SCIENTISTVOLUME 29 No. 05 ◆ JUNE 2019 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST

GEOThe Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London @geoscientistmag

Announcing the ‘Year of Space’ for 2021!

MOUNTAIN EXHUMATION UNDER THE MIDNIGHT SUN Anna Bidgood reports on the challenges of field work in north-east Greenland

ARMOURED DINOSAURS ATTENBOROUGH 2°C WORLD Susannah Maidment describes Sir David on the importance Geoscience has an essential role the first north-African stegosaur of Williams Smith’s work to play, reports Mike Stephenson WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 1 Lyell poster 2019 v1_ART 14-9-18_Lyell leaflet 16/09/2018 18:45 Page 1

Lyell Meeting 2019 Carbon: geochemical and palaeobiological perspectives

28 June 2019 The Geological Society, Burlington House

The fundamental building block of life as we know it, carbon, is critical to the Earth system. Traditionally biological and chemical approaches to understanding carbon dynamics in the geological past have been AD SPACEconsidered in relative isolation. For the 2019 Lyell Meeting we will to bring together a broad spectrum of scientists that address the big picture of carbon in the Earth system, drawing on expertise in Convenors: palaeontology, geochemistry, palaeobotany, atmospheric Barry Lomax (Nottingham University) processes, deep-Earth processes, and anthropogenic WT Fraser (Oxford Brookes University) impacts. Further information: For further information about the conference This meeting seeks to foster conversation between please contact: Katherina Steinmetz, Conference Office, The these disparate communities to facilitate a more holistic Geological Society, Burlington House, approach to considering carbon, and how it cycles Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG T: 0207 434 9944 between Earth’s organic and inorganic reservoirs. E: [email protected] Web: www.geolsoc.org.uk/lyell19 Call for Abstracts Follow this event on Twitter #lyell19 We invite oral and poster abstract submissions for the meeting, and these should be sent in a Word document to [email protected] by 30 April 2019. Abstracts should be approximately 250 words and include a title and acknowledgement of authors and their affiliations. Lyell poster 2019 v1_ART 14-9-18_Lyell leaflet 16/09/2018 18:45 Page 1

GEOSCIENTIST CONTENTS

Geoscientist is the W www.centuryone Fellowship magazine publishing.uk of the Geological Society of London ADVERTISING SALES Alex Killen The Geological Society, T 01727 739 182 Burlington House, Piccadilly, E [email protected] Lyell Meeting 2019 London W1J 0BG T +44 (0)20 7434 9944 ART EDITOR F +44 (0)20 7439 8975 Heena Gudka E [email protected] (Not for Editorial - Please PRINTED BY Carbon: geochemical and contact the Editor) Century One Publishing Ltd. Publishing House The Geological Society Copyright Publishing House, Unit 7, The Geological Society of Brassmill Enterprise Centre, London is a Registered Charity, palaeobiological perspectives Brassmill Lane, Bath number 210161. BA1 3JN ISSN (print) 0961-5628 T 01225 445046 ISSN (online) 2045-1784 F 01225 442836 The Geological Society of London accepts no responsibility for the views 27 28 June 2019 The Geological Society, Burlington House Library expressed in any article in this publication. T +44 (0)20 7432 0999 All views expressed, except where explicitly E [email protected] stated otherwise, represent those of the author, and not The Geological Society of EDITOR-IN-CHIEF London. All All rights reserved. No paragraph Professor Andy Fleet of this publication may be reproduced, The fundamental building block copied or transmitted save with written DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF permission. Users registered with Copyright Mr David Shilston Clearance Center: the Journal is registered of life as we know it, carbon, is with CCC, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA EDITOR 01970, USA. Every effort has been made critical to the Earth system. Dr Amy Whitchurch to trace copyright holders of material in this 10 14 publication. If any rights have been omitted, Traditionally biological and E [email protected] the publisher offer their apologies. EDITORIAL BOARD No responsibility is assumed by the chemical approaches to Mrs Natalyn Ala Publisher for any injury and/or damage to ON THE COVER: Mr Steve Branch persons or property as a matter of products Dr Robin Cocks liability, negligence or otherwise, or from PROBING CONTINENTAL understanding carbon dynamics Dr Howard Falcon-Lang any use or operation of any methods, 10  Prof. Tony Harris products, instructions or ideas contained in the geological past have been in the material herein. All advertising SUBDUCTION Mr Edmund Nickless material is expected to conform to ethical Dr Alan Roberts and trading standards, and reasonable Anna Bidgood describes a field considered in relative isolation. Prof. Peter Styles care is taken to ensure that advertisers are Dr Colin Summerhayes reputable and reliable. However, inclusion expedition to the Liverpool Land Dr Jan Zalasiewicz in this publication or as an insert does not For the 2019 Lyell Meeting we constitute a guarantee or endorsement Trustees of the of the quality or value of such products terrain in the Arctic Circle will to bring together a broad Geological Society or services, or of the claims made by of London its manufacturer. Geoscientist and the Prof Nick Rogers (President) Geological Society of London can give no spectrum of scientists that assurance that an advertiser will fulfil its Mr Thomas Backhouse obligation under all circumstances. Mr Andrew Bloodworth FEATURESFEATURES address the big picture of carbon Mr John Booth (Vice President) Subscriptions: All correspondence Dr Jason Canning relating to non-member subscriptions 14 STEGOSAUR DIVERSIFICATION in the Earth system, drawing on expertise in Ms Lesley Dunlop should be addresses to the Journals North African discovery pushes back the timing, Mr Graham Goffey (Treasurer) Subscription Department, Geological Convenors: Society Publishing House, Unit 7 Brassmill reports Susannah Maidment palaeontology, geochemistry, palaeobotany, atmospheric Dr Sarah Gordon (Secretary, Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, Bath, BA1 Barry Lomax (Nottingham University) Foreign & External Affairs) 3JN, UK. Tel: 01225 445046. Email: sales@ processes, deep-Earth processes, and anthropogenic Prof James Griffiths geolsoc.org.uk. Contact us by phone or WT Fraser (Oxford Brookes University) Ms Naomi Jordan email for current rates. impacts. Prof Chris King REGULARS Further information: Dr Robert Larter © 2019 The Geological Society Prof Bryne Ngwenya of London 05 WELCOME Amy Whitchurch on public perceptions of geology For further information about the conference This meeting seeks to foster conversation between Dr Colin North (Secretary, Geoscientist is printed on FSC® mixed please contact: Publications) credit - Mixed source products are a blend 06 SOCIETY NEWS What your Society is doing at these disparate communities to facilitate a more holistic Dr Sheila Peacock of FSC 100%, Recycled and/or Controlled home and abroad Katherina Steinmetz, Conference Office, The Mr Nicholas Reynolds (Vice fibre. Certified by the Forest Stewardship ® Geological Society, Burlington House, approach to considering carbon, and how it cycles President) Council . 09 SOAPBOX Larry Thomas calls for support in all sectors Prof Katherine Royse (Secretary, of geoscience profession Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG Professional Matters) SCIENTISTVOLUME 29 No. 05 ◆ JUNE 2019 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST

GEOThe Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London @geoscientistmag T: 0207 434 9944 between Earth’s organic and inorganic reservoirs. Mr Keith Seymour (Vice

Announcing the ‘Year of Space’ for 2021! 19 CALENDAR Activities this month E: [email protected] President) Miss Jessica Smith Web: www.geolsoc.org.uk/lyell19 Dr Helen Smyth 20 LETTERS Election quirks, mineral rights, microbial mats and more Call for Abstracts Prof Robin Strachan NLINE Follow this event on Twitter #lyell19 Mr John Talbot (Vice President) MOUNTAIN EXHUMATION UNDER THE MIDNIGHT SUN 22 BOOKS & ARTS Four new books reviewed by Douglas Palmer, Dr Alexander Whittaker Anna Bidgood reports on the challenges of field work in north-east Greenland David Latin, Brent Wilson & Jeremy Joseph We invite oral and poster abstract submissions for (Secretary, Science) SPECIAL ARMOURED DINOSAURS ATTENBOROUGH 2°C WORLD Susannah Maidment describes Sir David on the importance Geoscience has an essential role the first north-African stegosaur of Williams Smith’s work to play, reports Mike Stephenson WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 1 the meeting, and these should be sent in a Word A MODEL SOCIETY Make the voice of geoscience heard, Published on behalf of Cover image: The midnight sun and Arctic Ocean 24 MEETING REPORT the Geological Society sea ice off the north-east coast of Greenland urges Mike Stephenson document to of London by: © Shutterstock By Steve Allen Douglas Palmer highlights the 200th anniversary of the [email protected] by 30 April Century One Publishing 26 PEOPLE The pioneering Geologists’ Association, Alban Row, 27–31 Verulam Cambridge Philosophical ‘William Smith’s fossil reunited’ book launch and interview 2019. Abstracts should be approximately 250 Road, St Albans, Herts, Society, a society founded by with Sir David Attenborough & more AL3 4DG a trio of geologists and modelled words and include a title and acknowledgement T 01727 893 894 on the Geological Society 29 OBITUARY Martin Harold Phillips Bott 1926-2018, E enquiries@centuryone of London Ian Morven Simpson 1922-2018 of authors and their affiliations. publishing.uk

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 3

The Petroleum Group is the Geological Society’s Specialist Group dedicated to petroleum exploration and production. Our primary aim is to advance the study and understanding of petroleum geoscience through the organisation of cutting-edge conferences, workshops and publications, and where possible bring together industry and academia. We also seek to collaborate with other groups and organisations where mutual interests overlap.

Since the Group started in 1983, we have convened over 280 meetings, produced 59 Geological Society Special Publications and 25 Petroleum Geoscience thematic sets – quite an archive of reference material, all of which is available through the Lyell Collection. Past meeting abstract books and resources, information on our busy 2019 programme and much more can be viewed at www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum.

The Petroleum Group Committee currently has 22 members drawn from industry and academia, including our PhD student representative. Companies such as Shell, BP, Halliburton, Badley-Ashton and Sound Energy; and the Universities of Liverpool, Heriot Watt & Leeds are represented. We seek to maintain a broad committee, drawing on a range of experiences THE MICROPALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AGM to ensure we cater for the needs of our community. New ST committee members are welcomed each year, with a call for BIOSTRATIGRAPHY: A 21 CENTURY SCIENCE applications before September. 13–14 NOVEMBER, 2019 | BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. KEYWORTH, UK We strive to remain relevant to changing times within our industry by ensuring our meeting topics are at the forefront of On day one, join us for a showcase of the applications of data science, machine learning geoscience innovation and technology. We also aim to ensure and automation to biostratigraphy. Data science is changing our everyday lives and will drive that early career geoscientists are represented on the increased efficiency and insight in many aspects of geoscience, including biostratigraphy. committee and that we will continue to provide cutting edge Topics for discussion will include machine assisted interpretation of microfossil data in geoscience through the energy transition. terms of biozone/age and palaeoenvironments; data extraction and synthesis; automation of You don’t have to be a member of the committee to contribute. microfossil identification. We welcome your ideas and proposals for future conferences, Day two will include open sessions of short (c. 15 minute) talks and dedicated poster or your participation as a convenor. Meeting attendance counts sessions. These sessions are open to any topic related to micropalaeontology. towards your CPD; important if you are considering Chartership. To find out more about becoming a member of the Petroleum CONVENERS: Jim Riding - BGS | Mike Simmons - Halliburton Group or the committee, please contact Sarah Woodcock at: [email protected] For more information, to register, or submit an abstract please visit Follow us on: https://www.tmsoc.org/tmsoc2019/ REGISTRATION CLOSES 23RD OCTOBER; ABSTRACT SUBMISSION DEADLINE 13TH SEPTEMBER

Corporate Corporate Supporters: Registration Now Open Supporters: Call for Abstracts – Deadline: 28 June 2019 Capturing Geoscience Salt Tectonics: in Geomodels Understanding Rocks that Flow 26-27 June 2019 Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen 29-31 October 2019 The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London

The complex behavioural and rheological characteristics of salt can strongly influence the structural and stratigraphic evolution of a basin. With many of the largest hydrocarbon Convenors: provinces existing within salt-related basins Matt Jameson understanding of the processes involved in Convenors: Glencore salt tectonics has important scientific and Gwilym Lynn James Hammerstein economic implications for geological research Shell Royal Holloway and hydrocarbon exploration. Leigh Truelove University of London Schlumberger Over recent years the construction of 3D static and dynamic reservoir models has become Modern high-resolution 3D seismic data Jürgen Adam with improved imaging of salt structures in Ingrid Demaerschalk increasingly complex. With the availability of extensive tools and technology it is important not to Royal Holloway Tullow combination with more advanced physical forget the objective of the modelling process. University of London Alun Griffiths and numerical modelling techniques Rockhopper As we develop our hydrocarbon fields it is essential that 3D Static Models be built with fit-for- Clare Bond revolutionises the way we see salt tectonics University of Aberdeen Catherine Tonge purpose geological models, honouring the geological, geophysical and petrophysical data that and the role of salt structures. Shell and Tectonic Studies they are created from. Group This three-day international conference aims to bring together leading academic and industry David Hulme geoscientists to discuss new techniques and case studies, and to capture an up to date Equinor Christina This two-day conference will explore how geoscience information should be used to best effect, assessment of our understanding of salt tectonic processes including: Tom Marsh and how to identify when geoscience data may no longer add value. Sessions will include the Von Nicolai Rock Flow Dynamics BP • Geographical case studies; e.g. North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Persian Gulf, Campos Basin following themes: James Aguas • Salt tectonics in extensional and contractional settings Halliburton • Data integration: seismic, well log, sedimentological, core dynamic data and beyond • Halokinetic sequence stratigraphy • Capturing conceptual geology in reservoir modelling for different settings and depositional • Analytical methods of interpreting salt in seismic data environments • Physical and numerical modelling of salt tectonics • Implications of salt tectonics for hydrocarbon exploration. Sponsored by: • Scale: geology vs model vs data • Uncertainty: dealing with geological uncertainty in modelling and understanding its benefits and Call for Abstracts: limitations Please submit talk or poster abstract to [email protected] by 28 June 2019. • Embracing new modelling technology and approaches. For further information please contact: For further information please contact: Sarah Woodcock, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG. Sarah Woodcock, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG. Tel: +44 (0)20 7434 9944 Tel: +44 (0)20 7434 9944 Web: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/PG-Geomodels

At the forefront of petroleum geoscience At the forefront of petroleum geoscience www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum

4 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST ~ GEOSCIENTIST WELCOME

GEOLOGY IS AN OPAQUE SUBJECT TO MANY. WE MUST PERSIST IN CLARIFYING ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO SOCIETY ~

FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK: Geology the Obscure

eople are fascinated by geology. But few really know Museum, represents the very foundation stones of what geology is. At least, that’s been my general stratigraphy—a science that has helped revolutionise our impression from chatting with friends and non- understanding of this planet’s workings. geologist colleagues over the years. People are It was recently announced that notebooks belonging to Sir enthralled by volcanoes and earthquakes— Charles Lyell have been consigned for sale. This heftily priced Punderstandably so—but I’m not sure many grasp exactly what (over £1.4 million) collection could be sold to an overseas buyer. the study and practise of geology involves, beyond identifying Thankfully, Arts Minister, Michael Ellis, has put a hold on the rock types. sale of the notebooks in a bid to keep this important archive in At times I’ve even found that many scientists trained in the the UK. But, I wonder how many in the general public are broader Earth and atmospheric science disciplines have only a familiar with Lyell? He was a huge inspiration and mentor to little awareness of the close links between geology, climate Sir Charles Darwin, and the notebooks apparently contain science, sustainability, energy, ecology and the like. transcribed correspondence between the two, yet I’ve found In conversations with non-Earth scientists, that few people realise Darwin was a geologist (and, indeed, I’ve noticed that few fully appreciate the geologist’s part was a Fellow of our Society, serving as Secretary in creating the climate crisis or the essential from 1838 until 1841). role we have in attempting to fix it. As Perceptions are shifting. In light of the Mike Stephenson writes on page 24, impending climate and biodiversity crises, when it comes to decarbonisation and extensive media coverage of these “geoscience has a lot to offer, but we topics, geoscience is communicated to the as a community need to better public daily. Historical figures are even organise and influence—to make making their way onto the silver screen. sure the voice of geoscience is Filming has begun on the movie heard”. Many also seem unaware ‘Ammonite’, which stars Kate Winslet as of the importance of geology for the 19th century fossil hunter, Mary sourcing the raw materials Anning, and will bring the tale of an needed to supply our incredible palaeontologist, undervalued infrastructure and technologies, during her own life, into the homes or the geologist’s role in waste of many. management, land contamination Still, we can’t rely on the media alone. or water security. Documents such as the Society’s ‘Geology In a recent visit to Burlington House for Society’ paper (now translated into (page 27), Sir David Attenborough 13 languages) help disseminate the noted that the average person message to a broader population, on the street has likely but also as individuals never heard of William we must not miss Smith, ‘Father of English opportunities to extol Geology’. Yet, Smith’s fossil the benefits and collection, which sits in a importance of our somewhat understated display science to society in London’s Natural History at large.

Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

DR AMY WHITCHURCH, EDITOR - [email protected] @geoscientistmag

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 5 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

SOCIETYNEWS

Research grants 2019 PUBLIC LECTURE SERIES

The Research Grants Committee met on 8 March and considered 28 applications from Fellows and non-Fellows spanning early career and Did the Earth move for you? From established researchers. Council approved the award of 21 Society grants slow slip to Great Earthquakes totalling £29,550 and the Robert Scott Memorial Award of £2,000 to one applicant. The Society is very grateful for the contributions made by the Jeremy Speaker: Rebecca Bell, Imperial College London Willson Charitable Trust and the Robert Scott Memorial Award. Location: Burlington House, London (A full list of winners is posted online. Editor.) Date:12 June Programme New e-journal ◆ Afternoon talk: 14:30 Tea & Coffee; 15:00 Lecture begins; 16:00 Event ends The Library can now provide Fellows with offsite online access to ◆ Evening talk: 17:30 Tea & Coffee; 18:00 the journal Soil and Sediment Contamination, from vol.6 (1997) Lecture begins; 19:00 Reception onwards, which includes volumes published as the Journal of Soil Contamination. This international peer-reviewed publication focuses on soil and sediment contamination from a number of different Further Information sources, including offsite and in situ remediation techniques, Please visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/ strategies for assessing health effects and hazards, and tips for gsllondonlectures19. Tickets are now available on dealing with everyday regulatory and legal issues. Eventbrite.co.uk and will work on a first come first Ask the Library for an OpenAthens login, if you don’t serve basis. The lectures will be available to watch have one and visit the Virtual Library webpages or the livestreamed at both the 3pm and 6pm lecture. To Library catalogue to discover the Library’s collections of watch, please check the lecture webpage for the link. e-journals and e-books. Contact: The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG T: +44 (0) 20 7434 9944 Society Discussion Group 2019 E: [email protected]

Meetings of the Geological Society Discussion Group are 18.30 for 19.00, when dinner is served. Attendance is open to all members of the Society. For up to Office closures date information concerning topics for discussion and speakers, please go to W: www.geolsoc.org.uk/Groups-and-Networks/Specialist-Groups/ The Society (London and Bath) will be closed all day on Geological-Society-Discussion-Group. Thursday 18 July for staff training.

n 11 June - The Athenaeum, Pall Mall n 18 September - The King’s Head, Mayfair Enterprise Membership n 23 October - Bumpkins Restaurant, South Kensington In recognition of the importance of engaging with start- Please contact David Riach for more information and to make a reservation. up and smaller companies working in the Earth science E: [email protected] industry, the Geological Society have announced a new Enterprise category, as an extension of its existing Corporate Membership Programme. For a contribution Discover the EurGeol App of £500+VAT, companies with up to 10 employees and an annual turnover of under £2 million can join the The European Federation of Geologists has launched the new Geological Society as Enterprise members. EurGeol App, an electronic tool that offers European Geologist title holders many useful services and provides a public Please contact the Development Team: directory of all title holders. You can discover more about the T: + 44 (0) 20 7434 9944 app through this video: https://youtu.be/b7pAGPKNaDQ E: [email protected]

6 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

What your society is doing at home and abroad

Beyond Earth…

We are delighted to announce that 2021 will be the Geological which suggests there may be more to the tectonic activity of other Society’s themed ‘Year of Space’, write Flo Bullough & planets than we currently understand! Megan O’Donnell. Geoscientists are also interested in the metal and mineral resources in The thematic year programme, as set by the Society’s Science asteroids, the search for Earth-like exoplanets (habitable bodies beyond Committee, aims to raise the profile of geoscience, promote public our Solar System), the study of non-rocky planets like Jupiter and Saturn, engagement, and provide exciting, informative and inspiring themes and ultimately traces of early life on our planet and others. With so much around which to frame our education, outreach, conferences, still unknown, every day of space exploration provides never before seen publications, meetings and other activities throughout the year. data for scientists to digest and analyse. The joint Japan Aerospace The Year of Space will see the Society direct its gaze upwards, Exploration Agency (JAXA) and European Space Agency (ESA) Bepi- beyond the earth beneath our feet, towards the lesser explored Columbo mission to Mercury, launched in 2018 and expected to land in corners of our universe. Space science seeks to answer some of life’s late 2025, will collect data about the planet’s magnetosphere, giving us biggest questions—why are we here, how did life evolve, and are we insights into the composition of the planet’s core. alone? To answer these questions, space and planetary scientists 2021 will see two more field missions to Mars from NASA and ESA, search for clues in the rocks, dust, gas and other matter that help them scheduled to land on the planet in February and March of that year, understand the formation and development of planets, moons, stars boasting drilling capabilities to take deeper geological samples than and perhaps other life in our universe. Space also offers scientists a have ever been achieved before. The China Mars program is also novel platform from which to study Earth; using remote sensing and planning a test mission for 2021 that will lay the groundwork for the satellite technology to obtain high-resolution spatial and temporal data first martian samples to be brought back to Earth. Alongside a year of detailing our planet’s state and rate of change. exploration firsts, we look forward to highlighting and celebrating the Space science relies on the observation and measurement of many contributions of the geosciences to our exploration and understanding characteristics largely un-observable with the naked eye, the ability of the science beyond Earth. to deal with long timescales, and to visualise interconnected systems at vast scales—a trio of skills honed by geosientists in the study of Get Involved! internal planetary processes, rock systems beneath our feet and the We are looking to run activities during the Year of Space to celebrate landscapes we see all around us. Exploring space offers us the ability and explore the relationship between space and geoscience, and we to expand our horizons; conduct fieldwork, take samples, measure want to hear your ideas and proposals for: and observe at the very limit of our capabilities. n Meetings and conferences From the rocky matter of meteorites, comets and asteroids, to the n Education and outreach activities search for extra-terrestrial life, and the study of the planetary systems n Public engagement initiatives that could support it—the geosciences underpin much of present-day We are aiming to run a diverse programme of events that will showcase space science. Two ongoing NASA research expeditions to Mars have the variety of links between geoscience and space, which could include geological aims at the core of their missions. The NASA Curiosity rover exhibitions, presentations, scientific conferences, resources for teachers analyses rock, dust and soil samples to determine the structure and and science communicators, artistic collaborations, and more! You can chemistry of Martian rocks in the quest to find evidence that suggests also continue to submit ideas and proposals for the 2020 Year of Life. the planet could have supported life, and the NASA InSight lander uses geophysical techniques such as seismology, measurements of heat Email [email protected] to discuss your ideas with us. flow and precision GPS tracking to better understand and monitor the planet’s internal structure and physical characteristics. Excitingly, See our website for past examples and details of how to propose an InSight is thought to have heard its first Marsquake on 6th April 2019, event. Or email [email protected].

Drill hole on Mount Sharp left by NASA’s Mars Curiosity rover in 2019. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ MSSS

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 7 Latest news from the Publishing House Linking natural fractures to karst cave development: Fossil biomass preserved as graphitic carbon in a late a case study combining drone imagery, a natural Paleoproterozoic banded iron formation metamorphosed cave network and numerical modelling at more than 550°C By Quinten Boersma, Rahul Prabhakaran, By Dominic Papineau, Bradley T. De Gregorio, James Sagar, Richard Francisco Hilario Bezerra and Giovanni Bertotti Thorogate, Jianhua Wang, Larry Nittler, David A. Kilcoyne, Hubertus Marbach, Martin Drost and Geoff Thornton n carbonate rocks, channelized etamorphism is thought to destroy microfossils, partly through devolatilization fl uid fl ow through fracture I and graphitization of biogenic organic matter. However, the extent to which conduits can result in the M there is a loss of molecular, elemental and isotope signatures from biomass during development of large and high-temperature metamorphism is not clearly established. We report on graphitic connected karst networks. structures inside and coating apatite grains from the c. 1850 Ma Michigamme These cavity systems have been silicate banded iron formation from Michigan, metamorphosed above 550°C. Traces found in multiple hydrocarbon of N, S, O, H, Ca and Fe are preserved in this graphitic carbon and X-ray spectra and geothermal reservoirs, and show traces of aliphatic groups. Graphitic carbon has an expanded lattice around are often associated with high- 3.6 Å, forms microscopic concentrically-layered and radiating polygonal fl akes permeability zones, but also pose and has homogeneous δ 13C values around −22‰, identical to bulk analyses ... signifi cant challenges in drilling continue reading in the Lyell Collection and reservoir management. Here,  we expand on the observed https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2019/03/12/jgs2018-097 interplay between fractures, fl uid fl ow and large cave systems, using outcrop analysis, drone imagery and fl uid-fl ow modelling.

 Read the full abstract and paper in the Lyell Collection https://pg.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2019/04/09/ petgeo2018-151

SIGN UP & RECEIVE UPDATES. BE THE FIRST TO KNOW WHEN NEW JOBS ARE LISTED jobs.geolsoc.org.uk @geoscijobs

8 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST SOAPBOX

The broader picture

The Society should support geologists in every sector, argues Larry Thomas

he article by Mike Simmons Notable strides (Speaking up for geoscience. It is important to realise that in the last 30 SOAPBOX Geoscientist 28(11), 9, 2018) years, vast improvements have been made in highlighted the relationship coal mining and coal cleaning technologies. between academic and Additionally, conditions are placed on the CALLING! Tcommercial viewpoints in relation to energy geologist, for example, to consider whether coal requirements. The petroleum industry has a seams with a sulphur content >1% should be high profile and still has an active group mined or left in the ground. Geological Soapbox is open to contributions within the Society. The coal industry has reporting now is accompanied by from all Fellows. You can always not. The Coal Geology Group alas is no hydrogeological analysis and geotechnical write a letter to the Editor, of more, in part due to the reduction, and in appraisal of any prospect, and all asset course, but perhaps you feel you some cases the abandonment of coal determinations are made according to need more space? exploration and mining in western Europe, international standards. Such improvements so that the Society has no voice in this sector have been accompanied by the design and If you can write it entertainingly in of industry. construction of modern power plants that 500 words, the Editor would like control SOx, NOx and particulate emissions. to hear from you. Email your piece, Embedded coal The industry and and a self-portrait, to The general perception is that their geologists must [email protected]. the use of fossil communicate with uk. Copy can only be accepted fuels is one of others, whilst electronically. No diagrams, tables pollution and a respecting or other illustrations please. contributor to confidentiality environmental agreements, both Pictures should be of print damage. Whilst within the quality – please take photographs this is historically geological sphere on the largest setting on your true in many and the public at camera, with a plain background. areas, the large, to explain undeniable fact is the balance Precedence will always be given that coal currently between fossil fuel to more topical contributions. provides 39% of extraction and the Any one contributor may not global electricity impact on the appear more often than once per generation. Many environment, as well as volume (once every 12 months). countries do not have the the financial ramifications. finance and/or technology, I note that 2019 is the ‘Year and in some cases the inclination, of Carbon’. It is essential that the THE INDUSTRY to reduce or halt the use of coal. Many lack Society responds to the needs and viewpoints AND THEIR GEOLOGISTS the knowhow and, more significantly, the of academia and industry, producing an funding to undertake renewable energy even-handed approach to presentations and MUST COMMUNICATE... projects. discussions on the use of fossil fuels. There will THE BALANCE BETWEEN The role of the geologist is a double- be geologists in all the industries producing FOSSIL FUEL EXTRACTION edged sword. On the one hand their fossil fuels—let the Society recognise them and identification and determination of the their contribution to global energy needs. AND THE IMPACT ON geological character of coal deposits is The Society is our voice in geosciences not THE ENVIRONMENT, AS appreciated by Governments and only in the UK, but worldwide, so let’s hear it WELL AS THE FINANCIAL shareholders of mining companies, but for all sectors of the profession. they can be vilified by protest groups and RAMIFICATIONS environmentalists for simply doing Dr Larry Thomas, C.Geol, C.Eng, FIMMM, FGS; Director, DR LARRY THOMAS their job. Dargo Associates Ltd.; e-mail: [email protected]

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 9 PROBING CONTINENTAL SUBDUCTION IN EAST GREENLAND

Icebergs drifting under urrounding the settlement of organising an Oxford University Ittoqqortoormiit, at the mouth expedition to the region during the the midnight sun, of Scoresby Sund in North-East summer of 2018. We wanted to reconstruct Greenland, is the Liverpool the metamorphic and structural history of night-time polar bear S Land Terrain—a geological this geological unit and collect samples for terrain that records evidence of petrological work, to archive with the watches and wading subduction to ultra-high pressures (depths geological survey of Denmark. Ultimately, of over 100km). Such ancient ‘ultra-high- we want to understand how buoyant through frozen rivers pressure terrains’ are typically found continental crust, which typically resists exhumed within mountain belts and subduction, can be forced to depths of are all part of the provide a direct record of a poorly over 100km beneath Earth’s surface. Greenland field understood process: the subduction of continental crust. A Glacial Landscape experience, reports Located in a steeply mountainous area The settlement of Ittoqqortoormiit is home within the Arctic Circle, Liverpool Land to approximately 450 people and was Anna Bidgood terrain is inaccessible even by the originally a hunting settlement. The only standards of ultra-high-pressure terrains permanent settlement in the region, it was and is therefore particularly understudied. founded in 1925 by the Danish explorer The combination of excellent geology and administrator, Ejnar Mikkelsen, who combined with a mountaineering saw an opportunity to re-colonise a rich challenge was part of the motivation for hunting area (where the population had

10 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Scoresby Sund settlement

died out in the 1900’s) and, in the process, geological fieldwork and are familiar with we would be in an ideal position to move decrease the hunting pressure farther the kinds of challenges involved with around the proposed research area. south on Greenland’s east coast. The fjord working in large-scale glacial landscapes. On landing, we looked at the terrain system known as Scoresby Sund (named Nevertheless, estimating the distances that sloping steeply to the east up to a high after the English whaler and ice-navigator, can realistically be covered each day when point of 700m with dismay. The steep, William Scoresby) is one of the largest and trekking always proves difficult. As per unstable glacial landscape was deeply longest fjord systems in the world, with any expedition, we modified and changed incised by rivers that formed great the longest fjord extending at least 350km our plan on arrival into Greenland to canyons and ravines filled with hard- inland. Indeed, recent research suggests account for weather, terrain and polar compacted snow and thick ice. Long, that this fjord system may extend under bears. frozen lakes feed the rivers and miles of the enveloping ice, right across Greenland boulder fields provided no place to camp. to the west coast, thus effectively dividing The journey We soon realised that tackling this terrain this enormous Arctic island into two! The boat journey from Constable Point with 35kg backpacks was out of the Our team consisted of two geologists across Hurry Inlet was relatively short and question and instead embarked on a from the University of Oxford (myself and relied on my navigation skills using a four-day detour, to approach our field area Jamie Lucas), an arctic botanist and 1:250,000 scale map with 100m contours, from the south and east. mountaineer (Nigel Bidgood), a whilst trying not to get seasick or lose any geographer (Peter Shuttleworth) and maps to the wind. Luckily only one map Back-up plan mountaineer (Nils Devynck). Many of our was lost, and we were set down on the Our back-up plan turned out to be an team have visited Greenland before for western side of the field area with a plan amazing backpacking route. We were mountaineering expeditions and to backpack east onto the ‘plateau’, where blessed with incredible views of the

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 11 GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

mountains and could take in the sheer which glowed from its hiding place behind inclined boulder field onto a wide, gently vastness of Scoresby Sund. We followed the the mountains. We opted for two one-hour sloping summit ridge covered in remarkable coastline complete with an watches, rather than a single two-hour periglacial stone polygons. Over the next abandoned Greenlandic hunting settlement one, due to the night hours being very cold few days, we saw migmatites (of mafic (somewhat sadly named Kap Hope) and a indeed—I wore five layers including a and metasedimentary origin), eclogites hunters’ musk ox graveyard. As well as down jacket and an extra, large down (high pressure mafic rocks), gneisses introducing us to the varied boulder geology jacket of one of the other team members (granitic origin) and peridotites (mostly and some interesting outcrops, the route took over the top of everything I owned! dunites with purple chromium garnets). us along sandy beaches littered with icebergs During the first night, many mist- Eastwards from our basecamp the and flanked by cliffs of snow. enshrouded icebergs were blown into the terrain and geology changed as we headed Incised rivers outpoured to the fjord all the fjord which, combined with the midnight into metasedimentary migmatites way along the coast, sometimes forming a sun, made the watch a truly magical containing strongly metamorphosed small boulder-dammed lake at their mouth, experience. marbles, amphibolites, and quartzites. To allowing for an easy crossing. At other times, access these rocks, we had to cross a the 15m cliffs down to the river forced us to Complex geology braided glacial river system, spanning wade into the sea and cross the river mouth After our four-day detour, we arrived at about 1.5 km with over 10 to 20 channels in the sea—an exhilarating experience. At the the frozen Tværelv River, which runs depending on the time of day. The ice-cold mouth of the glacial Jaetteelv River in the down from the southernmost of the water and strong current made crossing Jættadal Valley, we turned inland and Tvaerdal lakes and marks the entrance to the channels more difficult than you painfully crossed a muddy (Triassic) bog our field area. The terrain dramatically would expect from a river of its size and where the difference between the solid and changed to either an unstable boulder field proved rather painful when the blood sinking ground, to this day, leaves me baffled. with a flora dominated by small, intensely- rushed back to your feet! At 70 degrees north on the east coast of coloured arctic flowers and birch “trees” Greenland, polar bears are a serious that peeped out from between boulders or A building point consideration. This is not a denning area, but small flush meadows at the base of steep The samples I collected cover a huge range it is a popular hunting ground for polar bears sided, snow-covered mountains and of rock types, mirroring the similarly huge and humans alike, due to the huge fjord periglacial landscapes. Access to the range of pressures and temperatures this systems and abundant marine life. Each team plateau every day meant crossing the terrain must have experienced in the past. member was woken twice a night to do two boulders and rivers, which made for slow The samples could provide some one-hour bear watches. This experience was progress. Our ascent of Kronen (a interesting information petrologically made more pleasant by the midnight sun, 1140-m-high peak) took us up a steeply when studied under the microscope. The

The team above the braided glacial river plain running Crossing the river in the fjord into the fjord below (credit: Peter Shuttleworth) GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

relationships between these rocks in the field provides crucial context for this type of study. Unfortunately, the limited time and difficult terrain meant that we were unable to study the contact between these rocks types in detail and we were also unable to access the northern end of the field area at all. However, the preliminary results from this field season provide us with a good building point for future trips. We now know that backpacking in and out of the Photo of the field area looking north from the plane. The deep incised valley is the Tvaerdal Valley and the snow-covered glacier region is possible. Although, the extra on the right the Jaettadal equipment required for polar bear protection and the weight of the rock samples makes this a challenge—one that pragmatically may lead to the use of helicopter transfers into and out of the study area next time!

Anna Bidgood is a PhD student at Oxford University and was a 2018 recipient of the Geological Society of London’s Mike Coward Fund; e-mail: anna.bidgood@ univ.ox.ac.uk

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This expedition was made possible due to the generous support from the Mike Coward Fund of the Geological Society of London, the Gino Watkins Memorial trust, The Oxford University Exploration Club and the Irvine Fund, for which we are hugely thankful. The journey along the coast

Polar bear watch and icebergs in the midnight sun (credit: Peter Shuttleworth) ▼

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 13 NORTH AFRICA’S FIRST STEGOSAURIAN DINOSAUR

Sophie, the world’s most complete Stegosaurus, on display at the Natural History Museum 14 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Susannah Maidment describes how the first stegosaur discovered in north Africa pushes back the timing of diversification of the armoured dinosaurs

ometime in the summer of 2016. As Paul and I began to study them, it 2016, then working at the became clear that we were right. Although University of Brighton, I the specimen comprised just a few opened my inbox to an email vertebrae, an upper arm bone and a spike, S from a colleague who is a we could clearly see features unknown in sauropod dinosaur expert and works in any other stegosaur: we had a new genus the US. He had been sent some photos and species on our hands. of dinosaur bones from the Middle Fossil excavation for the commercial Atlas Mountains of Morocco that were market in Morocco is quite common and being sold by a commercial fossil dealer. is often carried out by farmers who have The bones were described as sauropod no formal scientific training. As a result, dinosaur, but my colleague had his doubts, important contextual information about and he was right. As soon as I opened the how and where the specimen was found photos, it was clear that they were from is usually lacking. The only information a stegosaur. we had about our new stegosaur was that Stegosaurs are one of the most iconic it was from the Jurassic of Boulemane—a dinosaurs. With two rows of bony plates town in the Middle Atlas Mountains. extending along the back, and two pairs We looked into the literature to try of fearsome spikes at the end of the tail, to narrow down the discovery location, Stegosaurus is well-known to seven-year and therefore age, of the animal. Jurassic olds everywhere. Despite their popular rocks in the area around Boulemane are appeal, however, stegosaurs are very rare predominantly marine, but the Bathonian as fossils. It was only with the Natural strata are terrestrial, and dinosaur fossils History Museum of London’s acquisition, have been reported in them since the in 2013, of the world’s most complete 1940s. If the specimen was Bathonian, Stegosaurus (known as Sophie) that this made it even more special: it would we learned really basic aspects of their represent not only the first stegosaur from anatomy, like how many vertebrae there north Africa, but the oldest definitive were in the spinal column and how many stegosaur from anywhere in the world. plates there were along the back. The only way to be sure where the specimen came from, however, was to New species go to Morocco and try to track down the Stegosaur fossils are known from North original discovery location. America, Europe, China and southern Africa, but none were previously known Moroccan excursion from north Africa. Consequently, I was In September 2018, funded by the extremely excited to see these bones from Geological Society’s Garwood Fund, Morocco, and immediately suspected that I travelled to Morocco to attempt to do they probably represented an entirely new just that. I was accompanied on the trip genus and species of stegosaur—one that by David and Allison Ward, Scientific nobody had ever seen before. Associates at the NHM who have been Later that day, Professor Paul Barrett, collecting fossils in Morocco for over dinosaur researcher at the Natural History 20 years and have a network of useful Museum (NHM), contacted me with the contacts whom we could draw upon same images. He had been sent them to help us out. Most important of these too, was equally as excited, and was contacts is Moha Segaoui, a fossil dealer determined to purchase the specimens who also runs guided geological tours, for the museum. He was successful and and has been guiding fieldtrips for UK the bones arrived at the NHM in Autumn palaeobiologists and geologists for many

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 15 years. Moha acted as our guide and followed the fossil dealers north from of grilled chicken and tea for lunch. The translator for the trip, and also proved a our hotel in Midelt to a small village just sediments exposed are all terrestrial, and very reliable source of wisdom and advice. outside of Boulemane, which we reached appear to have been deposited by rivers Our first aim was to meet with Professor by a dirt road. The dealers introduced us and on floodplains, consistent with our Driss Ouarhache, a sedimentologist to a farmer, who offered us tea and then interpretation that these represent the El and stratigrapher at the Université Sidi accompanied us to another farm some Mers 1 Formation. The lower part of the Mohamed Ben Abdellah in Fes. Driss distance from the village where the farmer section comprises green silts interbedded is an authority on the sediments of the who had excavated the fossils lived. The with thin calcareous sandstones, which I Boulemane area and he guided us through land next to the house was badlands cut interpret as overbank deposits, while the the stratigraphy. The El Mers Group is into red beds, extremely similar to those upper part consists of red mudstones with divided into three formations: The El Mers of the El Mers 1 Formation that Driss had rootlets and thicker channel sandstones, 1, 2 and 3. The El Mers 1 comprises shallow shown us on the other side of Boulemane. which represent floodplain palaeosols and marine and intertidal facies overlain by As the farmer guided us up and down the river channels. Dinosaur fossils are found terrestrial red beds, while the El Mers 2 and valleys, I noted abundant bone washing in a distinct unit at the top of the green 3 represent shallow marine deposits. Driss out. There were also numerous large pits silts. This unit is mottled orange, showed us a rippled sandstone bedding from where bones had been excavated. The and contains abundant charcoal and plane in the El Mers 1 covered in sauropod farmer explained that he collected most of jarosite (a sulfate mineral), and the matrix footprints. the fragmentary material from drainages, of the NHM stegosaur specimens matches Having explored the stratigraphy and where it washed out, and also excavated this unit. The El Mers 1 Formation has been depositional environments of the El Mers larger bones. We returned to the village to a reliably dated to the Bathonian based on Group, we headed south to Er Rich, to meet lunch of turmeric goat and very sweet tea. biostratigraphy, and we collected some the fossil dealers who sold the fossils to the The following day I returned to sediment samples in an attempt to NHM—people the Wards know well. The the badlands and was able to study confirm that. dealers were extremely helpful and offered the stratigraphy and depositional to take us to the village where the specimen environments in more detail, again Oldest on record excavators lived. The next morning we receiving excellent hospitality in the form The trip was a huge success. I was able

From left to right: David Ward, Moha Segaoui, Allison Ward and Driss Ouarhache

16 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST to relocate the discovery site of north sale of further material, preserving Susannah Maidment is a Researcher in the Department of Earth Sciences at the Natural Africa’s first stegosaur and confirm the scientific heritage of the area History Museum, London and was a 2018 recipient that it is also the oldest definitive and inspiring future generations of of the Geological Society of London’s Edmund stegosaur in the fossil record. We Moroccan children and adults alike. Johnson Garwood Fund have now analysed its evolutionary relationships, and we find that the The El Mers 1 Formation at the discovery site species is more closely related to European stegosaurs than to the two stegosaur genera currently known from southern Africa. The age of the species also pushes back the radiation of the armoured dinosaurs into the Early Jurassic, hinting at a huge diversity of these animals that we have yet to sample. Furthermore, we have now finalised a Memorandum of Understanding between the Natural History Museum and Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, so that Driss and I can work together in the future to excavate dinosaurs from the site, working with the farmers. We hope that in the long term we will be able to house the specimens that we find in Morocco and prevent the commercial

A sauropod hind foot (pes) print on a rippled sandstone bedding plane in the El Mers 1 Formation

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 17 New Publications

William Smith’s Fossils Reunited

By: Peter Wigley (Editor) with Jill Darrell, Diana Clements and Hugh Torrens With a Foreword by Sir David Attenborough, William Smith’s Fossils Reunited is intended both for the William Smith enthusiast and also for those with a more general interest in the work of this remarkable pioneering geologist. The fossil illustrations and maps in this exquisite volume are aesthetically pleasing in their own right and demonstrate the extraordinary skill of early nineteenth-century engravers and map makers. View more at: www.geolsoc.org.uk/WSFR

Glaciated Margins: The Sedimentary and Geophysical Archive

Edited by: D. P. Le Heron, K. A. Hogan, E. R. Phillips, M. Huuse, M. E. Busfield and A. G. C. Graham Understanding the sedimentary and geophysical archive of glaciated margins is a complex task that requiresAD integration and SPACE analysis of disparate sedimentological and geophysical data. Their analysis is vital for understanding the dynamics of past ice sheets and how they interact with their neighbouring marine basins, on timescales that cannot be captured by observations of the cryosphere today View more at: www.geolsoc.org.uk/SP475

Metamorphic Geology: Microscale to Mountain Belts Edited by: S. Ferrero, P. Lanari, P. Goncalves and E. G. Grosch In Earth evolution, mountain belts are the loci of crustal growth, reworking and recycling. These crustal-scale processes are unravelled through microscale investigations of textures and mineral assemblages of metamorphic rocks. Multiple episodes of metamorphism, re-equilibration and deformation, however, generally produce a complex and tightly interwoven pattern of microstructures and assemblages. View more at: www.geolsoc.org.uk/SP478

Visit: www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop or call the Publishing House +44 (0) 1225 445046 Image credit: Staple Tor © Wayne Brittle GEOSCIENTIST CALENDAR New Publications

ENDORSED TRAINING/CPD AND EVENTS

MEETING DATE VENUE AND DETAILS

William Smith’s Fossils Reunited The Engineering Geology Conference Venue: Burlington House, London 4 Jun of Contaminated Land W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/CLG-EG-Eng-Geol-of-Con-Land By: Peter Wigley (Editor) with Jill Darrell, Diana Clements and Hugh Torrens

Lecture Venue: The Birmingham & Midlands Institute Geo-conservation 11 Jun With a Foreword by Sir David Attenborough, William Smith’s Fossils Reunited is intended W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/WMRG-Geo-conservation both for the William Smith enthusiast and also for those with a more general interest in the work of this remarkable pioneering geologist. The fossil illustrations and maps in Lecture Venue: Ley Arms, Kenn, Devon South West: Deep Basement Excavation 13 Jun this exquisite volume are aesthetically pleasing in their own right and demonstrate the W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SWRG-Deep-Basement-Excavation extraordinary skill of early nineteenth-century engravers and map makers. View more at: www.geolsoc.org.uk/WSFR CPD course Venue: University of Liverpool CPD Course for Teachers of A-level Geology 13-14 Jun W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Uni-of-Liverpool-CPD-Course-Alevel-Geolo- gy-Teachers Glaciated Margins: The Sedimentary and Geophysical Archive Lakeland Rocks: Tropical seas, CPD course, field tripVenue: Higham Hall College, Cumbria 16-19 Jun raging deserts and ice ages W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Higham-Hall-Lakeland-Rocks_Jun19 Edited by: D. P. Le Heron, K. A. Hogan, E. R. Phillips, M. Huuse, M. E. Busfield and A. G. C. Graham Social event Venue: Natural History Museum, London Petroleum Group 30th Annual Dinner 20 Jun Understanding the sedimentary and geophysical archive of glaciated margins is a complex W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/PG-Annual-Dinner-2019 task that requires integration and analysis of disparate sedimentological and geophysical Conference Venue: Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen data. Their analysis is vital for understanding the dynamics of past ice sheets and how they Capturing Geoscience in Geomodels 26-27 Jun W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/PG-Geomodels interact with their neighbouring marine basins, on timescales that cannot be captured by observations of the cryosphere today Conference Venue: Royal Society of Edinburgh The Blue Carbon Meeting 28 Jun View more at: www.geolsoc.org.uk/SP475 W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/MSG-Blue-Carbon-Meeting-2019

Conference Venue: Burlington House, London The Lyell Meeting 2019 28 Jun Metamorphic Geology: Microscale to Mountain Belts W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/GSL-Lyell-Meeting-2019 Edited by: S. Ferrero, P. Lanari, P. Goncalves and E. G. Grosch In Earth evolution, mountain belts are the loci of crustal growth, reworking and recycling. These crustal-scale processes are unravelled through microscale investigations of textures and mineral assemblages of metamorphic rocks. Multiple episodes of metamorphism, re-equilibration and deformation, however, generally produce a complex and tightly interwoven pattern of microstructures and assemblages. View more at: www.geolsoc.org.uk/SP478

Visit: www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop or call the Publishing House +44 (0) 1225 445046 Image credit: Staple Tor © Wayne Brittle WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 19 Geoscientist welcomes readers’ letters. These are published as promptly as possible in Geoscientist READERS’ Online and a selection printed each month. Please submit your letter (300 words or fewer, by email only please) to [email protected]. Letters will be edited. For references cited in these letters, LETTERS please see the full versions at www.geolsoc.org.uk/letters

A STALKING HORSE IN THE ELECTION?

Dear Editor, The Elections to Council notification Geoscientist( , March can then debar the unfortunate third nominee whom they deem 2019) reminds us that under Regulation R/G/11 Council may reduce unacceptable. This is almost carte-blanche for Council to select their the number of President-designate candidates for the eventual vote own nomination. to two. I find this alarming as it allows Council to debar any properly- This approach is at best anachronistic and at worst potentially proposed Fellow from the election without informing Fellows of his/ corrupting; those Fellows sufficiently interested to read the supporting her name or sponsors. In effect it says “we do not trust the Fellows to statements from two candidates must surely be capable of reading a make an informed choice”. third and of putting a tick in one of three boxes rather than two. Even in the case of only two valid nominations, all that Council has to do is propose one further candidate (a stalking horse?) and DAVID JAMES (FGS)

A STALKING HORSE IN THE ELECTION? - REPLY

In response to David James’ letter of 2nd March, I have a degree of sympathy with his view. The regulation he cites (R/G/11) states that Council ‘shall consider all nominations of the President-designate and will vote to reduce the list to two candidates of equal standing.’ (my own italics). Accordingly in this case, Council had no option but to act as they did and as they have done so at other times in the past. Council could, under different circumstances, act as David suggests and nominate their own stalking horse to undermine and indeed corrupt the whole process. However, we are not a political party and as I repeatedly remind Council, they are the conscience of the Society and are charged as trustees to act ethically in its best interests. That said, that regulation does leave the door open for mischief and, as with other aspects of our bye- laws and regulations is probably overdue for a comprehensive review. I shall raise the matter at the next meeting of Council.

NICK ROGERS, PRESIDENT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON (FGS)

Volcanism and climate

Dear Editor, Further investigations into the Anthropocene period are floats to a depth of 2,000 m was established, primarily to observe needed in geoscience. Our planet has never before been populated ocean temperature, salinity and currents. However, this array has also by 7.5 billion people, yet the regional and global contributions to provided a much-improved means of identifying possible submarine a warming and cooling climate by natural processes—such as volcanic eruptions, such as the October 2011 to March 2012 El Hierro volcanism—compared to anthropogenic greenhouse gases are poorly eruption in the Canary Archipelago. constrained. In 2019, the Past Global Changes Variations in Earth’s orbit and solar radiation are first-order drivers (PAGES) project is launching stage 2 of of climate, influencing interglacial and glacial cycles, monsoons and its Volcanic Impacts on Climate and seasonal changes. However, volcanism also influences climate and can Society (VICS) program, with one aim contribute significantly to natural variations, having both a warming and of providing information on volcanic cooling effect. forcing for climate modelling studies. NASA satellites first became available for tracking volcanic eruption The project will provide vital information clouds in the early 1980s. This led, for example, to recognition that the on the role of volcanism in the climate El Chichón stratospheric cloud from the April 1982 eruption circled the system. globe in 21 days. Submarine volcanism is more difficult to track. In the early 2000s, the ARGO global array of almost 4,000 ocean profiling WYSS YIM (FGS)

20 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Microbial mats—always ‘waiting in the wings’?

Dear Editor, The Bell Island succession (Caroline Mascord, Geoscientist by an alternation of microbially wrinkled micaceous shaly siltstones 29 (2), 12-17, March 2019) records the later throes of the Cambrian and graded or hummocky cross stratified (HCS) tempestites. The Substrate Revolution (CSR), during which the dominant Proterozoic associated, impoverished, shelly macro-fauna very largely consists benthic life-forms—microbial mats—were superseded by burrowers, of washed-in (extra-basinal) death assemblages. Hence the shallow grazers and filter-feeders. In part this was due to mat predation marine basin appears to have slowly evolved into a storm-influenced, and disruption by these newly-evolved metazoans; but the wrinkled ‘Proterozoic’ state. bedding surfaces, characteristic of the mats, occasionally reappear in The mat-forming microbial biomes are still with us, providing the the stratigraphic record, implying that the microbial biomes have since uniformitarian explanation for the fossil wrinkles. Yet these latter ‘waited in the wings’ in order to exploit conditions inimical to benthic seemingly fade from the post-Jurassic stratigraphic record. Has macro-faunas. The aftermath of the Permian global mass extinction, the global environment become increasingly benign, pushing the finds microbial mats widely developed in early Triassic shallow marine mat-forming biomes into the harsh marginal marine and continental environments, typically between fair weather and storm-wave base. environments that more rarely feature in the stratigraphic record, or are A local ecological crisis, with a similar outcome, is recorded in the wrinkles simply being overlooked? Their common association with HCS Ludfordian (late Silurian) of the Welsh Basin. Progressive shallowing suggests that post-Triassic strata with such bedforms would be a good and restriction, coupled with the increasing frequency of storm-event starting point for a search. deposition saw the inverse of the CSR—a counter-revolution. The basin-wide Ludfordian massive siltstones, associated with pervasive ROBIN BAILEY (FGS) bioturbation by benthic marine burrowers, were progressively replaced (The full letter and accompanying references are published online. Editor.)

Whose geology is it anyway? – Reply

Dear Editor, Peter Styles’s article ‘Whose geology is it anyway?’ encounter any country with such a Byzantine legal structure for (Geoscientist 28 (9), 9, 2018) reminded me of a paper published ownership of mineral and mining rights, particularly with regard more than 25 years ago, which I believe is the nearest we have to the status quo prevailing in Cornwall, Devon, The Forest of to an explanation of the extraordinary nature of the ownership of Dean and the Hundreds of the High Peak, plus the Wapentake of English mineral rights. This paper is to be found in Trans. Instn. Wirksworth. Perhaps this reflects the antiquity of some of the legal Min. Metall. (Sect A: Min. Industry) 100 May-August 1991. pp provisions, which must predate most if not all existing legal codes A73-A83. Honey R.M. Outline of mining law of England, Scotland concerning mineral rights. and Wales. Having worked on the nature of mineral rights abroad, I did not ROBERT C JONES (FGS)

Geology at Aber lives on

Dear Editor, Many Fellows will remember that a couple of decades ago Geology at Aberystwyth University was set to decline. Yet it lives on, vigorously, with its diaspora spread throughout academia, institutions and industry. The Society News in March’s Geoscientist, for example, shows that several Aber graduates and postgraduates are officers of the Geological Society: Vice President Nick Reynolds; Secretaries Kate Royce and Rob Strachan; and Geoscientist Editorial Board member Tony Harris. Conspicuously, not one but both presidential nominees Jonathan Craig and Mike Daly are Aber old-boys! It’s great to see Aberystwyth’s ongoing contribution to the Geological Society and the geoscience community.

BILL FITCHES (FGS) & TIM PALMER (FGS)

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 21 BOOKS & ARTS

William Smith’s To fully appreciate William Smith’s Cretaceous volcanic and intrusive rocks Fossils Reunited you need to own a copy might have sat in a larger overall context. Fossils Reunited and browse the full extent and depth of its Nevertheless, there is plenty of interesting scholarship, which this short review has material here if you already have the Whilst we might barely touched upon. knowledge, or the patience, to fit it all wonder why it has together. taken so long for Reviewed by: Douglas Palmer Papers on the Istria Depression and William Smith’s Cretaceous sedimentation and deep-water historically important WILLIAM SMITH’S FOSSILS REUNITED plays in the western Black Sea, followed by by Peter Wigley (ed) with Jill Darrell, Diana Clements & writings to become Hugh Torrens, 2019. Published by: The Dolan Charitable several papers on source rock deposition, available again, we Trust & Halgrove Publishing (hbk.) 160 pp. ISBN: are highly relevant at a time when there 9780857043375 should just be very List price: £34.99 W: www.halsgrove.com or is significant industry and governmental/ grateful that this has now happened with https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/WSFR regulatory activity and interest. Later the publication of William Smith’s Fossils papers concern subsea canyons developed Reunited. In this the 250th anniversary during the Messinian sea-level fall, a study of Smith’s birth and the bicentenary of Holocene sediments for source rock year of Smith’s annus horribilis—his Petroleum Geology potential, and an interesting description of incarceration for debt in 1819—his two of the Black Sea the petroleum potential of the Rioni Basin at most important works, Strata Identified by the Georgian margin of the Black Sea. Organized Fossils and A Stratigraphical If you are looking for The volume concludes with a succinct System of Organized Fossils etc. have been a one-stop-shop to get history of deep-water exploration and play republished together and with considerable yourself up to speed types in the Black Sea. Wells are expensive, ‘added value’. For the latter we have to with the geology and several have failed due to inability thank the editor, Peter Wigley, his team and hydrocarbon to predict reservoir presence and quality. and the publishers for a book with such prospectivity of Not unlike the Eastern Mediterranean, high production values and reasonable the enigmatic and after discovery of large biogenic gas price. A key element to the success of this relatively unexplored accumulations (i.e. Domino), the new edition is the identification of Smith’s Black Sea, then this not a bad place to start. thermogenic systems remain to be proven original fossils, and the updating of their Deep-water exploration drilling started and play concepts are yet to be tested taxonomy and excellent photographic less than 20 years ago and has averaged systematically. reproduction by Jill Darell and Diana approximately one well per year. It has Clements of the Natural History Museum. been hindered by the cost of access and Reviewed by: David Latin The tragedy is that it took Smith’s financial of maintaining sufficient activity levels to difficulties, bankruptcy and sale of his fossil justify an expensive mobile drilling rig. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE BLACK SEA by M.D. Simmons, G.C. Tari and A.I. Okay (eds) 2018. collection to the British Museum to ensure Recent potential commercial successes at Published by The Geological Society, SP 464, 484 pp. their long-term survival. the Domino gas field (2012) in Romania (hbk.) ISBN: 9781786203588. List price: £ 120.00 Fellow’s price: £ 60.00 Whilst today we are used to high-quality and Polskhov High (2016) in Bulgaria have W: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SP464 and detailed images of fossils, the visual thrown the deep-water Black Sea into the impact and verisimilitude of the 200-year- spotlight. old, originally hand-coloured images is The knowledgeable editors are involved remarkable. Any geologist with some in no less than 5 of the 16 papers, The Life Scientific: knowledge of English fossils can recognize which after an introduction are split them. Another tragedy for Smith was that into a smorgasbord of crustal structure Explorers relatively few copies of his works were and tectonics, igneous geochemistry, sold and the series was never completed, hydrocarbon plays, petroleum systems and BBC Radio 4 has, for consequently they did not become as widely source rocks, upper Miocene and Holocene the past seven years, known as they deserved to be. stratigraphy and papers on the petroleum broadcast The Life As we can now appreciate, Smith was potential of the eastern Black Sea and deep- Scientific, Professor incredibly lucky to have met James Sowerby, water exploration. Jim Al-Khalili weekly his engraver, publisher and something of a As a reader knowing almost nothing talking with a leading kindred spirit. Sowerby certainly seems to about the area, I would have benefited British scientist about have indulged some of Smith’s less-practical greatly from a plate tectonic summary their life and work. ideas, such as printing the fossil illustrations paper including evidence from earthquake Delving into the scientist’s inspiration on paper coloured to match that of their data, subsidence history, magnetics and and motivation, they discuss how this stratigraphical unit as seen on his map. As a crustal geophysics. Indeed, the first paper work has affected humankind. People result, the definition and appearance of fossil concerning the crustal structure of the who know well the interviewee and their printed on dark paper, such as the greenish- Mid Black Sea High would have then made work contribute insights. Since the first blue Greensand is not as good as those on a nice compliment and later papers on (11 October, 2011) interview of Paul Nurse, paler coloured papers. the evolution of the Pontides, as well as winner of the Nobel Prize and President

22 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Would you like to receive a free book and write a review? Available titles are listed online. Contact the editor for further information [email protected]

of the Royal Society, there have been 176 Dinomania: Why We and dinosaurs, which are terrifying but live episodes, all available as podcasts on the entirely in another dimension, fill the gap BBC’s website. Love, Fear and Are nicely. In The Life Scientific: Explorers, the Utterly Enchanted by Having thought on the matter extensively BBC has moved into print. The result is a since reading the book, I don’t know fascinating and very readable book. Rather Dinosaurs whether Sax has answered the questions than transcribe past interviews verbatim, implied in the title. Whether he has or Anna Buckley (the series’ producer) has This book is, not, doesn’t matter at all. The book is taken highlights from selected interviews essentially, a human fascinating and well worth owning. The and interwoven them with autobiographical social history of text is interesting and informative, and the information provided by the scientist. Each dinosaurs from the pictures (all 128) add huge amounts to what chapter commences with a sidebar detailing turn of the eighteenth is said. The book is not intended to be about where the scientist grew up, to whom they century to date—that dinosaurs, per se. Rather, it is about human are married, and their job title. It provides is, since Mary Anning interactions with human perceptions of less mundane stuff too, such as their was extracting fossils, dinosaurs. inspirations (parental encouragement; a visit including dinosaur bones, from Dorset. The to Pompeii; hearing a radio advert saying text contains much about dinosaur-related Reviewed by: Jeremy Joseph “Astronaut Wanted”). Advice to aspiring issues, along with numerous flash-backs scientists is presented, such as “persist” linking them variously with dragons and DINOMANIA: WHY WE LOVE, FEAR AND ARE UTTERLY ENCHANTED BY DINOSAURS (palaeontologist Richard Fortey), “don’t myth/legend, and with what we presume by Boria Sax, 2018. Published by: Reaktion Books, let men do all the talking” (astrophysicist was the real world some tens of millions London, UK. (hbk.) 264 pp. ISBN: 978-1-78914-004-0 List Price: £20.00 W: www.reaktionbooks.co.uk Lucie Green) and “follow your passion” of years ago. The book starts with dragon (volcanologist Hazel Rymer). bones and moves on, via Crystal Palace and One interviewee noted that science can Jurassic Park, and totems of modernity, to BOOKS FOR REVIEW be a lonely endeavour. However, several of our seemingly dinocentric world. them have done much to bring their science The pictures in the book are excellent. Please contact [email protected] if you to the layman, and so have wide contact with The first is a superb dragon by Matthaus would like to supply a review. You will be invited to keep the review copy. See a full up-to-date list at others. Astronomer Chris Lintott (“I take the Merian (1748), others include an astonishing www.geolsoc.org.uk/reviews ‘Citizen’ in Citizen Science very seriously”) has Neolithic petroglyph—how could people involved the public in classifying the shapes of then have known what a sauropod ◆  galaxies, while lichenologist Pat Wolseley has dinosaur might have looked like?—and NEW AVAILABLE! The Role of Women in the History of Geology, by C.V. Burek & B. Higgs (eds), engaged with people nationwide in a project works by Hieronymous Bosch and Henry Geological Society SP 281 2007, 342 pp. hbk. using lichen to monitor air pollution. de la Beche. At the other end of (human) **Re-issued to mark the centenary of female Fellows This book strikes just the right balance time are mid-twentieth century murals, ◆ NEW! Hydromagmatic Processes and Platinum- between insights into the interviewees’ lives posters for films and exhibitions, and Group Element Deposits in Layered Intrusions by and talk of their work. True, I sometimes I examples of twenty-first century palaeoart Alan Boudreau, Cambridge University Press 2019, 275 found myself wishing to know more about by Jan Sovak, Carl Buell, for example. pp. hbk. the science; but in these Google-infested days, Apart from the pictures, sensu stricto, ◆ NEW! Aeolian Geomorphology: A New Introduction such information is readily available. At other the book contains numerous word pictures by Ian Livingstone & Andew Warren (eds), Wiley Blackwell 2019, 318pp. hbk. times, I knew that no amount of reading drawn from different cultural sources. All ◆ NEW! Paleozoic Plays of NW Europe would enlighten me greatly, the science being are interesting because they are so various, by A.A. Monaghan et al. (eds), Geological Society SP so alien to my experience. Such was pretty and some are as good as a picture (but use 471, 398 pp. hbk. much the case, for example, with the work very much less than a thousand words). ◆ NEW! Reconstructing Archaeological Sites: of mathematician Marcus du Sautoy, who The author also discusses several relevant Understanding the Geoarchaeological Matrix explores symmetry and has mathematically geological issues—the cause(s) of the end- By Panagiotis (Takis) Karkanas & Paul Goldberg, Wiley modelled a shape symmetrical in 196,883 Cretaceous mass extinction, for instance— Blackwell 2019, 279 pp. hbk dimensions. However, I enjoyed reading but not in huge detail. Such discussion ◆ NEW! Fluvial Meanders and their Sedimentary about his work demonstrating the role of is sufficient, however, to show that Sax Products in the Rock Record by Massimiliano Ghinassi et al. (eds), Wiley Blackwell 2019, 592 pp. hbk mathematics in Mozart’s music. I would has a good understanding of many of the ◆ Martian Gullies and their Earth Analogues recommend this book not only to seasoned subject’s facets. by S.J. Conway, J.L. Carrivick, P.A. Carling, T. de Haas scientists, but also to aspiring young people The book’s principal tenet is that “we and T.N. Harrisin (Eds), GSL SP467 2019, 434 pp. hbk looking for inspiration and motivation. cannot help but think of dinosaurs as, in ◆ A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure (2nd Edition) some sense, contemporaneous”. Perhaps by Ron H. Vernon, Cambridge University Press 2018, Reviewed by: Brent Wilson that is partly because, as is noted, dinosaurs 431 pp. hbk. were discovered at about the time that ◆ Development of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs: The Theory, THE LIFE SCIENTIFIC: EXPLORERS widespread belief in dragons, devils and Key Technologies and Practice of Hydrocarbon by Anna Buckley (with a foreword by Jim Al-Khalili), Development by Qiquan Ran, Dong Ren & Yongjun 2018. Published by: Weidenfield and Nicolson, 321 pp. angels was ending. Perhaps the human Wang, Elsevier (Petroleum Industry Press, Gulf (hbk.) ISBN: 9781474607483 List Price: £18.99 mind needs to believe in the existence of W: www.weidenfeldandnicolson.co.uk Professional Publishing) 2019, 1066pp. pbk. powerful, potentially untameable, species,

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 23 MEETING REPORTS

Geoscience and the two-degree world

Michael Stephenson reports on the Subsurface heat store capture and storage (BECCS) has 2019 Bryan Lovell meeting, where Several talks focussed on the ground as a become central to achieving the goal of geoscientists, social scientists and heat store. Much progress is being made limiting global average temperature rise policy makers met to offer geological in Germany by teams led by Ingo Sass to 1.5⁰C. However, Gough concluded solutions to the ‘well below 2°C’ (Technische Universität Darmstadt) and that bringing together modern biomass objective agreed at the COP21 Sebastian Bauer (Christian-Albrechts- energy systems with CCS at scales conference in Paris University Kiel). In Germany, about 50% large enough to contribute to negative of total energy demand is due to heating emissions at a global level goes At the 2015 United Nations international as well as cooling, but geological heat well beyond technical and scientific climate change conference in Paris storage in the urban subsurface could challenges. (COP21), 195 countries committed to help in storing solar thermal energy and limit global warming to well below 2°C industrial surplus heat to smooth out Raw materials compared to pre-industrial levels. But supply and demand through the year, A good part of the conference was given current plans and pace of progress from summer to winter. over to the raw materials we’ll need to are still far from sufficient to achieve power and facilitate decarbonisation, for it. The Bryan Lovell Meeting (https:// example, materials for batteries for electric www.geolsoc.org.uk/GSL-Bryan- cars. Karen Hanghøj (EIT Raw Materials) Lovell-2019), held in London in January GEOSCIENCE HAS A explained how the key to getting the 2019, brought together delegates LOT TO OFFER, BUT WE AS A raw materials we’ll need for the energy from across the world to discuss COMMUNITY NEED TO BETTER transition will be a better understanding geological decarbonisation—or ways of the ‘circular economy’. That is, that geoscience and the subsurface can ORGANISE AND INFLUENCE— bringing raw materials into contribute to global efforts to keep global TO MAKE SURE THE VOICE OF the loop in a sustainable warming well below 2°C. GEOSCIENCE IS HEARD way, keeping The specific objective of the meeting materials in the was to examine the role that geoscience loop for a and the subsurface could play in long as decarbonising electricity production, CCS industry, transport and heating to meet Perhaps most discussion time was UK and international climate change dedicated to carbon capture and targets. These technologies vary from storage. Several speakers, including direct decarbonisation of electricity Martin Blunt (Imperial College London) production, through carbon capture and Jon Gibbins (University of Sheffield), and storage (CCS), to direct substitution discussed its implementation, concluding of domestic heating by geothermal, that safe, long-term storage of carbon but also include more ambitious dioxide in the subsurface is possible technologies, such as bioenergy and with careful site characterization, carbon capture and storage (BECCS), injection design and monitoring. They that aim to achieve negative emissions. also noted that it is current commercial The supply of geological materials arrangements, not technical difficulties that we’ll need in the future to sustain that are holding back large-scale the electrification of the vehicle fleet implementation. Whatever the finances, and other low-carbon technology was it’s likely that the expertise and also discussed. The conclusion of knowledge of the oil-and-gas companies one hundred delegates gathered in will be central to a CCS industry roll out. Burlington House was that geoscience Clair Gough of the Tyndall Centre has a lot to offer, but that we as a (University of Manchester) talked community need to better organise and about a variant of influence—to make sure the voice of CCS explaining how geoscience is heard. bioenergy and carbon

24 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST MEETING REPORT

possible, and minimizing waste at all ‘carbonisation’ energy transition that we Professor Michael Stephenson is Director of stages. call the industrial revolution—and that Science and Technology at the British Frances Wall (University of Exeter) ‘decarbonisation’ will also need a deep Geological Survey, Keyworth; pointed out that however well we recycle understanding of the subsurface for heat e-mail: [email protected] and re-use, we’ll continue to need to storage, geothermal, CCS and other mine materials that are part of solar technologies. Indeed, a talk by Charlotte cells, wind turbines, electric cars, fuel Adams (Durham University) focussed on cells and nuclear power stations, simply the value that the abandoned coal mines to meet growing demands and sustain of the industrial revolution could have in burgeoning populations. bringing heat to homes in areas important to the UK’s industrial past. Social context Sovacool’s message was that transitions For me, the most interesting talk was can be excruciatingly slow, but that if you one by the social scientist Benjamin get conditions right, they can be faster. Sovacool (University of Sussex) who Perhaps geoscience can help to make the explained the historical context of energy fossil-to-renewables transition faster? To transitions. This echoed my own opening make that happen, we need to step up our comments of the conference where I research in a concerted way, organise and noted how geological science, resources speak as a group to influence government, and their distribution were part of the industry and the science funders.

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 25 PEOPLE NEWS

DISTANT THUNDER Equal opportunities

As geologist and science writer as well as men, can be Geologists energy of the well-educated woman? Nina Morgan discovers, when it as far as their strength for travel, and We can readily speak of the Lady comes to a universal welcome, opportunities among domestic affairs Members of the Association as types of the Geologists’ Association were will allow... Doubtless for many ladies good thinking women, able and willing pioneers in the field it is hard to tramp about on Geological to know about the Earth as the Earth, Excursions over rough roads, hillsides, and to learn from other persons, as well hedges, ditches and seaside rocks as from books, what has been gathered Right from its foundation in 1858, any wand shingle.” of such knowledge, and what is being and all with an interest in geology— But this, he emphasized was no thought of old and new notions thereon. whether professional or amateur— reason to exclude women from field The pleasant influence of ladies at the were welcome to join the ranks of trips. To accommodate their needs, Meetings is universally felt. Women can the Geologists’ Association (GA), he suggested: “Let special Excursion- attend Geological Meetings without hurt irrespective of age, gender or social lines be planned so that we may have to their sensitiveness. Geology, though class. Women and children both the pleasure and advantage of female one of the most comprehensive, is one featured among the early membership. society.” of the most plain of Sciences.” The youngest to join, one W. Pye, was While there is no evidence that Although expressed in language that just 7 when his father gave him a GA the special excursions suggested by may seem patronising to modern ears— Life Membership in 1862. Professor Jones were ever carried out, the GA’s early welcome to women was Along with lectures, or ‘indoor women in the GA soon joined the field clearly genuine, and as evidenced by meetings’, field trips have always been trips nevertheless. The first few female its membership profile today, is clearly an important GA activity. The first GA GA members were spotted on field ongoing. field meetings, or ‘excursions to places excursions as early as 1861. However, of geological interest’, took place in women were not commonly seen as End notes: Sources for this vignette 1860. Three were held in that year, to participants on GA field trips until 1870. include: Address at the opening of the Folkstone, Maidstone and Charlton, But, said Jones: “Since then they have session, 1880-81 by Prof. T. Rupert and the GA annual report for 1860 often graced the outings with their Jones Proc. Geol. Assoc.7 pp 1 & recorded that: “These excursions gave presence.” 43-44; G.S. Sweeting, The Geologists great satisfaction to members.” Buoyed The GA Carreck archive, a Association – 1858-1958, Benham and up by their success, the GA General photographic archive coordinated Company Ltd, 1958; Norman Carrek, Committee then decided to continue and curated by GA member Marjorie Marjorie Carreck, GA Magazine, 16, no organising more. Carreck [1928-2017; GA Archivist from 4, 2017, pp. 30-31; The Carreck Archive In his presidential address in 1955-2010] that documents GA field is available at https://www.bgs.ac.uk/ 1909, the GA President from 1908 to activities from the 1890s to the present, discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/ 1910, Professor William Whitehead shows many women—often very archives/GeologistsAssociation/ Watts [1860-1947] noted that “It is fashionably dressed!—examining rocks the excursions which mark off the alongside their male colleagues. Association from other bodies, attract to it its large membership, form the An adornment link between town and country, and Women also played an important role knit together its members in closer in the GA indoor meetings. “In the friendship than is the case in any other Meetings of the Association,” Jones institution.” noted, “the female element is an adornment and a social pleasure. As in Females in the field Universities (now-a-days) and Colleges, Photograph digitised from the Geologists’ Association Although the first GA excursions seem as in the British Association, and the Carreck Archive, reproduced with permission of the British Geological Survey to have been attended only by men, Archaeological and Social-Science they were open to women too. As Congresses, so in our Association, how Professor Thomas Rupert Jones [1819- greatly would the scientific meetings * Nina Morgan is a geologist and science writer 1911], President of the GA from 1879 and outings lose if the ladies were based near Oxford. Her latest book, The Geology to 1881 noted in his opening address absent! ...Who requires to be reminded of Oxford Gravestones, is available via to the 1880-1881 session, “Women, of the intellectual powers and persistent www.gravestonegeology.uk

26 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST PEOPLE NEWS

Geoscientists in the news and on the move in the UK, Europe and worldwide

Stratigraphical foundations

A William Smith birthday cake, chocolate ammonites and an We were lucky enough to steal a few precious moments with appearance by Sir David Attenborough. Sarah Day and Amy Sir David during which we asked him why he felt William Whitchurch report on the launch party for “William Smith’s Smith’s work was so important. Describing William Smith as Fos si l s Reu n ited”. ‘one of the great founders’ of geology, he noted that the new On the eve of William Smith’s 250th birthday, Fellows and book, a ‘marvellous document’, must have been ‘thrilling’ to friends gathered in Burlington House, Piccadilly to celebrate produce; particularly the search for corresponding specimens the launch of the new book William Smith’s Fossils Reunited. at the Natural History Museum to match the images in Edited by Peter Wigley and colleagues, the book combines Smith’s book. two of Smith’s seminal, unfinished publications—Strata On the significance of geology and the history of science to Identified by Organized Fossils and A Stratigraphical System our lives now, he said, ‘Science is the most important thing of Organized Fossils. Placed within the context of newer work, that any child can learn. It’s the foundation of our lives and the manuscripts are republished together with stunning our understanding of the world. But equally importantly, our engravings by the illustrator and naturalist, James Sowerby, as lives and our world view are shaped by science, and we are well as new photographs of fossils from Smith’s Collection. beginning to understand where we stand in that world view. After a welcome from Peter Dolan, the evening’s proceedings ‘If you know about science and geology and you know about kicked off with an introduction from the Society’s President, what’s happening to the world, you are in a better position Nick Rogers, who welcomed guests to the ‘spiritual home’ to understand the gravity of the situation that we find of geoscience. Peter Wigley then described how he, together ourselves in. with Jill Darrell, Diana Clements and Hugh Torrens, set about ‘We know from science and geology that the world is not static, scanning and digitising Smith’s two original manuscripts, that it’s always changing. We are now beginning to realise that it is using image processing techniques to breathe new life into the changing at an astonishing, terrifying rate. If you know anything plates. The team attempted to match each of the illustrations about geology and anything about palaeontology, you recognise from Smith and Sowerby’s work to the original specimens that we are living in extraordinary times. We ought to be aware from Smith’s collection, which is now housed at the Natural of that and aware of the responsibility we have. And that’s why History Museum in South Kensington. And, using Smith’s geology is so important.’ careful notes, collected during his days roaming the English Well said, Sir David. countryside, the team were able to locate each of the fossil After toasting William Smith, his birthday cake was cut and specimens on copies of Smith’s own geological maps. Smith’s enjoyed, ammonite-shaped chocolates were distributed, and the life was not an easy one and financial difficulties meant he book launch celebrations carried on late into the evening. ended up in debtors’ prison before he could complete these tasks himself. It is fitting that 250 years after his birth, Peter Sarah Day, Head of Media Relations & Outreach and Amy Wigley and colleagues, aided by modern technology, can now Whitchurch, Editor Geoscientist magazine help close that chapter for him. In his speech, Sir David Attenborough—author of the book’s Read a review of “William Smith’s Fossil Reunited” on page 22 foreword—mused on how the average person has likely never and order a copy of the book here: https://www.geolsoc.org. heard of William Smith, yet his work helped found one of the uk/WSFR. To read more about the event, which was co-hosted most important natural sciences. Indeed, Sir David noted that by the Geological Society of London and the Dolan Charitable Smith’s fossil collection, sitting in display cabinets in West Trust, view additional photographs and listen to our interview London, represents the very foundation stones of the science with Sir David Attenborough in full, please visit the Geological of stratigraphy. Society of London blog: https://blog.geolsoc.org.uk/

Book authors/editors Diana Clements (l), Jill Darrell (c) and Peter Wigley (r) (Photography: Will Amlot)

The William Smith birthday cake and ammonite Sir David Attenborough in the upper library (Photography: Will Amlot) chocolates (Photography: Will Amlot)

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 27 GEOSCIENTIST PEOPLE NEWS

FROM THE LIBRARY The Library is open Monday-Friday 9.30am-5.30pm www.geolsoc.org.uk/library

u Online Library catalogue u Postal loans Search the online catalogue of books, journals and maps held You do not need to live in London to borrow books, maps or in the Geological Society Library. Fellows and Corporate Affiliate journals from the Library—we can post them to you! For more members can now login to the Library Catalogue to renew information, contact [email protected] or call 020 7432 0999 loans, view loan history, request items and create Favourite lists. ww.geolsoc.org.uk/librarycatalogue u Inter-library loans If the item you want is not in our collection, we may be able u E-Journals and e-books to obtain it from another library. To find out more about this Fellows of the Society can access over 100+ e-journals and service, please email [email protected] or e-books using Athens authentication. There is no charge to Fellows call 020 7432 0999 for this service. Visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/virtuallibrary to register. u Visit the Library u Literature searching Fellows and Candidate Fellows can visit the Library at Not enough time or struggling to find the information you need? Burlington House between 9.30am and 5.30pm, Monday to We can search a wide range of resources on your behalf and send Friday. You’ll find comfortable and quiet study space, scanning you the results directly to your inbox. To find out more about this and copying facilities, free Wi-Fi and all of the latest books and service, please email [email protected] journals. The Library’s professional, dedicated staff are on hand to answer any enquiries. u Document delivery Not based in London or simply too busy to come to the u Library newsletter Library? We can send you by email or post copies of articles Subscribe to our bi-monthly newsletter to keep up-to-date from our collection. To find out more about this service, please with important Library news, electronic journal updates, online email [email protected] or call 020 7432 0999 exhibitions, events and more—please email [email protected] to be added to our circulation list

28 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY Martin Harold Phillips Bott (1926-2018)

Renowned field-based geophysicist noted for his work artin was born distinguished achievements, in 1926 in on gravity and magnetic anomalies and their geological Martin received many awards Stoke-on-Trent, interpretation and honours, including M Staffordshire. the Clough Medal of the He was educated at Edinburgh Geological Society, Clayesmore School in Dorset and the Murchison and and Magdalene College, Wollaston Medals of the Cambridge. After military Geological Society of London. service in the Royal Signals in In 1977, he was elected a East Africa, where he climbed Fellow of the Royal Society. Mount Kilimanjaro, Martin took up a scholarship at Legacy Cambridge where he initially Martin’s interests read Mathematics before encompassed much more switching to Natural Science. than geophysics. He was In 1949 he joined the an avid mountaineer Cambridge Spitzbergen summiting all the peaks of Expedition, climbing glacier- the Monros, the Nuttalls covered mountains and ©Godfrey Argent Studio. and the Wainwrights in the Reproduced with kind permission developing his passion for of The Royal Society British Isles. Along with geology from field work his wife Joyce, Martin was and the collection of fossils. methods for the geological basins and rifted continental a keen gardener. And for He received a D.Phil from interpretation of gravity and margins, tectonic stress more than 5 decades he Cambridge in 1954 for his magnetic anomalies. His within the lithosphere and the was an active member of St. work on gravity and magnetic earliest research focused application of finite element Nicholas Church, Durham. anomalies in the Northern on the northern Pennines, methods to compute fault His knowledge of the bible Pennines, supervised by Cornwall, the Irish Sea, the deformation. was extensive and he saw Brian Harland. Martin Iceland-Faeroes Rise and no conflict between his spent his entire career at the UK continental shelf Teaching & honours enduring Christian faith and the University of Durham, and slope. He demonstrated Martin once said that his his science. being promoted to a Personal how geophysics could be students were the main Martin passed away on Chair in Geophysics in 1966 used to address important stimulus of his own research. Saturday 20 October, 2018. and serving as Head of geological problems, such He supervised more than 45 He will be remembered Department (1970-3, 1976- as the mechanism of granite PhD students on a range of by all who knew him as a 82). He retired in 1988, but emplacement, mountain projects in geology, geophysics humble, modest and gentle remained research active, building and sedimentary and mathematical computing. man. Perhaps his greatest and was elevated to Emeritus basin formation. He was instrumental in setting legacy is his 154 journal Professor in 1991 and awarded In 1970, Martin spent up a MSc course in Advanced publications and lucidly the Chancellors Medal in 2014. a sabbatical term at the Geophysics and an Honours written and beautifully Lamont-Doherty Geological course in Geology and illustrated book “The Geophysics Observatory of Columbia Geophysics at Durham, which interior of the Earth”. He Martin’s expertise was University, where he trained generations of students leaves behind his wife, in geophysics, especially developed his interests in in exploration geophysics. Joyce, children Andrew, potential field observations, regional crust and upper His success is reflected in his Nicholas and Jacqueline, and theory and interpretation. mantle structure and the students, many of whom have 6 grandchildren. He will be He acquired gravity and driving mechanisms of plate gone on to leadership positions greatly missed. magnetic data onshore and tectonics. His subsequent in industry, government and offshore UK, and developed research focused on the academia. By Tony Watts and Nick Kusznir forward and inverse formation processes of In recognition of his

HELP YOUR OBITUARIST The Society operates a scheme for Fellows to deposit biographical material. The object is to assist obituarists by providing contacts, dates and other information, and thus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriate and accurate commemoration. Please send your CV and a photograph to Amy Whitchurch at the Society.

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | JUNE 2019 | 29 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY Ian Morven Simpson (1922-2018)

A gifted teacher and gentle intellectual giant with r Ian Morven handed back to the Society, Simpson FGS, known expertise in the Carboniferous of Northern England for safe keeping, the Lyell to all as Morven, was Medal that his father had D born in Edinburgh been awarded in 1954 (see in 1922, son of Dr John Baird footnote 1). Simpson, District Geologist He died on November 19, in the Geological Survey in 2018, six years after losing Scotland1. his wife of 65 years, Janette. Morven’s early education He is survived by his son, was based in Edinburgh, at Graeme, also a geologist, George Heriot’s School and as daughter Jennifer, five an undergraduate student in grandchildren and six great Chemistry at the University of grandchildren. Edinburgh. His undergraduate career was interrupted by By Graeme Simpson, with World War II, and when he contributions from Dr John Pollard resumed after the war, he and Prof Gordon Walkden switched to studying Geology. 1 https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ He graduated top of his class, Geoscientist/Archive/May-2013/ with first class honours, but John-Baird-Simpson usually added, with a twinkle in his eye, that there were only 4 geology students in his year, The Society notes with and two of those spoke very sadness the passing of: little English. Nevertheless, it clastics and carbonates, immediate conversation- was a good enough result to usually managing one day starter where the Barber, Peter Marriott get him an appointment at the a week in the field, notably knowledgeable one became Blanche, James Bruce Bott, Martin Harold Phillips University of Glasgow as an in and around Castleton, in tutor rather than expert, Bradshaw, Reginald assistant lecturer in Geology, the Peak District. and it would reassure the Broecker, Wallace * and as a PhD student with Morven was a gifted student that this was no Burke, Kevin Charles Anthony * Butler, Raymond John Thomas * Prof T.N. George, working on teacher, and one who waste of his time. In the Clayton, Keith * the Carboniferous Limestones became a role model to field it was a priceless Cornes, Barbara Charlotte * of Ireland. In 1951 Morven many who themselves went gambit. In a group it Herries-Davies, Gordon L * completed his PhD and on to teach. To any student could spark a collaborative Huckerby, John Andrew * Ireland, Richard * secured a position in the with a reasonable geological response where others Jobbins, Alan * Geology Department at the question, spontaneous would crowd around … Kempton, Nicholas Hugh University of Manchester, or prepared, his default goodies were being given Simpson, Ian Morven Simpson, Peter Robert * where he spent the rest of his response was “Well now, out and here was stuff Westhead, Robert Keith working life. what do you think?”. for notebooks. There was Whyatt, Stephen John * Delivered reassuringly with always a story of some sort Whitham, Andrew Gordon Gifted teacher his gentle, educated Scots contrived and delivered In the interests of recording Fellows’ He quickly gained an accent this was a pedagogic by this gentle intellectual work for posterity, the Society publishes enviable reputation as masterstroke. For those giant. obituaries online, and in Geoscientist. Bold, recent additions to the list; * a teacher, in the lecture with Morven’s modesty, Fellows for whom no obituarist has been theatre, laboratory and the response avoided the Extramural classes commissioned; § biographical material in the field, and started temptation to showcase Morven retired in 1983, lodged with the Society. what turned into a lifetime his own knowledge and but he continued teaching If you would like to contribute an obituary, research partnership, and instead opened the door extramural classes and please email amy.whitchurch@geolsoc. deep friendship, with Dr to the greatest educational writing geological guides. org.uk to be commissioned. Fred Broadhurst. Together treasure-house of all— His last appearance in Deceased Fellows for whom no obituary they published many papers getting the student to public was at the Geological is forthcoming have their names and dates recorded in a Roll of Honour at on the Carboniferous of think, analyse, articulate Society, at Burlington www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. Northern England, both and discuss. It was an House, in 2013, when he

30 | JUNE 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST 1- 2 OCTOBER 2019 | OLYMPIA LONDON

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