Neo-Communitarian Society Version 5.0 Exploring the Possibility of Asian Neo- Communitarian Societies After Globalization

Beyond Globalization: the Asian Way of Innovation and Well-Being in Transdisciplinary Perspective

TGSW2017 1-2-2) a session on neo-communitarian society version 5.0 exploring the possibility of Asian neo- communitarian societies after globalization. ICR Special commitment

Good Governance Puzzle and Neo-communitarian society version 5.0 : Japan and Taiwan

Yutaka TSUJINAKA ICR, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Tsukuba

2 Why community in the age of Smart society 5.0

3 And why Taiwan and Japan

4 Reverse Extreme Case, Turkmenistan : Modern Tall Buildings are not proof for good governance and wellbeing (Ashgabat ,marble builds.)

Wellbeing Building construction My concern: people, civil society and politics: Community and association LOWER THAN 3 METER SOCIETY AND POLITICS DOES MATTER

6 contents • 0:Key terms and the frame • 1:Introduction: needs-Natural disaster, Aging-welfare - care • 2: Why states are not reliable: small state • 3: Why state is so small in Asia: Late Emerging state=No welfare state • 4: Expectation goes to Civil Society: “associational revolution” and community • 5: China • 6: USA • 7: Japan • 8: Solution: neo-communitarian society v.5.0

Before delivering speech 0: KEY TERMS AND THE FRAME

Community and Association • Community = common life = any area of common life, village, or town, or district, or country, or even wider area. • An integral system, based on the will of individuals wishing to connect together commonly, also mainly related to shared land or residence • (accompanied by Emotional attachment but it is not an organism) • Association = an organization (a part) of social beings(community) • Pursuit of some common Interest or interests. • Organized functional interest (partial interest), based on purpose-means-instrumental rationality • （MacIver, R.M.1917) • These are not mutual, binary conflicts or mutually exclusive. Both of them are key elements of Civil Society Communitarianism, Communitarian society • A philosophical or an ethical position, stance or ideology emphasizing and valuing any kinds of communities, connection between the individual and the community. • No direct relation to the controversy with John Rawls,1971. A Theory of Justice. The most influential book on liberalist ethics in 20th century. • (No direct relation to Communitarianism school.) Communitarian society 5.0 is word of mine. Community: a broad perspective

• From residential area to the globe • (regional community, European community, global community ) • From territorial to functional • (such as academic community, policy community, or even Virtual currency development community )

Japan and Taiwan

• Assumption (intuitional hypothesis)

• Having Robust neighborhood community and

• Good social capital (bonding and bridging)

• → can be a good model - Asian way of sustainable socio-political model for people well-beings • → can give impacts /suggestions to the Asian countries.

NHK 2003- 2010

Powerful solution by Neighbor hood Community To 144 tough cases And NHAs Neighborhood Associations (NHAs, 300,000) →890 out of 1843 Municipalities Surveyed (18 thousand returns)

凡例自治会規模自治会数 1 - 50 51 - 100 101 - 200 201 - 300 301 - 500 501 - 999

14 • Myself: Political Scientist, Com. Civil Societies • JIGS surveys and related studies

Micro level 「Policy making process」・The initial comparative study on civil B. Global Environmental Policy society and interest groups—JIGS (Japan Network Survey Meso level Interest Group Survey) — received 「Political process」 responses from over 40,000 Japanese organizations and over 23,000 overseas organizations from 15 countries. This study on civil society is the first of its kind Macro level to be undertaken on such a grand scale. A. Pressure 「Political （15 surveyed countries include：Japan, South Groups Survey system」 Korea, USA, Germany, China, Turkey, Russia, Philippines, Brazil, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, Poland, Estonia, India, and Thailand)

・By utilizing the JIGS data, we have made C. Japan Interest Group Survey（JIGS） Social processes possible the mass-production of research results that comparatively reflect on the situation in both Japan and the world on a Comparative statistical survey of NPOs specific topic. （Organizational statistics） 15 JIGS CSO Surveys 1997-2017 no.1

Valid Return Populatio Sample Regions (Valid Country Year Data Source / Survey Method Respons Rate(%) n (a) Return Sample) e(b) (b/a) Tokyo (1,438) 1.Japan '97 Classified telephone directory/ mail 23,128 4,247 1,635 38.5 Ibaraki (197) Seoul (371) Kyonggi 2.Korea '97 Classified telephone directory / mail 11,521 3,890 493 12.7 (110) Washington, D.C. 3.USA '99 Classified telephone directory / mail 7,228 5,089 1492 29.3 (748) North Carolina (752) Classified telephone directory and list of Berlin (643) Halle 4.Germany '00 influential interest groups made by 4,806 3,100 885 28.8 (154) Hoppenstedt (think tank) / mail “Social Groups” officially registered at the Beijing (627) 01-02 5.China Municipal or District/Country Civil Affairs 9,536 8,897 2858 32.1 Zhejiang(1,782) '03-04 Bureau / mail Heilongjiang (449) Registered Organizations（NGO） Database Moscow (411) Saint 6.Russia '03-04 2,974 1,500 711 47.4 / mail Petersburg (300) Regional survey investigation based on Ankara (334) 7.Turkey ’03-04 15,730 3,146 841 - telephone directory / interview Istanbul (507) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Manila (855) Cebu 8.Philippine '04-05 Philippine Foundation Center (PFC) / 44,051 5,172 1014 18.5 (159) interview Belem (193) Belo Brazilian Institute of Geography and Horizonte (390) 9.Brazil '05-06 Statistics (IBGE), organization directory / 275,895 2,609 2014 77.2 Brasilia (1,132) interview Goiania (115) Recife (170) Organization directory (registered at the Dhaka (1,005) 10.Bangladesh '06-07 government or institutions) / mail and 29,528 5,915 1509 25.5 Rajshahi (504) interview Nationwide Survey 11.a Japan (2nd) '06-'07 Classified telephone directory/ mail 91,101 91,101 15791 17.3 Japan Registered Organizations（NGO） Database Nationwide Survey 11.b Japan NPO '06-'07 23,403 23,403 5127 21.9 / mail Japan Registered Neighborhood Associations (MP)/ Nationwide Survey 11.c Japan NHA '06-'07 296,770 33,438 18404 55 mail Japan

16 no.2 Total 62573 orgs.(plus 4th JIGS plus NHSs) Needs Taiwan survey 12. a Germany Berlin (354) Halle '07-08 Classified telephone directory / mail 4,657 2,660 497 18.7 Club and Society (82) Heidelberg (61) Lobbying list and list of influential interest 12. b Germany Nationwide Survey '07-08 groups made by Hoppenstedt (think tank) / 13,717 1,960 312 15.9 Interest Group Germany mail Nationwide Survey 13. Korea (2nd) '08-09 Classified telephone directory / mail 112,917 29,422 1008 3.4 Korea 13. Korea NPO '08-09 Organization directory (NGO) / mail 7,030 7,030 425 6.0

Beijing (305) Organization directory (registered social 14. China (2nd) 09-11 23,038 2,120 1251 59 Zhejiang (558) organizations) / Mail and conference Heilongjiang (388) Organization directory (registered Beijing (370) 14. China NEU 09-11 people-run non-enterprise units) / Mail and 21727? 2,021 1271 62.9 Zhejiang (444) conference Heilongjiang (457) Beijing (65) Zhejiang 14. China Organization directory (registered 09-11 298? 277? 118 42.6? (33) Heilongjiang Foundation foundations) / Mail and conference (20) Organization directory (comprehensive Seattle(858), King 15. a USA Seattle '08-09 8,524 4,297 1501 34.9 non-profit orgs)/ mail, web, phone County D.C. (237) 15. b USA ’09-10 501(c)3 and 501(c)4 / mail, web, phone 3,300 571 17.3 Maryland (133) Washington D. C. Virginia (201) 16. a Uzbekistan Nationwide Survey ‘07-08 Organization directory / mail 1,541 1,541 400 26 NPO Uzbekistan 16. b Uzbekistan Nationwide Survey ‘07-08 602 NHA Uzbekistan 17. Estonia '09 Classified phone directory / web 1,662 1,662 344 20.7 Nationwide Mazowieckie (128) 18. Poland '09-10 Organization directory (REGON) 22,361 3,000 261 8.7 Lubelskie (56) Dolnoslaskie (77) 19. a India List made by a peek organization / mail Non-Profit and 11-12 3,000 3,000 487 16.2 Delhi (including e-maiil) Civic Sector Organization directory (registered at the 19. b India Profit 12 government or institution)/ mail (including 4,968 1,559 251 16.1 Delhi Sector e-mail) Chang Mai (220/76) 20. Thailand CSO mail and reconfirmed with some organizations by 2,996/ 12.3/ Ma hong Son (35/6) 13 - 369/142 and NHA phone/ both mail and direct interview 156 93.4 Lamphun (75/17) Lampang (29/43)

17 Publishing and Analysis on going: Causal Model of CSO level satisfaction to LG

• In cities where high group cohesiveness is more often observed, local CSOs may have denser networks with other social and political actors. • Governance networks may enhance public trust in LG. • Public trust in LG is deemed to contribute to citizen satisfaction (through cooperation between CSOs and LG).

18 Oval: latent variable Rectangle: observed variable Circle: error term NPO, NHA satisfaction to LG Coefficients are standardized. ( employing SEM, structural equation model) Several paths are omitted.

19 1： Introduction: CHALLENGES AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN JAPAN AND TAIWAN

1-1 NATURAL DISASTERS Earthquakes (mag.5≦）: 2000-09

22 The largest Earthquake, Tsunami and Fukusima Incident in Japan

23 24 Mutual assistance, and orderly evacuation sites and long lines for emergency purchase, after the disaster

25 One Index of Good governance: Consumer Price before and after 3.11 no opportunistic price rise (2010=100)

101.0

100.5

100.0

99.5

99.0 Nationwide

98.5 Fukushima

98.0 Sendai

97.5

97.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 2011 2012

26 Taiwan and earthquakes

Between 1901 and the year 2000 there were 91 major earthquakes in Taiwan, 48 of them resulting in loss of life.[4] The most recent major earthquake was the 921 earthquake, which struck on September 21, 1999, and claimed 2,415 lives. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthq uakes_in_Taiwan

27 1-2 AGING, WELFARE, CARE Japan：Aging and Aging...

“over 65”!!

In Japan, the first Baby Boomers have left the workforce.

29 Taiwan as well

Aging cohort percentage(11%, over 65) is still lower than Japan, but Less-Birth tendency rapidly appears in recent year. Facing Same Challenges of Aging society

Japan, no 1

Taiwan, no 2 Asian Aging Society (Twins: Taiwan and JPN)

Aging population account for a proportion of Duration of doubling ratio (Years) Country total population (Year) 7% 10% 14% 20% 30% 7%→14% 10%→20% 20%→30%

Taiwan 1993 2005 2017 2025 2040 24 20 15

Singapore 2000 2010 2016 2023 2034 16 13 11

Korea 2000 2007 2017 2026 2040 17 19 14

Japan 1970 1985 1994 2005 2024 24 20 19

China 2001 2016 2026 2036 - 25 20 -

- - US 1942 1972 2015 2034 73 62 Germany 1932 1952 1972 2009 2036 40 57 27

UK 1929 1946 1975 2026 - 46 80 -

Italy 1927 1966 1988 2007 2036 61 41 29

Sweden 1887 1948 1972 2015 - 85 67 -

France 1864 1943 1979 2020 - 115 77 -

Sources: Executive Yuan, R.O.C. , Population prospects, 2008 32 Japan, Taiwan (hypothetical) and Asia • Japan’s features, many of below share with Asia but・・

• 1) long history of traditional CSO dating back to the premodern era • 2) government committing comprehensively to CSO; • 3) preferring self-governance and service over advocacy; • 4) development of indigenous grass-root neighborhood organizations collaborating with local governments; and • 5) predominance of formal industrial and business organizations in CSO.

• Asia has not achieved good governance like Japan and Taiwan, while both also has many challenges shared. • I will tackle the puzzle why Japan and Taiwan can show the good governance in terms of NPS, CSOs.

Before Q: Why community? 2: WHY THE STATE IS NOT RELIABLE?

34 Asia: No welfare state region STATES : SMALL BUT INTERVENTIONIST (DEVELOPMENTAL) Small Public Sector Employees: JPS the smallest in the OECD

Employment in general government as a percentage of the labor force (2011)

Norway Denmark Sweden Finland France Hungary Estonia United Kingdom Luxembourg Canada Belgium Ireland Israel Slovenia Australia OECD United States Italy Spain Slovak Republic Czech Republic Netherlands Portugal Turkey Austria Germany Poland Switzerland New Zealand Chile Mexico Greece Japan Korea 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

36 Asian states as small government(?) Smaller than Japan （Taiwan, the smallest) Why community? Why state is so small in Asia? 3: LATE EMERGING STATE =NO WELFARE STATE (VS. EUROPE)

38 Industry demographics : Late starter Japan vs. Germany Scissor-shaped Graph vs. . long 2nd !

• In spite of the rapid economic growth, the secondary sector was not the largest. • The turning point of JPN was around 1960. Post-industrialization starts in the 1970s.

39 Japan and Taiwan (compressed industrialzation)

• In spite of the rapid economic growth, the secondary sector was not the largest. • The turning point was around 1960. Post-industrialization starts in the 1970s.

40 90 90 第3次産業 80 80 Industry demographics70 70 60 60

第1次産業

) ) ％

50 ％ 50 ( nd (

40 40

構成比構成比 position of 2 sector 第2次産業 30 30 第3次産業

20 20 第1次産業第2次産業 10 10 その他 0 0 1872 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1987 2001 2008 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1951 1961 1971 1980 1990 2000 2010

(a) 台湾 1950-2008 (h) イギリス 1861-2010

90 90

80 第1次産業 80 第3次産業 70 70

60 60

)

％ (

50 ％ 50 (

40 40

構成比第2次産業構成比 30 30

20 第3次産業 20 第1次産業

10 10 第2次産業その他 0 0 1872 1880 1980 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1947 1950 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1882 1895 1907 1925 1933 1939 1946 1950 1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

(b) 韓国 1950-2010 (g) ドイツ 1882-2010 90 90 80 第3次産業 80 第3次産業 70 70 60 60

50 ) )

％ 50

( ％ ( 40 40

第2次産業構成比

構成比 30 30 第2次産業

20 20 第1次産業その他 10 第1次産業 10 その他 0 0 1872 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1947 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1866 1886 1896 1901 1906 1911 1921 1926 1931 1936 1946 1954 1962 1968 1980 1987 1994 2003 2010 (c) 日本 1872-2010 (f) フランス 1866-2010

90 90 第3次産業 80 80 第3次産業 70 70

60 60

)

％ (

％ 50 50 (

第2次産業構成比 40 40

構成比第2次産業 30 30

20 20

10 10 第1次産業第1次産業その他その他 0 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1871 1881 1901 1911 1921 1931 1936 1951 1961 1971 1980 1990 2000 2010

(d) 米国 1870-2010 (e) イタリア 1871-2010 Scissor-shaped Asia vs. long 2nd Western Advanced 41 Secondary S., Labor, Welfare State vs. Diversity without WS • Western : Longer-term modernization ⇒ labor majority and CS association growth⇒ democratization with labor unions⇒social democratic, welfare state • Asian : Short-term modernization and transition⇒unstable CSO and labor union, remaining traditional organizations like NHAs • ⇒No welfare state, Diversity of regimes INDUSTRY DEMOGRAPHICS AND ITS SOCIO-POLITICAL OUTCOMES ARE STILL STRONG REGULATING POWER IN ASIA When the state is not reliable 4 : EXPECTATION GOES TO CIVIL SOCIETY (NON-STATE)! Target 1997-2017 : JIGS, Civil society Studies IGs and CSOs: Public functions: Shrinking Gov’t, Business, Family Government - “Civil society consists of sustained, organized social activity that occurs in groups that are formed outside the state, market and family.” (Susan Pharr 2003: vii) 政府・The initial comparative study on civil society and interest groups—JIGS (Japan Civil Interest Group Survey) — received 社会 Society responses from over 40,000 Japanese 的 organizations and over 23,000 overseas 企業家族 organizations from 15 countries. This study on つな civil society is the first of its kind to be がり undertaken on such a grand scale. Company Family （15 surveyed countries include：Japan, South Korea, USA, Germany, China, Turkey, Russia, Philippines, Brazil, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, Poland, Estonia, India, and Thailand)

45 NPS=Civil Society (CS) Map: High-Density and Uneven CS Sectors in Japan (More than100 laws.) Results from the 2007 survey, Tokyo

Public Trust(578) : Concept in terms of legal : Concept in terms of tax Authorized Special [2006] Public Trust status Limitedpolicy liability company (605)[2006] Areas in which interest associations, NGOs, and private NPOs

exist

Organizations No juridical Organizations Regular Foundation Corporations Corporations having a special semi- Private School Corporations Incorporated Private Organizations with a place of Medical Foundation governmental status (35) (7,875) [2006] Foundations (12,321) (396) [2006] [2008] [2006] business (42,000)

Private corporations set MedicalMedical Societies - up under special laws Incorporated Association Societies41,324[2006] type (37) [2007] Social Welfare (12,572) [2006] Private Organizations without have a 41,324[2006] Corporations (18,258) place of business (43,000) Independent administrative institution [2005] Organizations (102) [2007] Special Public Promotion Joint-Stock Corporations Corporations Community Based NHAs (2,490,748) [2006] Religious Corporations (296,770) [2003]

(182,796) [2005]

Authorized Authorized NHAs Public (22,051) Corporations Unlimited Partnerships (1,800) [2007] (5,781) [2006] Labor Unions Management Unions (61,178) [2005] Commercial Union of Condominium Specified non-profit Corporations Limited Partnerships (33,389) [2007] (32,2001) [2006] Chambers of Commercial Commerce Society Government Public Good (524) [2004] (2,734) [2004] al Corporations, Etc. Limited liability Corporations company (605)[2006] Cooperative Societies, Union Political Parties / Etc. Consumer Cooperatives Agricultural Cooperatives Other Political Organizations (56,494) [2006] (75,558) [2004] (1116) [2004] (3,239) [2007]

- Mid-sized & Small type Business Credit Unions Cooperative Societies (96938,733） ) [2004] Etc. Voluntary Unions

For the Public / Public Good For Profit These figures are mainly for 2007 or later. Information regarding the positioning of groups and organizations was based on the National Institute for Research Advancement's Report No. 980034, Research Report on the Support System for Citizen's Public-Interest Activities, (in Japanese), 1994, p.27. The author has revised all figures used to represent the number of each type of organization. 46

In the world except for Japan? “ASSOCIATIONAL REVOLUTION” IN 1990S 1990s “Associational Revolution”? (JIGS data:When CSOs are established?) (cf.Lester M. Salamon 1994)

“Associational revolution” since the 1990s though 21 century? How about JPN, China? Focusing Asia: The impact of Regime change?

Tokyo survey: After the wartime(WWII), many CSOs were established and has survived for a long time. Robust the post-war structure has become the infra-structure of 55 regime. Other cities surveys: Most CSOs within recent two decades. How about China? 5: China: TOP DOWN SOCIAL ORGANIZING AND CONTROL OF LOCAL AREA AND COMMUNITY BATTLE FOR COMMUNITY POWER AND LOCAL AREA CONTROL Chinese Case: Gov’t Policy to CSOs (registered)

300000 3500

Social Org. Pr.Non Profit Org. Foundation 3000 250000

2500 200000

2000

150000

1500

100000 1000

50000 500

0 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

52 Civil Society (CS) Map in China

企業法人法人格のない社会団体等社会団体法人財は法人格上の概念，事業単位法国有持株企団は税制上の概念，は中国市民人(725,000) 社区(160,352) 業(261,944) 性社会の領域を指す。民弁非企業単位基金会(2,614) (204,388) はJIGS調査の対象であり，本社区で登記する業主書の主たる分析対象である(民弁非企社会団体委員会、届けを提出業単位(第8章，第10章)，基金会(第9 (254,969) する社会団体、また章，第10章)，社会団体(第4章，第5章，は未登記の社会団体集団持株企第6章，第7章，第10章，第16章，第17 国務院の批准により、民業(270,139) 章))。人民団体政部門での登記を免除さ (6,979,202) れている社会団体都市居民委員会 (776,067) (89,480) 私営企業はJIGS調査の対象ではないも農村村民委員会 (5,792,102) のの，本書の分析対象となっている市総工会工商業連合会 (589,653) 民社会組織である(人民団体(第11章)， (2,320,000) (47,203) 社区(第12章)，農村の民間組織(第13 章)，草の根NGO(第14章) )。二級団体香港・マカオ・台湾・外任意団体農村娯楽学生団体資企業宗族(血縁団体) (198,371) 政党組織資料)『中国統計年鑑』，『中国社会組織年鑑』，『中国基本単位統計年鑑』，地縁団体一部未登記の草の各人民団体，民政部門で登記を免除その他根NGO する社会団体のホームページを参照。中国共産党組一部宗教組織その他織(39,423) (808,644)

国家機関工商行政管理局で登記する草の根NGO、国際 (399,694) 政協と民主諸 NGO、民間シンクタンクなどの市民社会組織組党派組織合 (6,194) 性農民専業合作社(509,000) 出所)辻中(2002：234‐235)を参照し，上記の資料に基づき，黄媚作成。

国家領域市民社会領域市場領域 Community Committees, after People's commune and work unit system

2.自治组织。截至2016年底,基层群众自治组织共计66.2万个。其中：村委会55.9万个，比上年下降3.8％，村民小组447.8万个,村委会成员225.3 万人，比上年下降1.9%；居委会10.3 万个，比上年增长3.3％，居民小组 142.0万个,居委会成员54.0万人，比上年增长5.4%。全年共有9.7万个村（居）委会完成选举，参与选举的村（居）民登记数为1.7亿人，参与投票人数为0.9亿人。图13 自治组织 http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/sj/tjgb/ 201708/20170800005382.shtml CCP Top leader, Xí Jìnpíng clearly realizes their importance.

6: USA FROM BOTTOM UP, OR RIOTING USA; TRUMP’S VICTORY

55 Majority voting group in the constituency （Blue: White, less than high school, Light blue: white college, grey: white bachelor, Cream :minority all(2012 election timing)(New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/07/us/how-trump-can- win.html?action=click&contentCollection=Election%202016®ion=Footer&module=WhatsNext&version=WhatsNext&contentID=WhatsNext&moduleDetail=undefin ed&pgtype=Multimedia Where Trump was supported: US Presidential Election 2016： Republican（Red) or Democrat (blue)：USA Today http://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/how-the-election-unfolded/)

Number of Associations（per 100,000 people） 20 business Labor Citizen 18 professional political N.E.C.

0 Employees in the associations（per 100,000 people） 180 business Labor Citizen

160 professional political N.E.C.

140

120

100

0 US Books on community problems

• Theda Skocpol,Diminished Democracy: from Membership to Management in American Civic Life, (University of Oklahoma Press, 2003). • Robert David Putnam,Bowling Alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community, (Simon & Schuster, 2000). 7: Japan: ERODING TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS NHAs, SOs, and NPOs year of establishment

62 Association Employees in Japan (p/100,000） 250

200

Total Business 150 Labor Cultural Poitical N.E.C. 100

0 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1986 1991 1996 1999 2001 2004 2006 2009 2012 2014 Changes of Organization Participation Rates of Voters by Types of Organization ( Surveyed by the Association for Promoting Fair Elections 80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

Women's/Youth Clubs PTA Agriculture Fishery Organizations Labor unions Commerce & Industrial Associations religious organizations Hobby N.E.C. Not particiapate Neighborhood Associations Senior Clubs Civic, Citizens,NPOs political, politician support alumini associations ＃of Healing (Iyashi) related articles in Japanese papers and magazines (Matsui 2013)

65 8: Solution TOWARD NEO-COMMUNITARIAN SOCIETY VERSION 5.0

66 Development of communitarian society TENTATIVE PERIODIZATION: COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE

communitarian society version 1.0 primordial community (Pre-modern)

 No separation between community and society

 C.=residential area ＝polis, polity, state  Plato, Aristotle: polis  Christianity: religious community  Feudalism  Johannes Althusius: subsidiarity, federalism

68 Polis=City state or traditional Village

communitarian society version 2.0 separation and differntiation between community and association: finding of the difference

 Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)  Georg Simmel (1858 -1918)  Ferdinand Tönnies(1855– 1936) geminshcaft  Max Weber (1864- 1920) community  Karl Heinrich Marx(1818 – 1883)  Vs. industrialization, industrial revolution 1st and 2nd , functional

society 70 INDUSTRIALIZATION, MASS SOCIETY: ISOLATION, ALIENATION AND POWER STRUCTURE

communitarian society version 3.0

 R.M. Maclver 1882-1970  (A.F.Bentley 1870-1957)  (Graham Wallace 1858-1932)  Vs. Mass society

 Great society, Industrial revolution 2nd, 3rd  And mass production  CPS: community power structure (USA:1950s-60s) 72 neo-liberalism, globalism

communitarian society version 4.0

 Amitai Etzioni  Robert Putnam

 Vs. John Rawls,1971. A Theory of Justice,  Vs. neo-liberal, global society

 Mass media (TV), information society  Post-industrialization, post-welfare society  Post-communism, post-cold war 74

Smart society, society 5.0

communitarian society version 5.0

 Smart society, society 5.0

 IoT,AI  Vs. Post neo-liberalism/globalism  Post-welfare society  The age of Social innovation

76 Asia has enough NHA community • Mahalla in UZ / Mohalla Committee in Bangladesh, many Islamic societies • PRI (Panchayati raj institutions) in India • chumchon yoi nai khet tessaban =Urban Community in the Municipality of Thailand • Ban Sang Hwei（班常会）in Korea (as well in Okinawa） • 「社区居民委員会」業主委員会「村民委員会」in China • Taiwan 台湾：村里、（隣）, • RT(Rukun Tetangga=隣組）, Rukun Warga in Indonesia • In many areas, especially in Asia something equivalent can be easily found. • Generally, not easy to conduct research, because of its informality, or semi-formality.. • Would-be Key factor to understand the non-Western

governance and the role of civil society. 77

Neo-communitarian society version 5.0 (Tradition plus society 5.0)

 How to integrate Community, Association and smart society!

 From residential area to the globe.  From territorial to functional.

78 Japan and Taiwan

JAPAN AND TAIWAN HAVE ENOUGH STUFF OF COMMUNITY, ASSOCIATION, AND SMART SOCIETY. THEREFORE THEY HAVE HIGH POTENTIALITY TO INTEGRATE THEM. Strategic significance of International advanced Taiwan and Japan Studies • To imagine the future, Social Innovation in Community Needed.

• In conclusion, we can imagine the Future from communitarian 5.0 perspective.

• Let us theorize together our society as Asian way of sustainable socio- political model for people well-being,