＊  ik  N ij  ik     P  ij   ijk j  Pij  X ：Average expenditure (Two-or-more-person households) C ：Correction coefficient X ：Expenditure of each household W ：Number of population households (Distribution of  ：Adjustment coefficient by municipality households in Labour Force Survey) N ：Number of surveyed households i ：10 districts by region P ：Number of tabulated households j ：Municipality k ：4 groups by number of household members  N ij  ＊ 1≦   ≦2 l ：Household (Two-or-more-person households)    Pij  【Formula 2】One-person households monthly average (for Yearly average)      Q hi   Si    X        D     X       D    1 hihgmi   gi   2 igmi   gi   R  T ihgm1   hi   igm2   i    X    W gi ig

Wgi D gi    Q    S     hi   R     i   T  hi   hgi  i    gi h   R hi    Ti  

【Formula 3】One-person households monthly average (for Quarterly average)  DX    DX  1 ggm  2 ggm gm gm Wg X   1 2 ， D   g  TR Wg gg g X  ：Average expenditure (One-person households) D ：Correction coefficient X  ：Expenditure of each household W ：Number of population households (Distribution of  ：Adjustment coefficient (except dormitories) by 7 districts households in Labour Force Survey) and city group i ：7 districts by region  ：Adjustment coefficient (dormitories) by 6 districts i  ：6 districts by region Q ：Number of surveyed households (except dormitories) h ：roup R ：Number of tabulated households (except dormitories) g ：6 groups by sex and age group S ：Number of surveyed households (dormitories) m1 ：Households(except dormitories) T ：Number of tabulated households (dormitories) m2 ：Households(dormitories)

【Formula 4】Total households monthly average (for Yearly average)

＊  N   Q     S    ij  hi i X  C   X      D     X     D    ijijkl   ik  1 hihgmi   gi   2 igmi   gi  P  R  T ijkl  ij  ihgm1   hi   igm2   i   X    Wik  W gi ik ig

【Formula 5】Total households monthly average (for Quarterly average)  N ＊ X   ij  C   DX    DX  ijijkl  P  ik  1 ggm  2 ggm ijkl  ij  gm1 gm2 X     ik  WW g ik g X  ：Average expenditure (Total households) ※Other signs are shown in Formula 1, 2 and 3.

(ii) One-person households The monthly average figures (for yearly a. Estimation of the yearly average figures average) are estimated in the Formula 4. The First, the adjustment coefficients of 32 monthly average figures (for quarterly strata are calculated to be equal to the average) are estimated in the Formula 5. number of the households in the universe multiplied by 1/498. (3)Standard Error Second, these adjustment coefficients are The rates of standard errors for 2020 are corrected by the distribution of one-person shown in the following tables. population by 6 districts, sex and 3 age- groups (under 35 years, 35-59 years, 60 Table (ii) The Rates of Standard Errors (%) years and over) which are given by the by expenditure category

results of Labour Force Survey. One-person households Third, the average figures are estimated Item (a) Average Male Female by these corrected coefficients. The Consumption expenditures 0.4 1.3 2.0 1.5 monthly average figures (for yearly Food 0.2 1.1 1.7 1.2 average) are estimated in the Formula 2. Housing 2.3 3.5 4.3 5.2 The yearly average values are calculated by Fuel, light & water charges 0.3 1.2 2.0 1.2 the simple arithmetic means of monthly Furniture & household utensils 1.2 4.0 6.0 5.2 figures. Clothing & footwear 0.9 5.6 12.0 5.5 b. Estimation of the quarterly average Medical care 1.0 3.5 4.5 4.8 figures Transportation & communication 1.7 2.9 4.3 3.6 The quarterly average figures, which Education 2.8--- were published from the first quarter of Culture & recreation 0.7 3.0 4.7 3.4 2000, are estimated by the distribution of Other consumption expenditures 0.7 3.0 5.5 3.4 (a) Two-or-more-person households one-person population by sex and 3 age- groups without using adjustment coefficient of each district in order to Table (iii) The Rates of Standard Errors (%) increase the stability of time series. by month The quarterly average values are (Two-or-more-person Households) calculated by the simple arithmetic means Year and month Consumption Num. of tabulated of monthly figures. The monthly average expenditures households figures (for quarterly average) are 2020 Jan. 1.2 7,443 estimated in the Formula 3. Feb. 1.4 7,475 (iii) Total households Mar. 1.5 7,489 The figures of total households are Apr. 1.6 7,534 estimated by figures of two-or-more-person May 1.3 7,430 households and one-person households. The June 1.2 7,489 yearly and quarterly average values are July 1.2 7,521 calculated by the simple arithmetic means of Aug. 1.2 7,557 monthly figures. Sep. 1.4 7,535

Oct. 1.4 7,532 Nov. 1.4 7,506 Dec. 1.1 7,540

Table (iv) The Rates of Standard Errors (%) Niigata-shi, Shizuoka-shi, Hamamatsu-shi, by district Nagoya-shi, Kyoto-shi, Osaka-shi, Sakai- (Two-or-more-person Households) shi, Kobe-shi, Okayama-shi, Hiroshima- Consumption Num. of tabulated shi, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka-shi, District expenditures households Kumamoto-shi All Japan 0.4 7,504 (ii) Middle cities Hokkaido 1.4 279 … Population of 150,000 or more Tohoku 1.3 775 (excluding major cities) Kanto 0.7 1,927 (iii) Small cities A Hokuriku 1.2 518 … Population of 50,000 or more, but less Tokai 1.3 707 than 150,000 Kinki 1.0 970 (iv) Small cities B, towns and villages Chugoku 1.4 638 … Cities with population of less than Shikoku 1.6 459 50,000, towns and villages Kyushu 1.2 1,004 The classification of districts used in this Okinawa 2.1 228 report is shown in Appendix 1 (p.330).

Table (v) The Rates of Standard Errors (%) 6. Release Schedules and Publications by age group (1) Release Schedules (One-person Households) Usually, the results of the survey Under 35 ～ 59 60years concerning family income and expenditure One-person households Average and Average are released on the following schedule: 35years years over Consumption expenditures 1.3 3.5 2.7 1.3 (i) Two-or-more-person households Num. of tabulated households 662 64 118 481 … The beginning of the second month after Under 35 ～ 59 60years the survey One-person households Average and Male (ii) Total households and one-person 35years years over Consumption expenditures 2.0 4.7 3.6 2.1 households Num. of tabulated households 231 38 64 130 … The beginning of the second month after Under 35 ～ 59 60years One-person households the survey (Quarterly results) Average and Female 35years years over (iii)Results on savings and liabilities Consumption expenditures 1.5 4.7 4.0 1.7 … The end of January, the middle of May, Num. of tabulated households 431 26 54 351 the end of July, the end of October (Quarterly results) 5. Statistical Tables (1) Main Feature (2) Publications The income and expenditure data are (i) Annual report on the Family Income and tabulated into averages of monthly receipts Expenditure Survey < I Income and and disbursements per households by district, Expenditure > yearly income group, etc., and published (cf. (ii) Annual report on the Family Income and 6 below). Expenditure Survey < II Savings and Liabilities > (2) City Groups and Districts The classification of city groups in this 7. History survey is as follows: (1) Consumer Price Survey and Family (i) Major cities Income Survey … Designated cities under article 252-19 of After World War II, the Consumer Price the Local Autonomy Act and Ku-areas Survey (CPS) was initiated in July 1946, with (ward) of Tokyo as follows: monthly collection of the expenditures and Sapporo-shi, -shi, Saitama-shi, amounts of purchases item by item, as well as Chiba-shi, Ku-areas of Tokyo, Yokohama- the purchase prices. Since this survey only shi, Kawasaki-shi, Sagamihara-shi, provided the outflow of money in the

household economy and lacked the data on (4)Revision of Survey Methods and income, the Family Income Survey (FIS) was Schedules and Launch of CTI introduced in 1948, in which only income In January 2018, the forms of household data were surveyed independently of the CPS. schedule and account books were updated, the classification of sampling division type (2) Beginning of the Family Income and were revised, and an online response system Expenditure Survey was introduced with a phased approach. In September 1950, the CPS and the FIS Regarding the revision account books, were combined into one survey under the sample households were divided into two name of Family Income and Expenditure groups during 2018, so that the influence of Survey, which is the origin of the present the changes could be estimated: half of the survey, with two main differences: the sample households used old account books, classification of expenditures, and the extent the other half used the new one. Together of coverage. with these several changes, tabulations of In 1953 the use classification took the households excluding agriculture, forestry place of the commodity classification and fisheries households and those of any formerly used. And tabulation in the latter households in kind were terminated. was continued in a smaller scale for reference. The online response system has been introduced together with a change in survey (3) Enlargement of Coverage and Change unit areas, and it had been adopted in each in Sampling Design survey unit areas by December 2019. In July 1962 the coverage of the Survey, In addition, the Consumption Trend Index which formerly covered all the urban areas, (CTI), composed of two series, was newly was extended to include the entire area of developed. Household Consumption Trend Japan. The sampling design was totally Index (CTI micro) is calculated not only by changed at the same time with a transitional Family Income and Expenditure Survey period until the end of 1962. The size of and Survey of Household Economy, but also sample increased from about 4,200 by the Expenditure Monitor Survey for One- households out of 28 cities to about 8,000 out person Households, which has been newly of 170 municipalities. started since 2017. The purpose of the index In July 1972, Okinawa-ken (prefecture) was is to provide figures which enable users to included in the Survey, and the results of analyze the monthly trend of individual Okinawa-ken have been integrated into the consumption, including One-person results of all Japan since January 1973. Households. Accordingly, the Composite In July 1999, the households engaged in Index of Consumption Expenditures, which agriculture, forestry and fisheries were complements the result of Family Income included in the coverage of the Survey, and and Expenditure Survey with the result of the results of the households engaged in Survey of Household Economy, was agriculture, forestry and fisheries have been integrated into CTI. Also, the Total available since January 2000. Consumption Trend Index (CTI macro) has In January 2002, one-person households been released to estimate time series of were incorporated into the coverage of the amount of consumption expenditures of FIES, which had been independently whole households in Japan, which is surveyed by the Income and Expenditure equivalent to Final consumption expenditure Survey for one-person households from 1995 of households in GDP statistics. until 2001, and the Survey of Savings and Also, it is expected that it will be necessary Liabilities was introduced (covering two-or- to distribute and collect survey forms by a more-person households only). The sample method that does not face the survey of the FIES has been enlarged to about 9,000 household due to the occurrence of a disaster, households as a consequence. etc., so it is possible to carry out a survey by mail as a special case since April 2020.

8. Continuity in Time Series "Family Income and Expenditure Survey (Two-or-more-person Households) (1963 - 1980)." The following should be noted in the use of time series. Data for cities with population of 50,000 or more in the new series (after 1963) are comparable with those for all urban areas in the previous series. Accordingly, as regards cities with population of 50,000 or more, expenditures by commodity classification are available from July 1946, those by use classification from January 1953 and those of family income from September 1950, while the series on income data which were obtained from the Family Income Survey (cf.7(2)) are not directly comparable with those obtained from the FIES owing to the difference of samples. Income and expenditure data for all Japan are available only from January 1963. Since January 1981, a new classification of income and expenditure has been applied to the monthly results. The new classification has been introduced also to the annual result of 1980. Because the five major groups previously used are replaced by the ten major groups of the new classification, the data are not comparable in some breakdowns. To make possible the uses of the FIES results over a longer period, major monthly results from January 1970 to December 1980 have been recalculated according to the new classification. In addition, major annual results from 1963 to 1979 have also been recalculated. These results are published in

Ⅱ Explanation of Terms 1. Receipts and Disbursements commodity classification. In the use Receipts and disbursements are categorized classification, expenses are classified according in cash and in kind. Regarding in kind items to their purpose or use. In the commodity were aggregated only major items separately classification, they are classified according to from in cash until 2017, and it has not been the kind of commodities purchased irrespective aggregated due to the deletion of the in kind of their use. items (“gifts” and “own products”) in the household account book since 2018. 3. Household and Household Member (1) Household 2. Use Classification and Commodity A household refers to a group of two-or- Classification more-person sharing a dwelling and living Consumption expenditures are classified in expenses as well as a one-person household two ways, the use classification and the (excluding one-person student households, etc.

For details, “I Outline: 1. Coverage of the household begins. The money income is the survey”, p.408.) money income of each survey month (including By occupation of household head, who is a tax) and surveyed only for workers' households main earner in the household, the households and no-occupation households. are classified as follows: Quintile groups mean the five equally All Households divided groups in terms of the number of Workers' Households households, after arranging them in order of the No-occupation Households yearly income (Yearly Income Quintile Groups) Other Households or the money income (Money Income Quintile Workers' Households refer to households Groups). They are referred to as Groups I, II, III, whose heads are employed as clerks or wage IV and V in order from low yearly income earners by public or private enterprises, such as group (or low money income group). Decile government offices, private companies, groups are 10 groups divided similarly to factories, schools, hospitals, shops, etc.: No- Quintile groups. occupation Households refer to households whose heads have no occupation: Other 6. Tenure of Dwelling Households refer to those other than Workers' The tenure of dwelling is classified in the Households and No-occupation Households. following four categories with respect to For Other Households, receipts are not households living in type of dwellings. The surveyed except for yearly income. receipts and disbursements per household living Consequently, for All Households and Other in the rented room are not specified in the Households, only disbursements and yearly statistical tables but included in the total income are given in the tables. average figures. (i) Owned house: house owned by a household (2) Household Members living there. A household is composed of a household (ii) Privately owned rented house: house rented head and his or her family members. Relatives, to a household living there other than a living-in business employees and household publicly-owned rented house or a issued maids are considered as household members if house. they share living expenses. (iii) Publicly-owned rented house: house rented Accordingly, household members living in to a household living there, which is owned separate houses or lodgers maintaining separate by the , by Urban budgets are excluded from the household Renaissance Agency or a public members. corporation.

(3) Characteristics of Households (iv) Issued house: house owned by a company, Households are classified by occupation, private organization or the government and industry and size of enterprise of their issued to an employee and his household household head. for the convenience of his service or as a Classifications by size of enterprise are based partial payment of his wages, irrespective on the number of regular employees. of whether the rent is actually paid or not.

4. Distribution of Households Distribution of households refers to the adjusted number of tabulated households expressed in per 10,000 households or per 100,000 households.

5. Yearly Income Groups, Quintile Groups and Decile Groups The yearly income is the income of the past twelve months when the survey for each