Reciprocal Classes of Markov Processes

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Reciprocal Classes of Markov Processes Institut für Mathematik der Universität Potsdam Lehrstuhl für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie Université Paris Ouest Nanterre – La Défense École Doctorale 139: Connaissance, langage, modélisation Modal'X EA 3454 Reciprocal classes of Markov processes. An approach with duality formulae. Dissertation / Thèse de Doctorat eingereicht von / présentée par Rüdiger Murr zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades "doctor rerum naturalium" (Dr. rer. nat.) in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en Mathématiques Oktober 2012 an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam Prüfungskommission / Membres du Jury Prof. Dr. Paolo Dai Pra Gutachter / Rapporteur Prof. Dr. Nathanaël Enriquez Prof. Dr. Achim Feldmeier Prof. Dr. Markus Klein Vorsitz / Président Prof. Dr. Christian Léonard (Betreuer / Directeur de thèse) Prof. Dr. Nicolas Privault Gutachter / Rapporteur Prof. Dr. Sylvie Roelly (Betreuerin / Directrice de thèse) Gutachter / Rapporteur Published online at the Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam: URL http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/6209/ URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62091 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62091 iii “Wenn man auf etwas hindenkt, verdickt sich das, was man denkt, bis es nach und nach sichtbar wird. Wer sich was denkt, denkt das denk nur ich, kein anderer weiß es, aber dann kommt ein Tag, an dem das Gedachte als Tat oder Ding f¨uralle Welt sichtbar wird.” Erwin Strittmatter “Si nous nous arrˆetionsaux seules consid´erationsm´echaniques,il nous serait loisible d’expliquer que l’´equilibre de la tˆete,ainsi plac´eesur l’empilement des vert`ebres cervicales, au lieu de prolonger horizontalement la colonne vert´ebrale comme chez les quadrup`edes,ne peut s’obtenir que par un all`egrement de la partie ant´erieure, c’est-`a-dire la boˆıtecrˆanienneet son contenu, l’enc´ephale.” Gabriel Camps iv v Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Sylvie Rœlly and Christian Leonard,´ who guided me on the journey of writing this thesis. Their councel, encouragment and constant availability for discussion were invaluable. It was Sylvie Rœlly, who encouraged me to continue my studies in probability theory and she initially proposed the project of a Cotutelle. Christian Leonard´ kindly agreed to endorse me as his graduate student in Nanterre. I owe my sincere gratitude to my two home institutions, the University of Potsdam and the University Paris Ouest Nanterre - La D´efense and, in particular, I would like to thank the respective Faculty of natural sciences of the University of Potsdam and the Ecole´ doctorale N◦139: Connaissance, langage, mod´elisation in Nanterre, who agreed to participate in this joint doctorate. The grant of an allocation de recherche minist´erielle by the University Paris Ouest Nanterre - La D´efense is greatfully acknowledged. My work was also supported by the Deutsch-Franz¨osischeHochschule/Universit´eFranco- Allemand. As a member of the Deutsch-Franz¨osischesDoktorandenkolleg DFD 01-06 entitled “Applications of stochastic processes”, I was given the opportunity to gain academic experi- ences through the participation in an international exchange program that greatly facilitated the contact to renowned researchers from different countries. During the writing of my thesis I had the great pleasure of being hosted by the Institute of Mathematics, Lehrstuhl f¨urWahrscheinlichkeitstheorie in Potsdam as well as by the research group MODAL’X in Nanterre. I would like to emphazise my gratitude for the warm welcome received. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends, who supported me throughout my time as a student. They willingly accepted my decision of becoming a mathematician and never lost interest in my work. vi vii Summary This work is concerned with the characterization of certain classes of stochastic processes via duality formulae. In particular we consider reciprocal processes with jumps, a subject up to now neglected in the literature. In the first part we introduce a new formulation of a characterization of processes with independent increments. This characterization is based on a duality formula satisfied by processes with infinitely divisible increments, in particular Levy´ processes, which is well known in Malliavin calculus. We obtain two new methods to prove this duality formula, which are not based on the chaos decomposition of the space of square-integrable function- als. One of these methods uses a formula of partial integration that characterizes infinitely divisible random vectors. In this context, our characterization is a generalization of Stein’s lemma for Gaussian random variables and Chen’s lemma for Poisson random variables. The generality of our approach permits us to derive a characterization of infinitely divisible random measures. The second part of this work focuses on the study of the reciprocal classes of Markov processes with and without jumps and their characterization. We start with a resume of already existing results concerning the reciprocal classes of Brownian diffusions as solutions of duality formulae. As a new contribution, we show that the duality formula satisfied by elements of the reciprocal class of a Brownian diffusion has a physical interpretation as a stochastic Newton equation of motion. Thus we are able to connect the results of characterizations via duality formulae with the theory of stochastic mechanics by our interpretation, and to stochastic optimal control theory by the mathematical approach. As an application we are able to prove an invariance property of the reciprocal class of a Brownian diffusion under time reversal. In the context of pure jump processes we derive the following new results. We describe the reciprocal classes of Markov counting processes, also called unit jump processes, and obtain a characterization of the associated reciprocal class via a duality formula. This formula contains as key terms a stochastic derivative, a compensated stochastic integral and an invariant of the reciprocal class. Moreover we present an interpretation of the characterization of a reciprocal class in the context of stochastic optimal control of unit jump processes. As a further application we show that the reciprocal class of a Markov counting process has an invariance property under time reversal. Some of these results are extendable to the setting of pure jump processes, that is, we admit different jump-sizes. In particular, we show that the reciprocal classes of Markov jump processes can be compared using reciprocal invariants. A characterization of the reciprocal class of compound Poisson processes via a duality formula is possible under the assumption that the jump-sizes of the process are incommensurable. viii ix Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Charakterisierung von Klassen stochastischer Prozesse durch Dualitatsformeln.¨ Es wird insbesondere der in der Literatur bisher unbehandelte Fall reziproker Klassen stochastischer Prozesse mit Sprungen¨ untersucht. Im ersten Teil stellen wir eine neue Formulierung einer Charakterisierung von Prozessen mit unabhangigen¨ Zuwachsen¨ vor. Diese basiert auf der aus dem Malliavinkalkul¨ bekan- nten Dualitatsformel¨ fur¨ Prozesse mit unendlich oft teilbaren Zuwachsen.¨ Wir prasentieren¨ zusatzlich¨ zwei neue Beweismethoden dieser Dualitatsformel,¨ die nicht auf der Chaoszer- legung des Raumes quadratintegrabler Funktionale beruhen. Eine dieser Methoden basiert auf einer partiellen Integrationsformel fur¨ unendlich oft teilbare Zufallsvektoren. In diesem Rahmen ist unsere Charakterisierung eine Verallgemeinerung des Lemma fur¨ Gaußsche Zufallsvariablen von Stein und des Lemma fur¨ Zufallsvariablen mit Poissonverteilung von Chen. Die Allgemeinheit dieser Methode erlaubt uns durch einen ahnlichen¨ Zugang die Charakterisierung unendlich oft teilbarer Zufallsmaße. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit konzentrieren wir uns auf die Charakterisierung reziproker Klassen ausgewahlter¨ Markovprozesse durch Dualitatsformeln.¨ Wir beginnen mit einer Zusammenfassung bereits existierender Ergebnisse zu den reziproken Klassen Brownscher Bewegungen mit Drift. Es ist uns moglich¨ die Charakter- isierung solcher reziproken Klassen durch eine Dualitatsformel¨ physikalisch umzudeuten in eine Newtonsche Gleichung. Damit gelingt uns ein Bruckenschlag¨ zwischen derarti- gen Charakterisierungsergebnissen und der Theorie stochastischer Mechanik durch den Interpretationsansatz, sowie der Theorie stochastischer optimaler Steuerung durch den mathematischen Ansatz. Unter Verwendung der Charakterisierung reziproker Klassen durch Dualitatsformeln¨ beweisen wir weiterhin eine Invarianzeigenschaft der reziproken Klasse Browscher Bewegungen mit Drift unter Zeitumkehrung. Es gelingt uns weiterhin neue Resultate im Rahmen reiner Sprungprozesse zu beweisen. Wir beschreiben reziproke Klassen Markovscher Zahlprozesse,¨ d.h. Sprungprozesse mit Sprunghohe¨ eins, und erhalten eine Charakterisierung der reziproken Klasse vermoge¨ einer Dualitatsformel.¨ Diese beinhaltet als Schlusselterme¨ eine stochastische Ableitung nach den Sprungzeiten, ein kompensiertes stochastisches Integral und eine Invariante der reziproken Klasse. Wir prasentieren¨ außerdem eine Interpretation der Charakterisierung einer reziproken Klasse im Rahmen der stochastischen Steuerungstheorie. Als weitere Anwendung beweisen wir eine Invarianzeigenschaft der reziproken Klasse Markovscher Zahlprozesse¨ unter Zeitumkehrung. Einige
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