From Research to Action Solving Global Challenges Through an Integrated Approach

From Research to Action Solving Global Challenges through an Integrated Approach

Year-in-Review 2013-14 “CEEW has successfully scaled up into a centre of research excellence; with demonstrated capacity to convene partners across government, industry, civil society and academia.”

Suresh P. Prabhu (Chairperson)

“CEEW has set a stellar example for other young and innovative organisations motivated to build a better planet.”

Jamshyd N. Godrej (C0-Chairperson)

“CEEW, in four years, has established itself as a front-ranking research organisation on the way to becoming an institution of quality. The leadership of Dr Arunabha Ghosh, CEO of CEEW, commands my respect for making this enormous achievement happen.”

Tarun Das (Founding Trustee)

“CEEW is one of the few organisations to have developed the expertise of examining the inter-linkages between some of India’s and the world’s gravest issues. I wish them success as they begin putting their research into action.”

Gautam Thapar (Trustee)

“I congratulate the entire team of CEEW for its high quality research, professional ethics and the impact on stakeholders that leads to sustained credibility. CEEW is clearly on the ascending path.”

Anil Kakodkar (Trustee)

“Within a short span of four years, CEEW has developed a reputation of consistently delivering world-class research. As India strengthens its efforts for sustainable development, CEEW is set to play a pivotal role in supporting policy interventions in the areas of energy, environment and water.”

Deepak S. Parekh (Trustee)

“CEEW’s achievements have made us all very proud. It is increasingly being recognised as one of India’s topmost think-tanks. It has emerged as a reliable source that provides cohesive frameworks for policies on energy and water.”

S. Ramadorai (Trustee) “Clean energy is an essential pillar of the U.S.-India relationship. In September 2013, we launched a new program in our clean energy partnership, PEACE, with the transformational goal of off-grid energy access to drive economic growth and improve lives across rural India.”

Dr Ernest Moniz, U.S. Secretary of Energy Excerpt from his opening remarks at CEEW’s ‘Scaling Decentralised Clean Energy in India’ roundtable discussion

In January 2014, the ‘2013 Global Go To Think Tank Index’ ranked CEEW as

1st in India and 14th Globally among ‘Top Think Tanks with Annual Operating Budgets of Less Than $ 5 Million USD’

1st in South Asia for the ‘Best Policy Study/ Report’ for its study on India’s National Water Resources Framework

1st in India for ‘Best Institutional Collaboration’ involving two or more think tanks

In June 2014, the International Centre for Climate Governance ranked CEEW as

India’s number one climate-related think tank for a second year running

Download our report: www.ceew.in/annualreport 1 Leadership Perspectives A message from our Chairperson and Co-Chairperson

India and the world stand at the The chances of India continuing cusp of an age, when sustainability to become more inclusive in the can no longer just be preached. The provision of basic human needs are future of life on this planet hinges dependent on how, as a country, on our determination and ability we succeed in providing quality to mitigate and adapt to climate water, reliable energy or clean risks, optimise our resource use and air. We need new and sustainable Suresh Prabhu Jamshyd Godrej embrace alternative sustainable business models, innovative lifestyles. financing solutions, robust modes of service delivery and participation of end users have to be encouraged India’s concerns are many: rising aspirations, in order to bridge the gap between core energy and dwindling natural resources, lopsided energy access water deficits and the levels of quality of life to and consumption, insufficient water availability and which Indians increasingly aspire. Herein, also lies the management, and increasing global pressure to share opportunity for Indian industry to fulfill millions of the responsibility and act on climate change. The lack dreams, explore new markets and contribute to social of coordinated and synchronised efforts to tackle wellbeing. these concerns amplifies the problem and makes it more difficult to meet the goal of India’s holistic Today, Indian industry has an important role to play development. This is the gap that CEEW addresses in the global fight against climate change. Industry by providing integrated solutions within a “glocal” needs to take leadership in promoting sustainable framework. lifestyles; and in supporting clean energy, energy efficiency, and effective water management. Greater Over the last four years, CEEW has successfully collaboration between industry, government, civil scaled up into a centre of research excellence; with society organisations and the common public holds demonstrated capacity to convene partners across the key to a sustainable and prosperous India. government, industry, civil society and academia; and deliver robust policy insights and alternatives on In four years of operation, CEEW has established energy, environment and water issues. I am enthused itself as one of India’s leading think-tanks, known that along with producing high quality research, CEEW for its world-class research and capacity to facilitate has embarked on “actioning” it through initiatives stimulating conversations between key stakeholders such as the Clean Energy Access Network or the Indian on several issues of sustainable development. Alliance on Health and Pollution. Looking at some of the cutting edge research that CEEW has done over the last year – be it in off- I am also confident that the action plans on energy, grid financing, urban water and sanitation, phasing environment, and water incorporated in this report down hydrofluorocarbons, or resource security – I will serve as a handy toolkit to anyone interested am glad that they have resolved to “action” some of in understanding and solving India’s challenges of their research as well. CEEW’s evolution sets a stellar sustainable development. example for other young and innovative organisations motivated to build a better planet. Once again, I would like to congratulate the entire CEEW team for being recognised as India’s number I would also like to draw the attention of the readers one climate think-tank for a second consecutive year, to the policy briefs on energy, environment, and water and am confident that they will keep raising the bar as prepared by CEEW, which have been incorporated in always. I also express my gratitude to all the partners this annual report. I am confident that these briefs will and other stakeholders, whose constant cooperation provoke further discussions on equity, access, security, has played a pivotal role in CEEW’s progress. governance, and eventually suggest pathways towards a more sustainable future.

Suresh Prabhu Chairperson, CEEW; Former Union Minister of Power, Jamshyd N Godrej Environment & Forests, Industry, Chemicals and Co-Chairperson, CEEW; Chairman, Godrej and Boyce Fertilisers, Heavy Industry & Public Enterprises Manufacturing Company Pvt. Ltd.

2 CEEW’s Plans for a Sustainable India A message from the Chief Executive Officer

As you read this report, we would resource efficiency; and managing the environmental have set in motion the next phase constraints and strategic consequences of increased of CEEW’s growth. In four years resource use and competition. This triple mantra of operation we have delivered – focusing on access, efficiency and externalities – independent and internationally must be the guiding principle for resource security peer-reviewed research on national for the new government. and global concerns, which has Arunabha Ghosh facilitated evidence-based dialogue What would a focus on access, efficiency and and aided strategic policy interventions. We now externalities mean in terms of domestic and aim to “action our research” and meet the growing foreign policies? Our annual report offers a clear demand to partner in on-field interventions. plan of action. Drawing on the extensive research conducted by the Council on Energy, Environment Over the last four years, CEEW has established itself and Water, the report crystallises our findings and as one of India’s leading institutions focused on recommendations on a range of issues. CEEW strives solving real problems using world-class research. to integrate the concerns surrounding energy, water, Since starting operations in August 2010, we have local environmental challenges and global climate been engaged in more than 60 research projects, change. Without such integration the risk of known published more than 35 policy reports and papers, and unknown or unintended consequences becomes advised governments around the world over 80 higher, as other countries and regions, too, confront times, promoted bilateral and multilateral initiatives similar challenges. between governments on more than 30 occasions, and organised more than 75 seminars and conferences. Each policy brief in this report outlines the key challenge, the barriers (self-imposed or external) that Testimony to the impact of our work is the India faces, its underlying strengths and capacities recognition and accolades received from across the to respond and exploit new opportunities, and the globe over the last year. In January 2014, CEEW made recommendations that emerge from this and other an exciting debut on the University of Pennsylvania’s CEEW research. We hope that the new government ‘Go To Think Tank Index’, topping India across three and all other key stakeholders in India’s development categories. We were also ranked as India’s number will consider these recommendations and plan of one climate think tank by the International Centre action as our contribution to a national and global for Climate Governance, for a second year running in dialogue on prosperity with sustainability. This is our June 2014. humble vision for India.

This annual report will give you a glimpse of some of the major research projects that we undertook last year in the areas of energy access, energy storage, resource security, renewable energy technologies, urban water and sanitation, hydropower, hydrofluorocarbons, geoengineering governance Arunabha Ghosh research, strategic industries, etc. Chief Executive Officer

In this report, we have also gone one step further and New Delhi have charted out action plans for energy, environment August 2014 and water for a prosperous and sustainable India. Resource security is likely to grow in salience for the new government that has taken office in Delhi. India, whose per capita consumption of energy and many minerals remains low, has to balance resource pressures and confront three interlocking challenges of sustainable development: meeting basic needs for food, fuel, and water for a growing population; securing energy and other minerals to support economic growth while maximising

3 Events & Outreach

CEEW Hosted a State Consultation for Ministry of Water Resources & ADB’s National Water Mission Study on National Water Use Efficiency Improvement

H.E, President of Iceland, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, at a lecture organised by CEEW on Keynote Lecture by Mr Suresh P Prabhu, CEEW Chairperson and ‘The AHA Moment India and our Ice-Covered World’ Former Union Minister, at Fourth Clean Energy Ministerial

Global Green Growth Summit 2013

4 CEEW Hosted Dr Ernest Moniz, US Energy Secretary, for a Roundtable on Scaling Mr. Jamshyd Godrej at Launch of CEEW’s Urban Water and Sanitation Decentralised Clean Energy in India Report

‘Lecture by Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz, CEEW-WWF Renewables Beyond Electricity Report Launch Chief Executive, ICTSD

Mr Arun Maira, Member Planning Commission and Dr Isher Judge Ahluwalia, Chairperson ICRIER, at Launch of CEEW’s Urban Water & Sanitation Report NDTV’s Mission Energy Launch

5 Energy Updates 2013-14

Modelling India’s Energy Scenarios and testing and certification; and skills and training. During Supply Risks the course of the project 250 firms working in this sector in India were also identified. CEEW “actioned” Current policies focusing on making energy this research by spearheading the formation of the commodities affordable do not sufficiently address Clean Energy Access Network (See its description on availability and awareness related issues, which are page 40). crucial to ensure a transition to cleaner and efficient fuels and technologies. CEEW is modelling long-term Energy Storage for Off-Grid Renewables scenarios for India’s energy from the perspectives of access, supply vulnerabilities, fuel choices and in India investment needs. By 2020, more than 2000MW of energy storage Our results for energy access suggest that the reliance capacity is expected to be in the off-grid renewable on solid fuels (traditional biomass, coal and charcoal) energy market. Currently off-grid entrepreneurs are is set to continue until 2050. Consumption of cooking faced with energy storage choices that are largely fuels like LPG shows a tremendous increase in both driven by cost, forcing them to disregard other options rural and urban areas. There is a near five-fold growth that exist. In order to enhance and strengthen the in the per capita consumption of LPG in rural areas. energy storage sector for off-grid renewables, policy While electricity access and consumption in urban interventions can be made in three areas: areas is very much on the rise, the demand from rural • A differentiated incentive mechanism must be areas will outstrip the demand from urban areas. promoted to broaden the market for battery based storage and shift away from the current Developing Effective Networks for dominance of lead acid storage

Energy Access • Improve compliance among consumers in furthering environmentally sound practices when In order to understand the potential for a countrywide it comes to recycling network to help facilitate and scale-up off-grid renewable energy and energy access solutions, CEEW • Innovation and R&D in battery technology, conducted extensive desk research, had one-to-one specific to off-grid consumers’ needs, must be interactions with over 100 individuals and held three promoted actively stakeholder consultations. Extensive analysis and stakeholder consultations across the country revealed two core sets of services: technology development,

CEEW’s Research Fellow, Dr Vaibhav Chaturvedi, Chairing a Panel Discussion on Energy Security and Power Trade

6 Building the Case for the Clean Energy Access Network (CLEAN)

Renewables Beyond Electricity Selected Events While the current policies and activities are focusing Organised on power generation through renewables, there is a need to look at potential applications of renewable • Dialogue with U.S. Secretary of Energy, Dr Ernest energy beyond electricity generation. Moniz, on ‘Scaling Decentralised Clean Energy in India’, New Delhi, 11 March 2014

Research has indicated that the huge unmet needs • Launch of CEEW-WWF report on ‘RE+ : of energy services, especially in rural India, are being Renewables Beyond Electricity’ by Dr Satish partly met by offering decentralised energy solutions. Agnihotri (Secretary MNRE), New Delhi, 19 Renewable energy applications and technologies, December 2013 such as improved biomass cook stoves, biogas digesters, solar space heating and cooling system, • Roundtable discussion with Dr Michael Levi, solar photovoltaic water pump, solar pasteuriser, Council on Foreign Relations- USA, on ‘The solar desalinator, wind water pumps and so forth have Power Surge: Energy, Opportunity, and the Battle been successfully installed and accepted in different for America’s Future’, New Delhi, 3 October 2013 parts of the country. • Roundtable discussion with Professor Johannes Urpelainen, University Of Columbia, on This trend is encouraging for two reasons: first, it ‘Electricity for Rural India: Understanding Policy demonstrates that market-based solutions can be Preferences’, New Delhi, 24 June 2013 developed to fulfil the energy needs of the poor; and secondly, it empowers individual households and • Consultation on ‘Countrywide Alliance for Energy communities to take control of their energy destinies. Access and Renewable Energy (CAEARE)’, New The report prepared in collaboration with WWF India Delhi, 10 May 2013, and Bangalore, 14 May 2013 was launched by Mr Satish Agnihotri, then Scretary, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Participated as Key Speaker

• India-U.S. Track II Dialogue on Climate Change and Clean Energy, New Delhi, 19- 20 April 2013, and Washington D.C., February 2014

• India’s Energy Scenarios - Senior Energy Advisory Council, New Delhi, 11 April 2013, and Mumbai, 16 December 2013

• ‘Energy Future - Grey to Green World’ panel discussion, New Delhi, 27 November 2013

• ‘Energy Security and Power Trade’ panel discussion at ADB-CII conference ‘Promoting Mekong-India Economic Cooperation, New Delhi, 19 November 2013

Energy Access Roundtable with Prof Johannes Urpelainen • Solarcon, Bangalore, 1 August 2013 7 5 ½ times growth estimated in India’s commercial 2010 2050 primary energy consumption between 2010 and 2050 Source: CEEW 450% Estimated increase relative to 2010 in per capita carbon dioxide emissions due to fossil fuel dependence in 2050 Source: CEEW

50% 400% Decrease in India’s cumulative Increase in bio-ethanol/ emissions vis-à-vis Business as Usual bio-diesel production required required between 2010 and 2050 for by 2020 compared to 2013 to meeting a 2° C target under a globally meet 20% transportation oil cooperative climate regime blending target Source: CEEW Source: CEEW; USDA

of India’s low-carbon primary energy needs to be fulfilled by nuclear energy by 2075 for meeting India's emission mitigation goals 40% Source: CEEW

8 Energy Mix, Energy Efficiency, and Low-Carbon Pathways

Challenge: Leveraging energy efficiency and an optimal energy mix for India’s low-carbon future while meeting development aspirations.

Background and Barriers • Uncontrolled growth of private vehicles, energy consumption and emissions from transportation • Rising population and projected economic growth sector: more congestion, adverse health impacts, impose a mitigation challaenge with a fossil fuel- and loss of economic value dominated energy sector • Inefficient electricity usage and wastage in the • Subsidised or ambiguous energy pricing regime buildings sector; higher electricity bills impedes moving towards a more energy efficient and renewables-rich economy Recommendations • Higher comparative cost of low-carbon technology compared to fossils on the energy supply side • Establish a Green Growth Unit within the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) to periodically assess the Lack of comparable technological options on the • alignment of policies to maximise co-benefits of end-use side for switching from fossil fuels to mitigating emissions and meeting developmental alternative energy sources, e.g. moving from oil to needs electricity or hydrogen in the transportation sector • Establish a single Energy Ministry, failing which an Incremental progress in electricity and fuel market • Energy Board within the PMO to integrate policy liberalisation across all energy sectors

• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Strengths and Opportunities Change (MoEF & CC) should mandate that all new fossil fuel power plants built after 2020 be carbon • Policy push towards solar and nuclear energy for capture ready; although more expensive, it would de-carbonising electricity generation be a risk cover and offer flexibility in moving towards Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) under • Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme for a climate-constrained world reducing industrial sector emissions and improving industrial energy efficiency • An independent body should undertake regular and credible risk assessments to address the • Thrust on more efficient public transportation with divergent risk perceptions around nuclear energy many cities opting for metro rails and modern bus fleet • Ministry of Power should enable market based ratings of utility performance and permit buyouts • Bureau of Energy Efficiency’s appliance rating of poorer performing utilities programme, propelling higher penetration of energy efficient appliances through increased awareness • Incentivise alternative fuels for the transportation about efficiency gains and financial savings sector through tax exemptions contingent on emissions and efficiency performance rather than Consequences of Inaction for specific technologies • Revisit regulations on waste-to-energy to • Two-fold increase in dependence on (mainly encourage waste reuse in industry imported) fossil fuels, and increased rate of emissions of global and local pollutants

• Long-term fixities in fossil fuel-backed supply sector: power plant lifetime spans 40-50 years, and the more fossil fuel plants we build, higher the chances of investment lock-in with limited flexibility

9 million tonnes of annual coal production remains untapped for want of 300 km of railway tracks 300 Source: CEEW

75% - 80% India’s dependency on a single country Qatar for natural gas imports Source: CEEW

90% of India’s imported coal demand is met by 3 countries i.e. Indonesia, Australia and South Africa Source: CEEW 48% of sedimentary basin area is yet to be evaluated for gas reserve potential in India Source: MoPNG

10 Coal and Natural Gas

Challenge: Catering to the rising demand of coal while increasing the share of natural gas in a bid to keep end user prices at affordable levels and minimise the pollutant load and GHG emissions.

Background and Barriers Consequences of Inaction

• Coal currently contributes around 45% to the • Dwindling GDP growth rates as a result of energy primary energy mix compared to the 8% contributed deficit by natural gas • In a regulated price environment, exploitation • Production from existing coal fields has stagnated of higher cost reserves (deep sea gas / and natural gas production has not lived up to unconventional gas) may not materialise and expectations, leading to high import dependence will perpetuate the energy deficit from a handful of suppliers • Stagnant domestic production will lead to import • Lack of co-ordination and implementation capacity of costlier coal and LNG, increase the current on part of States, (MoEF & CC), Ministry of Coal, account deficit and have a cascading impact on and Indian Railways have led to new coal mines with prices across the economy large production capacity not exploited for want of rail connectivity • Increase in pollutant concentration from the use of inefficient plants and the need to handle large • Underutilised and concentrated pipeline network quantities of ash from unwashed coal prevents expansion of gas supply to demand centres

• Regulated pricing and allocation policy (both coal Recommendations and natural gas) distorts end user consumption choices and production decisions • Domestic resources need to be ascertained before signing on to expensive long-term contracts

Strengths and Opportunities • Clarity and consistency in policy to ensure time- bound statutory clearances for exploration • High willingness to pay for energy services from projects and creating a level playing field for many consumer sectors, which can drive new supply private sector willing to invest in exploration and sources production

• Large resource bearing areas of natural gas are yet • Maintain continuing focus on expanding the rail to be explored (~50%). In addition, initial estimates network to transport more coal from existing indicate significant potential of unconventional gas and new mines sources (shale/ gas-hydrates) and technologies to explore these are becoming more widespread • Institute a reporting authority to ensure inter- ministerial coordination on issues of national • Supply from new mines with a production capacity security (such as coal transportation, cleaner of 300 MTPA (50% more than present production coal technology, gas terminals) capacity) could be achieved through expansion of rail network to these areas • Diversification of gas imports across multiple suppliers (including pipeline based imports • A fully integrated national grid with open access from Iran and Turkmenistan) with a focus on gives developers the freedom to develop thermal obtaining long-term concessional rates, or at the power plants across the country based on the very least a good hedging strategy to safeguard availability of resources against price swings

• Increased capitalisation of entities like ONGC Videsh Limited, Coal Videsh Limited in order to compete with other state owned companies in emerging economies to secure overseas production assets or to enable bidding as part of joint consortia 11 100 GW Five-fold increase in wind installation to be completed under the proposed National Wind Mission by 2022 Source: MNRE Over 90% of the wind and solar installations are spread across seven states i.e. Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh Source: CEEW 58% Area categorised as a solar hotspot in India Source: IISc

Ambitious target of RE’s contribution to overall electricity mix by the year 2020 Source: NAPCC 15%

12 Grid-connected Renewable Energy

Challenge: Increasing the share of renewable energy in India’s electricity mix while ensuring the stability of an increasingly integrated national grid.

Background and Barriers Consequences of Inaction

• National Missions for Solar and Wind (proposed) • Investors and developers may hesitate to invest have targets to install 20 GW of grid-connected due to medium-term uncertainties about RPO solar energy and 100 GW of grid-connected wind enforcement energy by 2022 • Poor evacuation infrastructure for dispersed • Despite huge potential of biomass, small hydro renewable energy projects will undermine and other alternative resources, the focus has confidence in expected returns been limited to wind and solar • Without a quantum jump in domestic installations, • Renewable energy is not yet cost competitive (for domestic manufacturing of renewable energy a variety of reasons) and deployment is driven by components is unlikely to take off. targeted policies, which require budgetary support from the government Recommendations • Lack of adequate evacuation infrastructure and variable nature of renewable sources hinder • Strengthen the finance ecosystem for utility scale uptake and integration of renewable energy into renewable energy, with focus on long-term debt, the grid interest rate subsidies, loan guarantees, and risk • Poor enforcement of Renewable Purchase insurance Obligations has undermined growth in the • Use generation based incentives and penalties in Renewable Energy Certificate market combination with any form of viability gap or tax related capital subsidies

Strengths and Opportunities • Pilot green bonds and a green bank via leading municipalities or state governments • Despite challenges, installation of solar power exceeded phase 1 targets while prices dropped by • Enforce RPOs and impose penalties on utilities half failing to comply

• With experience of over 20 GW of wind power • Outline a clear roadmap of projects with evacuation installations, Indian wind turbine manufacturing infrastructure to gain financier and developer industry has shown signs of being globally confidence competitive • Ensure transparent and timely information • A National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) has been dissemination (e.g. policy updates, plant created by the government to increase research performance) to build awareness and confidence and deployment of clean energy amongst financiers • Use NCEF to promote R&D in renewable energy technologies suitable to domestic conditions, such as hybrid cooling for power plants

• Invest in energy storage technologies and infrastructure for grid stability in the long-term

• Support opportunities to create value at home by being part of a global supply chain of renewable energy products and services

13 30% Premium paid by the poor for every unit of useful energy consumed Source: CEEW; NSSO

of rural households in India are non-electrified 45% Source: Census 2011

85% of rural households devoid of clean cooking fuel Source: CEEW; NSSO

Approximate number of decentralised renewable energy 250 firms in India Source: CEEW

14 Decentralised and Distributed Renewable Energy

Challenge: Reduce operating costs and financial risks to stimulate the decentralised clean energy market and promote sustainable business models.

Background and Barriers Consequences of Inaction

• Around 80 million households in India remain • Deficit in energy access to persist for longer with without access to electricity consequences for governance and politics

• Nearly 45% of rural households struggle with • Low-income households would struggle with electricity supply health hazards in absence of clean cooking fuels and safe drinking water; both needs can be met • Less than a third of rural households have access with decentralised clean energy to clean cooking fuels; despite rising incomes, the consumption of traditional biomass keeps rising • Lack of investments and supportive policies/ in rural India, due to inadequate supply of modern programmes would hinder commercialisation of fuels successful pilots

• There are approximately 250 decentralised renewable energy firms offering a range of Recommendations business models across several technologies, but many still operate on a small scale • Support asset financing models, which enable • Growth of the decentralised clean energy market consumers to pay for services as opposed to is hindered by: limited access to investment and bearing upfront costs working capital; lack of skilled human resources; • Use NCEF to capitalise a Decentralised Energy Risk experiences with poor quality products eroding Guarantee Facility consumer trust; insufficient anchor loads; and lack of awareness regarding potential end use • Create a single window to channel institutional applications powered by decentralised renewable investment into portfolios of decentralised energy energy (water pumping; purification/desalination; projects cold storage, etc.) • Build synergies between ministries (water, health, agriculture, etc.) to leverage potential of Strengths and Opportunities decentralised energy; for example, integrating clean energy into national clean drinking water • Large number of firms and varied business models programmes offer a laboratory for India and other developing • Introduce government accredited standardised countries curricula for decentralised energy skills • Outreach to financiers and creating portfolios of development in training institutes investable projects backed by loan/risk guarantee • Facilitate R&D institute-industry-investor funds could unleash investment in this sector collaboration

• Focusing on livelihood-linked end-use • Create a network of regional technology testing applications, which could be powered using centres by upgrading laboratories in engineering decentralised energy, enhances consumers’ and R&D institutions willingness to pay • Establish an online “go-to” information portal for • Engaging grassroots organisations could increase decentralised energy stakeholders awareness and mobilise community-based entrepreneurs for maintenance of decentralised energy installation

15 Water Updates 2013-14

Urban Water and Sanitation in India A Strategic Roadmap for the 2030 WRG Between December 2012 and July 2013, CEEW went India Water Platform beyond the usual “public versus private” discourse and As part of its efforts to strengthen the water ecosystem convened five roundtable discussions to deliberate on in India, CEEW in collaboration with the 2030 Water the challenges facing the urban water and sanitation Resources Group created a strategic roadmap for sector. The dialogues were informed by issue briefs setting up an India Water Platform. In comparison prepared by CEEW covering an array of issues: to existing water networks, it was proposed that challenges of water utility management; roles of the the India Water Platform (IWP) would stand out as private sector and civil society; role of the regulator; an action-focused multi-stakeholder platform using challenges with water measurement and data; and innovative technologies and building collective action ongoing efforts and difficulties with building capacity with communities. CEEW recommended that the in the UWSS sector. Participants included water utility platform should focus on: managers, government representatives, private water companies, financing institutions, credit rating • Collective action on enhancing industrial water institutions, civil society organisations, think-tanks, use efficiency from extraction to disposal senior academics, architects, planners, lawyers and multilateral agencies. • Enhance agriculture water efficiency within a river basin

After the dialogues, a report was compiled which • Engage with Urban Local Bodies in the summarised the existing literature on urban water neighbouring areas of the selected industrial management issues, offered cases of successful and clusters on possibilities for different institutional, not so successful practices, captured the essence technological and contractual arrangements to of a series of dialogues, showcased the individual increase reliability of urban water supply opinions of experts who participated, and underlined • Create a knowledge management group that key recommendations for policymakers. The report could commission studies on hydro-economic was released by Mr Arun Maira, Member Planning modelling and to trace the different technological Commission, and Dr Isher Judge Ahluwalia, Former and institutional options available and their cost- Chairperson of the High Powered Expert Committee water saving potential for various sectors on Urban Infrastructure and Services.

CEEW’s Associate Fellow Dr Nirmalya Choudhury at a workshop for DFID’s South Asia Water Governance Programme

16 Selected Events

Fifth CEEW-Veolia Urban Water Roundtable Organised

• Roundtable on ‘Sustainability Assessment for Responsible Hydropower Development Integrated River Basin Management: Yellow River in India: Challenges for the Future and Upper Ganga’, New Delhi, September 2013 By the end of the fourth year of the Eleventh Five • 2030 Water Resources Group meeting on Year Plan (March 2011), hydropower contributed ‘Sustainable Water Resources Management in the around 22% of the total power generation in India. In Industrial Sector of Karnataka’, Bangalore, July India, which is struggling to meet the power demand, 2013 it becomes further important to focus on hydropower • Fifth and final CEEW-Veolia roundtable on development given that only around 16% of the ‘Building Capacity in the Urban Water Sector’, hydro potential in the country has been used. Also, New Delhi, July 2013 hydropower is less carbon intensive than coal-based thermal power plants, which dominate our electricity • State consultation for the National Water Mission, portfolio. Hyderabad, June 2013

• Public event with H.E, President of Iceland, Ólafur However, unplanned hydropower development may Ragnar Grímsson, on ‘The AHA Moment: India result in a situation of “rapid” hydropower development and our Ice-Covered World’, New Delhi, April rather than social and environmentally “responsible” 2013 hydropower development. To pursue responsible Participated as Key Speaker hydropower development, two key priorities would include: Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) follow • Lecture at Occidental College on ‘Reimagining up, and gaining public support through greater Water Security: India’s Quest for Systemic public involvement during the planning process. Solutions’, Los Angeles, March 2014 The voluntary environmental, social and governance standards drafted by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, • Promoting Hydro Power: A Counter Strategy the mandatory Business Responsibility Reports to be against Rising Fossil Fuel Prices, New Delhi, filed with the Securities and Exchange Board of India December 2013 (SEBI) and new legal statutes like the Right to Fair Northern Region Water Conclave, Chandigarh, Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition • December 2013 and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, could open up new arenas through which socially and • The Himalayan Arctic Council, Reykjavik, October environmentally responsible hydropower development 2013 could be considered. • Participatory Watershed Governance Toolbox Development, New Delhi, July 2013

17 70% of rural working population in India depends on agriculture and allied activities for livelihood Source: Ministry of Agriculture

`240 bn Annual agricultural power consumption subsidy amounting to 25% of India’s fiscal deficit Source: World Bank

>60% 12 Indian states where diesel is the of the irrigated area major source of energy for depends on groundwater irrigation, 11 of which are in irrigation eastern and northeastern India Source: CEEW; MoWR Source: CEEW; MoWR

18 Water Governance for Agricultural Use

Challenge: Produce more food with less water.

Background and Barriers • Pressure on water use in agriculture will increase competition with other sectors and impact • Agriculture and allied activities continue to support economic security more than 70% of the rural working population • Climate change will further complicate water • Agriculture accounts for 70%-80% of total water management and agricultural growth strategies use in several states • More than 60% of the irrigated area depends on groundwater irrigation Recommendations • Groundwater depletion has resulted in a decline in dug wells and increase in deep tube wells • Establish a National Water Commission (with • Electricity is used for irrigation in western and statutory authority) to function as guardian and southern India, while diesel is a dominant source for overseer of the National Water Strategy, provide eastern, and northeastern regions technical advice to national and state water administrations and act as a watchdog of the • Irrigation service delivery is poor in canal systems rights of all water stakeholders across the country • Establish a Bureau of Water Efficiency to • Poor rural electrification in eastern and northeastern implement and enforce water efficiency targets India under the National Water Mission and encourage • Electricity pricing for groundwater extraction is adoption of water-saving technologies highly politicised • Apply a four-pronged strategy to break the • Smallholder agriculture increases transaction cost irrigation energy nexus for water management • Rural electrification in eastern India • Volumetric tariffs in north-western, western Strengths and Opportunities and southern states • Extensive use of solar pumps especially for • Policy focus shifting to water governance and small and marginal farmers management through 12th Five Year Plan and National Water Policy • Improved reliability of water supply • National Water Mission gives impetus to increasing • A “paradigm shift” in irrigation management is water use efficiency by 20% required • Structurally groundwater distribution, the major • Give state financial support to water user driver of irrigation in the country, is more pro-poor associations to facilitate participatory compared to the landholding status because of farmer-led water measurement and greater access to pumps than canal water for small management and marginal farmers • Explore possibilities of including private • Separation of feeders may make a dent into the service providers accountable for irrigation energy-irrigation nexus but more analysis needed service delivery through service contracts on its impact on water use • Strengthen agriculture supply chains by linking water user associations to Farmer Producer Companies Consequences of Inaction • Establish a dedicated position within WUAs with the responsibility of connecting farmers • Groundwater overdraft will make several key to extension services agricultural states water stressed, increase irrigation costs and affect food security • Increase R&D on saline-water-resistant and • Water wastage from surface irrigation will continue, drought-resistant seeds with no resultant increase in agriculture or water productivity 19 Nearly 38% of India’s urban households do not receive treated water 38% Source: Census 2011

55% 40% of urban households have Average amount of no wastewater outlets to non-revenue water in closed drainage systems Indian cities Source: Census 2011 Source: MoUD

of India’s total water demand in 2050 would be in the industrial sector 18% Source: IWMI

20 Urban and Industrial Water Management

Challenge: Supplying reliable and safe water in a financially efficient and socially equi- table manner to cater to a burgeoning urban population; minimising shared water risks faced by industry through collaborative multi-stakeholder action and through increase in water use efficiency within industrial processes.

Background and Barriers Consequences of Inaction

• India’s urban population (370 million) grew by 32% • Further decline of water quantity and quality and as against rural growth of 12% in the last decade sanitation services will exacerbate adverse health impacts • Nearly 30% of India’s urban households do not have access to tap water and 28% do not have access to • Poorer households will increase their dependence water within their premises on informal tanker supplies

• Nearly 38% of India’s urban households do not • Pollution of rivers and aquifers would continue receive treated water and 18.6% do not have access to any form of sanitation facilities at home • Cities would be less prepared to cope with climate change-induced water stress and risks • Non-revenue water (NRW) averages 40% in cities, with utilities suffering from old infrastructure and • Industries, including power plants, may have to poor operation and maintenance relocate or shut down due to lack of water supply

• Water demand for industrial use is increasing with • Water conflicts would increase and industry may economic growth and expected increase in share of face the brunt manufacturing from 15% to 25% of GDP under the National Manufacturing Policy Recommendations • Poor accountability for services delivered and absence of an independent regulator • Establish progressive water pricing for households and industry to encourage efficiency but • Deteriorating financial health of utilities demonstrate improved service delivery before • Focus continues on new infrastructure development raising tariffs while O&M is neglected • Map water utility assets, traditional water • Water treatment facilities are insufficient and where bodies, quantity and quality of various water present are not working at full capacity sources, network status, consumers and relevant stakeholders before negotiating PPP contracts to • Industries tend to act “within the fence” with limited reduce perceptions of risk collective action to combat shared water risk • Water PPP contracts should strictly mention that the level/quality of services should be the same Strengths and Opportunities for all, even if a dual tariff system or a subsidised service delivery system for urban poor is offered

• Dying wisdom is still alive: traditional methods of • Use civil society organisations to build community water management still exist in parts of the country capacity (through self-help groups) and develop • Municipalities have selectively outsourced water alternative models of service delivery service tasks through management contracts • Modify training curricula to build capacity for a • Corporate social responsibility, under the Companies new cadre of water managers rather than civil Act 2013, could open a new window for collaborative engineers action across different stakeholders • Develop a National Water Platform to systemise • Realisation among some companies that water is “beyond the fence” collective action by industry in a shared risk and actions need to be “outside the partnership with other stakeholders fence”

21 INTEGRATED | INTERNATIONAL | INDEPENDENT

The world map showcases places where CEEW has engaged in projects or presented its work. The icons represent thematic areas of CEEW’s work, each of which is studied in depth while also focusing on its linkages with other development concerns.

THE HAGUE AMSTERDAM REYKJAVIK BERLIN

CHANDIGARH

LONDON POTSDAM DELHI BRUSSELS BONN DAVOS ISLAMABAD SEOUL OTTAWA

GENEVA DEHRADUN NEW YORK MADRID KATHMANDU PRINCETON ZURICH LAHORE WASHINGTON DC SONG-DO LOS ANGELES BEIJING/ TIANJIN PARIS TEL AVIV RANCHI SHANGHAI JAIPUR ABU DHABI GUANGHZOU MUMBAI PATNA PUNE

BANGKOK BANGALORE

COIMBATORE SINGAPORE MALE YANGON

HYDERABAD

LIMA

RIO DE JANEIRO

Renewables Water Integrated energy, environment Energy-trade-climate Sustainability Technology horizons International & security ceew.in/renewables ceew.in/water and water plans linkages ceew.in/technology co-operation ceew.in/resources ceew.in/solar ceew.in/eewplans ceew.in/etclinkages ceew.in/susﬁnance ceew.in/geoengineering ceew.in/energyaccess ceew.in/JCERDC

22 INTEGRATED | INTERNATIONAL | INDEPENDENT

THE HAGUE AMSTERDAM REYKJAVIK BERLIN

CHANDIGARH

LONDON POTSDAM DELHI BRUSSELS BONN DAVOS ISLAMABAD SEOUL OTTAWA

GENEVA DEHRADUN NEW YORK MADRID KATHMANDU PRINCETON ZURICH LAHORE WASHINGTON DC SONG-DO LOS ANGELES BEIJING/ TIANJIN PARIS TEL AVIV RANCHI SHANGHAI JAIPUR ABU DHABI GUANGHZOU MUMBAI PATNA PUNE

BANGKOK BANGALORE

COIMBATORE SINGAPORE MALE YANGON

HYDERABAD

LIMA

RIO DE JANEIRO

23 Environment Updates 2013-14

India’s Energy, Food and Water The Business Case for Phasing Security: International Cooperation for Down HFCs in Room and Vehicle Air Domestic Capacity Conditioners India’s rapid growth trajectory and development As living standards rise for tens of millions of Indian imperatives pose a great challenge to its resource people, the enormous expansion in room and vehicle security as it is already struggling to meet domestic air conditioning could strain the country’s electric grid, demand for energy, food and water, and has 14 percent require increased fuel import, and magnify the impacts of the global population living without electricity and of global warming as a consequence of emissions nearly a third of the global population cooking with of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrofluorocarbons traditional biofuels. It has little spare land or water (HFCs)—manufactured chemicals currently used in and is one of the world’s most vulnerable countries large quantities in air conditioners and various other to the impacts of climate change. Over the coming products. HFC use in India will expand dramatically decades, these challenges will intensify. unless businesses, consumers, and government work together to develop and adopt energy efficient and Both India, and its global allies have an incentive to climate friendly alternatives. Policies and measures look for opportunities for international cooperation on to help leapfrog to alternative refrigerants are the resource, and environment issues that will strengthen need of the hour. An issue paper prepared by CEEW in global regimes, while making India’s search for collaboration with IGSD, NRDC and TERI outlined some domestic solutions more fruitful. Greater international preliminary actions that could encourage companies engagement can help improve understanding of the to leapfrog to lower-GWP alternatives. These include: risks that India faces, provide India with a platform to share potential solutions with partners, provide a • The Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests basis for Indian leadership in the G-20, and help India and National Ozone Unit could officially endorse to influence the post-2015 development agenda. Also, the EC flammable safety standard as an interim more decisive international engagement on resource measure while facilitating rapid development of issues will only be possible if the Indian government Indian safety standards is prepared to enhance significantly its capacity to engage internationally. • Leadership companies in India could commit to produce room air conditioners with low-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants and better life-cycle climate performance for green buildings, including

Presentation on HFCs at Montreal Protocol Meetings, Bangkok

24 apartments and condominiums. The Government of India could signal endorsement of Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) for appropriate applications

• Rapid transition to low-GWP refrigerants in European, Japanese, and North American markets would send a strong signal that HFC-134a is obsolete for mobile air programme means that the interested parties would conditioners and that HFC-410a is obsolete for have to account for variance in research capacity, room air conditioners develop flexible funding mechanisms, outline clear liability rules, and decide on ownership of and ease of access to intellectual property. Ethics, Politics and Governance of Geoengineering Research Selected Events The existing landscape of multilateral environmental Organised agreements varies in terms of their relevance to governing (largely, prohibiting) the deployment of • Seminar on ‘Energy Emissions Scenario’ by Dr geoengineering technologies. There is, however, Kishore Dhavala (Post-Doctoral Researcher at a governance gap regarding R&D activities on the Basque Centre On Climate Change), New geoengineering. No existing institution appears Delhi, 27 February 2014 to have the mandate or capacity to govern the upstream process of laying down proactive research • Singapore Sustainability Symposium, Singapore, and governance mechanisms. Meanwhile, research 8-10 January 2014 activities are gaining momentum, even though • Seminar on ‘Opportunities for Integrated Policy the vast majority of researchers might currently be Design – Application of GAINS India Tool’ by concentrated in a few developed countries, thus Pallav Purohit, International Institute for Applied raising questions about the legitimacy of the research Systems Analysis (IIASA), New Delhi, 18 December and exposing governance deficits. 2013

What lessons can be drawn from other international • Training on Climate Change for IndiGo Airlines, research endeavours to design coordinated scientific Gurgaon, 6 August 2013 research in solar geoengineering? There are some HFC Presentation On ‘Advancing Ozone And basic principles that are key to successful endeavours: • Climate Protection Technologies’, Montreal inclusiveness, transparency and review, public Protocol meetings, Bangkok, 26 June 2013 engagement, and applying the precautionary principle. Further, operationalising an international research Participated as Key Speaker

• Lecture on ‘Globalization, Climate Change and India’s Quest For Resources: Three Mantras For Resource Security’ at Occidental College, Los Angeles, 25 March 2014

• ‘Climate Change and Sustainability Agenda’ at World Economic Forum 2014, Davos, 23-24 January 2014

• ‘Powering the Next Century: Cross-Cutting Challenges in the Governance of Strategic Resources’, Abu Dhabi, 17-18 November 2013

• Global Green Growth Summit 2013, Korea, 10 - 11 June 2013

• NYU-UAE Climate Finance Workshop, Abu Dhabi, CEEW’s Karthik Ganesan & Vaibhav Gupta Post the Presentation 22 April 2013 on Strategic Industries to India’s National Security Adviser 25 Only 4% Since 1947, India’s cumulative investment in domestic minerals exploration amounts to only 4% of just one year’s mineral import bill Source: CEEW 5-8 years needed to secure a mining lease in India Source: Ministry of Mines

45% Effective tax on Indian mining sector, much higher than global average rates Source: FICCI

Incremental revenue that could be earned from India’s raw mineral exports through 18% value addition at par with current import prices Source: CEEW

26 Critical Mineral Resources and Mining

Challenge: Pursuit of mineral resource security through strategic planning and sustainable mining practices, so as to minimise the impact of future supply restrictions on industrial growth and the environment.

Background and Barriers Consequences of Inaction

• Non-fuel mineral consumption has diversified over • Substantial economic burden and high import time in conjunction with technological advances dependence on processed ores/minerals/metals in almost every industrial activity, infrastructure or even derived finished goods and manufacturing sectors, as indeed all sectors of economy • Persisting threat to resource security with the emerging trend of resource nationalism • Despite being a vital input in industrial and manufacturing activities, non-fuel minerals (NFM) • With little research in finding alternatives, development has not received the same attention as resource insecurity magnifies enjoyed by fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) • Opportunity cost of losing economic value • While the direct contribution of NFM to the economy addition and jobs from domestic exploration and is 2% of GDP, they are eventually indispensable to enrichment of mineral resources the entire manufacturing GDP (15%-17%)

• Procedural ambiguities, uncertain policies and poor Recommendations governance in land acquisition and in providing environmental and other statuary clearances affect • Develop a framework to identify a set of critical investments in mining and minerals nonfuel minerals for India’s industrial development

• A significant portion of mineral deposits are located • Promote domestic mining practices through in ecologically sensitive areas and forested lands and incentives to the private sector, clear policy can have a high social and environmental impacts in directives, and time-bound clearance procedures adjoining areas • Establish an autonomous Environmental • Paltry budget for NFM exploration activities Protection Agency, develop and closely monitor “EIA follow up” codes to ensure that mining clearances are not abused while government Strengths and Opportunities authorities are also held accountable for delays

• India is endowed with a diverse mix of mineral • Enlarged focus on R&D to identify substitutes for deposits (~85 minerals), many of which could critical mineral resources, which show signs of invite private sector participation in exploration and dwindling availability (production/ reserves) in production the medium-term

• Beneficiation technologies for mineral ores to increase domestic value addition are available and enhanced secondary mineral recovery offers significant potential

• Stagnant manufacturing sector could get a boost if a sustainable of supply mineral resources is ensured

• For those minerals of which India has low or no domestic reserves, strategic trade relations with resource rich countries are needed

27 $300 bn 80% Opportunity for foreign investment of the built environment that in infrastructure will exist in India in 2030 is Source: GoI yet to be constructed Source: McKinsey 30%-50% Average per capita energy consumption of Indians by 2030 in comparison to average global per capita energy consumption Source: IEA 0.1% India’s share of patent applications in solar PV and wind technologies amongst major economies Source: WIPO; Espacenet Global Database

600mn 550bn 3.4bn tonnes of coal kWh of electricity tonnes of CO2 Energy & emissions savings potential via new technologies in the cement sector between now and 2050 Source: CEEW

28 Enabling Conditions for India’s Sustainable Future: Finance, Trade, Technology, & Regulation Challenge: Avoiding a false choice between economic growth and environmental sustainability by leveraging financial innovation, open markets, technology development and effective regulation.

Background and Barriers Consequences of Inaction

• Per capita consumption of energy and other resources • Lock-in to older technologies with associated in India remains lower than global average environmental consequences and continued pressure in global negotiations • Political incentives to offer subsidised resources but which exacerbate inequalities by imposing higher • Falling behind on new frontiers of technology effective costs on poor households development, especially as countries like China and South Korea premise their future growth strategies • Lack of deep debt market makes investments in on clean technology industries sustainable infrastructure risky • Rising trade disputes and worries about costs of • R&D activities have poor record of converting into intellectual property licence fees commercialisation at scale • Stranded assets in sectors using inefficient fossil • Threat of trade disputes of clean technologies fuel technologies or decentralised renewable energy has complicated policy options to encourage without compatibility with the grid will make financial manufacturing investments unviable • Regulatory ambiguity and lack of enforcement (such as for renewable purchase obligations, or pollution Recommendations control norms) undermines investment • Establish a “one-stop” information portal for R&D Strengths and Opportunities funding and activities to promote resource efficiency technology development • India has successfully used reverse auctions to reduce the price of solar power; other financial methods • Create target-based competitions for resource such as generation-based incentives and viability efficiency (such as for reducing water use, lowering gap funding are being attempted weight of batteries, increasing efficiency of solar panels) and permit public-private-university More than $300 billion opportunity for foreign • collaborations investment in infrastructure creates new routes for channelling funds to new technologies • Use advance market commitments with mandated targets for clean technologies to stimulate innovation • Nearly 80% of the built environment that will exist without increasing outlay of public funds in India in 2030 is yet to be constructed, creating opportunities for resource efficiency in buildings • Promote commercialisation by giving priority to • Large energy consuming sectors, such as cement, universities/institutes, which are able to collaborate have potential for positive economic returns through actively with the private sector greater use of refuse-derived fuels and other low- • Promote private sector participation by creating a carbon technologies Technology Risk Guarantee Fund, for converting • Indian firms are already innovating to develop applied research to demonstration prototypes alternatives to high global warming chemicals such • Reduce administrative burden on patent examiners as hydrofluorocarbons and establish “fast track IP courts” for patent • New templates for joint technology development infringements have emerged, such as the $125 million India-U.S. • Offer royalty-based cooperative grants, rather than Joint Clean Energy R&D Centers soft loans, to encourage innovation • Global supply chain in renewable energy products and services offers an opportunity to revive Indian manufacturing in clean technology sectors 29 3 mantras for resource security access + efficiency + externalities

More Than of existing and planned thermal and hydro power capacity is located or expected in water-scarce or 70% water-stressed areas Source: WRI

India’s overseas oil production is now around 10% of domestic production 10% Source: Ministry of Finance

of India’s trade by volume depends on maritime routes 95% (or 70% by value) Source: GoI

of India’s oil demand may be import dependent by 2030 Source: GoI 90%

30 Resource Security and Resource Diplomacy

Challenge: Ensuring the availability of adequate quantities of critical resources, at prices which are affordable and predictable, with minimum risk of supply disruptions, to ensure sustainability for the environment and future generations.

Background and Barriers Consequences of Inaction

• India’s primary energy consumption is likely to • Inability to understand and manage the resource increase by two and a half times by 2030 as nexus: inter-sectoral and inter-regional conflict compared to 2010 over food and water resources; internal security challenges • Coal and oil production have flattened and imports could account for 40% and 90% of demand, • Losing out on technological advances and respectively by 2030 increasing vulnerability to supply shocks

• About 35 minerals needed for manufacturing, many • Rising risk of resource nationalism and breakdown of which could be critical, account for 75% of India’s of global energy markets non-fuel mineral import bill • “Atmospheric space” for development-related carbon emissions will continue to shrink

Strengths and Opportunities • Vulnerability in sea lanes and growing Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean • A resource security tool kit – MATRIX – could comprise several policy instruments Recommendations • Markets: better understanding of and integration into global resource markets, rather than only relying on long-term bilateral deals, which constrain India’s • Access: Establish an Integrated Resource options as market conditions change, prices vary or Corporation to help firms acquire resources new sources open up via equity capital, guarantees for debt market financing, liability guarantees, long-term bilateral • Acquisition: acquiring resources elsewhere based agreements, and coordination with embassies on deep understanding of market and political conditions, supply bottlenecks and environmental • Access: Joint bidding with China and others to constraints, to ensure that equity stakes yield lower resource acquisition costs maximum returns • Access: Develop optimal supply infrastructure for • Transportation: strengthening, resource transportation energy and resources and monitor the state of routes (ports, terminals, freight tracks, pipelines) coastal and inland infrastructure and leveraging India’s geographical position in the • Access: Promote business models in decentralised Indian Ocean energy and encourage foreign firms to establish • Restructuring the energy infrastructure, building manufacturing facilities in India on India’s strengths in decentralised energy, and • Efficiency: Establish the business case for resource expanding resource efficiency measures on the efficiency (energy, minerals and water) demand side • Externalities: Create an Indo-Pacific Forum • Institutions: with India’s growing weight in energy for coordinated action on energy, increased markets, it can engage more with energy institutions transparency, strategic reserves, protection of key at a global or regional level or by developing issue- energy supply routes, and arbitration on energy- specific or resource-specific regimes related disputes and protection of overseas • X-factor: encouraging R&D at home by building on investments strong base of scientific research and promoting • Externalities: Find new allies in climate joint collaborations on energy innovation with negotiations on issue-by-issue basis by other countries, with the aim of commercialising emphasising India’s basic energy needs against technologies and business model innovations in mercantilist negotiating positions India and elsewhere

31 Council on Energy, Environment and Water; and Natural Resources Defense Council (2012) CEEW Publications Laying the Foundation for a Bright Future: Assessing Progress Under Phase 1 of India’s National Solar Mission, Interim Report, April, pp. i-37 Books/Reports Arunabha Ghosh, Arundhati Ghose, Suman Poulami Choudhury, Rajeev Palakshappa, and Bery, C. Uday Bhaskar, Tarun Das, Nitin Desai, Arunabha Ghosh (2014) RE+: Renewables Beyond Anwarul Hoda, Kiran Karnik, Srinivasapuram Electricity- Solar Air Conditioning and Desalination, Krishnaswamy, Radha Kumar, Shyam Saran CEEW-WWF Report, August (2011) Understanding Complexity, Anticipating Change: From Interests to Strategy on Global Karthik Ganesan, Poulami Choudhury, Rajeev Governance, Report of the Working Group on Palakshappa, Rishabh Jain, and Sanyukta Raje India and Global Governance, December, pp. (2014) Assessing Green Industrial Policy: The India i-70 Experience, CEEW-IISD Report, April Martin A. Burton, Rahul Sen, Simon Gordon- Vaibhav Gupta, Karthik Ganesan, Sanyukta Raje, Walker, and Arunabha Ghosh (2011) National Faraz Ahmed, and Arunabha Ghosh (2013) Strategic Water Resources Framework Study: Roadmaps Industries and Emerging Technologies for a Future for Reforms, October, New Delhi: Council on Ready India, Report submitted to India’s National Energy, Environment and Water, and 2030 Security Advisory Board, Prime Minister’s Office, Water Resources Group, pp i-68 December Martin A. Burton, Rahul Sen, Simon Gordon- Rishabh Jain, Poulami Choudhury, Rajeev Walker, Anand Jalakam, and Arunabha Ghosh Palakshappa, and Arunabha Ghosh (2013) RE+: (2011) National Water Resources Framework Renewables Beyond Electricity, CEEW-WWF Report, Study: Research Report Submitted to the December Planning Commission for the 12th Five Year Plan, September, New Delhi: Council on Energy, Environment and Water, and 2030 Rudresh Sugam and Arunabha Ghosh (2013) Urban Water Resources Group, pp. i-584 Water and Sanitation in India: Multi-stakeholder Dialogues for Systemic Solutions, CEEW-Veolia Report, November, pp. i-147 Arunabha Ghosh (2010) Harnessing the Power Shift: Governance Options for International Climate Financing, Oxfam Research Report, Rajeev Palakshappa, Arunabha Ghosh, Poulami October, pp. 1-90 Choudhury, and Rishabh Jain (2013) Developing Effective Networks for Energy Access- An Analysis, CEEW-USAID Report, October Papers/Book Chapters

Nirmalya, Choudhury, Rudresh Sugam and Arunabha Vaibhav Chaturvedi and Mohit Sharma (2014) Ghosh (2013) 2030 Water Resources Group National ‘Modelling Long Term HFC Emissions from Water Platform: Preliminary Investigation of the India’s Residential Air-Conditioning Sector’, Possible Roles, Functions and Potential Governance, CEEW Working Paper 2014/7, July New Delhi; Council on Energy Environment and Water-Water Resources Group Report, September, pp. i-25 Karthik Ganesan and Rajeev Vishnu (2014) ‘Energy Access in India-Today, and Tomorrow’, CEEW Working Paper 2014/10, June Arunabha Ghosh et al. (2012) Concentrated Solar Power: Heating Up India’s Solar Thermal Market under the National Solar Mission, Report Vaibhav Chaturvedi and Son H Kim (2014) (Addendum to Laying the Foundation for a Bright ‘Long Term Energy and Emission Implications Future: Assessing Progress under Phase I of India’s of Global Shift to Electricity-Based Public Rail National Solar Mission), September, New Delhi, Transit System’, CEEW Working Paper 2014/9, Council on Energy, Environment and Water; and May Natural Resources Defense Council Vaibhav Chaturvedi, Priyadarshi R Shukla, and Arunabha Ghosh, with Himani Gangania (2012) Karthik Ganesan (2014) ‘Implications of Risk Governing Clean Energy Subsidies: What, Why and Perceptions for Long Term Future of Nuclear How Legal?, August, Geneva: International Centre Energy in India: A Sensitivity Analysis around for Trade and Sustainable Development Nuclear Energy Cost within an Integrated Assessment Modelling Framework’, CEEW Working Paper 2014/6, April Rudresh K. Sugam, and Arunabha Ghosh (2012) Institutional Reform for Improved Service Delivery in Bihar: Economic Growth, Agricultural Arunabha Ghosh (2014) ‘Environmental Productivity, and a Plan for Reorganising the Minor Institutions, International Research Water Resources Department, Research Report Programmes, and Lessons for Geoengineering submitted to the Government of Bihar, July, New Research’, Geoengineering Our Climate Delhi: Council on Energy, Environment and Water, Working Paper, February and International Growth Centre, Patna 32 Nirmalya Choudhury and Arunabha Ghosh Arunabha Ghosh (2011) ‘Strengthening WTO (2013) ‘Responsible Hydropower Development Surveillance: Making Transparency Work in India: Challenges for future’, CEEW Working for Developing Countries,’ in Making Global Paper 2013/5, December Trade Governance Work for Development, edited by Carolyn Deere-Birkbeck. Cambridge: Rishabh Jain, Karthik Ganesan, Rajeev Cambridge University Press Palakshappa and Arunabha Ghosh (2013) ‘Energy Storage for Off-Grid Renewables in Jason Blackstock, and Arunabha Ghosh (2011) India: Understanding Options and Challenges ‘Does geoengineering need a global response for Entrepreneurs’, CEEW Report, July - and of what kind?,’ Background Paper, Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative, Arunabha Ghosh, and David Steven (2013) Royal Society UK, Chicheley, March ‘India’s Energy, Food, and Water Security: International Cooperation for Domestic Capacity’, in Shaping the Emerging World: Policy Briefs & Legislative/Government India and the Multilateral Order, edited by Briefings Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu, Pratap Bhanu Mehta, and Bruce Jones, Washington, D.C.: Arunabha Ghosh (2014) “High Value, Brookings Press Technology-Enabled Manufacturing” Briefing note for the India-U.S. Strategic Dialogue. Rajeev Palakshappa et al. (2013) ‘Cooling India New Delhi. 18 July with Less Warming: The Business Case for Phasing-Down HFC’s in Room and Vehicle Air Arunabha Ghosh (2014) “India-U.S. Conditioners,’ Council on Energy, Environment Partnership on Energy Storage (R&D, and Water; Natural Resources Defense Council; Enterprise and Deployment)” Briefing note for The Energy and Resources Institute; and The the India-U.S. Strategic Dialogue. New Delhi. Institute for Governance and Sustainable 16 July Development, June Arunabha Ghosh (2014) “Clean Energy Arunabha Ghosh (2013) ‘Energy-Food- Access Network (CLEAN) and Supporting Water-Climate Nexus: Implications for India’s Decentralised Clean Energy” Briefing note for National Security,’ Paper submitted to India’s the India-U.S. Strategic Dialogue. New Delhi. National Security Advisory Board, Prime 13 July Minister’s Office, March Vaibhav Gupta and Karthik Ganesan (2014) Vyoma Jha and Rishabh Jain (2012) ‘Results- ‘India’s Critical Mineral Resources: A Trade and Based Financing for Off-grid Energy Access in Economic Analysis’, CEEW Policy Brief, July India,’ Case-study on the Economics of Results- Based Financing in Study by Vivideconomics Arunabha Ghosh and Susan G. Esserman for Energy Sector Management Assistance (2014) ‘India-U.S. Cooperation on Renewable Program (ESMAP), World Bank, Washington Energy and Trade,’ Briefing paper for the DC, November India-U.S. Track II Dialogue on Climate Change and Energy. Washington D.C. 12 February Arunabha Ghosh (2012) ‘Industrial demand and energy supply management: A delicate Arunabha Ghosh and Karthik Ganesan (2014) balance,’ Empowering growth - Perspectives ‘National Wind Mission,’ Briefing to MNRE on India’s energy future, A report from the Secretary, New Delhi, 4 February Economist Intelligence Unit: 26-32, October

Arunabha Ghosh (2013) ‘Strategic Industries Arunabha Ghosh, Benito Müller, William and Emerging Technologies for a Future Ready Pizer, and Gernot Wagner (2012) ‘Mobilizing India,’ Briefing to India’s National Security the Private Sector: Quantity-Performance Adviser, Prime Minister’s Office, New Delhi, 18 Instruments for Public Climate Funds,’ Oxford October; to National Security Advisory Board, Energy and Environment Brief, The Oxford Mumbai, 3 December; and to India’s Planning Institute for Energy Studies, August, pp. 1-15 Commission, New Delhi, 10 December

Sachin Shah (2012) ‘Institutional Reform Arunabha Ghosh (2013) ‘Business Case for for Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture: HFC Phase Down in India,’ Briefing to Prime International Best Practices and Policy Lessons Minister’s Office, New Delhi, 22 November for India,’ CEEW Working Paper 2012/3, April

Arunabha Ghosh, Rudresh Sugam, Nirmalya Arunabha Ghosh (2011) ‘Seeking Coherence Choudhury (2013) ‘Integrated Energy, In Complexity: The Governance Of Energy By Environment and Water Plan for Jharkhand: Trade And Investment Institutions,’ Global Preliminary Investigations and Propositions,’ Policy 2 (Special Issue): 106-119 Briefing to the Government of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 18 September

33 Nirmalya Choudhury (2013) ‘Knowledge Hub Karthik Ganesan (2012) “Climate Change under National Water Mission – Governance and Business Leadership: Pathways to GHG Issues’, Briefing to the Ministry of Water Emissions Reduction and Sustainability in the Resources, Government of India, on the Indian Cement Industry,” Paper presented proceedings of the Working Group on Governance at the Third National ICRN Conference on of the Knowledge Hub under the National Water Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Mission (a flagship mission of the Government Bangalore, 4 November of India under the National Action Plan on Climate Change), New Delhi, 26 August Vyoma Jha (2012) “Trends in Investor Claims over Feed-in Tariffs for Renewable Energy,” Nirmalya Choudhury (2013) ‘Governance Issues Investment Treaty News, July towards Creating a Knowledge Hub under the National Water Mission,’ Briefing for a multi- Arunabha Ghosh (2012) “Water governance stakeholder roundtable discussion on creating priorities in India, South and East Asia, the a Knowledge Hub under the National Water case for integrated energy, environment and Mission (a flagship mission of the Government water plans, and Rio+20 goals,” Briefing to of India under the National Action Plan on the Brazilian Federal Senate, Environment, Climate Change), New Delhi, 14 August Consumer Rights and Oversight Committee & Agriculture and Land Reform Committee, Rio Arunabha Ghosh (2013) ‘National Water de Janeiro, 20 June Platform: Some Thoughts for Brainstorming Meeting,’ Briefing to the Ministry of Water Arunabha Ghosh (2011) “Briefing on global Resources, Government of India, on creating governance to Ambassador Shivshankar a Knowledge Hub under the National Water Menon, National Security Adviser, Government Mission (a flagship mission of the Government of India,” Prime Minister’s Office, 20 December of India under the National Action Plan on Climate Change), New Delhi, 5 August Vyoma Jha (2011) “Cutting Both Ways?: Climate, Trade and the Consistency of India’s Rudresh Sugam and Urvashi Sharma (2013) Domestic Policies,” CEEW Policy Brief, August “Capacity building in the urban water sector,” Issue brief for the Fifth CEEW-Veolia Water Roundtable on Urban Water Management, 5 July Op-eds/Conference Papers/Other publications Arunabha Ghosh, Stephen O. Andersen, Bhaskar Deol, and David Doniger (2013) ‘The Business Suresh P Prabhu (2014) Rethink on Land Use’ Case for Avoiding & Replacing High-Global The Economic Times, 22 July. Available at Warming Potential HFC Refrigerants While http://ceew.in/pdf/SP-Ground-Beneath-our- Phasing Out HCFC Refrigerants,’ Briefing at the Feet-ET-Article-24Jul14.pdf Montreal Protocol Open-Ended Working Group. Bangkok, 26 June Suresh P Prabhu (2014) ‘Ganga Rakshak Dal Banane Ki Zaroorat’ Dainik Jagran, 3 July. Rudresh Sugam and Urvashi Sharma (2013) Available at http://ceew.in/pdf/CEEW-SP- “Water data and measurement,” Issue brief for Article-in-Dainik-Jagran14Jul14.pdf the Fourth CEEW-Veolia Water Roundtable on Urban Water Management, 27 May Arunabha Ghosh (2014) ‘Three Mantras for India’s Resource Security’ Seminar Magazine, Rudresh Sugam and Urvashi Sharma (2013) June. Available at http://ceew.in/pdf/AG- “Regulatory framework for urban water Three-Mantras-for-India-s-Resource- management in India,” Issue brief for the Third Security-Seminar-658-Jun14.pdf CEEW-Veolia Water Roundtable on Urban Water Management, 9 April Suresh P Prabhu (2014) ‘ Handling the Energy Crisis’ The Hindu, 18 April. Available at http:// Rudresh Sugam and Urvashi Sharma (2013) ceew.in/pdf/CEEW-Handling-the-energy- “Private sector participation in water crisis-SP-Article-in-The-Hindu-18Apr14.pdf management and water for all,” Issue brief for the Second CEEW-Veolia Water Round table on Suresh P. Prabhu (2014) ‘Idea 5: Let There Urban Water Management, 11 February Be Light, Always’ Open Magazine, 22 March. Available at http://ceew.in/pdf/Idea%205%20 _%20OPEN%20Magazine.pdf Arunabha Ghosh (2013) ‘Renewable Energies and Trade: Addressing tensions and challenges,’ Suresh P. Prabhu (2014) ‘India’s Green Briefing to a high-level policy dialogue at Growth needs Policy Push’ Energy Next, 8 the World Trade Organization meeting of February. Available at http://ceew.in/pdf/ Ambassadors, Geneva, 21 January Indias_Green_Growth_Needs_Policy_Push_ Suresh_Prabhu.pdf Rudresh Sugam (2012) “Water Utility Management in the Urban Water Sector,” Issue Suresh P. Prabhu (2013) ‘Strengthening brief for the First CEEW-Veolia Water Roundtable the regulatory network’ The Hindu, 3 on Urban Water Management, New Delhi, 20 December. Available at http://www.thehindu. December com/opinion/op-ed/strengthening-the- regulatory-network/article5415035.ece 34 Suresh P. Prabhu (2013) ‘Strengthening Sanyukta Raje and Vaibhav Gupta (2013) the regulatory network’ The Gulf Today, 5 ‘India-US Track II Dialogue on Climate Change December. Available at http://ceew.in/pdf/SPP- and Energy: Enhancing Bilateral Cooperation Strengthening-the-regulatory-network-The- between India and the US’, Proceedings Gulf-Today-5Dec13.pdf Report, 18-20 April.

Jake Schmidt, Stephen O. Andersen, Arunabha Arunabha Ghosh and Anjali Jaiswal (2012) Ghosh, et al (2013) ‘Cooling India with Less ‘What’s eclipsing India’s solar sector’ Business Warming: The Business Case for Phasing Down Standard,11 August. Available at http:// HFCS,’ Fact Sheet, November. ceew.in/pdf/AG%20&%20AJ-Business_ Standard_11Oct12.pdf Arunabha Ghosh (2013) ‘More Lethal Greenhouse Gas’ The Times of India, 25 October. Available Arunabha Ghosh (2012) ‘ Make it profitable at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/ to save resources’ India Today, 26 March. opinion/edit-page/More-lethal-greenhouse- Available athttp://ceew.in/pdf/AG-Make_it_ gas/articleshow/24675848.cms profitable_to_save_resources-India_Today- 26Mar12.pdf Arunabha Ghosh (2013) ‘Himalayan Ecosystems and Himalayan Cooperation: A Himalayan Effort Arunabha Ghosh (2012) ‘ Leave polemics out Needed?’ Arctic Circle Forum. Reykjavik. 13 of the water policy ‘ The Hindu, 19 March. October. Available at http://ceew.in/pdf/AG-Leave_ polemics_out_of_the_water_policy-The_ Suresh P Prabhu (2013) ‘Gloom to Bloom to Hindu-19Mar12.pdf Doom’ The Economic Times, 13 August. Available at http://ceew.in/pdf/SPP-Gloom-to-bloom- Arunabha Ghosh (2012) ‘ Innovation needs to-doom-The-Economic-Times-3Aug13.pdf an ecosystem’ Business Standard, 26 February. Available at http://ceew.in/pdf/ Suresh P Prabhu (2013) ‘Reviving the Power AG-Innovation_Needs_an_Ecosystem- of Electricity’ The Financial Express, 22 April. Business_Standard_26Feb12.pdf Available at http://epaper.financialexpress. com/108103/Indian-Express/22-April- Jamshyd N Godrej (2011) ‘ET Awards’ 2013#page/6/2 Agenda for Renewal 2011: Energy, the new poverty, says Jamshyd Godrej, Chairman & Suresh P Prabhu (2013) ‘Think of Water Before MD, Godrej & Boyce’ The Economic Times, it Rains Again’ The Financial Express, 19 April. 24 November. Available at http://articles. Available at bit.ly/XWaALS economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-24/ news/30437448_1_clean-energy-energy- security-comprehensive-energy-plan Suresh P. Prabhu (2013) ‘Sharing the burden of going green’ The Hindu, 17 May. Available at http://ceew.in/pdf/SPP-Sharing_the_burden_ Jamshyd N Godrej (2011) ‘Deregulation: of_going_green-The-Hindu-17May2013.pdf Solving diesel conundrum’ The Times of India, 28 January. Available at http://timesofindia. indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ Jamshyd N Godrej (2013) ‘Bring in smart policies, Deregulation-Solving-diesel-conundrum/ clear the air on clean energy’ The Economic Times, articleshow/7375419.cms?referral=PM 17 April. Available at http://economictimes. indiatimes.com/opinion/comments-analysis/ bring-in-smart-policies-clear-the-air-on- Arunabha Ghosh (2009) ‘Climate for a win-win clean-energy/articleshow/19587149.cms dialogue’ The Financial Express, 22 December. Available at http://www.financialexpress. com/news/column-climate-for-a-winwin- Arunabha Ghosh and Ricardo Meléndez- dialogue/557335/0 Ortiz (2013) ‘Want clean energy? Avoid trade disputes’Business Standard, 15 April. Available at http://www.business-standard.com/article/ Arunabha Ghosh (2009) ‘Street lessons in opinion/want-clean-energy-avoid-trade- climate governance’ The Financial Express, disputes-113041500023_1.html. 18 December. Available at http://www. financialexpress.com/news/column-street- lessons-in-climate-governance/555484/0 Arunabha Ghosh (2013) ‘India’s resource nexus: priorities for action’ Mint, 10 April. Available athttp://www.livemint.com/Opinion/ Arunabha Ghosh (2009) ‘Red herrings in zAOvm6gwBKa6Bzr9DfSyxN/Indias-resource- debates over climate finance’ Opinio Juris, nexus-priorities-for-action.html. 15 December. Available at http://opiniojuris. org/2009/12/15/red-herrings-in-debates- over-climate-finance/ Arunabha Ghosh (2013) ‘Private Sustainability Finance: Need for cash, role of institutions’ NYU – UAE MOFA Workshop on Climate Finance and Arunabha Ghosh (2009) ‘Even climate is about Institutions. Abu Dhabi. 22 April. the money’ The Financial Express, 7 December

Arunabha Ghosh (2009) ‘Making Copenhagen count’ the GEG blog, 7 December.

35 Meet CEEW’s Executive Team

Arunabha Ghosh Vaibhav Chaturvedi Chief Executive Officer Research Fellow Public Policy, International Relations, Climate Policy, Energy Policy, Energy & Resource Security, Renewable Integrated Assessment Modeling, Forest Energy Policy, Water Governance, Climate Management Grad, IIM Ahmedabad Governance, Energy-Trade-Climate Doctorate in Economics, Pacific Northwest Linkages; Worked @ Princeton, Oxford, National Lab (USA) Post-Doc UNDP, WTO; WEF Young Global Leader Music Enthusiast, Avid Reader & Nature Lover Runs, Sings & Bakes; Connects dots

Karthik Ganesan Abhishek Jain Senior Research Associate Junior Research Associate Energy Access, Energy Poverty, Nuclear Energy Access, Industrial Sustainability, Energy, Fiscal Policies for RE, Quantitative Project Management, Cambridge Techniques and Choice Modelling, MPhil in Engineering for Sustainable Economic Valuation, Lee Kuan Yew School Development, Chevening Scholar, IIT R of Public Policy (NUS) Grad in Mechanical Engineering Football Enthusiast, Long Distance Running, Writing, Poetry, Trekking, Photography & Scrabble Fanatic, Quizzing Nature Walks

Sonali Mittra Mohit Sharma Junior Research Associate Junior Research Associate Water Policy, EIA, Environmental Law Energy & Climate Systems, Renewable & Management, Water Diplomacy, Integration, Modeling and Systems Transboundary Water management, Analysis, Sustainability in Urban Hydropower, University of Manchester Ecosystems, Technical University of Denmark Post-Grad in Sustainable Philosophical Fanatic, Motivational Speaker, Energy, NIT Grad in Chemical Engineering Psycho-Analyst & Theatrical; Breaking all virtual palisades Music, Philosophy & Arts

36 Poulami Choudhury Vaibhav Gupta Programme Officer Programme Officer Renewables, Waste Management, Climate Energy & Mineral Resource Security, Change Adaptation & Mitigation; TERI Post- Environmental Policy & Law, EMS (ISO Grad in Natural Resources Management; 14001), Indian School of Mines (Dhanbad) Worked @ Clinton Foundation Sketching, Music & Sports; Be all you can be! Music Enthusiast, Avid Reader

Sudatta Ray Rudresh Kumar Sugam Programme Officer Programme Officer Energy Policy, Data Analytics, Math Water Governance, IWRM, Resources Junkie, Climate Policy, Energy Efficiency, Mapping & Nexus, Climate Change, GIS, Fulbright Scholar, Carnegie Mellon TERI, Yale Foodie, PG Wodehouse, Loves All 19th Century Superbikes & Singing Fiction & 70-80’s Music

Shalu Agrawal Prachi Gupta Research Analyst Strategic Partnerships and Energy Access, Renewable Energy – Communications Technologies & Finance, Fuel Subsidies, Fundraising, Partnership Building, IIT Roorkee Lobbying, Advocacy, Public Relations, Political Economy, Philosophy, Contemporary Advertising, Sciences Po Masters in Dancing, Badminton, Rains & Greenery Communications Baking & Cycling

Mihir Shah Chandamita Das Communications Specialist Events Coordinator Development Communications, Brand Event/Conference Planning, Vendor Management, Digital & Social Media Management, English Literature, NIEM Marketing, Documentation, MICA Freethinker, Sufi Music & Travelling; Always Post-Grad in Management. Worked @ learning, unlearning & relearning Government of Gujarat Travel Photography, Running, Trekking & World Cinema

Aarti Katyal Marutendra Karyee Office Administrator Finance and Accounts Executive Administrator, Executive Assistant to Professional Accounting, Reconciliations, CEO, Accounts & Finance; Post-Grad in Year-End Closings, Financial Reports; HR & Supply Chain Management Commerce Grad Music, Dance, Art, Cooking & Cinema Cricket Lover

Special thanks to Faraz Ahmed, Nirmalya Choudhury, Rishabh Jain, Rajeev Palakshappa, Sanyukta Raje, Meena Sarkar, Swati Trehan, Rajeev Vishnu for their contribution to CEEW over the last year.

We would also like to thank the following Visiting Fellows and Interns for their support: Vishnu Nanduri, Sujith Ravi, Deeya Bajaj, Priyanka deSouza, Lola Guyot, Charles Miller, Nolwenn Montheil, Urvashi Sharma, Komal Shukla, Himadri Sinha, Huijuan Wu.

You could play an important role in supporting CEEW

You can support us by For more information on how to support and engage with • Offering financial support us, please: • Giving a gift in kind to CEEW Write in: Thapar House, 124 Janpath, New Delhi • Creating partnerships with CEEW 110001, India • Helping CEEW gain visibility Email us: [email protected] • Contributing your valuable expertise and talent Or call us at: +91 11 40733300 37 37 Board of Trustees

Suresh P. Prabhu Jamshyd N. Godrej Chairperson Co-Chairperson Former Federal Cabinet Minister of Industry, Chairman of the Board of Godrej & Boyce Power, Environment & Forests, Chemicals and Manufacturing Company Limited Fertilisers, Heavy Industry & Public Enterprises

Tarun Das Gautam Thapar Founding Trustee Trustee Chairman & CEO, Avantha Group

Anil Kakodkar Deepak S. Parekh Trustee Trustee Former Director, Bhabha Atomic Research Chairman, HDFC Centre (BARC); Former Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission; and Former Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy

S. Ramadorai Trustee Vice Chairman, Tata Consultancy Services Chairman, National Skill Development Agency, Government of India

International Advisory Board

Carlos Magariños Peter Bakker Former Director General of United Industrial President, World Business Council on Sustainable Development Organisation (UNIDO) Development (WBCSD)

John Briscoe Gunter Pauli Gordon McKay Professor of the Practice of Founder of the “ Zero Emission Research and Environment Engineering and Environmental Initiatives” and the Blue Economy concept Health at Harvard University; former World Bank’s Country Director for Brazil

Björn Stigson Ian Johnson Former President of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Secretary General, Club of Rome; formerly World Bank’s Vice President for Sustainable Development

Anders Wijkman Member of the Temporary Committee on Climate Change of the European Parliament

38 Our Partners Together with our partners in India and across the globe, we aim to achieve the highest standards of research in finding solutions to sustainability issues – and implement those solutions to make a difference to the world.

• Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI) • Joint Global Change Research Institute, United States of • American University, United States of America America • Asian Development Bank (ADB) • Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore • Ananta Aspen Centre • Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), • Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Spain Government of India • Blacksmith Institute • Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India • Brookings Institution • Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), United • Cairn Energy States of America • Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy • New York University School of Law (CSTEP) • Oxfam International • Centre for European Policy Studies, Belgium • Planning Commission, Government of India • Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), • Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) Canada • Royal Society, United Kingdom • Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy (ISERP), Columbia University • SELCO Foundation • Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) • Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation • Department for International Development (DFID) • Shell International • Department of Science and Technology (DST), • The Ashden India Renewable Energy Collective (AIREC) Government of India • The Climate Group • Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), United States of • The Nand and Jeet Khemka Foundation America • The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) • Indian Renewable Energy Federation (IREF) • United Nations Foundation • International Centre for Trade and Sustainable • United States Agency for International Development Development (ICTSD), Switzerland (USAID) • Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Germany • Veolia Water India • Institute for Science, Innovation and Society (INSIS), • Vivid Economics University of Oxford • World Bank • International Finance Corporation (IFC) • World Economic Forum (WEF) • International Growth Centre (IGC) • World Resources Institute India • International Institute for Sustainable Development • WWF India (IISD), Switzerland • 2030 Water Resources Group (WRG)

@CEEWIndia (Highlighted Tweets)

39 CEEW Research in Action

Over the past four years, we have continuously strived to produce high quality research aimed at offering policy innovations and sustainable development solutions for global, national and local problems. As part of our commitment towards sustainable growth and development, we are now establishing programmes and collaborations to ‘Action our Research’. Clean Energy Access Network (CLEAN), Indian Alliance on Health and Pollution (IAHP), CEEW Action Research Mentorships (CARM), Centre for Quantitative Environmental Research (CQER) and Low Carbon Rural Development (LCRD) are just the beginning of this new journey.

Clean Energy Access Network (CLEAN)

CEEW is a founding partner of the Clean Energy Access Network (CLEAN), an all India representative organisation for decentralised clean energy (DCE) entrepreneurs and related stakeholders. CLEAN’s mission is to convene hundreds of stakeholders in decentralised energy to strengthen the sector in India, develop lessons for other parts of the world, and continue to increase energy access.

Over the past two years, CEEW played a pivotal role in the formation of CLEAN. With a research grant from USAID, CEEW surveyed the DCE Indian Alliance sector during 2013 and held consultations with more than 100 firms across the country. After the case and business plan for a countrywide on Health network was presented in August 2013, the idea of supporting such a network was incorporated and Pollution as one of the activities under a new India-U.S. initiative called “PEACE: Promoting Energy Access through Clean Energy”, announced during (IAHP) Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s visit to the CEEW is collaborating with Blacksmith Institute U.S. last September. Thereafter, CEEW focused India (BII) and Public Health Foundation of its efforts on bringing several partners on board. India (PHFI) to create and sustain the “Indian By February 2014, besides CEEW, Ashden India Alliance on Health and Pollution (IAHP)”. IAHP Collective, Indian Renewable Energy Federation, is envisaged as a unique platform to strategically SELCO Foundation, Shakti Sustainable Energy engage and partner with various stakeholders on Foundation, The Energy and Resources Institute, the issues of pollution and its health impacts in The Climate Group, The Nand and Jeet Khemka India. Foundation, UN Foundation, and WWF-India had signed an Alliance Charter as partners for CLEAN. As part of IAHP, CEEW is slated to take lead in research and advisory engagement on the CLEAN is expected to deliver five core sets of policy, regulatory and institutional challenges services,: information and networking; technology for pollution-related issues. It will also be a key development, testing and certification; skills, contributor in impact evaluation of pollution training and capacity building; opportunities for and clean up actions along with information policy advocacy; and increasing access to and dissemination and awareness generation lowering costs of finance. activities.

40 Centre for Quantitative Environmental Research (CQER)

There is growing emphasis on analysing regional pressures (for resource security), understanding state-level challenges in an integrated manner, and supporting urban local bodies in delivery of services. This cannot be done without access to quality primary data and sound modelling techniques. Through CQER, CEEW will develop CEEW Action the in-house capabilities for triangulating research results and building primary databases. Research CQER will further strengthen CEEW’s efforts of supporting various arms and levels of government through non-ideological, evidence- Mentorships based research inputs. (CARM)

Since inception, CEEW has constantly strived to collaborate and work closely with agents of change at the grassroots – social entrepreneurs, industry, financing entities, and other NGOs active in the pursuit of holistic and sustainable development. With CARM, CEEW envisages building on this approach, empowering social entrepreneurs and innovators working at the grassroots with broader exposure to policy issues, and simultaneously improving our own understanding of grassroots challenges and barriers to policy implementation. CARM, an independent programme, will function in three ways:

• CEEW researchers spending 3-6 weeks on the field with identified partners. This is expected Low Carbon Rural to enhance the quality of research output, and open up new areas of research Development • Partners spending 3-6 weeks at the CEEW office to better understand broader policy (LCRD) elements that affect their functioning in their respective focus areas. Time spent by Under this programme, in partnership with the individuals could be used to learn the basics Environmental Defense Fund, CEEW will promote of quantitative and qualitative research integrated interventions combining water and techniques, which are employed in house, soil management, reduced tillage and fertiliser, from experts within CEEW multi/inter-cropping, and decentralised energy (for cooking and lighting) at a state or district CEEW will pursue or support a novel idea in its • level. The programme aims to boost agricultural domain areas, from inception to completion, productivity and farmers’ incomes, improve through the active involvement of multiple farmers’ and local government participation, actors. reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and increase adaptation to climate change.

41 Tracing CEEW’s Four Year Journey Key Milestones and Achievements

Jan 2010 Aug 2010 Oct 2010 Idea for a think-tank to CEEW starts operations Conceptualised and enabled integrate energy, water and in a single empty room the Maharashtra-Guangdong environment conceived in Gurgaon Partnership on Sustainability

Dec 2011 Sep 2011 Submitted first ever report on Published a 584-page National India and Global Governance to the Water Resources Framework Study National Security Adviser at the for India’s 12th Five Year Plan PM’s Office

May 2012 Aug 2012 Sep 2012 Published the first National Security Adviser Published study on minor assessment of India’s 22 of India delivered keynote irrigation reform for the gigawatt National Solar lecture at CEEW’s Second Indian State of Bihar Mission Anniversary

Jul 2014 Jul 2014 Jun 2014 Jun 2014 Co-Founded Clean India’s HFC emission Organised Climate Published Energy Access scenarios released Geoengineering scenarios on Network (CLEAN) at Montreal Protocol Governance conference Energy Access in meetings in Paris with University of Oxford India

42 Nov 2010 Dec 2010 Organised a series of India Convened the working group on Water Dialogues India and Global Governance

Jul 2011 Jun 2011 Facilitated the $125 million Keynote lecture delivered to India-US Joint Clean Energy the IPCC Experts Meeting on R&D Center Geoengineering in Peru

Mar 2013 Jun 2013 Nov 2013 Nov 2013 CEO Dr Arunabha Ghosh Ranked number 1 climate think Published report on Submitted Report on nominated Young Global tank in India, 15th globally, by Urban Water and Strategic Industries to Leader by World International Centre for Climate Sanitation in India the National Security Economic Forum Governance (ICCG) Advisory Board

Jun 2014 Apr 2014 Mar 2014 Jan 2014 Ranked number 1 Published first report Hosted Dr Ernest Moniz, Featured on University climate think-tank in on India’s Green US Energy Secretary, for of Pennsylvania’s ‘2013 India for second year Industrial Policy a dialogue on Scaling Global Go To Think Tank running by ICCG Decentralised Clean Index’ - Topped India in Energy in India three categories

43 Council on Energy, Environment and Water

The Council on Energy, Environment and Water Our Vision (www.ceew.in) is an independent, not-for-profit A Path of Sustainable Growth and policy research institution. It addresses pressing global challenges through an integrated and Development through the Holistic internationally focused approach. Management of Energy, Environment and Water Resources Growth: In 4 Years of Operation

Engaged in more than Published more than 35 Policy Advised Governments around the 60 Research Projects Reports and Papers World over 80 Times

Promoted Bilateral and Multilateral Initiatives between Organised more than 75 Seminars Governments on more than 30 Occassions and Conferences

Recognition for CEEW 2013 and 2014 ICCG Ranking 2013 Global Go To Think Tank Report 1st in India - Climate Related Think Tank, Two Years in a Row 1st in India, 14th Globally - Top Think Tanks with Annual Media Coverage Operating Budget of Less than USD 5 Million The Economist, Forbes, The Globe and Mail, NDTV 1st in India, 14th Globally - Best Policy Study/Report CNN-IBN, The Times of India, The Hindu 1st in India, 68th Globally - Best Institutional Collaboration The Economic Times, Mint, Business Standard Involving Two or More Think Tanks The Financial Express, India Today

Scope of work Major Projects

• 584-page National Water Resources Framework Study for India’s 12th Five Year Plan Resource Eﬃciency and Security • India’s 1st Report on Global Governance Submitted to the National Security Adviser Water Resources • Assessment of Solar Mission, Wind Sector and Green Industrial Policy National Level Renewable Energy • Report on Strategic Industries and Technologies Submitted to National Security Advisory Board • Facilitated the $125 million India-U.S. Joint Clean Energy R&D Center Sustainability Finance • Business Case for Phasing Down HFCs in Indian Industry; HFC Emission Scenarios Energy-Trade-Climate Linkages • Created the Maharashtra-Guangdong Partnership on Sustainability Technology Horizons • Research on Energy-Trade-Climate Linkages for the Rio+20 Summit Global Level International Cooperation • Reports on Decentralised Clean Energy in India • Designed Irrigation Reform for the Indian State of Bihar Develop Integrated Energy, • Developing the Clean Energy Access Network (CLEAN) Environment and Water Plans • Modelling India’s Long-Term Energy Scenarios Facilitate Industry Action to • Supporting the Ministry of Water Resources with India’s National Water Mission Reduce Emissions • Modelling Exercises on Energy-Water-Climate Linkages Local/State Level • Business Case for Greater Energy Efficiency and Emissions Reductions in the Cement Industry

Cooling India with Less Warming: Energy Storage for Off-Grid The Business Case for Phasing Renewables in India: Down HFCs in Room and Vehicle Air Understanding Options and Conditioners Challenges for Entrepreneurs

(June 2013) (July 2013)

2030 Water Resources Group Developing Effective Networks for National Water Platform: Energy Access: An Analysis Preliminary Investigation of the Possible Roles, Functions and Potential (October 2013) Governance

(September 2013)

Urban Water and Sanitation in RE+ Renewables Beyond Electricity India: Multi-Stakeholder Dialogues for Systemic Solutions (December 2013)

(November 2013)

Responsible Hydropower Environment Institutions, Development in India: Challenges for International Research the Future Programmes, and Lessons for Geoengineering Research (December 2013) (February 2014)

Our web resources Our social media resources

• ceew.in/publications CEEWIndia • ceew.in/blog @CEEWIndia • ceew.in/news • ceew.in/events company/council-on-energy-environ- Council on Energy, Environment and Water, • ceew.in/videos ment-and-water Thapar House, 124, Janpath, New Delhi 110001, India • ceew.in/images CEEWIndia Tel: +91 407 333 00 | Fax: +91 407 333 99 • ceew.in/annualreport