CITY RESILIENCE STUDY CITY RESILIENCE STUDY CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SURAT CITY CONTENTS

Approach and List of Partners 2

Preface from Surat Municipality 3

Preface by Shell and Veolia 4

Executive Summary 5

Introduction to City Resilience Study 7

Surat City Characteristics 8

Challenges 11

Opportunities 24

Conclusions and Next Steps 59 CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 3

I am sure theI am sure city its enlightened of Surat, citizenry offset adverse to the able be will stakeholders and impacts of climate change on energy through convergence of approach and synergies of action. Surat has already displayed its inherent resilience the overcoming scourgeby of plague to become the cleanest city India as also recovering from by in the the flood worst in a I am century. confident that Surat once and will its citizens again chart a new course and set the an achieving example by ability the in face Energy Resilient to remain of processes of climate change for other cities to emulate. studyThis has been a successful shared experience and has provided relevant learning on resilience has It city to stakeholders. issues energy and learning and sharingpromoted literacy, Resilience resilience. change climate urban on knowledge of opportunity this I take to acknowledge the support and guidance departments of various of Surat Municipal Corporation, other and organisations expertsindividual contributing in to the preparation document.of this MILIND TORAWANE Corporation Municipal Surat Commissioner, IAS

Surat city has embarked to take on a mission pre-emptive adaptation measures to mitigate the impacts of processes associated with climate change and variability at the city The level. process resilience to of building the impacts of climate change being is spearheaded the by Surat Municipal Corporation with (SMC) support from stakeholders. various document This ‘City Study Resilience : Challenges and Opportunities for Surat City’ helps to focus attention on the key infrastructure and energy with associated issues sectors of the city. As for Commissioner the SMC I am pleased that the City Study Resilience has identifiedrange a of energy and infrastructure issues and believe it can help to stimulate concerted efforts to tackle them through focused measures with support from The Southern Chamber Gujarat Veolia, Shell, of Industry. Textile Commerce and Surat’s rapid of phenomenon the world today’s In urbanization and issues of pollution, availability of resources, infrastructure development and economic growth opportunities constantly are Urban centers also are under centers review. of creativityinnovation, and as well as culture, focal pointsservices forbusiness, finance, government, growth thereby and headquarters corporate and economy. national the for engines have a strongShell interest city and in Veolia development new ways to and investigating are develop sustainable and maintain infrastructure. It gratifyingis to note that all stakeholders in involved studythis actively and passionately contributed to the process to that ensure the document becomes a strategy and vibrant live owned which is and acted upon all through by a convergence of approach and action. PREFACE PREFACE MUNICIPALITY SURAT FROM

sees the a set future, of meetings held was with stakeholderskey the in city such as the Surat Municipal the Corporation South (SMC), Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SGCCI), local business leaders Power. and Torrent TARU, FUNCTION/AFFILIATION IAS, Surat Municipal Commissioner, Surat Surat Municipal Corporation andCity Managing Engineer, Trustee, SCCT Surat Change Climate Trust, Southern President, Chamber Gujarat Past of Commerce and SGCCI Industry, Leading Pvt Edge TARU LtdPresident, Leading Pvt Edge TARU Ltd Director, Expert,Textile Luthra Dying Ltd and Printing LeadingSenior Pvt Edge Associate, TARU Ltd Surat Municipal Corporation Trust Change Climate Surat The Southern Chamber Gujarat of Commerce and Industry Sarvajanik Surat College of Engineering and Technology, The Energy and Resource Institute, New Delhi Mr Jatin Shah Mr Kamlesh Yagnik Mr GK Bhatt Mr Mahesh Rajasekar Mr Luthra Girish Mr Mehul Patel Mr Milind Torawane PARTNER AND WE ARE ALSO GRATEFUL TO THESE INSTITUTIONS FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTION: WE ARE GRATEFUL TO ALL ESPECIALLY: OUR PARTNERS IN THIS STUDY, The approach study to this has been to engage and collaborate, with the objective of understanding the infrastructure challenges and opportunities the city faces as a result of urbanisation and identifying and innovative understandcredible Surat solutions. how To This study has been co-created together with key stakeholders and and stakeholders key with together co-created been has study This APPROACH AND LIST OF PARTNERS OF LIST AND APPROACH municipal leaders in Surat. in leaders municipal CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 5

Reducing water consumption through the implementation of effective water recycling measures, particularly the in industrial sectors. solutions energy to further waste Developing increasing theby use of biogas power in production. Expanding efficient transport systemsusing cleaner fuels that could leverage micro-grid infrastructure. green infrastructureUsing systems that flood management existing the complement solutions for the Tapi. River Building on andBuilding further developing the excellent management and governance systems that Surat already respected is for.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. engineering feasibility, commercial viability local project funding, economics), (investor environmental regulatory support, federal and andfit to communityensure We hopesupport. that the results study of this help will to build the roadmap for Surat. As such these solutions belong to Surat. each solution hasIndividually, potential. the real value their to in Surat is However, integrated implementation. The proposed solutions but achievable, much are needs detailed further to assess done be to

Implementing a Combined Heat and Power system the in textile clusters to clean, provide efficient and affordable and power heat to area of the key Surat economy. this Putting green place clean in power a resilient, micro-grid that complements the grid. existing

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 billion about half ofthe world’s Today, approach will This cities. inhabitants in live about three-quarters as the urban 2050 by Shell billion. to 6.3 population from 3.6 grows almost 80% estimate thatand Veolia 2040, by of globalenergy be will consumed cities. in to theSimilar global observing is India trend, the growthrapid of its urban population. The latest census showed that the urban population of India million to 377 2001 in million increased from 286 located Surat, state Gujarat in North in 2011. in one is of the fastest-growing of India, West cities industrialisation rapid experiencing world, the in and migration. worked togetherShell and Veolia during to a series provide of focused 2014/2015 solutions challenges to key and opportunities for The study Surat. has been co-created with a range of stakeholders a three-step using process to Understand, Identify and Collaborate. This report reflects the output from the collaborative the towork give city and aims authorities a set of liveability theoptions to resilience, and improve economic potential These of the city. solutions are the result and of discussion feedback from many people associated working with in, living administering and guiding the city. include: opportunities The 1. 2.

PATRICK ROUSSEAUPATRICK CEO and Managing director India Veolia water management transport, systems, etc.). The report this work in reflects significancethe placeShell and on Veolia working with local communities to help tackle their challenges, particularly fast-growing in Surat. cities like It has been an honour to work with the including the MunicipalSurat municipality, in team, and his Mr Torawane, Commissioner, a genuinely which was developing study, this interactive and collaborative approach to identifying infrastructure key resilience issues and ways to tackle also appreciate them. We the strong engagement and support have we received from a wide range of local stakeholders, including the South Chamber Gujarat of Commerce and the government and of Gujarat business Industry, leaders the in city. The issues and ideas report this in very are much efforta joint and have we learnt much from the achievements of the and aspirations people hope that study We this of Surat. provides a modest contribution to the considerations of the municipality works as it to and a positive ensure sustainable future for the city.

BY SHELL AND VEOLIA AND SHELL BY PREFACE PREFACE YASMINE HILTONYASMINE Chairman, Shell Companies Companies Shell Chairman, Indiain In this collaborative study, Veolia and Shell provide Veolia collaborativeIn this study, an assessment infrastructure of the key challenges and potential solutionssustainability regarding for Surat local resilient stakeholders quality, (air energy waste infrastructure and and providing, Veolia designs and deploys economy circular Veolia waste andenergy solutionsmanagement for water, efficiencyto improve industry forcities, and people Million (96 suppliedcitizens with water, heating and cooling networks529 managed, 655 world a As operated). facilities waste-processing leader environmental services, in works with Veolia deeply is both and Veolia municipalities industrials. committed their to optimize helping Indian Cities environmental public services. In Nagpur and in provides safe and potable Veolia Delhi, water to people.more than 4 million the city of Surat. Royal DutchRoyal Shell one is of the largest and most diversifiedinternational investors in India’s span India in businesses Shell sector. energy transportretail fuels, lubricants, aviation fuels, technology development and gas and power closethrough to our LNG Hazira Joint Venture, CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 7

understand the and opportunities implications for the inhabitants and governments of cities. were published“Newinsights in first Shell’s LensesCities”. on Future furtherTo deepen the understanding of the patterns of urban growth and develop our potential into insights options for sustainable development, Shell has been working with a number of major cities to understand their collaborate and opportunities and challenges helpingin to identify potential solutions. Surat oneis of the of first thesecities reflects and Shell commitment through to India and, and Veolia’s venture at to nearby joint the state Hazira, Shell’s Gujarat. of appreciate theWe commitmentof the Surat the Surat MrMunicipal Torawane, Corporationer, Municipal the Corporation South (SMC), Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SGCCI), and Mr Luthra fromthe consulting bureau TARU, Luthra Industries, who agreed to work with Shell project. on this and Veolia 1

INTRODUCTION TO CITY STUDY TO RESILIENCE INTRODUCTION CENTURY IS THE ERA“THE 21ST OF CITIES” Rapid urbanisation oneRapid is of the most significant dynamics affecting the presenting future, both about halfopportunities of the Today, and risks. cities. inhabitants in seven billion live world’s This will approach about 70% by 2050 as the approach will 2050 This by about 70% urban population from 7 to 9 billion. grows Shell estimates almost that 80% of 2040 by the global energy be will consumed cities. in Urbanisation dynamic for also a key is the of urbanisationfuture as almost 50% of Asia, occurs also are places there. Cities of opportunity. They the are engines of economic growth as well as being cultural and historical hubs and centres of social mobility. the percentage of theHowever, population living than (lower urbanin only India is areas 31% in that indicating Brazil), and Indonesia China, there plenty is of capacity for further growth. urban population expected is India’s to increase to of the 600 (40% population) million 2031, by GDP contribution to the nation’s with a 75% today). from 66% (up City growth be will accompanied increased by demand for natural resources, such as energy, water and food. As a result there be will greater pressures on current infrastructure and supply systems as well as increased societal and political liveable and bechallenges. a resilient, To prosperous city of the services municipal future, needwill to plan carefully to integrate the use of resources an efficient in andsustainable way. Urban design and be planning will essential to our future what well-being. that might However, very is look like different for every It depends city. on the current state the history of the city, and the different challenges and a city aspiration has. have exploredShell and urbanisation Veolia with a number of private and public partners to a ia As % & Oceani OECD <1 a ia Urban Rural 2040 r As % Othe & Oceani 17

% a 2010 Chin 13 5 0 25 20 15 10 % a BILLION TONNES OF OIL EQUIVALENT (BTOE/YEAR) WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY WORLD

Indi

18

TION (BILLIONS) TION POPULA URBAN 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 % aharan -S Sub Africa 29 East Africa

n ddle 3 & N. Mi 9% 6. billio Europe 3% 6 3. billion icas % mer WHERE WILL THESE EXTRA 2.7 BILLION PEOPLE COME FROM? GLOBAL URBAN POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION URBAN GLOBAL A 11 CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 9

4.6 million $40 billion 12% approx 12% 4.3 0.96 modes such as cars and motorbikes (51%). modes such as cars and motorbikes (51%). peakBeing a commercial traffic city, volumes are observed throughout the day and especially are the in industrial areas. high managementWastewater organised in is includingdrainage zones, the walled city. of the population, networkThis 91% covers though there need a is for replacement and of oldrenewal particularly pipelines, the in walled Sewage city (Athwa and areas). Umra water treated is Control the by Pollution Gujarat litres per million day (mld) a 100 in Board, Population GDP (approx) GDP GDP Growth 2008 (Mtoe) Consumption Energy (toe) Capita per Energy 327 sq km 327 Mean ºC 35 70 –110 p p m (PM10) 3,4 buses handle 1% and autorickshaws handle autorickshaws and 1% handle buses SURAT CITY PROFILE Area Temperature Air QualityAir Index INFRASTRUCTURE hasGujarat an extensive transportation network state highways, national encompassing district district roads highways, highways, and rural roads cane (sugar roads and Panchayat The state consists of moreroads). than 300 state kmand a distance covering of 19,761 highways a distance covering national of highways 13 The km. public transport3,245 bus system has been privately operated since 2007. August The of the total trips made the in city. about 21% the in cityTransport dominated is personal by Tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately gigajoules. 42 Multiples of the toe are used, in particular the megatoe (Mtoe, one million toe).

The growth trends indicate sprawl tendency thetowards South and North-East, with growth extending the towards northern across side The residential development thethe in river. city about covers of the 57% total land use developments Peri-urban the in city. growth is also a feature especially of the city, along the Surat-Hazira which has led to corridor, associated growth the in periphery. Surat has the highest percentage population migrant in thanIndia (more 50%). The city annual population has experienced 6+% In recent decadesgrowth Surat since the 1960s. has emerged as a major centre for trade and region. the in commerce

2 INDIA New Delhi Surat Gujarat MAP OF INDIA Surat is a compactSurat is city and has been expanding along transport corridors. A moat divides the older parts with their streets narrow of the city, growing citiesgrowing the in world, experiencing rapid industrialisation and migration. and historical houses, from the newer suburbs. The city registered an annualised GDP growth the over seven fiscalyears between rate of 11.5% awarded Surat was and “best 2008. city” 2001 City-Systems theby Annual Survey of India’s one and is of the fastest 2013 (ASICS) in Out of 35 cities in India withOut cities a million-plus in of 35 (Ahmedabad, them of four population, Gujarat. in are Surat and Rajkot) Vadodara, The city located is approximately 300 km south Itof the had a state Gandhinagar. capital, census, population at the million 2011 of 4.6 making the it second largest city the in state of afterGujarat, Ahmedabad and the eighth largest city India. in Surat is a city in the West Indian state of Gujarat, on the bank of bank the on Gujarat, of state Indian West the in city a is Surat SURAT CITYCHARACTERISTICS SURAT theRiver Tapi. CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 11

Looking forward, study this has identified a number challenges of key further in improving the infrastructure resilience of the city. theseRecognising challengeshelps to us identify some of the solution main areas. Air pollutionAir becoming is a hot topic India, in due to exponential urban pollution growth. Air people a year India and in 620,000 over kills acrossthe accordingmillions world, to the A National Quality Air WHO. Index (NAQI) order in to has been launched early in 2015 real-timegive concentrations of major pollutants ozone). PM2.5, (PM10,

population. AIR POLLUTION

1 it’s also one of the world’s most climate change-affected cities. change-affected climate most world’s the of one also it’s CHALLENGES and industrialisation rapid experiencing city, growing fast a is Surat Network, Development Sustainable Bank World to According migration. Surat has experiencedyears, In the past 100 floods,includingin significant 2006one a 23 of the city inundated,when was and almost 75% It has a an outbreak of the plague 1994. in forward-thinking government municipal and stakeholders sector private and public proactive who have made stridesrecent significant in years thetohealth improve and resilience of the city for its of all AsWorld defined by Healththe Organization pollution air (WHO), contamination is of the indoor or outdoor chemical, any by environment or biologicalphysical agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. vehicles, motor devices, combustion Household industrial facilities and forest commonare fires sources pollution. of air Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter, matter, particulate include concern health public dioxide nitrogen ozone, monoxide, carbon Outdoorand sulphur dioxide. and indoor air diseases, other and respiratory cause pollution which can be fatal.

) on

2 5 ) of land. The SDB house will around 2 the outskirts The DREAM of Surat. City mainly will house an international diamond trading hub, acres Surat Diamond on Bourse 579 (SDB), (2.3 km OTHER INDUSTRIES OTHER a JV and Port is The LNG Hazira Terminal between known collectively Shell and Total, as GroupHazira is Hazira Companies (HGC). situated at a distance km from of Surat 25 and approximately 300 km from The Mumbai. Hazira regasification plant started 2005. operations in It procures LNG the in international market to the in customers needs of meet commercial the and NorthWest of India. DIAMONDS accountsGujarat for almost 80% of the diamonds processed processed 90% are Of this, India. in theby located units Like and around in Surat. textiles, diamond cutting also a and is polishing labour-intensive employing about industry, of units about in workers 25,000 700,000 forward take varying the To Indian sizes. smart cities 100 of building vision Government’s the a foundationin country, stone has recently been for laid the Diamond Research and Mercantile (DREAM) to be located City, on an area acres of about 8 km (around 2,000 10,000 offices fordiamond 10,000 traders Indiafrom abroad. and energy cost. energy The cost of energy as a percentage of the overall textile manufacturing cost varies anywhere The majority of the textile and 15%. between 12% locatedunits wet processes Surat involve in such as the of cloth. dyeing and washing Wet processes amount of a high thermal require energy the in form of hot water and steam, proportionmaking a high it of the overall

4 petroleum. The present water drinking system 95% covers With the implementation of the Master Surat Plan, coverage target as well to a 100% achieve aims as to address issues of contamination areas in where the pipes need to be replaced. capacity sewagetreatment and plant at Karanj, treated sewage disposed Khadi. is the into Karanj Untreated sewage areas, from theremaining local the from generated wastewater with along small-scale discharged is industries, the into drains. water storm through Khadi Karanj liter perof the population, capita per with 145 day The current (lpcd) water average supply. fouryield to supply for ratio SMC’s Sarthana,major water Katargam, works, 57%. is and Rander, Varachha Surat is well knownSurat is as one of the textile hubs of It hostsIndia. power 600,000 looms over and jobs. the textile industry 1,200,000 provides over to the totalIt contributes manmade fibre 18% exports and of40% manmade fabric production renowned Surat is India. forin its synthetic sarees and dress materials and there about are 400 different small and medium industries located the textilein city’s Sachin, clusters at Palsana, andPandesara Surat city Industrial Areas. The saree and dress materials produced the in Surat clusters marketed are and India also in exported globally. TEXTILES Surat is knownSurat is for its textile manufacturing, industries, polishing cutting and diamond chemical works, complex industry, (silver) zari engineering and related activities (including petrochemical and manufacturing) equipment industries and beyond within the city limits. Surat has been very successful attracting in a sizeable Direct Investment amount of Foreign oil, sectors various in such as energy, and ECONOMY CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 13 it was 9 OTHER 0.4% RESIDENTIAL 17.2% PUBLIC UTILITIES 0.1% COMMERCIAL 10.6% Though the general reliability 8 8 Surat mainly relies on fossil fuels for power consumption industrial with generation, representing the majority consumption of overall thein city 65 %). (> identified that the Surat Corporation Municipal and local industries very are keen to use as such generation energy of sources renewable solidwaste municipal biogas, etc. Morewind, capacitythan MW 50 power of wind plants have already been installed industries Surat by in to 2012–13. during 2011–12 of electricity good, Surat there is in provision stakeholders by expressed concerns many were at the pollution levels from some of the smaller- scale particularly energy generation, industrial in sectors such where astextile large volumes mills, of coal for basis used unit the are by on a unit generation of steam the in of dyeing and washing cloth. There also were concerns about the city’s ability to sufficient provide generation capacity the thein given future, expected increases in demand due to the expanding economic base. In the Surat solarcity master plan

AGRICULTURE 3.4% RAILWAYS 1.2% INDUSTRIAL 67% ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR IN SURAT IN SECTOR PER CONSUMPTION ENERGY One of the global challenges of urbanisation theis development and planning of energy distribution and transmission supply, infrastructure.study In this stakeholders key thehighlighted supply of affordable and dependable energy as one of themajor challenges to the growth The recent of Surat. population growth than of the (more > 50% total population of the city migrants) are mainly due is to the growth of two labour-demanding industries: textiles and diamond cutting and polishing. Population growth and an expanding economy reflectedare growth significant inin a energy Indian Central Electricity demand. The 2013 Authority survey of electricity consumption in Indian mega-cities showed a steady growth rate of 4–5%. The peak electric load of the city was during the years MW and 1,145 MW 1,014 During respectively. 2003–04 and 2009–10 theyears, the five compound previous average growth rate of peak electric load of the city was 2.26%.

Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor poor Very Severe NAQI India Good Moderate Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous AQI USA Range 0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 350-400 400-450 450-500

7 0.4 350 500 300 450 0.35 400 300 300 400 0.3 help these industries decrease their impact on ambient air. contributors to the decrease quality of ambient air The the currentin infrastructures city. (energy treatment, wastewater supply, water supply, transportation) no longer are adequate to thesustain needs of a fast-growing That is city. solutioninnovative finding why for industrialthe consumption energy their optimize to sectors terms of energy(in efficiency, clean sources the water andof energy improve and etc.) waste services with biogas recovery (e.g. from waste and wastewatermunicipal sludge) will a presents prices affordable at population the of major challenge. There continuous are efforts to time same efficiency the at and energy increase to increase domestic production as much as possible to keep import dependence at a level. reasonable 300 250 400 200 350 300

3 6 0.25 300 200

150 0.2 250 200 200 150 200 0.15 over hours). 24 3 300 100 150 , whereas the National 200 100 3 200 0.1 50 300 1 00 100 200 100 1 150 100 50 50 00 0.05 1 50 50 50 100 50 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE ENERGY ) ) 3 3

2 AIR QUALITY INDEX COMPARISON AND (UNITED INDIA) STATES Ambient Quality Air 60 µg/m is Standard limit (as annual value – 100 µg/m annual value(as – 100 IN NAQI OZONE (8 HOURS)OZONE (8 SCALES COMPARISON value AQI US AQI IN NAQI raw conc. raw (in mg/m SCALES COMPARISONPM10 value AQI US AQI AQI value AQI IN NAQI PM 2.5PM SCALES COMPARISON value AQI US AQI India is theIndia is fourth largest consumer of energy thein world India after and Russia. China USA, does not have abundant energy resources and has to meet its development needs all using by available domestic resources uranium, of coal, and renewables. Meeting hydro theoil, energy needs economy of a growing with 7% or 8% requirements energy the and growth economic As estimated the by Surat Municipal Corporation, industrial and vehicle discharges the are main In Surat, in 2012, theControl Central Pollution 2012, in In Surat, Board reported annual average 10 that PM µg/m 94 were emissions The new index will initially cover 10 cities cover 10 The initially new index will Varanasi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Agra, (Delhi, Bangalore Chennai, Ahmedabad, Faridabad, eventually is Theand aim Hyderabad). to cover according66Indian to cities, the government. AQI value AQI conc. raw (in ppm) AQI value AQI conc. raw (in mg/m CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 15 .

3 1000 Present

980

14–15 20 COVERED 95%

900

13–14 20 per day in 2015, with a per day 2015, in 3

840 12–13

10 20

780

11–12 20

750

10–11 20 10

710

09–10 20

690 The water supply network commissioned was of the population A total of 95% have 1898. in access the while to in potablelast 15 water, years the water supply has been doubled and reachesnow m 1 million current installed capacity of 1.3 million m current installed million capacity of 1.3

08–09 20 YEAR

650

07–08 20 2014-15

620

06–07 20 –06

580

05 20

550

04–05 20

530

03–04 20

510

02–03 20 480

UNCOVERED 5%

01–02 20 0

800 600 400 200

1000 1200 (in MLD) (in LY SUPP TER WATER MANAGEMENT WATER WA POPULATION COVERAGE FOR EXTENDED CITY AREA IN YEAR 2006 3 IN SURATINCREASE SUPPLY AVERAGE WATER IN DAILY WATER SUPPLY FOR DOMESTIC DOMESTIC FOR SUPPLY WATER USE INDUSTRIAL AND The water needs of managed Surat are the by SuratMunicipal Corporation. The major source of water supply for the city from the is Tapi. River .) s 4 (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) 8% PNG (Piped Natural Gas) 10% ELECTRICITY 34% LPG PRICE RANGE (R 2,500 – 2,800 per ton – 2,800 2,500 per ton – 3,800 3,500 per SCM 11.5 per ton3,500 per kWh 5.6 3 9 INR/kWh INR/Nm INR/tonne The particulate pollution from coal high use is and there also are concerns about the disposal of wastewater used the in textile production processes. less polluting Finding and yet efficient and cost-effective energy generation methods in the industrial sector a major challenge Surat is in for and sustainablea resilient ensuring energy system for the city. 7 48.3 5800 CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) 4% = 1.25 USD and 1 INR = 0.016279 USD USD and 1 INR = 0.016279 = 1.25

FUEL TYPE Lignite coal Imported Natural gas Biomass (Groundnut briquettes husk and wood) Grid electricity DIESEL 5% PETROL 6% KEROSENE 3% COAL 30%

o. Coal ENERGY PRICES (2014 DATA) ENERGY PRICES (2014 Electricity S. N 1 2 3 4 5 DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN CLUSTER UNITS (2010 DATA) (2010 UNITS CLUSTER IN CONSUMPTION ENERGY OF FORMS DIFFERENT Natural gas ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BASE YEAR 2010–11 IN SURAT, Fixed exchange 1 Fixed rates: Units in theUnits in Surat textile clusters a require quantumsignificant of thermal energyin the form of steam and electricity. the At present, steam generated is low-pressure in boilers and coal used is relatively as fuel, which is cheap in electricity whereas fuels, other to comparison eitheris imported from the or grid generated naturalin gas generators (about to 10%). 5% CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 17 30% 35% are generated are per 10 9 DRY ORGANIC MATERIALS WET ORGANIC MATERIALS 1,575 metric tons of MSW 1,575 As part of its commitment to sustainable resource Surat the energy green and management Municipal Corporation has installed biogas- based power plants sewage to using generate biogas used which gas is engines in to generate power Plantson four Treatment Wastewater (Capacity: MW). 3.5 The current electricity production approximately is (half of the maximum production MWh/day 46.5 In addition topotential). these biogas- existing based power plants the Surat Municipal Corporation has commissioned three more sewage-based biogas power plants with 0.55, capacity. MW and 0.7 0.6 SUMMARY OF CHALLENGES Over recent decades, the city has the invested in water supply and sewage networks and has now a well-managed system. Ithas also made progresssignificant with the management and early systems warning for flood risk. However, with the population high growth rate and the industrial water demand water increasing, shortage clearly is defined as a future concern and there room for the is in improvement volume of water recycled order in to more sustainably resource. precious this manage day in the Surat municipality, with 4.5 approx. day the in Surat municipality, million inhabitants. 13 14 receive 70.0 82.5 15.0 25.0 66.0 84.0 80.0 60.0 100.0 120.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 100.0 13 Capacity (mld) WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE RESIDUE FOR LAND FILL SITE INERT MATERIAL RECYCLABLES 20% 5% 10% 4 THE COMPOSITION OF IN WASTE SURAT Behesan (extension) Plant Existing Anjana STP Behesan STP Bhatar STP Karanj STP Singanpore STP STP Bamroli-Vadod Asarma STP Khajod STP Ongoing STP Projects Dindoli STP STP Vairav-Kosad Proposed STP Projects Bhatar (extension) Karanj (extension) Singanpore (extension) (extension) Bamroli-Vadod The Surat municipality charge in of collecting, is transporting, sorting, processing and disposing of a continuous is This solid wastemunicipal (MSW). approximatelychallenge for Today, the city. WASTEWATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT Sewage treatment also a SMC is responsibility. Sewage Plants Treatment with (STP) Eight a treatment capacity of 640 mld wastewater collected through the 1,500 of the km network 91% covering Surat, in population. In anticipation of the increasing amount of wastewater generated area, this in additional capacity be will mld). added (580

city’s city’s FLOOD MANAGEMENT FLOOD According to Bank the Sustainable World Development Network, also Surat one is of the most climate-change-affectedworld’s cities. Surat has experienced years, In the past 100 Tapi passes floods. River through The23 Surat It situated is City Dam the 1972. via in built Ukai km upstream The purpose main of Surat. 100 of the power generation dam irrigation, was and partial heavy flood control. However, the in catchmentrainfall area of Dam the Ukai Maharashtra) leads(in to heavyinto inflow the reservoir the and in past has resulted in causing discharges water, significant of flooding in Surat. Surat faces flood risks heavyfrom precipitation and aroundin the city but also from heavy precipitation upstream tides and from high downstream. Flooding has a number of consequences. to There the risks are safety of the The property. to damage and population transport systems are disrupted, stopping stopping disrupted, are systems transport commuters the to going power work. Also, supply to the city may business causing be and cut, commercial enterprises to lose productive time. In the case ofevacuation more flooding, severe of largeparts of the city may be and required there risk to a significant the is population. Asian the RockefellerSince joining Foundation’s Network Resilience Change Climate Cities the city 2008, in authorities now(ACCCRN) are learning bestpractices from other cities facing back lessons bringing also and challenges similar to test their waters. in own As one of ten cities thein network, Surat has developed a climate they that ensuring strategy, resilience change betterare equipped finance to plan, and implement timely interventions topotential problems. flooding

2041 2332 (mld) of (mld) 11

2026 1797 900 2011 12 12 0 500

2000 1500 1000 2500

ter Demand (in mld) (in Demand ter Wa SURAT CITY DEMAND WATER PROJECTION In Surat water demand from the industrial sectors Clusters of textile significant. units consumeis more litres per than 450 million day Given theseGiven factors challenge a significant is it for the city to manage increasing demand for water for domestic and industrial purposes, which is levels estimated to more than treble from 2011 Similar to Surat other has itsSimilar own India, cities in share of poor areas and informal settlements unablewhere to migrants, afford formal housing, about of the In 2006, 20% populationmainly live. these in living was locations. Since the late 90s, the Municipal Corporation has provided free water and sewage connections to the households these in living paving In areas. addition, of internal streets, street lights and toilets (public and the arrival private) have been However, provided. or semi-skilledof migrants response in workers to the needs industries a continuous is of growing challenge for the SMC. fresh water for their processes, of which there is mld demand for100 the cluster Pandesara alone. The Surat Municipal Corporation supplies a part 60 mldof these of potable needs, e.g. water and mld40 of recycled water from a tertiary treatment plant to address mld water the demand 100 from textile processing cluster. Pandesara in units 2041. by CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 19 In recent decades the SMC has made significant wastestrides collection improving in and disposal throughout which has resultedthe real city, in benefits to the populationin termsimproved of public health and reduction environmental in population with a growing pollution. However, a good maintaining standard and economy, of waste management continue will to be a challenge. the Considering potential to increase the amount of materials being recycled, methodsintroducing innovative of waste treatment such and disposal, as more composting energy proposed implementing and facilities, from waste facilities can help to the ensure city can strong build on its existing progress. (motorbikes and(motorbikes autorickshaws) account for nearly 80% of the number of vehicles while cars of the fleet.constitute around 10% LIMBAYAT VARACHHA UOHANA CENTRAL KATARGAM ATHWA RANDER TRANSPORTATION

SURAT CITY TRAFFIC SURAT SEVEN CITY: ZONES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT 5 Private vehicle usage the in city at a has grown fast pace, reflectingexpansion in overall the the lifestyles improving and changing population, personal wealth. The number of vehicles registered the in Office Surat Transport Regional area has in increased million (RTO) from 0.4 accounting to almost two 2012, in million 1994 andthree-wheelers Two- fora growth rate of12%. PRIVATE VEHICLES PRIVATE 14 16 600 metric Daytons Per (TPD) of Municipal (MSW) sentSolid to Waste a composting and facility; 900 TPD sent of MSW to landfill. ■ ■ ■ ■ slum improvement operationsslum improvement with the NGOs; assistance of and of the administrative entire revamping financial management and system SMC; of policy decisions to create a responsive waste management system introducing by a system to complaints. address introduction of daily monitoring system for better efficiency; collection waste posting of sweepers for round the clock duty at spots; nuisance engaging private contractors for collection and transportation of waste to the as disposal site, well as sweeping and scraping all major streets during the night; WASTE TRUCKWASTE FOR CONTAINER LIFTING ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ In recent years the SMC has also taken a number of supporting measures to transform the waste management systems the in city: which 15 Waste collected Waste sent is From these From transfer all stations, waste Disposal: sentis to the disposal site located Khajod, in composedwhich is of a compost facility (for wasteorganic recovery) and a landfill: Waste treatment: Waste to transfer transfer stations stations (six running today and four being considered). Waste collectionWaste managed is through two a door-to-doorsystems: system 2004) (since containers and roadside containers (75 located the and disposal in Treatment city). are managed effectively across the city. WASTE TRUCK FOR DOOR-TO DOOR DOOR DOOR-TO FOR TRUCK WASTE COLLECTION ■ ■ ■ Surat has had privatised contracting and participation solid waste in management for more waste management For years. thethan city 10 dividedis seven into zones almost covering the whole managed area zone Each of is the city. by The citya waste agency. effectively manages the waste resourceentire chain: state that obligatory is it on the part of all the authoritiesmunicipal to arrange for collection, segregation, transportation and suitable disposal wastesof municipal of the towns/cities. municipal ■ ■ ■ Waste management significantly has Waste improved and the SMC has since theplague 1994 in event situation the improve to progresses huge made and to comply with the Rules 2000, MSW

CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 21 NUMBER OF CARS OF NUMBER 4.0E+04 2.0E+04 0.0E+04 1.6E+05 1.4E+05 1.2E+05 1.0E+05 8.0E+04 6.0E+04 1.8E+05 2013 Number of CNG cars 2011 ) 3 2009 PM10 (ug/m PUBLIC TRANSPORT Public transport availability is principally through buses which ply 44 routes across Surat 126 The cityCity. has recently made meaningful steps to further the availability improve of public transport the by introduction of a Bus Rapid a The is BRTS “Sitilink”. System (BRTS), Transit passenger-oriented system transit designed rapid to comfortable, deliver fast, economical and eco-friendly mobility to urban dwellers. Specially designed buses BRT travel on dedicated lanes along with special for other provision modes such as cyclists, pedestrians and traffic. mixed also intendedThe is BRTS to world-class provide infrastructurephysical such as bus control stations, centres, depots terminals, and also an Intelligent Transportation System which includes electronic fare collection, automatic vehicle tracking systems and public information systems. The phase first providing of theprogramme, BRTS services km to of 30 road corridors, began and three further phases operation 2014, in plannedare to open the over years. coming YEAR 20

2007 ) 3 18, 19 (ug/m x 2005 NO emission emission 2 )

3 2003 (ug/m x SO 2001 0

50

200 150 100

) (ug/m CONCENTRATION 3 AIR QUALITY TREND IN SURAT (INDIA) IMPORTANT FACTS: mandatory2006 switch CNG to CNG for 2008/2009: cars. public transport wheelers, (3 buses). A majority of vehicles run with CNG because of the relative price offuel, though recent in years there has been some trend of this reversal with the decreasing price of petrol and diesel fuels. Auto LiquefiedPetroleum Gas (LPG)is the third largest automotive fuel used the with in world, cars passenger of million 500 approximately fitted with LPG combustion kit. Autogas contains octane derived from natural fractionationgas by and from crude refining. oil It also contains propene and butene. Autogas is the in kept form of gas at ambient pressure and normal temperatures, whereas can it be liquefied is temperature the when or pressurised while enough. reduced Autogas contributes of the to 5% total market theshare in world. Autogas entire not so is popular but the India, catching market in is up low-cost which is remarkably, and growing compared to gasoline or diesel and more CO with environmental-friendly, reduction of 13–18% compared petrol. to liquid reduction of 13–18%

78% MOTORCYCLE 17 Despite these increases traffic in volumes, the qualityair trend overall Surat has in improved is century. This since the of beginning the 21st largelyincrease due toin a significant thenumber of vehicles on running compressed natural gas Approximately years. (CNG) the in last 10 cars currently92,000 run on CNG of the (40% data) total number of cars run on CNG – 2012 the majority vast and, of the autorickshaws run on CNG. There are 130 CNG retrofitters There 130 are on CNG. and CNG thereregistered 50 are with the RTO refuelling stations. MOTOR CAR 12% 6% AUTORICKSHAW 4% OTHERS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF VEHICLES IN SURAT (2012 DATA) (2012 SURAT IN VEHICLES OF CATEGORIES DIFFERENT Traffic congestionTraffic across Surat has been recognised as an escalating problem that creates an increasing economic burden and decreases the quality of life for due Surat citizens to pollution and loss According to of the time. Rockefeller pollutionFoundation 60% of air research, in the city comes from transport. According to the Pollution Air StateGujarat Surat’s board, Pollution yellow is (which 10 ppm of PM Index 100 API is on a traffic light colour withgreen coding, being people’s for risk at being red and acceptable while the In peripheral addition, health). areas in South and South-West East, zones of the West, thethe connectivity city considerably, have grown of these roads with the corridors main needs nearly While improvement. 80% of the city area well connected,is the rest lacks good linkages. CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 23 The pace of implementation of major projects and the ability to collaborate with the private delivery. drive to sector ofAvailability funding and financing for projects works. and improvement local the with consultation strong Ensuring improvements. proposed on population investment to furtherReinvigorating develop Surat to as a city and in. work to in live to visit, ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ GOVERNANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION GOVERNANCE 6 The ability to co-ordinate and implement projects and services across clusters and infrastructure the All zones. economic challenges described the here require effort to co-ordinate with adjacent cities and a range supply energy is it whether bodies, public of or waste management. Integrated planning and managing of systems across network boundaries important are to get the maximum benefits. resilience and economic ■ ■ Surathas considerable strengths strong in and transparentgovernance and has implemented changespositive to the city through more efficient waste management and increased of provision furtherpublic transport. its To capacities improve there a number are of potential areas of challenge to focus on: A hana 10

Sart Simanda Magob city limit A at 10 Parv patiya 4 7 Sachin Kosad EWS 5 Sachin GIDC Aaimata li B Hirabaug 10 Amro 5 9 Railway Station warnagar Gajera junc. Khar waza Elevated corridor am Ughana Dar 8 8 Katarg 8 Daksheshwar Bhagal 9 3 Dabholi char rasta 8 Chowk . 6 Anuwrat Dwar Adajan patia 2 1 St. Thomas school junc. 1 Jahangirpura Pal Major Junctions Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV 1 Dumas resort ONGC investigating how to more how green provide investigating space around transport routes to lessen the environmental impact and reduce floodrisk from over-building of natural soakways. further improvementsbus to route main penetration and feeder routes to the main networks to reduce reliance on two- and three-wheelers; less-polluting for furthersupport for growth fuels times reducing to by refuel waiting a CNG vehicle and identifying ways to reduce the cost currentlyof diesel which is to CNG conversion, three timesmore expensive than gasoline to CNG conversion; ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

SURAT BRTS has made strides positive with the growth of less- pollutingCNG fuels private in transport and the of public transportincreasing provision through a the given range pace of bus services. However, of growth of private vehicle there usage, are challengessignificant keep to a good standard qualityof air and keep the population moving Areasaround the of focus city. for study this that included: identified stakeholders Surat has a fast-growing transport market driven populationby and economic growth. The city SUMMARY OF CHALLENGES addition, thereplans In are addition, tobuild a Metro rail system transit for Ifrapid completed Surat. on metro mile) kmschedule, (62 the 100 four-line, These additions enterwill operation 2018. in helpwill to meaningfully reduce congestion and connectivityimprove areas of the to key city. CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 25 r we d Po an Heat

gy r PV er r En g we in cl top Sola ste to d Po of cy UPDATE WITH SURAT Wa Re Ro r an we 4 5 6 Heat Po VERSION CLEARER (AWAITING BRIEF) ccess

or t A e

or n em atio ansp ne astructur Syst Tr li gy ed pe er n Infr ov & Implementation s Pi ee lling Station and/ d En fi Impr Ga Gr te rnance ric Charging St G Re ribu ve ect Go Dist CN El 1 2 3 AN INTEGRATED SOLUTION TACKLES MULTIPLE CHALLENGES MULTIPLE TACKLES SOLUTION INTEGRATED AN This isThis a stylised image of a city that shows how the various solutions can be integrated. It is not intended to specificallyresemble the geography of Surat or any other city.

INNOVATIVE TECH INNOVATIVE COST EFFICENT ENERGY EFFICENT SUSTAINABILITY Innovative technology Innovative Environmental footprint Energy efficiency manner.

FOOTPRINTS RELIABILITY INNOVATIVE TECH INNOVATIVE COST EFFICENT INNOVATIVE TECH INNOVATIVE COST EFFICENT Integrated solutions enhance the resilience of resilience the enhance solutions Integrated the resilience is capacity a city, For the city. of its infrastructure disturbance, to resist be reliable and respond and a timely recover in and adequate ENERGY EFFICENT SUSTAINABILITY ENERGY EFFICENT SUSTAINABILITY

FOOTPRINTS RELIABILITY FOOTPRINTS RELIABILITY

INNOVATIVE TECH INNOVATIVE COST EFFICENT INNOVATIVE TECH INNOVATIVE COST EFFICENT INNOVATIVE TECH INNOVATIVE COST EFFICENT ENERGY EFFICENT SUSTAINABILITY Cost-effectiveness Sustainability Reliability

FOOTPRINTS RELIABILITY ENERGY EFFICENT SUSTAINABILITY ENERGY EFFICENT SUSTAINABILITY SIX ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

The challenges identifiedreport in this are interconnected and one solution can form an problems. multiple tackle to solution integrated a waste-to-energy example, For option a is solution for waste management as well as electricity. dependable and affordable creating Given the major challenges highlighted during the study and based on our our on based and study the during highlighted challenges major the Given of range a identified have we stakeholders, municipal key with discussions criteria: key six against them assessed and solutions OPPORTUNITIES

FOOTPRINTS RELIABILITY

FOOTPRINTS RELIABILITY CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 27

113 Textile dyeing and printing 500 TPH approx 27 MW Domestic coal, importedlignite, coal Grid power

A top-down approach, taking account into the whole cluster needs, which and the in solutions have been designed based on thepower demand of the cluster. A bottom-up approach, which solutions in have been designed for number a limited and of units based on the steam demand. ■ ■ ■ ■ of scale that could come from a wider community dependence grid solution. Also, and the overall environmental footprint of the power grid may create problems wider achieving in resilience objectives. two theFor Cluster Pandesara case study, been assessed: have approaches complementary Number of units Nature of industry steam consumption Total electricity Total consumption of Source energy – steam of Sources electricity – energy

or imported coal. In total the cluster

21 MAP PANDESARA OF Case study: Pandesara Cluster Pandesara textile its cluster. in units has approximately 113 theThe in units cluster from sizes of various are Seventy-five sq800 m. sq m to 30,000 per cent of theengaged are units both in the dyeing and of clothprinting while the principally rest are The cluster dyeing. in involved spread is across sq km of land. 0.65 These have units two major types of energy Electricitydemand – heat and power. for the power looms and machinery printing supplied is while heatfrom grid the Gujarat for existing the forming of cloth and washing dyeing, locally is produced at the steam-generating premises in mainly domesticboilers, and lignite coal, pet-coke has an overall energyhas an overall demand of approximately of power and 500 tonne MW 27 per hour (TPH) of steam. Individual steam boilers each in unit create negative externalities to the environment and advantage to fail gain of economies higher

To Kamrej To NH-8 To

Bardoli Road to Kadodara X (NH-8)

Varachha Road Varachha TAPI RIVER TAPI PUNA LIMBAYAT H DINDOLI

To Sachin, GIDC To Apparel Park To Navsari To Palsana x (NH-8) To Hojiwala Industrial Estate To Lambe Hanuman Road Hanuman Lambe M+ S Udhana Industrial Area

AMROLI

R Ring Road Ring B U such levels of particulate as high pollution. being evolving a smart towards While city the in thefuture, energy system for the industry needs to andbe reduce resilient these externalities while low-costensuring energy to help support the some While local of the textile economy. units thewithin city energy-efficient are and technically sophisticated, report this has tested the possibility of transforming the energy system the in textile sector more structurally it to make resilient, socially responsible and economically efficient friendly. environmentally and develop theseTo options concentrated we on one specific textile Pandesaraclusterin the area of the city. FORT CITY Bamroli-Pandesara Industrial Area X +

C

M

BHATAR

A

KATAR GAM KATAR Causeway

Weir Cum Weir

G

RIVER TAPI

Ghod-Dod Road Ghod-Dod Athwa Lines Athwa T P

Anand Mahal Road Rander Road PIPPLOD VESU

ADAJAN

Dumas Road – Gaurav Path Gaurav – Road Dumas

Udhna-Magdalla Road Udhna-Magdalla TAPI RIVER TAPI 4 To ONGC-Hazira To To Airport To Dumas To Magdalla To To Hazira To Industrial Zone SMIMER Hospital and Medical College Athwa Gate Civil Hospital Singanpore Char Rasta Palanpore Patiya Bhagal Railway Station Gujarat Gas Circle Sahara Darwaja Parle Point Chowk Maijura Gate Udhana Darwaja Hira Baug Circle + T P B S R X C U H A G LOCATION OFLOCATION INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS IN SURAT M M+ The textile industry Surat has in significant energy demand for powerand heat. The sources of energy can used be such as coal/lignite inefficient and can create negativeexternalities Surat forms part of the backbone of the Indian textile industry one and is of the largest centres In the Surat textile clusters, out of 400 units, COMBINED HEAT AND AND HEAT COMBINED UNITS TEXTILE FOR POWER thein world. only are units while dyeingabout facilities, 70 an integrated are units type330 (both dyeing and printing). OPPORTUNITY 1 1 OPPORTUNITY RESILIENT ENERGY SYSTEMS ENERGY RESILIENT CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 29

can also also can 4 Moderate capex, easy execution, community boiler reduces O&M cost, establishes economies of scale with reduced externality cost. Disadvantage: Not viable for end user comparison in to coal. Advantage: most footprint, environmental Lowest economic for end user from fuel opex, futuristic renewable integrated with gas intermittent, advantage from new solar mostpolicy, sustainable solution. Disadvantage: Very capex, high parallel cost high infrastructure, land resources, not viable from business side without fiscal and support. policy Advantage: Lower capex, easy execution, moderate gas volume, viable for steam 5% and long-term LNG price. Disadvantage: Technical constraints. Only of steam 5% can be produced, coal steam for 95% footprint. environmental highest hence Advantage: solution as suggested the in recent Bureau report (BEE) Efficiency Energy of make additionalmake savings energy in cost and do we need environmental impact. However, to bear thatmind solution in this technically is more complex and experimental than other options and therefore ultimate proof of viability and implementation would be challenging. more extile Cluster extile Cluster extile Cluster Pandesara T Pandesara T Pandesara T 485 TPH steam 27 MW electricity 15 TPH steam 485 TPH steam 27 MW electricity 15 TPH steam 27 MW electricity 15 TPH steam 485 TPH steam -BASED BOILER CST GAS ENGINE GAS ENGINE GAS ENGINE STEAM BOILERS COMMUNITY STEAM BOILERS COMMUNITY STEAM BOILER (intermittent) generation so combined that, with gas CHP andan intermittent-use community boiler, the is it most efficient and cost-effective option. In terms of resilience objectives this option economies gives ofscale, reduces the environmental footprint of energy use in the cluster the and a potentially gives unit cost-competitive and independent energy technology. solution This innovative using efficiency energy with combined solution 3: GAS-BASED3: CHP COMBINED WITH CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL WITH INTERMITTENT GAS-BASED COMMUNITY BOILERS OPTION 2: GAS-BASED CHP WITH GAS-BASED COMMUNITY BOILER OPTION 1: GAS-BASED CHP WITH COAL-BASED BOILERS COAL-BASED WITH CHP GAS-BASED 1: OPTION NG Sunlight NG NG Coal NG NG improves. steam pressure 22 This option the This is As with option 2, a gas-fired As with option 2, CHP unit the other objective in of resilience building terms economies of building of scale steam in environmental the reducing and production unaddressed. remains largely footprint Gas-based CHP and gas-based boiler: community same as option 1 for electricity generation, but instead coal- individual of retaining fired boilers for steam generation they are replaced with a larger-scale community gas TPH demandboiler that for the cannot 495 be met creates through This the CHP unit. for fuel cleaner a to opportunitythe move to steam generation and can advantage take of economies of scale a gas- building by based community boiler along with the CHP. due to both affordabilityHowever, and availability factors related to natural gas in the solution overall India, for is Pandesara costly for the cluster though even units, the fuel independence,mix, economies of scale and situation footprint energy overall Gas-based CHP combined with combined CHP Gas-based Concentrated and Solar Thermal (CST) community gas-based intermittent an boiler: but installed, is instead of being purely a gas- based community boiler for steam generation possible is it to include Concentrated Solar Thermal technology for of the 50% steam requirement alongside the gas boiler for the other of India, of demand. 50% The West particularly has and Gujarat Rajasthan, solar whichhigh helps levels, irradiation the viability of the CST component. a CST is relatively new technology but being is used at scale industrial settings in for enhanced oil recovery more which are the in Middle East, tougher with and complex and temperature requirements than would be needed textile The in CST component mills. helps to reduce the operating cost of steam

 2. 3. Gas-based CHP with coal boiler: A gas ofengine provides electricity the full MW 27 with However, forrequired the cluster. using engine technology, current CHP/gas a waste heat recovery methodthere would be of steam five tonnes per hour (TPH/MW) generated, a small proportion of the total 500 TPH demand. alongside Therefore, the CHP, most of the have still units to continue to use the coal-based boilers individual to generate thoughsteam, they become independent of grid electricity. Long-term LNG pricing could solution this make competitive with current electricity prices technically and is it more straightforward to execute. However, creating better economics and economies of scale supplying by a large number of with units a cost-effective approach. including new energy sources, such as gas or and renewables; reducing the energy overall footprint and increasing efficiencywaste using heat;by making power provision self-sufficient,making power provision thereby increasing reliability of supply up-time; and unit

TOP-DOWN APPROACH: POWER-BASED SOLUTIONS POWER-BASED APPROACH: TOP-DOWN ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ CHP widely is used the in world energy to make systems more efficientby generating electricity fromgas engines and steam through waste heat recovery from those engines. A community CHP can improve energy resilience by: Based onthe current requirements for the cluster and the challenges faces it looked we at a range of options to change the unit existing power and heat unit by supply to a community solution Heat (CHP)” “Combined and Power cluster. whole the covering 1. With this multi-layeredWith this we resilience objective, looked at three options for to how implementa community CHP approach: CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 31 and 2 The results that show the

4 We also took account into We the 5 PM10 emissions). However, it should it be noted However, emissions). PM10 that the smaller scale option of this reduces the the addition, In CHP efficiency equipment. the of price ofhigh natural gas and the price low of electricity may create significant barriers to the viability which would option, have of this to be further. investigated For this case study, we took we all data case this study, For from generationfor the power/heat e.g. literature, thermal kWh and 0.7 (1 withratio the 0.7 CHP: kWh electric). impact of the implementation of a CHP on Unit the annualproduction cost could be neutral for a small number There also of are units. meaningful CO of (reduction benefits environmental steam demand per oftonnes/hour 2 boiler being supplied with coal. Unit Unit Unit oduction oduction oduction Pr Pr Pr Steam Electricity gas Natural CHP In the CHP the scenario, coal-fired steam boilers replaced are mutualised a by natural gas-fired thatCHP unit designed is for units. several looked we at theMore minimum precisely, number of that units need to be provided with steam the to make CHP competitive with the current situation. Coal otal cost of energy otal cost of Electricity (MINR/y) Electricity Steam (MINR/y) T (MINR/y) Steam Steam Steam Unit Unit Unit oduction oduction oduction Pr Pr Pr tion 3 p implement a community business model that would work for a large number of individual companies and the regulatory and practical equipment the installing of considerations as well as sourcesrequired, of funding and further This financing. workwould need the ofinvolvement state and national government, local textilemunicipality, industry bodies and a consortium of industries who implement will this solution on the ground. Electricity

tion 2O p tion 1O p O g Existin BOTTOM-UP APPROACH: STEAM-BASED SOLUTIONS Overall, therefore, believeOverall, we option the 3 is it most attractive However, for Surat to consider. should be borne that a high-level mind is in this assessment of potential options.If there was of these any interest pursuing in options then detailed technical, commercial and economic wouldanalysis need to be carried a out using much level higher of granular data on energy theuse in cluster than has been available so far. furtherAny would analysis also need to look at issues such as the operational challenges to if theif for mechanisms exist doing this. It should be borne that mind may in it be whole a together bring to complex logistically clustera community in units of individual based project as identified An alternative above. is to develop a small-scale for pilot a small number of and units duplicate successful. is it if In this approach, looked we at a Combined Heat and units. (CHP) implementation unit Power for 1–10 The other difference with the approach previous thatis the CHP system designedis on the steam demand for the textile the case, In this units. CHP solution produce will more electric power than needed extra the electricity Thus, by units. production can be sold to and the network/grid owners unit the for revenues additional generate CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 33

NH Road Major City Road Industrial Area City Boundary Energy System of Surat The grid power supply across various types of comsumers Mini smart grid in localities with residential commercial and industrial combination smart Micro grid in housing complexes, malls or small-scale industrial units SMART GRID A Smart Mini-Grid (SMG), or Micro-Grid, is an intelligent electricity distribution network, operating in order to provide electricity to a community INDUSTRIAL LOCATIONS with supply and demand whileefficiently and cost-effectively the managing and improving fuel of the mix system. economies of scaleHistorically, have dictated a in generation power centralised for preference most places the It including in has India. world, been necessary to build a large power plant to fuelget high efficiency. Therefore the current electricity infrastructure set is up with large centralised power generation and control outside local supply boundaries. electricity To to the city there a network is of high-voltage transmission and low-voltage distribution lines. Though arrangement this efficient, is it has resilience weaknesses with little redundancy in the so that system, an individually if significant part of the network taken out is of action it a power station line) transmission or main (e.g. can cause power a wide-ranging failures in area and be expensive and difficultrecover to from. In a city such as Surat which can face extreme weather events and environmental stresses, couldthis be a problem.

Bardoli NH-8 Palsana Kadodara Kamrej

NH-8 Navsari NH-6 Sachin Sayan Khatodara Surat City Udhana Katargam Pandersara Olpad Umbharat Dumas G&J SEZ Ichhapore Dandi HADA Hajira PLANNING THE FUTURE CITY GRID AS POWERCOMBINATION SUPPLY OF SMART MINI- POWER GRID EXISTING THE WITH INTERACTING CONTINUOUSLY MICRO-GRID, AND a micro-grid decentralisedproviding electricity generation the within city; and rooftop solar PV as an addition and complement to the micro-grid, which together form a smart grid. ■ ■ ■ ■ MINI AND MICRO SMART SMART MICRO MINI AND DEVELOPMENT GRID ACROSS SURAT In order energy to a more resilient provide system to meet the challenges faced improve Surat, by and businesses for opportunities economic the inhabitants the in city and contribute towards wider electricity have we requirements Gujarat, in looked at two options: main MICRO-GRID a small-scaleA “micro-grid” is with various grid distributed energy technologies – such as solar panels, small-scale biomass boilers, wind, plug-in electric connects This cars and more. renewable energy sources with the wider large- scale utility so that grid can it dynamically deal Irrespective of the complicated operating model, the proposed option 3 uses an innovative combination of technologies for the textile sector. Other equipment-level efficiency measures suggestedas by should BEE implementedbe alongside. Enhancing energy mix and optimising daytime energyEnhancing and optimising mix usage of solar thermal the makes solution energy-efficient.more Also, captive generationAlso, of electricity from gas reduces the footprint overall as some of the electricitygrid also generated is coal using or lignite. Removing coalRemoving and including solar and natural gas can reduce the environmental externality substantially. The capital cost can be substantially reduced taking by advantage of government renewable policies and green financing. While theWhile cost saving electricity in the not substantial, is combined system has the potential to reduce the operating fuel cost 30–40%. by There two are parallel infrastructures for electricity and steam hence generation, there the is smallest floods. during environmental chance even disasters like of failure, There an abundant is supply of natural gas and solar levels irradiation good. are Hence the combined solution can be made reliable cost-effective ensuring by compatible availability. As a part when of wider the urban electricity grid responsibility, no longer is can it required be diverted to the other part country. of the city and/or Even though grid power is reliable in Gujarat, theEven though solution reliable Gujarat, allow power the will is grid in cluster to manageits peak requirement, own load and seasonality more effectively. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Reliability HOW DOES THE CHP OPTION 3 SCORE AGAINST OUR AGAINST 3 SCORE CHP OPTION THE DOES HOW CRITERIA? ASSESSMENT Innovative technology technology Innovative Energy efficiency Energy Environmental footprint footprint Environmental Cost-effectiveness Sustainability CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 35 plants exacerbating is the quality air issuesthat alreadyis India Based grappling with. on World estimated is it Bank studies that on the China, health pollution cost of air emerging Asian in countries amounts of its GDP. to 1–4% naturalgas Utilising as the backbone fuel in power generation also helps the achieving in full benefitsintegrating of other low-polluting alternative energy systems such as rooftop solar and wind transport electrificationPV, andCNG. the energy improve resilience across the cityTo both the residential and commercial sectors have to and evolve integrate with renewable energy and cleaner hydrocarbon fuels such as important still is it to theretain However, gas. connection to the wider as the grid reliability of renewables can be affected seasonality by and evolving. still are technologies storage energy Moreover, Moreover, 23 SURAT RAILWAY STATION The benefitsmicro-grid of a were demonstrated when Hurricane Sandy the coast hit East of The resulting power the October in US 2012. disturbance affected people, million and 8.5 the in dark million for a week. more thankept 1.3 the gas-firedmicro-gridHowever, system at Long Island able was to generate power for over power to the providing days, North Shore15 Health System facility and 400 other homes and forallowing a 24-hour emergency operation. states 20 the in planning micro- are US Today, forgrids some of their power supply. partA key of the solution that is the power systems naturalutilise gas as the fuel sourceopposed (as gas-firedto coal).A power plant produces less SOx, NOx and particulate matters per kWh as compared to coal-fired plants. natural gas-fired plants produce around half the greenhouse compared per gas emissions kWh to burning coal. Continued use of coal power in t pu in fuel oducers/ d pr se idi umers and ART GRID T SEGMENT SEGMENT cons SM Hybr Y TO EL INPU

FU tion ra IN ABILIT future developments uncertain. are As these projects implemented are long over periods of there factors many are time, that can changein the increased meantime: demand, technological advances and economic fluctuations.micro- A the gives grid city more dynamic flexibility and an ability to build capacity incrementally. The city can also replicate the facilities to other appropriate. as districts/regions In times of peak demand can it help power companies to balance loadand increase capacity shaving (“peak ability”). The costs for small-scale power generation units have reduced substantially recent and in years, these options increasingly are cost-competitive and complementary with centralised options. generation A micro-grid can also have a “Smart” technology information with dimension, managing demand peaks intelligently and betweenswitching different fuels such as gas renewables. and STEM ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ l SY UTED ted gene GY ribu st and contro DISTRIB ENER Di SEGMENT SEGMENT ON tion TI ra d Y TO CA se LO r gene rali ADITIONAL GRID nt we IN ABILIT po TR Ce SEGMENTATION IS KEY FOR BOTH A DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEM AND A SMART GRID The modular set-up the allows city to plan smaller-scale instead planning investments of more complex and expensive infrastructure projects. Decisions about large-scale infrastructure projects have to be taken while It is more resilient to disruption (e.g. from to disruptionIt more resilient (e.g. is natural causes) because the modular system which a limited allows has some redundancy, accordingamount of modules to switch off/on to the location source of any of disruption. has it inherent back-upMoreover, connections to other modules, which enhances recovery. Therefore the modularity of both control and power for generation a more key is responsive system. ■ ■ ■ ■ The traditional operates grid while as one unit, the decentralised operates grid as a collection of (semi-)independent modular each systems, with their control. own Due to the partitioning of facilities generation the generation, power the of a micro-grid do supply a smaller amount of electricity compared to the traditional grid but may load. a meaningful provide still MW The major benefits approach of this are: CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 37

and impede emergency services, ultimately of Rupees lostcosting in productivity, millions and disrupting the of the inhabitants. lives city’s having the Surat, abilityFor to guarantee power resilience notgrid only becomes defence a key naturalagainst disaster but also it provides a critical resource to increase business and investor confidencein infrastructure the of thecity. WER WER PO PO E S ST S AL GA GA CO WA TRADITIONAL GRID: CENTRALISED POWER GENERATION AND CONTROL OF OF CONTROL AND GENERATION POWER CENTRALISED GRID: TRADITIONAL TO ALL ENDSUPPLY USERS POWER DECENTRALISED CLUSTERED SYSTEM, ENERGY DISTRIBUTED GAS-FIRED USERS END OF CLUSTERS SUPPLYING CONTROL, AND GENERATION The benefit to Surat itshostingown from distributed power system the is ability for the city to provide cleanreliable, and green electricity at all times, including at times of environmental pressure during floods The system couldor storms). (e.g. also be used to additional provide electricity to the during peak grid Gujarat demand periods. business down shut schools, close outages Power Higher noise levels noise Higher More frequent maintenance Highest down time Specialist needed for maintenance Maintenance costs be will higher relatively fuelLower efficiency(~30%) Specialist needed for maintenance min) (40 up/down Slow ramp More compared emissions to turbines, including ppm level slip methane powerLower density (higher footprint) ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ CONS most effective option for the city their high given level of flexibility and fuelmicro- A efficiency. nature of this grid could also be configured with renewable generation capacity such as solar PV to jointly be part of the electricity existing via grid Smart technology integration. such as the re-gas Hazira The terminal. type of generating equipment that could be applicable in includes: Surat Lowest down time On-site maintenance is time becauselimited the core of the substitutedengine is efficiency boost to Option integratingby a steam cycle. is up/down ramp However, decreased dramatically (hours) Higher flexibility min) (10 up/down ramp Fast Highest fuel efficiency(~45%) Regular maintenance could be done local by crew acceptCan larger range of fuel composition “fuel flexibility” High fuel efficiency(~35%) compared emissions Lower to RE ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ PROS turbines Industrial turbines engines (RE) engines Reciprocating Aero-derivative

PRIME TECHNOLOGY PRIME 1. 2. 3. Given resilience requirements, any power any resilience requirements, Given generation equipment should be able to provide electricity quickly to recover from periods of environmental pressure times and of in peak “black start” shavingdemand and “peak (i.e. looking Therefore, ability”). at the options above, reciprocating gas-fuelled engines may be the Gas can easily be supplied Theto first Surat. option the pipeline via system. The is existing other possibility to transport is LNG fromsite a CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 39

energy system, i.e. integrating solar, wind, gas wind, integrating solar, energy i.e. system, and micro-grid benefits; minimising outages; and reducing environmental footprint. ■ ■ ■ ■ It should be noted that assessing the economic and commercial viability of these options Surat in a more detailedrequires cost/benefit ofanalysis allelements of the fuel and infrastructure supply an electricitychain, distribution impact study, as well as an environmental and community assessment. impact Provides optionsProvides to integrate renewable sources with cleaner gas-based power and grid hence more sustainable. is solar thermal the in Solar form integrated of building PV, solar and provides rooftop solar, energy almost which free is of incremental It cost. also has the potential for future integration of other forms of energy such as hydrogen fuel cells. With the regulatory right every mechanisms, residential and commercial establishment can also sell its excess power to the and hence grid offset the cost of their consumption. own and wind geothermalSolar, can all be integrated through a smart The primary grid. objective to integrateis a system of renewable sources and cleaner fossil fuels and hence the overall footprint as technologies can be overall improved progress. Other equipment level efficiency suggestedas measures, should by be BEE, alongside. implemented Making the city a combination of smart indeed is grids way to save an innovative energy the fueland improve with more renewable mix sources. An interactive includes grid parallel sources of energy and hence redundancy gives in energy systems more reliable. and is ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ HOW DOES THE SMART MINI- AND MICRO-GRID OPTION SMART MINI- AND MICRO-GRID HOW DOES THE CRITERIA? SCORE AGAINST OUR ASSESSMENT Reliability Cost-effectiveness footprint Environmental Energy efficiency technology Innovative Sustainability self-sufficiency in the energy system; self-sufficiency energy the in efficient and optimum energyresource management; the introduction of more environmentally benign fuels the electricity in overall of the mix ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ SUMMARY These solutions not are an overnight transformation but a planned towards transition a secureenergy and resilient infrastructure that further enables the of the improvement energy mix transformingby every energy user an into energy with the followingproducer, objectives: The programme assists 24 preparation of a master plan for increasing energy renewable efficiency and energy supply the in city; setting up institutional arrangements for the implementation of the master and plan; capacity-building and generation awareness activities. ■ ■ ■ urban local governments in: ■ ■ ■ The focus main of the to programme reduce is power demand across different sectors fast- in the citiesurbanising in country. The programme reduction projected in 10% at a minimum aims demand scenario the against as usual” “business of conventional energy at the endyears, of five which can be achieved through a combination enhancing and efficiency measures energy of sources. energy renewable from supply A city-wide rooftop solar system could also be integrated with a fully distributed micro-grid that efficiency the complements of and maximises an integrated Smart information system using by demandtechnology manage dynamically to Making theand supply. system “Smart” to key is the efficiencyimproving of electricity demand reliable more to leading ultimately supply, and power availability reduction and an overall in charges to a smart consumers. Achieving grid new technical in building requires infrastructure, and the application processing of digital and communications technology to the power grid. enable will This sophisticated data collection and integration of systems which manage consumption patterns, direct local power production and control the integration of the local with grid utility systems. existing The role of solar technologies fast-growing in cities such as Surat has also been supported theby Indian government at a national level. “Development of Solar City” a programme is launched Ministry by of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) 2011. in

in western in regions 2 in north-eastern in and hilly 2 , with about 2,300–3,200 2 /day for three months April – March, /day 2 areas to about 7 kWh/m sunshine hours per year, depending hours upon persunshine precise year, radiation global average daily The location. varies from 5 kWh/m Most of India has a rich solar resource base due solar average daily The location. equatorial its to energy incident varies India from over A key partA key of developing new energy solutions for options to toSurat introduce review is alternative urban High solar). wind, energy systems (e.g. density suggests that options such as wind powerand large-scale solar farms the in city potential not however, are feasible. There is, scope for rooftop solar to be installed on suitable increasingly is supply power PV Solar buildings. cost-competitive with fossil fuel power systems. Integrating alternative energy supply as part of a important is power mix overall city’s to residents, with solarthe energy municipality, regarded as one of the most preferred future energy sources. 4 to 7 kWh/m ROOFTOP SOLAR PV ROOFTOP and desert The areas. monthly average global insolation for all the states more than is 5.25 kWh/m The available solar sufficient Surat is in radiation efficiently it to utilise forvarious applications across all the commercial, sectors: residential, The two municipal. and industrial institutional, energy solar of applications important most (PV) photovoltaic solar and thermal solar are electricity generation. Solar thermal can be used for water heating, space heating, process heat generation and solar cooking the in city. hotels, hospitalsResidents, and institutes need hot water for laundry bathing, and other purposes, with demand increasing during the winter season. solarWhile thermal already is proposed the in textile cluster CHP model mentioned previously, solar energy can be harnessed all across the city integrated building by solar and rooftop solar PV. and May. CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 41

) 17. 7 71.6 58.5 34.7 182.6

GENERATION (MILLION RUPEES (MILLION

7. 3 3.7 12.1 16.1 39.3

UNITS h GW GENERATED GENERATED process optimisation, performance and performance and optimisation, process In Urumqi, Xinjiang Province (China), Veolia Veolia (China), Province Xinjiang In Urumqi, responsibleis for the operation, maintenance and expansion of the wastewater treatment people.plant that million With the serves 1.5 dynamic development especially of the city, in Sha and Ian Shanthe Shi, water districts, Xin demand increased which led to tremendously, stronger demand wastewater in treatment as well. The government municipal of Urumqi saw the need to enhance the wastewater city’s treatment services and reform the wastewater existing technologies uses innovative plants. Veolia order andin the stabilise to raise quality of to providetreated In addition, wastewater. quality wastewater treatment services, is Veolia committed to reducing the carbon footprint of The plantits operation green energy. using by designedis with digestion and co-generation systems The and benefits a biogas holder. for Urumqi Municipality safety are conditions and implementedimprovement initiatives (e.g. quality preventative audits, maintenance) to the productivity.increase Moreover, the plant’s plant has started to operate sludge six digesters Based on engagementseveral sessions withSMC and local stakeholders, there two were main opportunities identifiedimprovement regardingof the water management systems the in city. 25 Total Oct 2003 Aug 2008 Mar 2008 Mar 2008 YEAR OF COMMISSIONING ) e 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 INSTALLED INSTALLED CAPACITY POWER OF PLANT (MW Bhata Karanj Anjana Singapore NAME OF STP . o. r 4 3 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION UNTIL MARCH 2013 MARCH UNTIL PRODUCTION ELECTRICITY S N 1 2 URUMQI WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT URUMQI WASTEWATER The table that shows the STP have been of electricity GWh producing 39 since their represents lesswhich than the half of theirstart, total electricity production capacity. Thus, of possiblethere a margin and is improvement the municipality could identify and implement efficiencies acrossevery aspect of thecity’s Sewage with Plants, a goal Treatment of enhancements revenues and savings realising due to biogas production optimisation. BIOGAS PRODUCTION OPTIMISATION AT SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (STP) (STP) PLANTS TREATMENT SEWAGE AT OPTIMISATION PRODUCTION BIOGAS GENERATION POWER FOR theAt present, four biogas plants at sewage Singanporetreatment plants Karanj, at Anjana, and Bhatar have a power generation capacity of as described the in table below. MWe, 3.5

/d 3

/d of water July by /d 3 TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT HONOLULU WASTEWATER WASTEWATER HONOLULU water reclamation facility to help preserve the preserve help to facility reclamation water potable limited water resources area’s and City’s to meet the Consent Decree requirements. The Design-Build-Operate (DBO) model a covers new reclamation plant at the wastewater existing treatment plant to generate two quality levels of users industrial to High-purity sold water water: for power andwater petrol-refiningR1 anduses, miles) used for irrigation along km (15 a 24 distribution system. The contract also includes process guarantees, marketing and distribution of the treated wastewater. treated the of 2001. One solution for was the city to find a 2001. partner build and operate to design, the new water recycling plant order in to meet the Consent developedDecree. Veolia a 20-year partnership with the Board Supply of Water build, to design, transfer (and own to the Board Supply of Water at m startup) and operate a multifaceted 49,210 In 1995, the Protection Environmental US In 1995, the state Department of Hawaii Agency (EPA), of Health and the city of Honolulu entered into an agreement known as the a Consent Decree, commitment a significant by which required the city its wastewater to improve system. The city had to develop a wastewater reuse system that m would recycle 38,000

Veolia has implementedVeolia such a wastewater beneficialreuse solutionin North America, The city Honoluluin (USA). and county of Honolulu have undergone a significant amount of development the in last years 40 commercial and industrial residential, (numerous several and refineries including developments increased consequences: The stations). power demand for reduction potable of local water, aquifer recharge and available limited water resources for continued growth. To reduce water consumptionTo and reduce the city the implement could impact, environmental tertiary treatment of biologically treated wastewater using innovative technologies (reverse ultra-filtration, membranes, osmosis nano- treated This water filtration). can then reused be thein different processes of industrial companies washing…). floor towers, cooling (boilers, solutionThis can be provided through long-term supply arrangements to industrialcompanies. This studyThis identified waterhigh level of a consumption the in industrial clusters the in particularlycity, as part of textile manufacture processes. More than 450 mld of freshwater is consumed textile by clusters, adding to the water stress faced the by city. WASTEWATER (WW)WASTEWATER REUSE FOR INDUSTRIAL USAGE BIOGAS GENERATION BIOGAS Based on engagement several sessions with SMC and local stakeholders, there two were main opportunities identifiedimprovement regardingof the water management systems the in city. WASTEWATER AND AND WASTEWATER OPPORTUNITY 2 2 OPPORTUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT WATER CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 43 TAPI RIVER TAPI WETLANDS FOR SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE WETLANDS FOR WATERMANAGEMENT ASSET RESILIENCE EROSION TO COASTAL FLOODING progressSignificant has been madeby the Surat authorities reducing in the associated risks with flooding.recent In years there has been more efficientwater managementreservoir of the Ukai and the implementation of a proper warning system the in catchment basin. area of the Tapi The water system infrastructure, including the drainage and governed control is system, regional andby federal authorities. Flood management engineering and controls co-ordinationrequire across states. several The interfaces between these bodies need to be managed carefully to the ensure efficient management of the system. overall Though the implementation of the flood management master plan to the reducing is key resilience canflood also in Surat, be risk through cost-effectiveimproved incorporation of infrastructure” the into flood management“green landscape a set is of natural for This Surat. solutions to help solve urban and climatic challenges particularly focused natural on using features and materials to reduce floodrisk. Opportunities Surat to include in do this restoration and enhancement of bank river systems and spillways and the development of open green recreation spaces that can assist absorbingin heavy Rooftop rains. and vertical planting of treesgardening, on walkways and roadways could also be considered. There some is cost associated with maintenance of these green spaces, significantly but is it less than the cost of heavily engineered solutions. Results other in locations have when shown that, implemented high-performing correctly, green spaces real provide economic, ecological and social benefits.

NEW DELHI – IMPROVEMENT OF THE NETWORK WATER DRINKING awarded India was a Water Veolia In 2012 contract the by Delhi Jal the Board, water and wastewater authority for the Indian capital, to manage water drinking production and distribution infrastructure, as well as the water department, for the Nangloi neighbourhood Under of New Delhi. the thein West terms of contract,the the venture set 15-year joint up by India and its local Water Swach partner, Veolia supply will water drinking 24/7 Environment, peopleto one million Nangloi. in theNow in process of implementation, the project forms part pilot phase for of an initial the of theimprovement water drinking service the in Indian capital before out the rolling service across greater million). New Delhi (population of 18 projectThis has also the highlighted importance of engaging with stakeholders through social mediation. Nangloi the is largest public-private partnership to ever be formed New by Delhi in sector. water the Terminal and Port helpedTerminal install new infrastructure to clean provide tap water. The Group Hazira of Companies (HGC) supported the Village local of Panchayat (a reverse a building in institution) self-governance water drinking (RO) It plant. osmosis uses an well as a sourcehistoric of water raw and has a storage capacity family Each is litres. of 4,000 a standardgiven 20-litre water bottle which is usedexclusively for collecting water fromthe plant. RO of of 3 3

has no fresh water source 26 SMART CARD sludge m per producing month, 930,000 India’s growing population growing putting is on a strain India’s with sources many the under available water, threat due to contamination from sewage and agricultural run-off. felt The are highest risks in village areasrural, of the country. Near to Surat, the area of Hazira HAZIRA REVERSE OSMOSIS PROJECT Both have implemented Shell and Veolia projects that have helped to Indians obtain better access Examples include: water. to drinking ACCESS TO WATER DRINKING capable of treating m more than 80,000 biogas. The then gas is usedto heat the plant and to generateof electricity. kWh 800,000 The new biogas holder currently is the largest double membrane well equipped and Asia is in with facilities to turn biogas released fromsludge water usedtreatment Treated is for energy. into green areas toirrigation the reduce in plant’s water consumption. and only salty ground water due to its coastal tacklelocation. To the problem, Shell and its partner at the neighbouring Total LNG Hazira CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 45 d d eferre eferre t Pr st Pr as Le Mo ry ove c Re

g tion al y) in cl e os rg en cy us sp ne discouraging thediscouraging use of non-recyclable products and materials employees by and contractors; buying recycled products, such as recycled office paper; and therequiring composting of food waste and plant material generated at government facilities. Re Di Re (E Prev ■ ■ ■ The municipality could also lead its example in by officesown and by: facilities One way of looking the using at by waste is the which is cornerstone of hierarchy”, “waste to strategies: aims it most waste minimisation extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate amount of the minimum study In this waste. have we looked at a range of waste management options across hierarchy. this ■ ■ ■

27 policies, regulatory frameworks, financing, financing, regulatory frameworks, policies, THE WASTE HIERARCHY WASTE THE RECYCLING Materials plastics, glass such and as paper, metals be these recyclable. are recovered, To materials need to be separated andcollected. In the past decade recycling rates around the world have dramatically increased cases many – in recycling of all waste produced. 50% well over Surat could increase its recycling potential the by installation of roadside or underground collection points for segregated materials. OPPORTUNITY 3 OPPORTUNITY MANAGEMENT WASTE can be a valuableWaste resource recycling (via not always is it easy to However, or as fuel). potential this realise because the ability to wasteoptimise management can be constrained localby and governance physical issues (e.g. the makes This associatededucation etc.). challenges complex. section, In a selected this number of opportunities are highlighted.

water systems. systems. water Wastewater tertiaryWastewater treatment enables water high quality standards for industrial reuse. Green infrastructure as a natural defence flooding against inherentlyis energy-efficient. Modern water drinking systems can also use less less energy than reliable systems. older, The water footprint decrease will with greater recycling and more reliable drinking The economic benefit needs to workedbe through butgreen infrastructure can be lower-cost, as can some of the technologies shown here. Re-use of wastewater a strong is way to decrease fresh water usage the in and river. intake technologiesRO have environmental a low footprint, as do green infrastructure solutions. Green infrastructure development low-cost is and needs levels of maintenance light that potentially it makes more reliable than other floodmitigation measures. The filtration technologiesreferred in to wastethewater and drinking solutions proven are robust. and ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Reliability HOW DO THE WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS SCORE OPTIONS MANAGEMENT THE WATER DO HOW CRITERIA? OUR ASSESSMENT AGAINST Energy efficiency Innovative technology technology Innovative Environmental footprint footprint Environmental Cost-effectiveness Sustainability CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 47 Veolia’s Electr’Od: Energy to Biogas: the Energy Electr’Od: to Biogas: Veolia’s Plessis-Gassot landfillsite on the outskirts of metric tons processes (France) Paris 950,000 of non-recyclable électr’od waste every year. acronymfacilities meaning French “electricity (a producefrom energy waste”) from biogas to enough which is to GWh, deliver an annual 130 households, meet the electricity needs of 41,200 not including heating. The site also generates of thermal GWh 30 Part of energy each year. energythis absorbed is the with by site itself, the rest used the in district heating network – heatingproviding and hot water for homes theand public – in municipality buildings of Plessis-Gassot. The process compatible is with non-hazardous waste facilities and biogas plants.

2 /year

3 WET ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION OF ORGANIC WASTE FACILITY WASTE ORGANIC OF CO-DIGESTION ANAEROBIC WET LANDFILLPLESSIS-GASSOT SITE of natural gas equivalent. These two solutions enable the Quality Air and Reduction challengesWaste of the city to be addressed. Indeed, waste for using biogas recovery and reuse as a substitute of fossil resources (coal and natural) for electricity production significantly decrease will CO Biogas from landfill gas capture the majorityIn Surat, of the collected MSW is sent to landfill. As partdisposal of process,this of biogasfugitive emissions occur at the site and can be captured for energy recovery. Based on a 500-tpd landfill, the potentialbiogas recovery Nm estimated is million at 4.8 emissions and fine particles (PM10 and PM2) and and fine emissions particles (PM10 Surat. in emissions

28 29 /year of natural/year 3 If an at-source waste segregation gas equivalent. has been operating Veolia a wet Since 2012, anaerobic co-digestion waste of organic facility thein North (Artois of France Méthanisation). facilityThis offers a large panel of treatment solutions for waste organic and provides a anaerobic service on based comprehensive Locateddigestion. the in heart of a farming region which supplies the food and beverage industry, the Artois Méthanisation a local site is solution for eco-responsible The typical recovery. waste treated biological is sludge (flotation grease), (category by-products animal rejects, production collective restaurant grease, canteen3), waste, manufacturingsewage waste, deviations etc. The treatment capacity of the facility 25,000 is and 8,000 waste, of organic metric tons/year of electricityMWh generated is every year people supplied). (6,500 Asia, similar-sized systems exist in Singapore, Singapore, in systems exist similar-sized In Asia, most However, Japan, South and Taiwan. Korea mass-burn incinerators. are them of is estimated at 13 million Nm million estimatedis at 13 system can be implemented material Surat, in and energy recovery waste of organic (biowaste) could be more effective. A biogas production plant designed for 500 tonnes per day (tpd) of waste organic couldmunicipal treat of the 50% potential feedstock organic generated Surat by The potentialCity. purifiedbiogas production Focusing on Surat, the opportunities main on Surat, Focusing to are find solutions for material and energyrecovery fromcontent the organic to high (up of MSW There two are which this ways in main 65%). could be done: Biogas from organic waste collected separately. In the Netherlands commonis it practice to burn unrecyclable waste as a fuel to generate power theand incinerator example, heat. For near the supplies people) 750,000 (ca. Amsterdam using city with 2014, an average in of 64 MW both RDF and bio-gasification technologies. incineration, incineration, are fed are with various technologies are are technologies various where processed waste is a uniform into RDF feed stream usually consists “fuel”. of plastics and biodegradable waste – products that combustible are with the potential to deliver energy. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) fuel Refuse-derived Mass-burn incineratorsMass-burn untreated waste after of basic removal metals, glass, batteries matter, organic etc. can(which be recycled). ■ ■ ■ ■ Via gasification: available to produce methane from waste and methane. the burn then Via (co-)incineration: burning waste (potentially coal with gas, or and biomass) theusing generated heat to produce or steam, electricity: ■ ■ ■ ■ There three are routes for waste-to-energy: Even if high levels of there recyclingEvenhigh if achieved, are a fraction alwayswill remain of waste that has to be disposed of safely Much and economically. of non-recycledthis currently waste is sent to landfill sites throughout Landfillsub-optimalis a Surat. way to dispose Sites of waste. lack capacity to deal with the demands of an expanding city, work who those for places dangerous are they there (formally and can informally), be breeding grounds for disease polluting and highly are to the Anotherenvironment. wayof dealing with waste waste- to as fuel use e.g. is it to produce power, waste hazardous for works option This to-energy. that should not end landfill up in such as medical waste. and toxic OPPORTUNITIES IN IN OPPORTUNITIES WASTE SOLID MUNICIPAL (MSW) MANAGEMENT CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 49 S AW : ELECTRIC RICKSH G LN CONGESTION REDUCTION INCENTIVES CLEANER TRANSPORT FUELS CLEANER TRANSPORT ENHANCED PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM BUS RAPID TRANSPORT G 3 1 2 CN TRANSPORT Innovative processesInnovative of biogas capture and energy use in generation can be developed for solid wastemunicipal treatment. The biogas production turning waste is a resource. into Greater recycling rates reduce the ultimate energy use of producing new materials and products. Significant Significant decrease PM emissions. of GHG and emissions The study first gives a outcome positive and could be cheaper existing thanfuels. The benefits have to be confirmedwith further work. Use of a renewable resource as a substitute to fossil fuels. Continuous production of biogas to generate electricity, and robust technology. proven ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Reliability HOW DO THE WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS SCORE OPTIONS MANAGEMENT THE WASTE DO HOW CRITERIA? OUR ASSESSMENT AGAINST Innovative technology technology Innovative Energy efficiency Environmental footprint footprint Environmental Cost-effectiveness Sustainability CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 51

31 Higher purchase price compared compared price purchase Higher in to gasoline and diesel e.g. $6,000–12,000 India Redundancy vehicles of existing challenging Technically More expensive compared to retro-fitting in infeasible Generally, trucks heavy-duty like vehicles efficiency low maintenance, (high emissions) higher and install a CNG kit conversion To a gasoline-poweredinto vehicle sacrifices a part of the car trunk or cargo space ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ CONS

cost (including installation) of a mother a of station installation) (including cost or trailer via truck According to delivery. a study publishedNorthwest Pacific by National Laboratory for the Department US of Energy, the smaller fuelling average units million; around $2 is The cost for refuelling infrastructure (as $10,000. with most transport fuels) embedded is the in pricing. fuel In order to increase the penetration of CNG the Surat municipality may to want consider accessing low-cost finance kits, for conversion particularin diesel which to CNG conversion, threeis times more expensive than gasoline to In theCNG situation conversion. that there a is gas-firedDistributed would Surat System, Energy available the opportunity the leverage to have gas supplied to the city for power generation for potentiallyCNG at lower cost provision, than theif supply infrastructure being was provided purposes fuel transport for purely Original equipment equipment Original manufacturer (OEM) guarantee on vehicle quality No integration trouble with existing vehicle Suitable for fleets large existing of trucks, transport buses e.g. and tricycles cars, for Suitable other small vehicles easy toTechnically implement – could be done local by shops in a couple of hours for options affordable Most owner vehicle Retrofittinggives thevehicle dual-fuel capability ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ PROS

replacing diesel/ replacing with engines gasoline engines OEM CNG diesel/ current existing to engines gasoline engines CNG dedicated OEM dedicated CNG vehicle “Re-powering”: Purchasing a OPTION 1. 2. 3. Retrofit: converting To power a vehicle with CNG, the power vehicle a vehicle owner with CNG, has three To options: All the options above indicate an upfront capital investment from the vehicle However, owners. vehicle owners can recoup their investment a period costs) over over (switch of through time costs. fuel input lower In order to encourage consumers to switch over also imperative is it to adequate ensure to CNG, requirement presence for is this A key of supply. CNG distribution infrastructure such as refuelling facilities. The necessary refuelling facilities be will determined the by operating characteristics of the vehiclesvehicle (fleet size, type, trip lengths, fuel etc.). economy The CNG refuelling infrastructure consists of a mother station and a number of daughter stations. The mother station supplied is a continuous by supply of natural gas from a pipeline or a large storage The daughter facility. stations can be supplied the by mother station a pipeline via -97 0.12 g/km 0.38 g/km PM 30 x compared to conventional diesel vehicles. Dedicated CNG vehicles offer Surat City an opportunity quality air to improve and liveability of the city decreasing by the level of fine particles. There already is a network CNG of 50 retailers retrofittersin thecity. and 130 The retrofit starts kit to convert30,000 Rs a from The paybackgasoline car a CNG into car. is time less than one year for from gasoline a conversion to CNG. -58 8.9 g/km 21 g/km NO

-84 0.4 g/km 0.4 2.4 g/km 2.4 CO % reduction % CNG Diesel EMISSION BENEFIT OF REPLACING DIESEL WITH CNG VEHICLES CNG WITH DIESEL REPLACING OF BENEFIT EMISSION Fuel Increasing the penetration of CNG further CNG of could penetration the Increasing boost a cleaner transportation fuel the in city’s energy with significantly mix, emissions lower COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS The fleetvehicles of in Surat already contains percentagea high of vehicleson running compressed of 40% the natural vehicles gas: (2012 data). CLEANER TRANSPORT FUELS OPPORTUNITY 4 OPPORTUNITY EFFICIENT TRANSPORT EFFICIENT CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 53 emissions, emissions, 2

143 TOTAL EMISSIONS 114 –16 3 67–84 126 –155 0–4 emissions compared emissions 2 120 TANK TO WHEELSTANK (BATTERIES) 97–135 0 0 0 enabling the full benefits of electrification of road transport to be captured. Another alternative would be electric fuelled vehicles, with hydrogen, operations. emission-free delivering to conventional combustion engines. However, However, engines. combustion conventional to alternatives such as gas or solar proposed (as would an electricity provide under Opportunity #1) sourcereductionsCO with significant in are made are battery in technologies, infrastructure investment and scale production. The advantages of increased electrifiedroad transportinclude quality air energy improved savings, (reduction greenhousein gases pollution) and air and a reduction pollution. noise in All of these could have impacts positive public health, improving in economic growth and reducing the impact of climate the change, if electricity generated was resources. carbon low from from coal-fired stationspower offerslittle to no reductionoverall CO in EMISSIONS FOR CONVENTIONAL GASOLINE GASOLINE CONVENTIONAL FOR EMISSIONS 2 33 eq. in g/km 2 CO 23 WELL TANK TO (BATTERIES) 17–28 67–84 126 –155 0–4

COMPARISON OF WELL-TO-WHEEL CO WELL-TO-WHEEL OF COMPARISON Fuel INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ICE) VEHICLES, BIOFUELS ICE AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EV) (EV) VEHICLES ELECTRIC AND ICE BIOFUELS VEHICLES, (ICE) ENGINES COMBUSTION INTERNAL IN RELATION TO THE ELECTRICITY MIX Conventional ICE car ELECTRIFICATION OF ROAD TRANSPORT ROAD OF ELECTRIFICATION the lastWithin decade, electrified mobility has been increasing priority given Japan,the in US, part and is of the and EU, long- Korea China, cities. term strategic of the of many vision world’s Mass production of electric and hybrid vehiclesis and they becoming are increasinglyunder way, competitive terms in of cost (purchase and running) and utility and speed) (range when compared with advances as vehicles combustion conventional Biofuels ICE car Battery Vehicle Electric Nuclear 27% Renewable 20% Fuel Fossil 53% Battery Vehicle Electric Coal 100% Battery Vehicle Electric Wind 50% 50% Photovoltaic If Surat hosted a micro-grid power system inside the could city it encouragement give limits, to exploit potential electrificationroad of transport. Increased electrical power capacity Surat inside install to (1) would confidence provide investors to necessary electrical stations charging across the city to purchase electric and (2) vehicles for personal use and as part of business. It important is to note that the benefitreducingin air pollution dependentis on the primary source of fuel used generated Electricity electricity. generating in Shell working to is supply LNG along a truck route Alberta, in starting Canada, with three sites. Shell also intends to work with TravelCenters of America to LNG provide for truck fleets at truckstops across theEuropean USA.The first Shell LNG near station, retail Rotterdam the in Netherlands, opened was January in 2015. As there heavy-duty many are trucks that ply the and of Gujarat Maharastra, there couldhighways be cost significant savings and environmental benefits to these states and thecity of Surat from fuel There also to switching a ready is LNG. supply of fuel at LNG terminals at locations such as Hazira. The purchase of LNG trucks can also be cost- effective. an LNG In truck China about is $15,000 more expensive than a diesel truck, with a cost payback The India truck under one year. manufacturers should be able to produce a LNG has India in truck TATA prices for similar to China. developed an LNG prototype and showcased Indian LNG during the 12th the 4032.S Prima as the LNG first Automotive Expo March in 2014, truck prototype hp tractor. with India 320 in also are considering plansIndian Railways to retrofit diesel their locomotives will This for LNG. efficiency increase conserve them fuelhelp cost, themand make more eco-friendly. an Pulling equalload with same speed, an LNG-based locomotive cut will per-unit cost 40% running by compared to the cost running of a diesel engine. 20

32 emission reduction compared reduction emission 2 tailpipe emissions can be versus tailpipe emissions improved 2 FOR TRANSPORTFOR Other solutions could contribute to keep emission particlelevel while the low number of vehicles LNG (natural gas thein city rapidly. growing is chilled form) for to a liquid transport has been proposed as an alternative solution for long-haul trucks and fleets municipal such as buses which conventionally run on diesel. LNG has the potential to offer significant fuel cost savings compared to conventional diesel. It can also reduce greenhouse from production comparedgas emissions, to use, to conventional diesel and bio-diesel new in engines. The reduction of particles and NOx up to is 80% comparedemissions to diesel trucks. There no SOx for is emission LNG trucks and the CO LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS(LNG) LPG the largest gas is third automotive fuel used the within approximately world, 500 million passenger cars fitted with an LPG combustion The Indian government has approved the usage of LPG vehicles in The since 2000. Autogas price not regulatedis the by government and tends it to increase or decrease based on the crude price/ oil market situations. Another aspect positive of LPG is CO the significant LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS FOR TRANSPORT FOR GAS PETROLEUM LIQUEFIED There about are kit. 500 LPG gas/Autogas which in stationscitiesIndia, filling 250 across attracts the users mainly because of 25–30 % of the fuel saving. Rs. 51.15/ltr. and there three are fuel stations filling 51.15/ltr. Rs. across the state. Thereroom for is in improvement network. refuelling the developing In Gujarat, the AutogasIn Gujarat, price Surat is in to gasoline and diesel. and gasoline to Burning LNG spark-ignited in also engines is quieter than burning diesel combustion in engines. for operate LNG-fuelled can buses and trucks example for apply, restrictions noise where longer delivering to shops residential areas. in diesel engines. CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 55 Road an established tolling is plate. roads based on the final digit of the vehicle’s roads based on of thethevehicle’s digit final licence Tolling: mechanism for restricting usage of road space and funding the of infrastructure. building They often are associated with public-private partnership models for the construction and operation of these assets. They have been implemented places many in the in Philippines Metro North Manila expressway, Luzon (e.g. Skyway) cities across and in the world Though Jakarta). they successful are Delhi, (e.g. encouragingin the of new road building capacity at lower capital cost to the public they havepurse, reducing record a mixed in congestion, largely due to the partial nature of their coverage of the road network, which can re-routing drivers result in onto smaller “free” collectedroads. Tolls at booths at the end of the road or bridge can also create congestion at the points that stop drivers to pay. ■ ■

Strict enforcement of traffic rules: can beThis the cheapest option to implement to reduce congestion on busy roads. Simply thatensuring vehicles not are illegally parked and that at signals junctions observed are can significantlyincrease the availabilityexisting of road capacity the flow andof improve traffic, while also reducing accidents. charging: Congestion/road Singapore has an Electronic (ERP) Road Pricing scheme for It major roads the charges in city. road users a variable price based on traffic travellingspeeds of journeys (e.g. and timing during peak hours on busy roads more is expensive than on other routes at other times). It has been estimated that the has reduced ERP congestion on major expressways during However, operational hours around 15%. by congestion charges as can be unpopular, their calculation can be viewed as unreliable and a cost burden particularly to drivers, at fueltimes of high prices. Manila (Philippines) Volume Vehicular Unified the implements Reduction (UVVRP), which restricts Program the types of vehicle that can use major public ■ ■ ■ ■ are also are considering theplans toretrofit their diesel locomotives for LNG (see cleaner CONGESTION COST LOWER OPTIONS REDUCTION Efforts to reduce congestion Surat can in also be helped the by use of a range of lower-cost mechanisms to incentivise reductions car in use. There other are solutions from cities around the world that could be considered: transport fuels section). fuels transport

Seamless Integration with Feeder Network Routes Infrastructureand Parking ManagementParking 34 expand the current to lines reduce BRTS traffic congestion and reduce displacing by emissions there an is the use of private vehicles. However, BRTS to access of ease the opportunity improve to enhancing thestations the desirability within city, of Surat City as a place work and visit. to live, The access as stations to just new BRTS is important as planning the location of the stations, an area that is and this can be controlled by An accessibleSurat City. station BRTS can be options transport other several to connected buses, pedestrianlike lanes walkways, etc. bike to a smooth ensure flow of passengers moving and to and connect out, in the to key BRTS theareas in city such as restaurants, shopping, locations. recreation and employment Cleaner fuels such as LNG or CNG can be suitable for long-haul buses. Indian Railways SAFE ACCESS APPROACH Enhanced Public Realm Enhanced Public Enhanced SafetyEnhanced Security and Pedestrian and Cycling Priority EMBARQ MODEL FOR SAFE ACCESS APPROACH Further improvements bus to route main penetration and feeder routes to the main networks to reduce reliance ontwo and three wheelers can be made. Intercity transportation between north the west, east, and south areas beingof Surat is partly addressed the by plan to In Surat, the first phase of the Bus Rapid Transport the phase first In Surat, of Rapid the Bus services providing programme (BRTS) System kmto of 30 road corridors began operation in and three further phases planned are to 2014 open the over In years. coming addition there are transit rapid rail Metro build to plans proposed system for If the completed city. on schedule, the metro 100-kilometrefour-line, enter will (62-mile) These help additions will to operation 2018. in meaningfully reduce congestion and improve connectivity areas of the to key city. PUBLIC TRANSPORT CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 57 smart metering to of utilities allow of time day tariffs and load balancing. ■ ■ Local consultation and collaboration to build build to collaboration and consultation Local Crowd-sourcing solutions. create and trust toolssolutions digital using and making city data publically available as has online happened in Neighbourhood Finland. Helsinki, forums and partnership agreements can also help to build public engagement plans in for the city. across collaboration for forums new Consider city agencies and authorities on common Surat and Gujarat issues. collaboration, and planning Master Master recent (most Plans plan Singapore’s e.g. 1958), published first in published 2014, in which has created a strong and pipeline vision of future investment across decades. several through developed be can plans These international collaboration, such as the work the on Foundation Rockefeller the with done Surat City resilience strategy. Localised funding streams and tax retention can infrastructure, build and finance plan, to help finance tax-incremental bonds, municipal e.g. (where the predicted tax increase revenue created infrastructure by investment can be used stream as a revenue to finance that extension Metro London the e.g. investment, to Battersea Private developers the in UK). can also be to asked contribute to building elements of public infrastructure as conditions approval. planning of ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

city control rooms such as the Centre of Brazil, deOperations Janeiro, Rio in (COR) which monitors the daily activity of the city multipleusing data inputs to and it allows manage potential situations including crisis traffic,events major and naturaldisasters; chipkaart in OV smart e.g. ticketing public all allows which Netherlands, transport journeys the in country to be paid for on one and smart card; ■ ■ ■ ■ Smart data solutions city can make management more effective. example: For Public-private partnerships to design, build, finance and operateinfrastructure key assets for toll roads and bridges,e.g. street lighting, public development. housing These can be financed through federal government-backed infrastructure funds or state-backed pension fund National investment. government investment guarantees can also help to reduce project costs. These mechanisms can also help implement to expertise sector private in bring to projects. manage and ■ ■ ■ ■ OPPORTUNITY 5 OPPORTUNITY AND IMPLEMENTATION GOVERNANCE infrastructure the to changes positive making of forefront the in been has Surat effective in leader a as seen is and decades, recent over city the of citizens. its of well-being and health the improve to governance Surat works collaboratively with the state Gujarat government national Indian the government, and local stakeholders such as the South Gujarat Chambers of Commerce and Industry to develop and implement plans for infrastructure resilient in the city. there challenges still are thatHowever, remain encouragingin and managing development in OptionsSurat. for that improvement could be considered include:

Cleaner fuels, local refuelling investment in infrastructure and improvements around BRTS stations technology rely on innovative and can enhance the desirability of Surat City as a place work and visit. to live, More efficient fuelsreduce pollutioninfrastructure and new investmentincreases the competitiveness of the city making easier it by around. to move The proposed solutions enhance the resilience and the sustainability of the cityreducing by pollution and emission levels. Costs of congestionimprovements so significant are can be cost-effective. Investment new infrastructure in and reduction of congestion and pollution thecan make city a more attractive placeand set to invest up businesses. can switching Fuel be cost-effective but dependent is on pricing points for fuels. existing The cleaner fuel options proposed are proven and reliable technologies. reliable and proven are proposed options fuel cleaner The ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Reliability HOW DO THE TRANSPORT OPTIONS SCORE AGAINST SCORE OPTIONS THE TRANSPORT DO HOW CRITERIA?OUR ASSESSMENT Innovative technology technology Innovative Energy efficiency Cost-effectiveness footprint Environmental Sustainability CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 59

A visualisation of these potential solutions shown is on page 25. these together, options can help SuratTaken plansas it for its future development. However, suggestwe the results report this in just are Thethe proposed beginning. solutions are butachievable, much needs to be done to feasibility, engineering detailed further assess commercial project viability funding, (investor localeconomics), and federal regulatory support, environmental and fit to completeensure understanding of community hope support. We that the results study of this help will to build the roadmap for Surat. implementing a combined heat and power putting clean green, place power in a resilient, reducing water consumption through the increasing the use of biogas power in developing efficient transport systemsusing green infrastructureusing systems that on andbuilding further developing the

and opportunities for Surat. These solutions are the result of discussion discussion of result the are solutions These Surat. for opportunities and in, working living, with associated people many from feedback and belong solutions these such, As city. the guiding and administering real the However, potential. has solution each Individually, Surat. to include: opportunities The implementation. integrated their in is Surat to value CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS NEXT AND CONCLUSIONS challenges key to solutions focused of series a provides study This A. system the in textile clusters to clean, provide efficient and affordable and power heat to this area of thekey Surat economy; B. micro-grid that complements the grid; existing C. implementation of effective water recycling measures, particularly the in industrial sectors; D. production; E. cleaner fuels and that could leverage micro-grid infrastructure; F. flood management existing the complement and solutions River; for the Tapi G. excellent management and governance systems that already Surat is respected for. Many of these solutions deploy new ICT technologies or best-practice methods from across world. the Smart management solutions and effective implementation strategies reduce waste and can efficiency. energy increase Smart management solutions good are ways to reduce the environmental impact of infrastructure solutions. These measuresdesigned are to reduce implementation costs through smart measures and financing solutions. A strong pipeline of investment implementation and improved capacity helps the ensure long-term solutions. of sustainability These measures can help to the ensure delivery of high-quality services to the people of Surat. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Reliability HOW DO THE GOVERNANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION THE GOVERNANCE DO HOW CRITERIA? ASSESSMENT OUR SCORE AGAINST OPTIONS Innovative technology technology Innovative Energy efficiency Environmental footprint footprint Environmental Cost-effectiveness Sustainability CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 61 forecasts, These projections and assumptions. forward-looking statements identified are by their use of terms and phrases such as “anticipate”, “b elieve”, “plan”, “outlook”, “could”, “objectives”, “may”, “intend”, “estimate”, “seek”, “schedule”, “risks”, “project”, “probably”, “exp ect”, “goals”, terms and andsimilar “will” “target”, “should”, phrases. There a number are of factors that could affect the future Dutch operations of Royal Shell and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed the in forward-looking statements included report, this including in price fluctuations (a) in crude(without limitation): changes (b) demand and natural in oil gas; currency products; (c) fluctuations; for Shell’s and reserves production drilling (e) (d) results; loss (f) estimates; of market share and industry physical and environmental (g) competition; associated risks (h) with the identificationrisks; of suitable potential properties acquisition and targets, and successful negotiation and completion the of risk (i) of such transactions; doing business developing in countries and countries subject to international (j) sanctions; fiscallegislative, regulatory and developments climate addressing regulatory measures including economic (k) change; and financial market (l) countries various conditions in and regions; includingpolitical the of expropriation risks risks, and renegotiation of the terms of contracts with governmental delays entities, or advancements thein of projects approval and delays the in changesreimbursement for and (m) shared costs; All trading conditions. forward-lookingin statements contained report this in expressly are qualifiedin their entiretyby the cautionary statements contained or referred section. this to in on reliance undue place not should Readers forward-looking statements. Additional risk factors that may affect future results contained are 20-F Dutch Royal Shell’s in for the year ended (available at www.shell. 2014 December 31, These risk and www.sec.gov ). com/investor factors also expressly qualify all forward looking DISCLAIMER DISCLAIMER DutchThe companies which Shell Royal in plc directly and indirectly investments owns are “Shell separate entities. report In this “Shell”, Dutch sometimes and Shell” are “Royal group” made are references where convenience for used DutchtoShell Royal plc and in its subsidiaries and “us” the “we”, words general. Likewise, also are used to refer in to“our” subsidiaries general or to those who work for them. These expressions also are used where no useful purpose served is identifying by the particular “Shell company or companies. “Subsidiaries”, as used and “Shell in companies” subsidiaries” reportthis refer to companies which Royal over Dutch Shell plc either directly or indirectly has control. Companies which Shell over has joint control generally are ventures” referred to “joint and companies Shell which over has significant influence but neither control controlnorjoint are report, In this joint referred to as “associates”. ventures and associates may also be referred The termto as “equity-accounted investments”. “Shell interest” used is for convenience to indicate interest ownership indirect held the direct and/or partnership Shellby a venture, in or company, after of all third-party exclusion interest. reportThis contains forward-looking statements of results condition, financial the concerning operations and Dutch businesses of Royal Shell. All statements other than statements of historical fact or may be are, deemed forward- to be, looking statements. Forward-looking statements statementsare of future expectations that are based current on management’s expectations known andand assumptions and involve unknown and uncertainties risks that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ in implied or expressed those from materially Forward-lookingthese statements. statements statements things, other among include, concerning the potential Dutch exposure of Royal Shell to and market statements risks expressing estimates, beliefs, expectations, management’s

| Project Manager | [email protected] | Senior Shell Consultant | [email protected] | Consultant Shell Senior | | Project Manager Innovation [email protected] | | CEO Innove/2EI | [email protected] Innove/2EI | CEO Eric Lesueur Eric Pascal CessatPascal | Senior Project Manager | [email protected] Julien Grimaud Lucie Girard Subrata Basu | Project Manager | [email protected] CITIES Team Russell John ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ VEOLIA CONTACT PERSONS: CONTACT VEOLIA FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, SHELL CONTACT PERSONS: CONTACT SHELL INFORMATION, FURTHER FOR CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 63

2

According to SMC website: http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/Drainage/Drainage_stps.aspx According to SMC website: http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/SolidWasteManagement/ figures SMC Average website: from SWM_statistics.aspx?SrNo=605005305405605405605405 http://gpcb.gov.in/municipal-solid-wastes-activity1.htm Management Surat Solid Waste Project under JNNURM City Report, July 2013, Regional Transport Office, Surat Central Pollution National Ambient Quality Air Status and trends – 2010, India in Central Board Assessment quality of ambient air index of Surat City during early morning Journal hours. of January–March 3, No. Research 8, AndEnvironmental Development Vol. 2014 http://www.petroldieselprice.com/auto-lpg-gas-price Fuel-grade pet-coke a crude is refinery oil residue to steamsimilar thatis CO coal high with https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIU9iRdeAGE&noredirect=1 http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/air-emissions.html New Lenses on Future Cities, a NewNew Lens Lenses Scenarios Cities, on Future Supplement, 2014. ChangeRockefeller Climate Resilience SuratCity Cities Asian Strategy, Foundation, Resilience April 2011 Network (ACCCRN), for https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/Corporation/ Statistics Municipality Surat Corporation: corporation_commissioner.aspx?SrNo=705005305405405406 Manual on energy conservation measurestextile Bureau in of Energy cluster Gujarat. Surat, 2010 Efficiency, IEA ETSAP – Technology May Brief E04, 2010 http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ and CC: Forest India Ministry of Environment, notification/Recved%20national.pdf 2012 Plan Energy, Year Five Plan: Year Five 12th SuratRockefeller City Electricity Gujarat Institute Study, Regulatory 2009, GERC Commission, Surat City Solar Master Deloitte Plan, 2012 https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/Hydrolic/increase_in_water_supply. aspx?SrNo=705005305406705406 provided during theFigures workshop organised with Surat stakeholders November in 2014 Security: A SectorWater, Study Report, SMC 2009 and sulphur content

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. SOURCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

We may have used certainWe terms,such as report this resources, in that United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) strictly from us our including prohibits in filings with the Investors US SEC. urged are to consider closely File the our disclosure 20-F, in Form statements contained report this in and should beforward- Each considered the by reader. looking statement speaks only as of the date of Neither Dutch Royal report,this 2015. September, Shell plc undertake nor of its subsidiaries any any revise or update publicly to obligation any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or other information. of theseIn results light could risks, differ materially from those stated, implied or inferred from theforward-looking statements contained report. this in available on the web SEC site, No 1-32575, www.sec.gov. CITY RESILIENCE STUDY 3

http://www.egvi.eu/uploads/Modules/Publications/electrification_roadmap_web.pdf http://www.egvi.eu/uploads/Modules/Publications/electrification_roadmap_web.pdf Safe Access 2014 Safe Manual: EMBARQ India, Access Stations Indian Cities, in to Mass Transit No. 516, October 31, 2001 October 31, 516, No. 2015 2, March Retrieved http://www.cardekho.com/new-cng+cars CarDekho via Amaze” “Honda http://www.petroldieselprice.com/auto-lpg-gas-fuel-price-in-Surat/Gujarat Edition” 2nd ElectrificationTransport,European Roadmap: Road of Breathing the Considering Clean, to Switch Natural Paper Bank Gas Technical Buses, World http://www.aebamsterdam.nl/ Retrieved March 26, 2015. Retrieved March 26, http://www.aebamsterdam.nl/ 2015 Retrieved March 26, http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/ESTdir/Pub/MSW/RO/Asia/Topic_d.asp Guidelines for Management National Waste Strategies, United Programme Nations Environment (UNEP), 2013 SMC presentation 2013 in http://www.shell.in/environment-society/society-tpkg/local-initiatives/sus-dev-hazira.html%20 (http:.html http://mnre.gov.in/schemes/decentralized-systems/solar-cities/

34. 31. 32. 33. 30. 28. 29. 2 7. 25. 26. 24. CITY RESILIENCE STUDY

Join the conversation #ShellScenarios www.shell.com/futurecities

1196363–PCOEL–10/2015