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Assessment of Drinking Water Quality by Evaluating Physicochemical Parameters and Water Quality Index of Various Sources of Surat City, Gujarat

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Assessment of Drinking Water Quality by Evaluating Physicochemical Parameters and Water Quality Index of Various Sources of Surat City, Gujarat [ VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL– JUNE 2019] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY BY EVALUATING PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF SURAT CITY, GUJARAT 1Komal.D Kanetiya & 2Dr. Hemangi Desai, 1PG Scholar,2Assistant Professor, 1 Environment Science, 1 Shree Ramkrishna Institute Of Computer Education and Applied Sciences, Surat, India. Received: April 02, 2019 Accepted: May 10, 2019 ABSTRACT: The present study is aimed to analyze the physicochemical properties and Water Quality Index in order to assess the suitability of water for drinking purposes. Analysis of public drinking watercarried out from six sampling sites which is Ground water, Tapi river water (Amroli), Katargam Water Works (Inlet), Katargam Water Works(Outlet), SMC (home supply), RO of Surat, India. pH, Total alkalinity, Chloride, Fluoride, Phosphate, Sulfate,Nitrate, COD, Phenol, Ammonia were analyze. The methodology for physicochemical analysis of drinking water sample is followed by standard methods for examination of water and waste water by American Public Health Association (APHA). Chloride content of Ground water is 884.72 mg/L are above the IS acceptable limit but below the permissible limit. Fluoride of Ground water , Tapi river water and KWW Inlet is 4.0 mg/L , 4.0 mg/L and 3.9 mg/L respectively are above that both IS permissible and acceptable limit. Phenol of Ground water is 0.01 mg/L and Tapi river and KWW inlet is 0.1 mg/L are above IS permissible limit. Ammonia of Ground water and Tapi river water and KWW Inlet is 1.05 mg/L and 0.7 mg/L and 0.7 mg/L respectively are above the IS acceptable and permissible limit. Sulphate of Tapi river water is 280 mg/L and Inlet is 240 mg/L are above the IS acceptable limit but within permissible limit. Another nine sampling station (Honey park, Pal, Palanpur patiya, Majura gate, Piplod, Parle point, Singanpore, Pandol, Gajera circle ) were selected for analysis of pH, COD, DO, FRC and Chloride of SMC home supply drinking water. The analysis of result indicate that pH, DO, FRC and Chloride of drinking water are within the IS limit but COD value of drinking water is far from standard lay down by various international agencies.The high value of WQI has been found in Ground water, Tapi river water, KWW Inlet, Singanpore, Pandol and Gajera circle mainly from the higher values of Fluoride, Phenol, Ammonia and COD. The results of analysis have been usedto suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the Groundwater, Tapi river water and SMC Home supplywater of the area like Singanpore, Pandol and Gajera circle needs some degree of treatment before consumption. Key Words: Physicochemical parameters, Water Quality Index, Public drinking water, IS limit, COD, Ammonia, Fluoride I. Introduction Water is one of the most important of all natural resources known on earth. It is important to all living - organisms , ecological systems, human health, food production and economic development. The safety of drinking water is important for the health.[1] Water pollution is a major global problem and it is one of the leading causes of diseases and deaths. Water in its natural state is free from pollution, but when man tampers with water bodies, it loses its natural conditions.[2] Due to increased human population, industrialization, use of fertilizers in the agriculture and man-made activity has increase the pollution of surface and ground water.[3] Therefore it is necessary that the quality of drinking water should be checked at regular time interval, because due to use of contaminated drinking water, human population suffers from varied of water borne diseases. The World Health Organization estimates more than 5 million people die each yearly due to diseases caused by unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene[4] Surface water and Ground water is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas, but unfortunately these water bodies are heavily polluted.[5] Groundwater is not as easily contaminated as surface water, but once it is contaminated, it is difficult to restore its quality. Hence there is a need and concern for the protection and management of ground water quality.[6] The quality of groundwater in someregions may be changing as a result of human activities.[7] Almost all surface water in india is unfit for direct consumption.In spite of fact that the municipal water supply in most of cities is through treated surface water, due to over contamination, more stringent treatments would required to make the surface 22헓 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2019] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 water potable.[8] The prominent source of surface water pollution is domestic sewage, industrial waste water, agriculture runoff and other anthropogenic activities. In case of Surat city, Tapi river water is used for drinking purpose, treated water is provided to people by Surat Municiple Corporation (SMC) after treating the river water in water treatment plant before consumption. But due to rapidindustrialization and urbanization, many areas of Surat city are not able to get good quality of drinking water which is provided by SMC. Surat is known as industrial city of Gujarat and situated in the southern part of state on the bank of Tapi river where the several industries such as ONGC , ESSAR ,KRIBHCO, Reliance, Hazira welt, textile mills, fertilizers industries, chemical plants, diamond processing and domestic sewage are the main causes of pollution in this river.[9] The quality of drinking water of Tapi river and Ground water of Surat for Fluoride is above IS permissible limit (1.5ppm). The Fluoride research suggests that concentrations below 1 ppm are beneficial in the prevention of dental caries or tooth decay, but above 1.5 ppm increase the severity of the incurable disease fluorosis.[10] According to Indian Standard there is no standard for COD mentioned but ideally it should be zero / negligible.[11] But almost all drinking water sample has high value of COD except RO water. The presence of ammonia in drinking water indicates pollution and growth of algae and water hyacinth. Water quality index (WQI) is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned citizens and policy makers. It, thus, becomes an important parameter for the assessment and management of drinkingwater. WQI is defined as a rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters. WQI is calculated from the point of view of the suitability of water for human consumption[12]. The concept of Water Quality Index (WQI) to represent gradation in water quality was first proposed by Horten. This was considered as the major source of water for human consumption.[13]The objective of the present work is to discuss the suitability of water for human consumption based on computed water quality index values. II. SAMPLING SITES In October, 2018 drinking water samples were collected from nine different site of SMC home supply. Fig: 1 Map of study area (Surat City) [dots indicate sampling points] From November to February , (2018-2019) drinking water samples were collected from six different site of surat which is Ground Water, Tapi River (Amroli), Katargam Water Works (Inlet), Katargam Water Works (Outlet), SMC (Home Supply), RO. Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 23헓 [ VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL– JUNE 2019] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 Fig: 2 Map of study area (Surat City) [dots indicate sampling points] III. MATERIALS AND METHODS Physico-chemical parameters of drinking water were measured using APHA & AWWA 23rd Edition 2017[14] Table: 1Analysis methods of water quality parameters. Parameter Method Book name Page no. pH Electrometric method APHA 4-95 Total alkalinity Titration method APHA 2-36 Chloride Argentometric method APHA 4-75 Fluoride SPANDS method APHA 4-90 Phosphate Vanadomolybdophosphoric Acid APHA 4-151 Colorimetric Method Sulphate Turbidimetric method APHA 4-199 Nitrate Ultraviolet spectrophotometric method APHA 4-127 COD Open reflux method APHA 5-18 Phenol Direct photometric method APHA 5-52 Ammonia Preliminary distillation step APHA 4-114 DO Iodometric method APHA 4-137 FRC Iodometric method APHA 4-60 Calculation of Water Quality Index (WQI) This index has been widely used and applied to data from a number of different geographical areas all over the world to calculate WQI for various water bodies.[15] Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated using fallowing equation[16] 풏 풏 WQI = 풊=ퟏ 풒풊푾풊 / 풊=ퟏ 푾풊 Wi= weight of the parameter Wi is calculate using the equation Wi= K/ Si Where K is proportionality constant =1 Si is standard value of the ith quality parameter , n is the total number of water quality parameters; qi is the quality rating for the ith water quality parameter and is calculated using the following equation qi= ([Va – Vi]/[Si – Vi]*100) th Where Va= the value of the i water quality parameter determinate in laboratory, Vi= ideal value of the ith water quality parameter btained from standard tables, Vi for pH =7, DO = 14.6 and for other parameter the Vi value is 0.[17] In this study, Water Quality Index calculated by using the Indian Standard of drinking water. Table: 2 Water Quality Index (WQI) and status of water quality Water Quality Index Level Water Quality Status 0-25 Excellent water quality 26-50 Good water quality 24헓 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2019] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 51-75 Poor water quality 76-100 Very poor water quality >100 Unsuitable for drinking IV.
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