Origins of Boolean Algebra in the Logic of Classes: George Boole, John Venn and C. S. Peirce
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Venn Diagrams
VENN DIAGRAMS What is it? A Venn diagram or set diagram is a diagram that shows relationships among sets of numbers, information or concepts. In around 1880, John Venn introduced the world to the idea of Venn diagrams. Since then they have been used to teach elementary set theory in mathematics, statistics, linguistics and computer science. Using Venn diagrams for reading and in the English classroom allows students to explore relations among ideas. They can use Venn diagrams to organize information according to similarities and differences. Any level of reader can use a Venn diagram to process their thinking around a text. Venn diagrams are useful for comparing and contrasting ideas and are an excellent way to clearly show an overlap of ideas in texts. Why is it important? There is huge cognitive benefit in examining the similarities and differences among concepts. In such as activities, young children search for patterns to make connections between new information and their own background knowledge and therefore process thoughts more deeply (Dreher & Gray, 2009). Using Venn Diagrams can help students become more active in the reading process because they are being asked to analyse a text in a focused manner. As they organise their responses into the chart, they link information across sentences, paragraphs and the whole text. Venn Diagrams can also be useful when asking students to compare and contrast ideas represented in different texts. This focus helps them interpret information in relation to a broader context. For example, using a Venn Diagram to compare the ideas in two texts that have been written from different perspectives, periods of history or fields of study can lead students to deeper understanding of both texts. -
Chapter 1 Logic and Set Theory
Chapter 1 Logic and Set Theory To criticize mathematics for its abstraction is to miss the point entirely. Abstraction is what makes mathematics work. If you concentrate too closely on too limited an application of a mathematical idea, you rob the mathematician of his most important tools: analogy, generality, and simplicity. – Ian Stewart Does God play dice? The mathematics of chaos In mathematics, a proof is a demonstration that, assuming certain axioms, some statement is necessarily true. That is, a proof is a logical argument, not an empir- ical one. One must demonstrate that a proposition is true in all cases before it is considered a theorem of mathematics. An unproven proposition for which there is some sort of empirical evidence is known as a conjecture. Mathematical logic is the framework upon which rigorous proofs are built. It is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstrations. Logicians have analyzed set theory in great details, formulating a collection of axioms that affords a broad enough and strong enough foundation to mathematical reasoning. The standard form of axiomatic set theory is denoted ZFC and it consists of the Zermelo-Fraenkel (ZF) axioms combined with the axiom of choice (C). Each of the axioms included in this theory expresses a property of sets that is widely accepted by mathematicians. It is unfortunately true that careless use of set theory can lead to contradictions. Avoiding such contradictions was one of the original motivations for the axiomatization of set theory. 1 2 CHAPTER 1. LOGIC AND SET THEORY A rigorous analysis of set theory belongs to the foundations of mathematics and mathematical logic. -
A Combinatorial Analysis of Finite Boolean Algebras
A Combinatorial Analysis of Finite Boolean Algebras Kevin Halasz [email protected] May 1, 2013 Copyright c Kevin Halasz. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license can be found at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html. 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Basic Concepts 3 2.1 Chains . .3 2.2 Antichains . .6 3 Dilworth's Chain Decomposition Theorem 6 4 Boolean Algebras 8 5 Sperner's Theorem 9 5.1 The Sperner Property . .9 5.2 Sperner's Theorem . 10 6 Extensions 12 6.1 Maximally Sized Antichains . 12 6.2 The Erdos-Ko-Rado Theorem . 13 7 Conclusion 14 2 1 Introduction Boolean algebras serve an important purpose in the study of algebraic systems, providing algebraic structure to the notions of order, inequality, and inclusion. The algebraist is always trying to understand some structured set using symbol manipulation. Boolean algebras are then used to study the relationships that hold between such algebraic structures while still using basic techniques of symbol manipulation. In this paper we will take a step back from the standard algebraic practices, and analyze these fascinating algebraic structures from a different point of view. Using combinatorial tools, we will provide an in-depth analysis of the structure of finite Boolean algebras. We will start by introducing several ways of analyzing poset substructure from a com- binatorial point of view. -
A Boolean Algebra and K-Map Approach
Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Washington DC, USA, September 27-29, 2018 Reliability Assessment of Bufferless Production System: A Boolean Algebra and K-Map Approach Firas Sallumi ([email protected]) and Walid Abdul-Kader ([email protected]) Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering University of Windsor, Windsor (ON) Canada Abstract In this paper, system reliability is determined based on a K-map (Karnaugh map) and the Boolean algebra theory. The proposed methodology incorporates the K-map technique for system level reliability, and Boolean analysis for interactions. It considers not only the configuration of the production line, but also effectively incorporates the interactions between the machines composing the line. Through the K-map, a binary argument is used for considering the interactions between the machines and a probability expression is found to assess the reliability of a bufferless production system. The paper covers three main system design configurations: series, parallel and hybrid (mix of series and parallel). In the parallel production system section, three strategies or methods are presented to find the system reliability. These are the Split, the Overlap, and the Zeros methods. A real-world case study from the automotive industry is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the approach used in this research work. Keywords: Series, Series-Parallel, Hybrid, Bufferless, Production Line, Reliability, K-Map, Boolean algebra 1. Introduction Presently, the global economy is forcing companies to have their production systems maintain low inventory and provide short delivery times. Therefore, production systems are required to be reliable and productive to make products at rates which are changing with the demand. -
John P. Burgess Department of Philosophy Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544-1006, USA [email protected]
John P. Burgess Department of Philosophy Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544-1006, USA [email protected] LOGIC & PHILOSOPHICAL METHODOLOGY Introduction For present purposes “logic” will be understood to mean the subject whose development is described in Kneale & Kneale [1961] and of which a concise history is given in Scholz [1961]. As the terminological discussion at the beginning of the latter reference makes clear, this subject has at different times been known by different names, “analytics” and “organon” and “dialectic”, while inversely the name “logic” has at different times been applied much more broadly and loosely than it will be here. At certain times and in certain places — perhaps especially in Germany from the days of Kant through the days of Hegel — the label has come to be used so very broadly and loosely as to threaten to take in nearly the whole of metaphysics and epistemology. Logic in our sense has often been distinguished from “logic” in other, sometimes unmanageably broad and loose, senses by adding the adjectives “formal” or “deductive”. The scope of the art and science of logic, once one gets beyond elementary logic of the kind covered in introductory textbooks, is indicated by two other standard references, the Handbooks of mathematical and philosophical logic, Barwise [1977] and Gabbay & Guenthner [1983-89], though the latter includes also parts that are identified as applications of logic rather than logic proper. The term “philosophical logic” as currently used, for instance, in the Journal of Philosophical Logic, is a near-synonym for “nonclassical logic”. There is an older use of the term as a near-synonym for “philosophy of language”. -
Perceptions of Providence: Doing One’S Duty in Victorian England
Perceptions of Providence: Doing one’s duty in Victorian England Diane Barbara Sylvester Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The University of Sydney A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. June 2017 Statement of originality This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. ____________________ Diane Barbara Sylvester i Abstract Intellectual history responds to that most difficult question—‘What were they thinking?’ Intellectual historians who concern themselves with the moral thinking of Victorians often view that thinking through a political lens, focussing on moral norms that were broadly accepted, or contested, rather than the moral thinking of particular Victorians as individuals—each with their own assumptions, sensibilities and beliefs. In this thesis, I interrogate the work of nine individual Victorians to recover their moralities, and discover how they decided what is the right, and what is the wrong, thing to do. My selected protagonists contributed variously to Victorian intellectual life—George Eliot, Elizabeth Gaskell and Charles Dickens, as novelists; Matthew Arnold, John Henry Newman and Charles Haddon Spurgeon, as participants in the public discussion of Christian belief; and William Whewell, John Stuart Mill and Thomas Hill Green, as moral philosophers. I make comparisons between my protagonists’ moralities, but it is not my aim to generalise from them and, by a process of extrapolation, define a ‘Victorian’ morality. -
George Boole?
iCompute For more fun computing lessons and resources visit: Who was George Boole? 8 He was an English mathematician 8 He believed that human thought could be George Boole written down as ‘rules’ 8 His ideas led to boolean logic which is Biography for children used by computers today The story of important figures in the history of computing George Boole (1815 – 1864) © iCompute 2015 www.icompute -uk.com iCompute Why is George Boole important? 8 He invented a set of rules for thinking that are used by computers today 8 The rules were that some statements can only ever be ‘true’ or ‘false’ 8 His idea was first used in computers as switches either being ‘on’ or ‘off’ 8 Today this logic is used in almost every device and almost every line of computer code His early years nd 8 Born 2 November 1815 8 His father was a struggling shoemaker 8 George had had very little education and taught himself maths, French, German and Latin © iCompute 2015 www.icompute -uk.com iCompute 8 He also taught himself Greek and published a translation of a Greek poem in 1828 at the age of 14! 8 Aged 16, the family business collapsed and George began working as a teacher to support the family 8 At 19 he started his own school 8 In 1840 he began having his books about mathematics published 8 In 1844, he was given the first gold medal for Mathematics by the Royal Society 8 Despite never having been to University himself, in 1849 he became professor of Mathematics at Queens College Cork in Ireland 8 He married Mary Everett in 1855 8 They had four daughters between 1956-1864 -
Explanations
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. CHAPTER 1 Explanations 1.1 SALLIES Language is an instrument of Logic, but not an indispensable instrument. Boole 1847a, 118 We know that mathematicians care no more for logic than logicians for mathematics. The two eyes of exact science are mathematics and logic; the mathematical sect puts out the logical eye, the logical sect puts out the mathematical eye; each believing that it sees better with one eye than with two. De Morgan 1868a,71 That which is provable, ought not to be believed in science without proof. Dedekind 1888a, preface If I compare arithmetic with a tree that unfolds upwards in a multitude of techniques and theorems whilst the root drives into the depthswx . Frege 1893a, xiii Arithmetic must be discovered in just the same sense in which Columbus discovered the West Indies, and we no more create numbers than he created the Indians. Russell 1903a, 451 1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITS OF THE BOOK 1.2.1 An outline history. The story told here from §3 onwards is re- garded as well known. It begins with the emergence of set theory in the 1870s under the inspiration of Georg Cantor, and the contemporary development of mathematical logic by Gottlob Frege andŽ. especially Giuseppe Peano. A cumulation of these and some related movements was achieved in the 1900s with the philosophy of mathematics proposed by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. -
Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan) -
Laws of Thought and Laws of Logic After Kant”1
“Laws of Thought and Laws of Logic after Kant”1 Published in Logic from Kant to Russell, ed. S. Lapointe (Routledge) This is the author’s version. Published version: https://www.routledge.com/Logic-from-Kant-to- Russell-Laying-the-Foundations-for-Analytic-Philosophy/Lapointe/p/book/9781351182249 Lydia Patton Virginia Tech [email protected] Abstract George Boole emerged from the British tradition of the “New Analytic”, known for the view that the laws of logic are laws of thought. Logicians in the New Analytic tradition were influenced by the work of Immanuel Kant, and by the German logicians Wilhelm Traugott Krug and Wilhelm Esser, among others. In his 1854 work An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities, Boole argues that the laws of thought acquire normative force when constrained to mathematical reasoning. Boole’s motivation is, first, to address issues in the foundations of mathematics, including the relationship between arithmetic and algebra, and the study and application of differential equations (Durand-Richard, van Evra, Panteki). Second, Boole intended to derive the laws of logic from the laws of the operation of the human mind, and to show that these laws were valid of algebra and of logic both, when applied to a restricted domain. Boole’s thorough and flexible work in these areas influenced the development of model theory (see Hodges, forthcoming), and has much in common with contemporary inferentialist approaches to logic (found in, e.g., Peregrin and Resnik). 1 I would like to thank Sandra Lapointe for providing the intellectual framework and leadership for this project, for organizing excellent workshops that were the site for substantive collaboration with others working on this project, and for comments on a draft. -
Sets and Boolean Algebra
MATHEMATICAL THEORY FOR SOCIAL SCIENTISTS SETS AND SUBSETS Denitions (1) A set A in any collection of objects which have a common characteristic. If an object x has the characteristic, then we say that it is an element or a member of the set and we write x ∈ A.Ifxis not a member of the set A, then we write x/∈A. It may be possible to specify a set by writing down all of its elements. If x, y, z are the only elements of the set A, then the set can be written as (2) A = {x, y, z}. Similarly, if A is a nite set comprising n elements, then it can be denoted by (3) A = {x1,x2,...,xn}. The three dots, which stand for the phase “and so on”, are called an ellipsis. The subscripts which are applied to the x’s place them in a one-to-one cor- respondence with set of integers {1, 2,...,n} which constitutes the so-called index set. However, this indexing imposes no necessary order on the elements of the set; and its only pupose is to make it easier to reference the elements. Sometimes we write an expression in the form of (4) A = {x1,x2,...}. Here the implication is that the set A may have an innite number of elements; in which case a correspondence is indicated between the elements of the set and the set of natural numbers or positive integers which we shall denote by (5) Z = {1, 2,...}. (Here the letter Z, which denotes the set of natural numbers, derives from the German verb zahlen: to count) An alternative way of denoting a set is to specify the characteristic which is common to its elements. -
Boolean Algebras
CHAPTER 8 Boolean Algebras 8.1. Combinatorial Circuits 8.1.1. Introduction. At their lowest level digital computers han- dle only binary signals, represented with the symbols 0 and 1. The most elementary circuits that combine those signals are called gates. Figure 8.1 shows three gates: OR, AND and NOT. x1 OR GATE x1 x2 x2 x1 AND GATE x1 x2 x2 NOT GATE x x Figure 8.1. Gates. Their outputs can be expressed as a function of their inputs by the following logic tables: x1 x2 x1 x2 1 1 ∨1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 OR GATE 118 8.1. COMBINATORIAL CIRCUITS 119 x1 x2 x1 x2 1 1 ∧1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 AND GATE x x¯ 1 0 0 1 NOT GATE These are examples of combinatorial circuits. A combinatorial cir- cuit is a circuit whose output is uniquely defined by its inputs. They do not have memory, previous inputs do not affect their outputs. Some combinations of gates can be used to make more complicated combi- natorial circuits. For instance figure 8.2 is combinatorial circuit with the logic table shown below, representing the values of the Boolean expression y = (x x ) x . 1 ∨ 2 ∧ 3 x1 x2 y x3 Figure 8.2. A combinatorial circuit. x1 x2 x3 y = (x1 x2) x3 1 1 1 ∨0 ∧ 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 However the circuit in figure 8.3 is not a combinatorial circuit.