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A Research Study of Chinese Women Working in Factories, Educating Themselves and Redefining Women's Empowerment

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A Research Study of Chinese Women Working in Factories, Educating Themselves and Redefining Women's Empowerment RISING VALOR: A RESEARCH STUDY OF CHINESE WOMEN WORKING IN FACTORIES, EDUCATING THEMSELVES AND REDEFINING WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Claudia Kristine Newton August 2017 ©Copyright, 2017, by Claudia Kristine Newton All Rights Reserved ii A dissertation written by Claudia Kristine Newton B. A. Wittenberg University, 1998 M.Ed., Wright State University, 2003 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2017 Approved by _______________________________, Co-director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Vilma Seeberg _______________________________, Co-director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee David Dees _______________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Philip Wang Accepted by _______________________________, Director, School of Foundations, Leadership, Kimberly Schimmel and Administration _______________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health, and James C. Hannon Human Services iii NEWTON, CLAUDIA KRISTINE, Ph.D., August 2017 FOUNDATIONS, LEADERSHIP, AND ADMINISTRATION RISING VALOR: A RESEARCH STUDY OF CHINESE WOMEN WORKING IN FACTORIES, EDUCATING THEMSELVES AND REDEFINING WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT (193 pp.) Co-Directors of Dissertation: Vilma Seeberg, Ph.D. David Dees, Ph.D. Few empirical studies directly address education among women factory workers in China, much less their sense of agency, power, character and awareness. This dissertation seeks to discover whether among women factory workers in the core manufacturing center, the Yangtze River Delta region of China, educational opportunities and other resources enable women workers to make their own choices, increase their independence, and build a greater awareness of themselves and their role in this world, to self-empower. It examines the gradual transformation of Chinese women factory workers and analyzes their patterns of interaction, attitudes, and perceptions regarding some traditional Chinese values. Results of the study showed that these women factory workers in China, regardless of education level, familial status, or position in the workplace, continuously sought improvement, and that this improvement is their path to empowerment. These women use formal, informal, and nonformal education to develop themselves, and many of the participants acknowledged that continuing their education would have the potential to significantly impact their sense of awareness, self- sufficiency, and decision-making. Although Chinese women factory workers face great challenges in their lives, their willingness to succeed through continuing their education demonstrates their will to persevere. I conclude that increased opportunities in education can be used to facilitate women’s empowerment for Chinese women factory workers and enhances the capability, agency and achievement of their aspirations by these women. KEYWORDS: women’s empowerment, agency, factory, resources, employment, education, culture ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Without the support of some very special people, the resulting dissertation would have never come to fruition. I would like to honor my wonderful dissertation committee. First, I would like to thank my dissertation director, Dr. Vilma Seeberg, who had immense patience with me, pushed me to think analytically and encouraged me throughout my dissertation process. I would also like to thank Dr. David Dees who impelled me to truly understand what it means to conduct a cross-cultural study. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Philip Wang who made time to see me in China and discuss my research. His questions forced me to examine alternative perspectives. In addition, living so far from home it was a great comfort to see a familiar face. I also owe a great debt to colleagues, and dear friends in China; without my colleagues (who I also consider dear friends), this project would have remained in the proposal stage. Thanks to Huang Xiaonan for sacrificing her time to do an amazing job as my interpreter. Without the assistance of Juang Guiqin as my liaison, I would have had a severely limited access to the factories in the local area. Yao Xianfeng was an amazing forward translator, and thanks to Li Li who was kind enough to agree to be my back translator. There is not enough praise and thanks I can give to them for their generosity and hard work. Finally, I am eternally grateful for my mother, Dr. Viola Newton. She was always there to give advice, encourage me, humor me, dry my tears, and applaud my successes. At times, she was my impromptu editor. She was my rock through my entire doctoral program. She is my heart, and I share this accomplishment with her. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES................................................................................ viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 Study Background ....................................................................................................1 Manufacturing in China ...........................................................................................3 Problem Statement: Who Are Women Factory Workers in China? ........................4 Researcher Positionality...........................................................................................5 Aim of the Dissertation ............................................................................................5 Significance of the Study: Understanding the Need for This Research...................6 Study Design ............................................................................................................8 Definition of Terms................................................................................................10 Concepts Foundational to the Study ......................................................................13 Taking a Look at Self-Concept .......................................................................13 Empowerment at a Glance ..............................................................................14 Empowerment Versus Agency .......................................................................14 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................15 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 17 Navigating Empowerment Theories ......................................................................17 Is Education the Expressway to Empowerment? ............................................21 Expressing Self-Concept and Agency ............................................................25 Women’s Empowerment as a Collective Effort .............................................27 Empowerment and Maintaining a Sense of Self Within Work Environment ...................................................................................................29 Tearing Away the Constraints to Achievement ..............................................30 Where Do We Go From Here With Women’s Empowerment? .....................34 A Cursory View of Governmental Influence on Migrant Workers .......................34 Dissecting the Chinese Family Household Structure.............................................36 Connecting Through Social Networks ...................................................................42 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................46 III. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 47 Research Design.....................................................................................................47 Theoretical Perspective ...................................................................................51 Settings ...........................................................................................................52 v Participants .....................................................................................................55 Sampling .........................................................................................................57 Role of the Researcher ...........................................................................................61 The Challenges and Benefits of Being a Laowai ............................................61 Researcher Rapport With the Participants ......................................................63 Data Collection Procedures ....................................................................................65 Constructing the Interview Guide ...................................................................65 Obtaining Consent ..........................................................................................68 Audiotaping ....................................................................................................68 Semi-Structured Interviews ............................................................................69 Observation in Field Notes .............................................................................71 Conducting a Cross-Cultural Study .......................................................................72
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