[ VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL– JUNE 2019] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY BY EVALUATING PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF CITY,

1Komal.D Kanetiya & 2Dr. Hemangi Desai, 1PG Scholar,2Assistant Professor, 1 Environment Science, 1 Shree Ramkrishna Institute Of Computer Education and Applied Sciences, Surat, .

Received: April 02, 2019 Accepted: May 10, 2019

ABSTRACT: The present study is aimed to analyze the physicochemical properties and Water Quality Index in order to assess the suitability of water for drinking purposes. Analysis of public drinking watercarried out from six sampling sites which is Ground water, Tapi river water (), Water Works (Inlet), Katargam Water Works(Outlet), SMC (home supply), RO of Surat, India. pH, Total alkalinity, Chloride, Fluoride, Phosphate, Sulfate,Nitrate, COD, Phenol, Ammonia were analyze. The methodology for physicochemical analysis of drinking water sample is followed by standard methods for examination of water and waste water by American Public Health Association (APHA). Chloride content of Ground water is 884.72 mg/L are above the IS acceptable limit but below the permissible limit. Fluoride of Ground water , Tapi river water and KWW Inlet is 4.0 mg/L , 4.0 mg/L and 3.9 mg/L respectively are above that both IS permissible and acceptable limit. Phenol of Ground water is 0.01 mg/L and Tapi river and KWW inlet is 0.1 mg/L are above IS permissible limit. Ammonia of Ground water and Tapi river water and KWW Inlet is 1.05 mg/L and 0.7 mg/L and 0.7 mg/L respectively are above the IS acceptable and permissible limit. Sulphate of Tapi river water is 280 mg/L and Inlet is 240 mg/L are above the IS acceptable limit but within permissible limit. Another nine sampling station (Honey park, Pal, Palanpur patiya, Majura gate, Piplod, Parle point, Singanpore, Pandol, Gajera circle ) were selected for analysis of pH, COD, DO, FRC and Chloride of SMC home supply drinking water. The analysis of result indicate that pH, DO, FRC and Chloride of drinking water are within the IS limit but COD value of drinking water is far from standard lay down by various international agencies.The high value of WQI has been found in Ground water, Tapi river water, KWW Inlet, Singanpore, Pandol and Gajera circle mainly from the higher values of Fluoride, Phenol, Ammonia and COD. The results of analysis have been usedto suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the Groundwater, Tapi river water and SMC Home supplywater of the area like Singanpore, Pandol and Gajera circle needs some degree of treatment before consumption.

Key Words: Physicochemical parameters, Water Quality Index, Public drinking water, IS limit, COD, Ammonia, Fluoride

I. Introduction Water is one of the most important of all natural resources known on earth. It is important to all living - organisms , ecological systems, human health, food production and economic development. The safety of drinking water is important for the health.[1] Water pollution is a major global problem and it is one of the leading causes of diseases and deaths. Water in its natural state is free from pollution, but when man tampers with water bodies, it loses its natural conditions.[2] Due to increased human population, industrialization, use of fertilizers in the agriculture and man-made activity has increase the pollution of surface and ground water.[3] Therefore it is necessary that the quality of drinking water should be checked at regular time interval, because due to use of contaminated drinking water, human population suffers from varied of water borne diseases. The World Health Organization estimates more than 5 million people die each yearly due to diseases caused by unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene[4] Surface water and Ground water is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas, but unfortunately these water bodies are heavily polluted.[5] Groundwater is not as easily contaminated as surface water, but once it is contaminated, it is difficult to restore its quality. Hence there is a need and concern for the protection and management of ground water quality.[6] The quality of groundwater in someregions may be changing as a result of human activities.[7] Almost all surface water in india is unfit for direct consumption.In spite of fact that the municipal water supply in most of cities is through treated surface water, due to over contamination, more stringent treatments would required to make the surface

22헓 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2019] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 water potable.[8] The prominent source of surface water pollution is domestic sewage, industrial waste water, agriculture runoff and other anthropogenic activities. In case of Surat city, Tapi river water is used for drinking purpose, treated water is provided to people by Surat Municiple Corporation (SMC) after treating the river water in water treatment plant before consumption. But due to rapidindustrialization and urbanization, many areas of Surat city are not able to get good quality of drinking water which is provided by SMC. Surat is known as industrial city of Gujarat and situated in the southern part of state on the bank of Tapi river where the several industries such as ONGC , ESSAR ,KRIBHCO, Reliance, Hazira welt, textile mills, fertilizers industries, chemical plants, diamond processing and domestic sewage are the main causes of pollution in this river.[9] The quality of drinking water of Tapi river and Ground water of Surat for Fluoride is above IS permissible limit (1.5ppm). The Fluoride research suggests that concentrations below 1 ppm are beneficial in the prevention of dental caries or tooth decay, but above 1.5 ppm increase the severity of the incurable disease fluorosis.[10] According to Indian Standard there is no standard for COD mentioned but ideally it should be zero / negligible.[11] But almost all drinking water sample has high value of COD except RO water. The presence of ammonia in drinking water indicates pollution and growth of algae and water hyacinth. Water quality index (WQI) is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned citizens and policy makers. It, thus, becomes an important parameter for the assessment and management of drinkingwater. WQI is defined as a rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters. WQI is calculated from the point of view of the suitability of water for human consumption[12]. The concept of Water Quality Index (WQI) to represent gradation in water quality was first proposed by Horten. This was considered as the major source of water for human consumption.[13]The objective of the present work is to discuss the suitability of water for human consumption based on computed water quality index values.

II. SAMPLING SITES In October, 2018 drinking water samples were collected from nine different site of SMC home supply.

Fig: 1 Map of study area (Surat City) [dots indicate sampling points]

From November to February , (2018-2019) drinking water samples were collected from six different site of surat which is Ground Water, Tapi River (Amroli), Katargam Water Works (Inlet), Katargam Water Works (Outlet), SMC (Home Supply), RO.

Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 23헓 [ VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL– JUNE 2019] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138

Fig: 2 Map of study area (Surat City) [dots indicate sampling points]

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS Physico-chemical parameters of drinking water were measured using APHA & AWWA 23rd Edition 2017[14] Table: 1Analysis methods of water quality parameters. Parameter Method Book name Page no.

pH Electrometric method APHA 4-95 Total alkalinity Titration method APHA 2-36 Chloride Argentometric method APHA 4-75 Fluoride SPANDS method APHA 4-90 Phosphate Vanadomolybdophosphoric Acid APHA 4-151 Colorimetric Method Sulphate Turbidimetric method APHA 4-199 Nitrate Ultraviolet spectrophotometric method APHA 4-127 COD Open reflux method APHA 5-18 Phenol Direct photometric method APHA 5-52 Ammonia Preliminary distillation step APHA 4-114 DO Iodometric method APHA 4-137 FRC Iodometric method APHA 4-60

Calculation of Water Quality Index (WQI) This index has been widely used and applied to data from a number of different geographical areas all over the world to calculate WQI for various water bodies.[15] Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated using fallowing equation[16] 풏 풏 WQI = 풊=ퟏ 풒풊푾풊 / 풊=ퟏ 푾풊 Wi= weight of the parameter Wi is calculate using the equation Wi= K/ Si Where K is proportionality constant =1 Si is standard value of the ith quality parameter , n is the total number of water quality parameters; qi is the quality rating for the ith water quality parameter and is calculated using the following equation qi= ([Va – Vi]/[Si – Vi]*100) th Where Va= the value of the i water quality parameter determinate in laboratory, Vi= ideal value of the ith water quality parameter btained from standard tables, Vi for pH =7, DO = 14.6 and for other parameter the Vi value is 0.[17] In this study, Water Quality Index calculated by using the Indian Standard of drinking water. Table: 2 Water Quality Index (WQI) and status of water quality Water Quality Index Level Water Quality Status 0-25 Excellent water quality 26-50 Good water quality

24헓 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2019] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 51-75 Poor water quality 76-100 Very poor water quality >100 Unsuitable for drinking

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table: 3 Result of analysis of water quality parameter Samplin Sampling Water quality parameters (mg/L) Except pH g location frequen pH Total Chlori Fluori Phospha Sulpha Nitrate COD Phen A cy alkalini de de te te ol m ty mo nia

IS Acceptab 6.5-8.5 200 250 1.0 0.1(WHO 200 45 10(WH 0.001 0.5 le limit ) O)

IS Permissi No 600 1000 1.5 No 400 No No 0.002 No ble limit relaxati relaxatio relaxati relaxati rel on n on on axa tio n Novemb Ground 8 75 884.72 4 0.09 100 45 140 0.01 1.0 er water 5 Decemb 8 71 885 4 0.09 100 45 140 0.01 1.0 er 0 January 8 75 884.72 4 0.09 99.1 45.2 139 0.02 1.0 5 Februar 8 75 884.70 4 0.09 100 45.1 139 0.01 1.0 y 1

Novemb River 7.12 100 54.97 4 0.09 250 24 120 0.1 0.7 er (Amroli) Decemb 7.13 99 55 4 0.08 251 24 122 0.09 0.7 er

January 7 100 54.98 3.9 0.08 251 24.2 120 0.1 0.6 9 Februar 7.12 98 54.97 4 0.08 250 24.2 130 0.1 0.7 y 1 Novemb Katarga 7.61 100 44.98 3.9 0.08 240 20 120 0.08 0.6 er m water 9 works (Inlet) Decemb 7.60 99 45 3.8 0.08 245 21 120 0.1 0.7 er January 7.61 98 45 3.9 0.07 240 20 115 0.09 0.6 4 Februar 7.61 98 44.98 3.9 0.07 240 20 119 0.1 0.7 y Novemb Katarga 7.80 31 49.98 1.5 0.05 155 8 50 0.001 0.3 er m water 0 works (Outlet) Decemb 7.80 30 50 1.4 0.06 155 8.2 55 0.001 0.3 er 0 January 7.81 30 49.98 1.4 0.05 150 8.1 50 0.001 0.3 2 Februar 7.80 30 49.98 1.5 0.05 151 8.1 55 0.001 0.3 y 1 Novemb SMC 7 30 59.98 1.6 0.05 155 8.5 80 0.001 0.3 er (home 1 supply) Decemb 7 31 60 1.6 0.06 155 8.6 75 0.001 0.3 er 2

Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 25헓 [ VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL– JUNE 2019] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 January 7 30 60 1.5 0.06 157 8.5 90 0.001 0.3 1 Februar 7 30 59.98 1.5 0.05 156 8.3 80 0.001 0.3 y 2 RO 6 14 4.998 0.4 ND ND 6.1 ND ND ND Novemb er Decemb 6 14 4.998 0.4 ND ND 6 ND ND ND er January 6 14 4.998 0.4 ND ND 6 ND ND ND Februar 6 14 5.0 0.4 ND ND 6.2 ND ND ND y

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF STUDIED PARAMETERS

Fig. 3: pH value of all water sample were found within the IS permissible limit.

Fig.4:Total alkalinity of all water sample were found within the IS permissible limit.

Fig. 5:Chloride content of all water sample were found within IS permissible limit.

Fig. 6:Fluoride of Ground water, Tapi river water and KWW Inlet were found above IS permissible limit. 26헓 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2019] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236

Fig.7: Phosphate of all water sample were found within IS permissible limit.

Fig. 8: Sulphate of all water sample were found within IS permissible limit.

Fig. 9:Nitrate of all water sample were found within IS permissible limit.

Fig. 10: COD of all water sample except RO water were found above IS permissible limit.

Fig. 11:Phenol of Ground water, Tapi river water and KWW Inlet were found above IS permissible limit. Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 27헓 [ VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL– JUNE 2019] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138

Fig. 12:Ammonia of Ground water, Tapi river water and KWW Inlet were found above IS permissible limit.

Table:4RESULT OF SMC HOME SUPPLY DRINKING WATER (October) Sampling frequency Sampling site pH COD DO FRC Chloride (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

IS Acceptable limit - 6.5-8.5 10(WHO) 7.00 0.2 250

IS Permissible limit - No No No 1.00 1000 relaxation relaxation relaxation Day 1 Honey park 6.78 140 7.3 0 66.36

Day 2 6.77 60 7.6 0 51.61 Day 3 6.78 160 7 0 51.61 Day 4 6.76 90 6.9 0 36.86 Day 5 6.77 70 7 0 40.45 Day 6 6.76 480 7.3 0 77.42 Day 1 Pal 6.99 90 11 0 66.36 Day 2 7.01 160 8.5 0 51.61 Day 3 7.00 160 8.5 0 51.61 Day 4 7.02 - 8.8 0 51.61 Day 5 7.01 270 7.5 0 36.86 Day 6 7.02 - 7.5 0 58.98 Day 1 Piplod 7.04 120 7.1 0 84.79 Day 2 7.06 20 7.3 0 36.86 Day 3 7.06 80 7.1 0 22.12 Day 4 7.07 - 7.1 0 22.12 Day 5 7.04 410 7.3 0 33.18 Day 6 7.06 - 7 0 58.98 Day 1 Parle point 7.15 80 7.4 0 47.92 Day 2 7.12 210 7.8 0 22.12 Day 3 7.20 90 7.3 0 22.12 Day 4 7.17 - 7.2 0 36.86 Day 5 7.21 20 7.1 0 25.80 Day 6 7.17 - 7.2 0 47.92 Day 1 Palanpur patiya 6.7 80 8 0 40.55 Day 2 6.61 200 7 0 70.04 Day 3 6.60 100 7.1 0 40.55 Day 4 6.65 100 7 0 36.86 Day 5 6.61 80 7 0 40.54 Day 6 6.65 30 7.8 0 77.42 Day 1 Majura gate 7.03 90 7 0 3.68 Day 2 7.15 10 7.2 0 14.74 Day 3 7.10 80 7.1 0 22.12 Day 4 7.13 - 7.2 0 36.86 Day 5 7.15 210 7.1 0 18.43 Day 6 7.13 30 7 0 40.55 Day 1 Singanpore 7.02 120 7.2 0.2 58.98 Day 2 7.04 10 7 0.2 36.86

28헓 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2019] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 Day 3 7.02 180 7 0.2 40.55 Day 4 7.02 30 7 0.2 36.86 Day 5 7.02 230 7.8 0.2 29.49 Day 6 7.04 80 7 0.2 29.49 Day 1 Pandol 7.04 100 5.8 0.2 55.30 Day 2 7.14 20 6.8 0.2 47.92 Day 3 7.10 70 7.2 0.5 40.55 Day 4 7.13 100 6.8 0.2 36.86 Day 5 7.12 120 6.8 0.2 22.12 Day 6 7.14 570 6.5 0.2 58.98 Day 1 Gajera circle 6.85 100 7.8 0.2 58.98 Day 2 6.90 10 8 0.2 44.27 Day 3 6.87 80 7.5 0.2 22.12 Day 4 6.88 - 7.3 0.2 36.86 Day 5 6.84 230 7.2 0.2 33.18 Day 6 6.90 - 7.5 0.2 51.61

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF COD OF SMC HOME SUPPLY WATER

Fig: 13COD of all sample were found above the permissible limit

Table: 5 Result of Water Quality Index Sr. No. Sampling sites Water Quality Index Water Quality Status 1 Ground Water 1235.1 Unsuitable for drinking 2 Tapi River (Amroli) 9623.73 Unsuitable for drinking 3 Katargam Water Works (Inlet) 9130.20 Unsuitable for drinking 4 Katargam Water Works (Outlet) 99.54 Very poor water quality 5 SMC (Home Supply) 99.58 Very poor water quality 6 RO 0.0398 Excellent water quality 7 Honey Park Road 32.44 Good water quality 8 Pal 23.20 Excellent water quality 9 Palanpur patiya 22.63 Excellent water quality 10 Majura gate 16.20 Excellent water quality 11 Piplod 22.40 Excellent water quality 12 Parle point 13.26 Excellent water quality 13 Singanpore 115.82 Unsuitable for drinking 14 Pandol 149.86 Unsuitable for drinking 15 Gajera circle 109.05 Unsuitable for drinking

WQI value suggests the suitability of water to be used as drinking purpose.[8] From the above results, from water sample no 1 to 6, no source can be used for drinking purpose, without deciding specific treatment. Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 29헓 [ VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL– JUNE 2019] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 V. CONCLUSION The result indicated that most of the physiochemical parameters such as pH, Total Alkalinity, Phosphate, Nitrate of all sample are within IS permissible and acceptable limit. Chloride content of Ground water is above IS acceptable limit but below IS permissible limit. Fluoride of Ground water, KWW Inlet and Tapi river water are above IS permissible and acceptable limit. Sulphate of Tapi river water and KWW Inlet are above IS acceptable limit but below the IS permissible limit. COD of all sample are above permissible limit except RO water. Phenol and Ammonia of Ground water, Tapi river water and KWW Inlet are above IS permissible and acceptable limit.We concluded that parameter such as Fluoride, COD, Phenol, Ammonia of Ground water,Tapi river and KWW Inlet were above IS permissible limit so without proper treatment water is not suitable for drinking purpose. Result of pH, DO, FRC and Chloride of SMC home supply water of all nine sampling site is within permissible limit. But COD of all sampling site (except few days) were above permissible limit.Water Quality Index of drinking water established from physiochemical parameters. WQI of drinking water sample range from 0.039 to 9623.73. The high value of WQI has been found to be mainly from the higher values of Fluoride, COD, Phenol, Ammonia in drinking water. The WQI for Groundwater, Tapi river water and SMC Home supply water of the area like Singanpore, Pandol and Gajera circle exceeded 100, the upper limit for drinking water so should not use directly for drinking purpose thus needs some degree of treatment before consumption,and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination. High COD may be considered due to; The tremendous growth of water hyacinth in the upper basin of river Tapi. Decaying of water hyacinth produce dissolved organics, on the controversy -this macropyte plant can remove up to 96% of COD and metals by absorption (Research work done in the past)[18] from waste water. The same phenomena may have taken place in this case also. First absorption and then release by mode of decaying the plant- this mechanism may be responsible for high COD in water. Water quality of Tapi river deteriorate due to; Anthropogenic/Domestic activities on the river bank. Direct discharge of effluent and untreated sewage . Presence of chlorinated pesticides from agriculture run off.

VI. RECOMMENDATION Water hyacinth should be eradicated to decrease the pollution of Tapi river. For that Rotterdam action plan has been implementedby SMC to improve quality of water. There are 70 places from where polluted water come into tapi river flowing up to Surat. The government is determined to remove it permanently and to solve the problem of hyacinth in the Tapi river. Under these efforts, a project of nine hundred crore rupees is being started.Now a days pollution of Tapi river increase due to direct discharge of untreated sewage, for that37 STP selected out of these, 6 plants in SUDA and 31 plants will be in district panchayat placeto treat sewage effluentand existing plant capacity will also be increased.

VI. REFERENCES 1. Shukl, D., Bhadresha, K.and Jain, N. and Modi, H.2013. Physicochemical Analysis of Water from Various Sources and Their Comparative Studies. IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, 5(3): 89-92 . 2. Narwaria, Y., Kushwah, K. and Saksena, D.2015.Study of groundwater quality at kerera block of shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Journal of Environmental Research And Development, 9(03): 562-576. 3. Desai,B. and Desai,H. 2018. Evaluation of Water Quality Index for Ground Water of Residential Area of Surat City, Gujarat, India. SSRG International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science, 5(3): 169-184. 4. WHO (2004). Water Sanitation and Health Programme. Managing water in the home: accelerated health gains from improved water sources. World Health Organization. 5. Patel, K., Desai, H. and Desai, H. 2014. Impact Of Industrialization & Urbanization On Water Quality Of River Tapi Surat, Gujarat, India. Journal of Environmental Research And Development, 9(2):306-317. 6. Jothivenkatachalam, K., Nithya, A. and ChandraMohan, S. 2010. Correlation Analysis of Drinking Water Quality in and around perur block of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Rasayan Journal, 3(4): 649-654. 7. Desai, H. And Anandwala, T. 2008. Evaluation Of Underground Water Quality Of Surat City(India). Journal of Environmental Research And Development, 3(1):169-184. 8. Desai, J. and Tank,S. 2010 Water Quality Index (WQI) of river tapti-Surat, Gujarat-India. Linnaeus ECO- TECH.November 22-24,390-399. 9. Dubey, M. and Ujjania, N. 2013. Water Quality & Pollution Status Of Tapi River, Gujarat, India. International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 1(3): 261-266. 10. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 1991. Indian Standards for Drinking Water BIS 10500. 11. Indian Standard Drinking water – Specification (second revision) IS 10500 : 2012. 12. Desai, B. and Desai, H. 2016. Assessment Of Water Quality Index For Ground Water Of Industrialized Area Of Surat City. International Journal of Environment, Ecology, Family and Urban Studies, 6(1):135-150.

30헓 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 6 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2019] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 13. Sudhakar, G1., Swarnalatha, G.and Venkataratnamma, V. and Vishnuvardhan, Z. 2014. Determination of Water Quality Index for Groundwater of Bapatla Mandal, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Internation Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 3(3): 77-80. 14. Baird, R., Eaton, A. and Rice, E. 2012 Standard Methods For The Examination Of Water & Waste Water , APHA (23rd Edition) 15. Jonathan,Y., Tijani, O. and Ohiemi, M. 2012. Underground Water Assessment using Water Quality Index. Leonardo Journal of Sciences, 21. 33-4. 16. Mangukiya, R., Bhattacharya, T. and Chakraborty, S. 2012.Quality Characterization of Groundwater using Water Quality Index in Surat city, Gujarat, India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 1(4), 14-23. 17. Bashar,J. And Sabhah, A. 2016. Application of Water Quality Index to Assessment of Tigris River. InternationalJournal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 5(10): 397-407. 18. Vansia,S., Desai, H. and Desai, H. 2013. Phytoremediation -an innovative tool for the treatment of polluted water and soil. Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions, 18:23-26

Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 31헓