DOCSLIB.ORG

An Ethnohistory of the Chisana River Basin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Ethnohistory of the Chisana River Basin National Park Service Wrangell-St. Elias U.S. Department of the Interior National Park and Preserve AN ETHNOHISTORY OF THE CHISANA RIVER BASIN Norman Alexander Easton As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. Tis includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fsh and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. Te Cultural Resource Programs of the National Park Service have responsibilities that include stewardship of historic buildings, museum collections, archeological sites, cultural landscapes, oral and written histories, and ethnographic resources. Our mission is to identify, evaluate and preserve the cultural resources of the park areas and to bring an understanding of these resources to the public. Congress has mandated that we preserve these resources because they are important components of our national and personal identity. Published by the United States Department of the Interior through the Government Printing Ofce. Wrangell-St Elias National Park and Preserve Copper Center, Alaska Any opinions, fndings, conclusions or recommendations expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily refect the views of the Department of the Interior. All errors are attributable to the author. Design/layout by Francis Broderick, Archgraphics. An Ethnohistory of the Chisana River Basin Norman Alexander Easton 2021 Front cover photographs (top to bottom): Chisana Natives at Quartz Creek, Alaska, n.d. (circa 1902). Photograph by F.C. Schrader, U.S. Geological Survey. Chindadn biface from the Little John Site. Photograph by N. A. Easton. Aerial view of Teetsa Niign – Lower Chisana River Valley to the West, from Cheejiil Niign – Mirror Creek. Photograph by N. A. Easton. Te production of this document cost $33,285 including costs for editing, photo acquisition, mapmaking, and publication. AN ETHNOHISTORY OF THE CHISANA RIVER BASIN Norman Alexander Easton YukonU Research Centre, Yukon University Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada 2021 Indian and White, both live here on this earth. We got to share with you this place here, for all people, Africans, Chinese, White, and Indian. We all work together for a good life here. My grandchildren go to White school, learn to read, math, and I tell them my life and then together we gonna make this world a beautiful, beautiful place.... Then I can go on my trail to heaven. —Bessie John Title page photograph: Chisana Valley from Cooper Pass. Photograph by F.C. Schrader, U.S. Geological Survey. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................................................vi Editor’s Preface ........................................................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. viii THE WORLD THAT RAVEN MADE ......................................................................................................1 A STORY OF THE CREATION OF THE WORLD .............................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING .................................................................................................................7 PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGY ......................................................................7 CONTEMPORARY ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGY ....................................................................................... 11 CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE YUKON-ALASKA BORDERLANDS AS REVEALED BY ARCHAEOLOGY ................................................................................................... 13 TRADITIONAL CULTURE .................................................................................................................... 16 LANGUAGE .......................................................................................................................................................... 19 KINSHIP RELATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Matrilineal Descent .................................................................................................................................. 23 Clans, Phratries, and Moieties ............................................................................................................... 24 Kinship and the Domestic Household and Political Economies ................................................... 25 POTLATCH, RECIPROCITY, AND LEADERSHIP .......................................................................................... 27 CLAN MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT ....................................................................................................... 28 PLACES ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 NAMING THE LANDSCAPE – "WISDOM SITS IN PLACES" .............................................................................30 TRAILS .................................................................................................................................................................................30 TRADITIONAL VILLAGES OF THE CHISANA RIVER BASIN ..........................................................................31 DWELLINGS .......................................................................................................................................................................34 SUBSISTENCE – A LIFE OF RHYTHMS ............................................................................................ 41 SUBSISTENCE AND TRAPPING SEASONAL ROUNDS ......................................................................................41 TRAVEL ................................................................................................................................................................................42 HUNTING ............................................................................................................................................................................45 Hunting in the Chisana River Basin ................................................................................................................48 FISHING ...............................................................................................................................................................................49 COLLECTING .....................................................................................................................................................................52 iv An Ethnohistory of the Chisana River Basin HISTORY .....................................................................................................................................................53 ABORIGINAL DEMOGRAPHY AND HISTORICAL EPIDEMICS .........................................................................54 THE EARLY PERIOD OF EUROPEAN TRADE ..........................................................................................................57 EARLY EUROPEAN EXPLORERS ...................................................................................................................................59 THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION SURVEY IN UPPER TANANA LAND .......................60 First Attempts to Establish the 141st Meridian ...........................................................................................62 ..........................................63 Oral History Accounts of the Border Survey .................................................................................................65 OfficialMrs. Bessie Accounts John’s of theAccount International of the Border Boundary Survey Commission ............................................................................65 Survey Mr. Andy Frank’s Account of the Border Survey ..............................................................................66 PROSPECTORS AND THE CHISANA GOLD RUSH ..................................................................................................67 MINERS, MISSIONARIES, TRADERS, AND THE STATE IN THE CHISANA RIVER BASIN AFTER THE GOLD RUSH .................................................................................................................................................71 Traders and Trappers in the Chisana Basin ..................................................................................................72 The Nabesna Gold Mine .........................................................................................................................................80 Missionaries
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alaska Boundary Survey, Bill Rupe, and the Scottie
    KING GEORGE GOT DIARRHEA : THE YUKON -ALASKA BOUNDARY SURVEY , BILL RUPE , AND THE SCOTTIE CREEK DINEH Norman Alexander Easton Yukon College, Box 2799, 500 College Drive, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada Y1A 5K4; [email protected] ABSTRACT The imposition of the international boundary along the 141st meridian of longitude between Yukon and Alaska has separated the aboriginal Dineh of the region into two separate nation-states. This division holds serious implications for the continuity of identity and social relations between Native people across this border. This paper examines the history of the establishment of this border along its southern margin through the Scottie Creek valley, comparing the written record of the state surveyors with the oral history of the Scottie Creek Dineh. I argue that the evidence supports the notion that the Dineh of Scottie Creek, like elsewhere in the Yukon and Alaska, were both aware of and resistant to the implications of the boundary and refused to cede their rights to continued use and occupancy of both sides of the border. Concurrent with this history is that of William Rupe, the unacknowledged first trader in the Upper Tanana River basin, and his role in mediating the negotiations between gov- ernment surveyors and Dineh leaders. Despite the difficulties imposed by the border, Natives of the region continue to formulate a strong identity as Dineh, holding and practicing distinctive values and social relations that collectively are known as the Dineh Way. Keywords: Upper Tanana, aboriginal-state relations, 141st meridian, Yukon-Alaska history PRELUDE It is July 1997. I am atop Mount Dave, Yukon, just east guage.
    [Show full text]
  • Tc-Forty-Mile-Cheda-Dek-Guide.Pdf
    Published 2011. ISBN 978-1-55362-538-4 For more information about Forty Mile, Fort Cudahy and Fort Constantine Historic Site, visit the Dänojà Zho cultural centre in Dawson or contact: Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Heritage P. O. Box 599, Dawson City, Y0B 1G0 1242 Front Street, Dawson City Main office phone: (867) 993-7100 Dänojà Zho office phone: (867) 993-6768 Fax: (867) 993-6553 Email: [email protected] Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in website: www.trondek.ca Forty Mile web site: http://trondekheritage.com/our-places/forty-mile/ Yukon Historic Sites P. O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 2C6 Phone: (867) 667-5386 Fax: (867) 667-8023 www.tc.gov.yk.ca/historicsites.html Cover images: Map, Yukon Archives H-1393 YG photo Yukon Archives, Alaska Historical Library #4221 Forty Mile circa 1890. Guide to Forty Mile The Forty Mile townsite is part of the Forty trading post and store established in 1893. Mile, Fort Cudahy and Fort Constantine Both of these sites are across the Fortymile Historic Site. The site is located at the River from the townsite of Forty Mile. The mouth of the Fortymile River where ground is marshy and the remains are fragile it empties into the Yukon River, 67 km so it recommended that visitors restrict their upstream from the Alaska/Yukon border activities to the Forty Mile townsite. and 88 km downriver from Dawson City. The Forty Mile, Fort Cudahy and Fort Generations of First Nation people camped Constantine Historic Site is protected under at the mouth of the Fortymile River to the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Final Agreement hunt and fish in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Land Use Study
    Fairbanks North Star Borough Joint Land Use Study United States Army, Fort Wainwright United States Air Force, Eielson Air Force Base Fairbanks North Star Borough, Planning Department July 2006 Produced by ASCG Incorporated of Alaska Fairbanks North Star Borough Joint Land Use Study Fairbanks Joint Land Use Study This study was prepared under contract with Fairbanks North Star Borough with financial support from the Office of Economic Adjustment, Department of Defense. The content reflects the views of Fairbanks North Star Borough and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Economic Adjustment. Historical Hangar, Fort Wainwright Army Base Eielson Air Force Base i Fairbanks North Star Borough Joint Land Use Study Table of Contents 1.0 Study Purpose and Process................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1 1.2 Study Objectives ............................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Planning Area................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Participating Stakeholders.............................................................................................. 4 1.5 Public Participation........................................................................................................ 5 1.6 Issue Identification........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Extending the Late Holocene White River Ash Distribution, Northwestern Canada STEPHEN D
    ARCTIC VOL. 54, NO. 2 (JUNE 2001) P. 157– 161 Extending the Late Holocene White River Ash Distribution, Northwestern Canada STEPHEN D. ROBINSON1 (Received 30 May 2000; accepted in revised form 25 September 2000) ABSTRACT. Peatlands are a particularly good medium for trapping and preserving tephra, as their surfaces are wet and well vegetated. The extent of tephra-depositing events can often be greatly expanded through the observation of ash in peatlands. This paper uses the presence of the White River tephra layer (1200 B.P.) in peatlands to extend the known distribution of this late Holocene tephra into the Mackenzie Valley, northwestern Canada. The ash has been noted almost to the western shore of Great Slave Lake, over 1300 km from the source in southeastern Alaska. This new distribution covers approximately 540000 km2 with a tephra volume of 27 km3. The short time span and constrained timing of volcanic ash deposition, combined with unique physical and chemical parameters, make tephra layers ideal for use as chronostratigraphic markers. Key words: chronostratigraphy, Mackenzie Valley, peatlands, White River ash RÉSUMÉ. Les tourbières constituent un milieu particulièrement approprié au piégeage et à la conservation de téphra, en raison de l’humidité et de l’abondance de végétation qui règnent en surface. L’observation des cendres contenues dans les tourbières permet souvent d’élargir notablement les limites spatiales connues des épisodes de dépôts de téphra. Cet article recourt à la présence de la couche de téphra de la rivière White (1200 BP) dans les tourbières pour agrandir la distribution connue de ce téphra datant de l’Holocène supérieur dans la vallée du Mackenzie, située dans le Nord-Ouest canadien.
    [Show full text]
  • The Alaska Boundary Dispute
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2014 A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939 Smith, Gordon W. University of Calgary Press "A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939", Gordon W. Smith; edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2014 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/50251 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL STUDY OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CANADIAN NORTH: TERRESTRIAL SOVEREIGNTY, 1870–1939 By Gordon W. Smith, Edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer ISBN 978-1-55238-774-0 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at ucpress@ ucalgary.ca Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specificwork without breaching the artist’s copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Tanana Valley Stocked Lakes Fishing Guide
    Tanana Valley Stocked Lakes Fishing Guide Alaska Department of Fish and Game Sport Fish Division April 2017 Table of Contents Tanana River Drainage Stocked Lakes Program .................................................................................................... 1 Fishing Facts and Tips ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) ......................................................................................................................... 4 Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) ................................................................................................................. 5 Burbot (Lota lota) ............................................................................................................................................... 6 King (Chinook) Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Silver (Coho) Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) .... 7 Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) ................................................................................................................... 8 Northern Pike (Esox lucius) ................................................................................................................................ 9 Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ........................................................................................................... 10 Road Guide ..........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Maps of the Eastern Alaska Range, Alaska, (44 Quadrangles, 1:63360 Scale)
    Report of Investigations 2015-6 GEOLOGIC MAPS OF THE EASTERN ALASKA RANGE, ALASKA, (44 quadrangles, 1:63,360 scale) descriptions and interpretations of map units by Warren J. Nokleberg, John N. Aleinikoff, Gerard C. Bond, Oscar J. Ferrians, Jr., Paige L. Herzon, Ian M. Lange, Ronny T. Miyaoka, Donald H. Richter, Carl E. Schwab, Steven R. Silva, Thomas E. Smith, and Richard E. Zehner Southeastern Tanana Basin Southern Yukon–Tanana Upland and Terrane Delta River Granite Jarvis Mountain Aurora Peak Creek Terrane Hines Creek Fault Black Rapids Glacier Jarvis Creek Glacier Subterrane - Southern Yukon–Tanana Terrane Windy Terrane Denali Denali Fault Fault East Susitna Canwell Batholith Glacier Maclaren Glacier McCallum Creek- Metamorhic Belt Meteor Peak Slate Creek Thrust Broxson Gulch Fault Thrust Rainbow Mountain Slana River Subterrane, Wrangellia Terrane Phelan Delta Creek River Highway Slana River Subterrane, Wrangellia Terrane Published by STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS 2015 GEOLOGIC MAPS OF THE EASTERN ALASKA RANGE, ALASKA, (44 quadrangles, 1:63,360 scale) descriptions and interpretations of map units Warren J. Nokleberg, John N. Aleinikoff, Gerard C. Bond, Oscar J. Ferrians, Jr., Paige L. Herzon, Ian M. Lange, Ronny T. Miyaoka, Donald H. Richter, Carl E. Schwab, Steven R. Silva, Thomas E. Smith, and Richard E. Zehner COVER: View toward the north across the eastern Alaska Range and into the southern Yukon–Tanana Upland highlighting geologic, structural, and geomorphic features. View is across the central Mount Hayes Quadrangle and is centered on the Delta River, Richardson Highway, and Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). Major geologic features, from south to north, are: (1) the Slana River Subterrane, Wrangellia Terrane; (2) the Maclaren Terrane containing the Maclaren Glacier Metamorphic Belt to the south and the East Susitna Batholith to the north; (3) the Windy Terrane; (4) the Aurora Peak Terrane; and (5) the Jarvis Creek Glacier Subterrane of the Yukon–Tanana Terrane.
    [Show full text]
  • NN 9.17.2015 Diana.Qxp Layout 1
    GLORIOUS GRAND CENTRAL— Fall colors grace Grand Central Valley with a rainbow adding to the magic of a beautiful fall morning. Photo by Nikolai Ivanoff C VOLUME CXV NO. 37 September 17, 2015 Hammond in as city clerk; police chief contract extended By Sandra L. Medearis turned in by Wolverine Supply of jobs over $40,000 going out to com- turn around and collect the funds, is Turned out that a 5 percent ad- The Nome Common Council Wasilla. petitive bid. that legal?” Councilman Louis vantage for a local bidder had to be stepped onto the slippery slope of The Council should set aside “You accept the best bid, not the Green Sr. piped up, pointing out stated in the call for bids, the law conflict of interest on Monday Wolverine’s bid and give the approx- lowest,” Andersen said. Pomeranz’ conflict of interest. said. evening, teetered and retreated. Then imately $50,000 job to Pomeranz for The best bid is a subjective issue, “We authorize public funds and It had not been stated. they whacked a plan to upgrade City local hire, Councilman Stan Ander- Councilman Matt Culley responded. then turn around and …” Culley questioned whether the Hall’s public service counter area. sen told the panel. Andersen chaired How do you determine that? he City of Nome has a procurement money for the renovation was in- When a bid award for the work the meeting as presiding council asked. policy containing language giving a cluded in the FY 16 spending plan. came up for Council approval, $200 member in the absence of Mayor “I said he [Pomeranz] was,” An- local bidder a 5 percent edge.
    [Show full text]
  • Tatshenshini and Alsek Rivers of Alaska
    ASSESSING THE RISKOF BEAR-HUMANINTERACTION AT RIVERCAMPSITES A. GRANTMacHUTCHON, 237 CurtisRoad, Comox,BC V9M3W1, Canada, email: [email protected] DEBBIEW. WELLWOOD, P.O. Box 3217, Smithers,BC VOJ2N0, Canada,email: [email protected] Abstract: The Alsek and Tatshenshinirivers of Yukon, British Columbia, and Alaska, and the Babine River, British Columbia, are seasonally importantfor grizzly bears(Ursus arctos) and Americanblack bears(Ursus americanus). Recreationaltravelers on these rivers use riparianhabitats for camping, which could lead to bear-humaninteraction and conflict. During visits in late summer 1998-99, we used 4 qualitativeindicators to assess risk of bear-humaninteraction at river campsites: (1) seasonal habitatpotential, (2) travel concerns, (3) sensory concerns, and (4) bear sign. We then rated each campsite on a 5-class scale, relative to other campsites, for the potential to displace bears and the potential for bear-human encounters. We used these ratingsto recommendhuman use of campsites with relatively low risk. Ursus 13:293-298 (2002) Key words: Alaska,American black bear, bear-human conflict, British Columbia, grizzly bear, habitat assessment, river recreation, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos, Yukon Riparianhabitats in manyriver valleys in westernNorth 1997). The Tatshenshiniand Alsek river valleys com- America are seasonally important for grizzly bears prise a large proportionof available bear habitatwithin (Hamilton and Archibald 1986, Reinhart and Mattson the parksthrough which they flow, and the importanceof 1990, MacHutchon et al. 1993, Schoen et al. 1994, riparianhabitats to bearsis high (Simpson 1992, Herrero McCann 1998, Titusand Beier 1999) andAmerican black et al. 1993, McCann 1998). The main period of human bears (Reinhartand Mattson 1990, MacHutchonet al. use coincides with seasonalmovement of grizzly bearsto 1998, Chi and Gilbert 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Nature and Culture
    Book Reviews Perspectives from Gene Anderson’s Bookshelf Beyond Nature and Culture Philippe Descola. Translated by Janet Lloyd. 2013. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Xxii +463 pp. $35.00 (paperback), $65.00 (hardcover). ISBN 978-0-22621-236-4 (paperback), 978-0-22614-445-0 (hardcover). Reviewed by Eugene N. Anderson Reviewer address: Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Email: [email protected] Received: April 8, 2015 Volume: 6(1):208-211 Published: December 19, 2015 © 2015 Society of Ethnobiology Recently, anthropologists have been concerned with is the latest stage in our field’s history of paying the “ontological turn,” a recent term for an old serious attention to what “the natives” say, as tendency in the field. Anthropologists have always opposed to writing it off as mere myth or error. looked at local worldviews, cosmologies, philoso- Indigenous and traditional people are at least as good phies, and knowledge systems. Recently, a deeper and at thinking as anyone else, and ignoring their philoso- more philosophical concern for such things has led to phy is as foolish as ignoring their now-famed wider use of the term ontology, which is the field of knowledge of plants and animals. Some of the philosophy concerned with what is, what is not, and conclusions reached in traditional societies may seem what might be. Closely related fields include episte- strange, but some philosophers in the European mology—the study of what we can and can’t know, tradition have rather different ideas too, after all. It is and how we know it—and phenomenology, the study the underlying perceptions and basic principles that of what we think we know: what “phenomena” we matter, and they are what Descola studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve – Foundation Statement
    Yukon - Charley Rivers National Preserve National Park Service Alaska Department of the interior Yukon - Charley Rivers National Preserve FOUNDATION STATEMENT Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve Foundation Statement (draft) 1 Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve Foundation Statement July, 2012 Prepared By: Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve National Park Service, Alaska Regional Office National Park Service, Denver Service Center Table of Contents Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve – Foundation Statement Elements of a Foundation Statement…2 Establishment of Alaska National Parks…3 Summary Purpose Statement…4 Significance Statements…4 Location Regional Maps…5 Preserve Map…6 Purpose Statement…7 Significance Statements / Fundamental Resources and Values / Interpretive Themes 1. Charley River…8 2. Wildlife Populations and Habitat…9 3. Geology and Paleontology…10 4. History and Archeology…11 5. Human Use…12 Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments…13 Participants…14 Appendix A – Legislation Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act – Selected Excerpts…15 Appendix B – Legislative History Proclamation 4612 – Yukon-Charley National Monument, 1978…25 Foundation Statement Page 1 Elements of a Foundation Statement The Foundation Statement is a formal description of Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve’s core mission. It is a foundation to support planning and management of the preserve. The foundation is grounded in the preserve’s legislation and from knowledge acquired since the preserve was originally established. It provides a shared understanding of what is most important about the preserve. This Foundation Statement describes the preserve’s purpose, significance, fundamental resources and values, primary interpretive themes, and special mandates. The legislation that created Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve guides the staff in understanding and documenting why Congress and the president created the preserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration: on the Move in Alaska
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Alaska Park Science Alaska Region Migration: On the Move in Alaska Volume 17, Issue 1 Alaska Park Science Volume 17, Issue 1 June 2018 Editorial Board: Leigh Welling Jim Lawler Jason J. Taylor Jennifer Pederson Weinberger Guest Editor: Laura Phillips Managing Editor: Nina Chambers Contributing Editor: Stacia Backensto Design: Nina Chambers Contact Alaska Park Science at: [email protected] Alaska Park Science is the semi-annual science journal of the National Park Service Alaska Region. Each issue highlights research and scholarship important to the stewardship of Alaska’s parks. Publication in Alaska Park Science does not signify that the contents reflect the views or policies of the National Park Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute National Park Service endorsement or recommendation. Alaska Park Science is found online at: www.nps.gov/subjects/alaskaparkscience/index.htm Table of Contents Migration: On the Move in Alaska ...............1 Future Challenges for Salmon and the Statewide Movements of Non-territorial Freshwater Ecosystems of Southeast Alaska Golden Eagles in Alaska During the A Survey of Human Migration in Alaska's .......................................................................41 Breeding Season: Information for National Parks through Time .......................5 Developing Effective Conservation Plans ..65 History, Purpose, and Status of Caribou Duck-billed Dinosaurs (Hadrosauridae), Movements in Northwest
    [Show full text]