Knowledge Poverty Alleviation for Contiguous Poor Areas―A Case Study of the Wuling Mountain Area

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ISSN 1923-0176 [Print] Studies in Sociology of Science ISSN 1923-0184 [Online] Vol. 5, No. 1, 2014, pp. 20-27 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/j.sss.1923018420140501.4006 www.cscanada.org

Take Measures: Knowledge Poverty Alleviation for Contiguous Poor Areas―A Case Study of the Wuling Mountain Area

WANG Zhizhang[a],*; LIU Zili[a]

[a]Professor. School of Economic & Management, Southwest University, WANG Zhizhang, LIU Zili (2014). Take Measures: Knowledge Chongqing, China. Poverty Alleviation for Contiguous Poor Areas―A Case *Corresponding author. Study of the Wuling Mountain Area. Studies in Sociology of Science, 5(1), 20-27. Available from: URL: http://www.cscanada. Supported by the Project funded by the Ministry of Education net/index.php/sss/article/view/j.sss.1923018420140501.4006 of China: A Research of How to Improve Social Service Ability of DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.sss.1923018420140501.4006 Philosophical and Social Sciences (No.10JZDH005), the Key Project funded by the National Social Science Fund: Research of Development of Inclusive Growth Model for Continuous Destitute Areas in Poverty Alleviation (No.12ASH004), and the Central University Fund Project: The Path Designing of the Mode of Knowledge Poverty Alleviation in INTRODUCTION the Destitute Areas (No.SWU1309321). The report of the 18th national congress of the CPC clearly Received 15 November 2013; accepted 26 January 2014 states that it is necessary to strengthen poverty relief for the old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, Abstract border areas and poverty-stricken areas by taking one Knowledge poverty alleviation aims to help poor areas assistance and other forms, and to develop mass cultural and poor people out of poverty by strengthening the activities, and guide the masses of self-expression, self- knowledge infrastructure, enhancing the professional education, self-service in the cultural construction, and skills and “self blood” feature of the poor, establishing advocates to vigorously promote education fair, reasonable cultural knowledge networking and activating poor allocation of educational resources and priority to rural, self-consciousness of poverty-stricken areas. Based on remote, poverty, ethnic minority areas. It also supports combing the theory of poverty at home and abroad and for special education and improving the levels of subsidy outlining research status and the analysis of the Wuling for students from poor families and actively promoting Mountain Area, the paper presents main primary paths equal education access to children of migrant workers of Knowledge for the contiguous poor areas, aiming at so that every child can become useful. The report of the providing theoretical support and basis for decision- 18th national congress of the CPC, both puts forward making for all levels of the government to lay our new higher requirements for the further promoting poverty contiguous destitute poverty alleviation during the battle alleviation and development, and promotes innovation and build a comprehensive well-off society and realize and development of the theory of poverty Alleviation the country’s political stability, national unity, border and development and enriches the connotation of poverty consolidation, social harmony, ecological security. alleviation and further pointes out the direction for a new Simultaneously, a further objective of this paper is to round of battle of the poverty alleviation and development attract the attention of more scholars at home and abroad (Hu, 2012). In May 2011, the State Council issued the to knowledge poverty alleviation which is important “China Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development proposition and build up a systematic theoretical Program (2011-2020)”, clearly determining 14 contiguous framework from the theoretical and practical dimensions. poor areas such as Wuling mountain as the main battlefield Key words: Contiguous poor areas; Knowledge of China’s poverty alleviation of the new era. poverty alleviation; Study of the path Knowledge poverty alleviation for contiguous poor areas, as a form of poverty alleviation, refers to the increase of “blood transfusion” for poverty-stricken

Copyright © Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures 20 WANG Zhizhang; LIU Zili (2014). Studies in Sociology of Science, 5(1), 20-27 areas, and the enhancement of ability of self-production in 2010. In addition, rural per capita net income of Wuling of contiguous poor areas by providing knowledge, Mountain Area in 2011 is much higher than the poverty information, technology, skills, education and other ways. line that year. The income distribution of the Area do not It is a poverty alleviation model to make the poor out of show a reasonable normal distribution, and the income poverty on their own by improving the poor’ labor skills gap between residents and structural poverty problem and enhancing poor people’s own “blood” feature. The is obvious and highlight (You, Leng, & Ding, 2013). paper is poverty alleviation and development-oriented in The poverty feature of Wuling Mountain Area is mainly sociology, regional economics and other disciplines theory reflected in the following aspects: perspective. The paper regards the Wuling Mountain as 1.1 Fragmentation of Administrative Divisions empirical research object, and analyzes the underlying Restricting the Enhance of Overall Effectiveness causes of poverty in the Southwest through literature and In the history of poverty alleviation of Wuling Mountain empirical research methods, in order to build up workable Area, distribution of poverty relief funds and performance knowledge poverty alleviation model with Chinese evaluation of government officials are on the basis of characteristics and provide theoretical support for decision administrative divisions. Local governments conflict making and policy recommendations for all levels of the with each other and lack unified planning (Lu, 2012). party and the government to fight poverty campaign of Meanwhile, the current “local government performance the new era and achieve political stability, national unity, evaluation system”brings success oriented. Government social harmony and common prosperity. officials appraisal system regards the effect of poverty alleviation in counties where they serve as assessment 1. POVERTY ALLEVIATION HISTORY OF criteria, rather than the development and poverty reduction effect of the whole area, exacerbating local WULING MOUNTAIN AREA protectionism and severely restricting the overall Wuling Mountain Area crosses four provinces of effectiveness of policies. Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing and Guizhou, setting the old revolutionary areas, ethnic and poor regions in one, 1.2 Emphasis on the Construction of Infrastructure & Less Attention to Knowledge covering 71 counties (cities, districts) of four provinces’ Input border areas, of which 11 counties in Hubei and 37 Infrastructure is the key to poverty reduction in recent counties in Hunan and 7 counties in Chongqing and 16 years; the government gave a lot of incentives to countries counties in Guizhou. It is a typical poverty contiguous in the project arrangements, financial capital subsidies, poor area which covers large interface of provinces and and infrastructure construction. These measures greatly gathers many minorities and widespread poverty, and is contributed to the personnel development and material also an important economic cooperation areas. Its total flow, expanding the sources of income. Transportation and area is 171,800 square kilometers with a total population other infrastructure have also been significantly changed. of 36.45 million, of which is 8.53 million urban But there is the serious shortage of investment in poor areas population and 27.92 million rural population. in the knowledge level, and only a small number of leading Under the care of the CPC Central Committee and the cadres and a small amount of teacher have been taken care State Council, as early as the 1980s, the State Council on training, with little investment projects to enhance labor Poverty Alleviation Office putted the Wuling Mountain skills throughout the area currently. Objectively speaking, Area as one of the eighteen concentrated poverty- investment in hardware facilities may significantly changes stricken areas, giving a great deal of financial support the face of local poverty in the short term, labor with and preferential policies. After long efforts, the economy little skills often affect the sustainable development of the and society of Wuling Mountain Area have made great region, resulting in some areas back to the state of poverty achievements as Party committees and governments at because of poor knowledge. all levels actively implemented the preferential policy for minority, Western Development Policy, poverty 1.3 Behavior of Poverty Subject Inverting & alleviation and a series of other policies. Even so, the area Target Beneficiaries Replaced remains a serious problem, and the poverty incidence China’s most prominent feature is that its direct anti- level of Wuling Mountain Area is higher than that of poverty target is not poverty but poverty-stricken areas. the nation according to “Contiguous Poverty-stricken The local government is main implementers of poverty Area Blue Book” which was released in March 2013. alleviation, specifically responsible for organizing the As we analyze the poverty incidence of Xiangxi in implementation of poverty alleviation. There are many Hunan, Enshi in Hubei province and Tongren City in problems running it, though it received some effect. Guizhou, the poverty incidence of these area is 39.9%, The most prominent problems are that the allocation of 31.8%, and 25.7% higher than national level in 2011, and resource for poverty alleviation and the flow of poverty 36.9%,32.2%and 11.3% higher than that of national level alleviation funds and the poverty alleviation project is led

21 Copyright © Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures Take Measures: Knowledge Poverty Alleviation for Contiguous Poor Areas―A Case Study of the Wuling Mountain Area by the government. The allocation of the resource and From thousand local persons’ evaluation of the effect of funds often deviates from the original due to emotional poverty alleviation in Wuling Mountain Area (see Table 1), problems, resulting the original target scheduled to help we can see that the cumulative results of consent and full are replaced by others in the actual operation. In addition, consent account very low proportion with six questions. the entry threshold set by the government can not make Only 42% of 1000 persons satisfy with government’s the real poor get help from the government. The poor work on poverty alleviation. It can be seen that the relatively have little opportunities to share resources and deviation of recipients and target caused by the abnormal to participate in projects (Yao, 2011). operation of the government affect the reputation of the local government, making it losing the trust from people. Table 1 Evaluation of Effect of the Local Government in Poverty Alleviation You know You are happy to It is fair to in Funds for poverty There are still The work of much about our participate in the determining of alleviation are some people the current existing pro- poverty reduction subsistence and assigned into the out of poverty government poor policies. activities arranged poverty target. hands of poor enjoying the pro- in poverty by government. households accurately poor policies. alleviation is and timely. satisfied. Disagree 24% 1% 12% 8% 4% 7% Compared disagree 29% 8% 40% 27% 13% 22% General 25% 19% 30% 44% 31% 29% Compared content 18% 39% 13% 12% 30% 29% Totally agreed 4% 33% 5% 8% 22% 13%

2. ANALYSIS OF KNOWLEDGE AND TALENT STATUS OF WULING MOUNTAIN AREA We made a survey in Wuling Mountain Area, including Qianjiang district in Chongqing, Shizhu Sanxing Township, Xianfeng in Hubei, some villages in Tongren of Guizhoou,Nongxin Village and Shaoyang County of Huaihua in Hunan Province, etc, focusing on “knowledge poverty alleviation”, “How to improve vocational education”, “the root causes of poverty” and other related issues in July and August in2012. The survey questionnaires were distributed to 700 persons, and 689 valid questionnaires were back, accounting Figure 1 for 98.4% of the total questionnaire. Subsequently 689 Education Situation of Interviewed People valid questionnaires data were inputted into SPSS19.0 software for Cronbach’s coefficient test. The Cronbach’s coefficient was 0.866, above 0.7, indicating that each questionnaire has high internal consistency, good stability, and results have a strong credibility. It can largely reflect the current situation of knowledge and talent of Wuling Mountain Area. 2.1 Extreme Lack of Talent Talent is obviously insufficient in Wuling Mountain contiguous poor areas, especially highly educated talent. Figure 2 The Proportion of the Income Level at Each Level of According to the fifth census, the college education Education accounted for only 35.3% in all kinds of talents in Wuling Mountain area, lower than the national average of 6.7 Complex talent in the high-end is scarce. In terms of percentage points. Most of The professional and technical personnel structure, first, academic structure is irrational personnel and business management personnel have junior and the overall cultural level is low. The findings show titles, accounting for 73% and 78% respectively. that due to the serious outflow of the educated young,

Copyright © Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures 22 WANG Zhizhang; LIU Zili (2014). Studies in Sociology of Science, 5(1), 20-27 there are 140 illiterate or semi-literate, 211 primary unable to carry out experimental teaching, resulting weak school graduates, 208 graduates from junior high school capacity of accepting new things and modern scientific among the surveyed 689 persons. Only 130 persons have and technological knowledge. And lacking social skills received high school and higher education, of which 42 and the ability to get rich after graduation, due to lack of persons have received university or college education, experimental conditions. Nevertheless, the majority of without a master. Second, the talent structure is irrational. local villagers are more satisfied with the overall quality There are more professional and technical personnel good of local education in option of evaluation questionnaires. at Chinese, mathematics, physics, chemistry and other It can be inferred that local ideas are lagging behind, and basic subjects. The Area lacks talent in foreign languages, not asking for the child’s education. Furthermore, the engineering, computers operation, civil engineering, difficulty in popularization of compulsory education leads agricultural production, without any professional deep poverty, resulting in a vicious cycle of education personnel in environmental science, soil conservation, and poverty. (a) The rate of children in school is low. tourism, natural forest protection, bio-engineering and Data shows that, although the implementation of the other aspects in Enshi, Xiangxi, Qianjiang District. compulsory” two exemptions and one subsidy” special Third, sectoral distribution of talent is extremely uneven. policy for the poor living in rural and part of the pilot Professionals in culture and health industry are relatively urban in 2006, but the rate of junior students in school more; agriculture, engineering and technology personnel of many counties of Wuling Mountain Area, such as are seriously short. Institutions and state-owned units Sangzhi County in Hunan Province, Lichuan City of attract more professional and technical personnel, as Hubei was significantly lower than the national average, enterprises and non-public units have little (Wuling accounting only about 2/3 of the country’s. (b) The low Mountain Minority Areas Investigation Report, 2009). level of education limits the labor’s job skills. The survey shows there are over half the workforce just graduated 2.2 Lack of Management Personnel for Poverty from middle school or junior high school. The labor with Alleviation primary culture account 44.9% and 46.5% in Hunan Grassroots leadership and management team is fortress to Sangzhi County and Yongshun County respectively, most fight poverty, and their overall quality and management of whom can only engage in traditional agriculture or seek capabilities directly relate the steady progress in poverty meager income by selling their labor. (c) Ideas of local reduction. But the survey shows that there are many people are conservative and obsolete. It is evident in deep- problems in grassroots cadre’s teams of the township. rooted sense of peasant economy, extreme lack of sense of First of all, the amount of cadres are insufficient in competition, being afraid of difficulties and receiving new Wuling Mountain Area .From our interviews with the ideas and so on. township, the number of cadres with formal establishment In this paper, the results of education of the masses and is in general about 40, even less than this figure in a few the per capita annual income and occupational category towns. Multi sectoral cross usually occurs. A person of Wuling Mountain Area the author has surveyed show often held numerous positions, busy uploading issued that illiterate or semi-literate persons accounts the highest and wasting a lot of time to maintain order and stability. proportion of the population with income below 2300 yuan, There are little specializing personal working in poverty reaching 62% due to the low level of education. With rising alleviation. Speaking of the academic structure, grassroots level of education, this proportion is gradually decreasing, cadres with college degree or above accounts for less than and the number of people with household per capita annual 50%, a part of who just have received junior education, income more than 5700 yuan increases correspondingly, lacking capabilities of mastering and application of new which accounts for 48% of population with undergraduate knowledge and new technology. or post-secondary education. The results show that the 2.3 Generally Low Level of Education average annual household income and education level has According to Wuling Mountain minority areas a significant positive correlation. Knowledge has important Investigation Report released in December 2009 and implications for poverty reduction. surveys the author made in the summer of 2012 in Wuling Mountain Area, the structure of schools is irrational. Currently, there are only one college, one 3. BUILDING THE PATH OF secondary Teachers college, 19 high (middle) schools KNOWLEDGE POVERTY ALLEVIATION and 717 primary schools in the Wuling Mountain Area, Knowledge poverty alleviation is an inevitable choice to with only 37% gross enrollment rate of high school. seek self-breakthrough and self-development in pursuit Teachers graduating from the regular school would of their own economic and social development of Wuling rather leave of absence than go to work, due to the poor Mountain Area. Currently, poverty alleviation and overall educational facilities coupled with remoteness. Then, development of the Wuling Mountain Area, needs to make the test condition is limited. Now there are 52 townships full use of the means of culture and knowledge in order to

23 Copyright © Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures Take Measures: Knowledge Poverty Alleviation for Contiguous Poor Areas―A Case Study of the Wuling Mountain Area achieve “the first out of poverty, the first rich” goal, and 3.1.2 Increasing Support Effort of Knowledge Pro- requires the State and local governments closely with the Poor Policies masses, as well as a combination of the top-level design Poverty alleviation involves a wide field of knowledge, and the specific measures. and needs strong technology with high demanding, requiring the state and local governments to give attention 3.1 Making Top-Level Design of Macroeconomic and support in the information infrastructure, resource Policies allocation, science and technology to the countryside, 3.1.1 Fully Understanding the Importance of funding and other aspects. On infrastructure, first of all, the Knowledge Poverty Alleviation state should increase public investment and give priority The “Agenda 21” promulgated by The United Nations to transportation, water, energy, telecommunications and Conference on Environment and Development points that other infrastructure, and open the node between the towns capacity building is a very important concept. In poor with national, provincial and other main backbone traffic areas, poverty is not just the lack of material resources; network, improving road grade between small towns and furthermore it is the poverty of social resources, namely enhancing commuter convenience degree in Area. Second, intellectual poverty, information poverty, concept poverty the central government and local governments at all levels and cultural poverty. The main causes of poverty of the should increase investment driven by promoting consumer contiguous poor area are the limited development capacity information policy, and create substances networks, caused by low quality of population. So, the party and information networks, energy networks through the use of the government at all levels should have innovative sensing technology, network technology and IT application ideas, fully aware that the knowledge poverty alleviation technology, and enhance management of small towns, is an important engine to enhance the quality of the industrial development and livable life wisdom magnetism. population, and enhance self-hematopoietic function of Third, the nation, local government and the social should the poor. They will naturally have the ability to escape work together to build hospitals, schools, kindergartens, poverty as the quality and labor skills of the population cultural and entertainment facilities with high standards, to improve. Second, the local government should vigorously enhance service functions and provide good conditions for promote advanced ideas, positive values, useful scientific more people to settle in the small town. knowledge, civilization customs and so on, resisting At the same time, the role of civil literate people culture of poverty with the advanced cultural, and should be paid attention to. One way is to integrate establish a new culture which adapts to the requirements knowledge resources in Area, and to organize those who of the situation and development of the times. Third, are scattered in community to set up some professionals development and capacity building of the human resource associations such as the Association crafts, science should be regarded as the core of the poverty alleviation, associations, breeding associations and others and guide adhering to the combination of the “blood” and “blood”, these organizations to found entities, gradually developing long-term and short-term, self-reliance and government into leader to lead the masses to get rich. Second, the support simultaneously. Poverty alleviation projects, government can run a number of vocational and technical industrial poverty, intellectual poverty, and conceptual schools to organize free training for personnel in rural poverty alleviation should be synchronous, focusing areas regularly; Third, another way is to run some high- on self-development of the poor people in poverty alleviation, to help them acquire skills to achieve long- level college or university, making them as important term prosperity. Fourth, make full use of radio, television, cultivation base for high-end application-oriented talents. Internet, text messaging and other platforms. The 3.1.3 Promoting the Combination of Knowledge scientific knowledge should be spread among the people Poverty Alleviation and Scientific, Technological to help change their thinking and ideas and instruct the Poverty Alleviation and Industry Poverty Alleviation poor to master new knowledge and to enhance the “self- The integration of knowledge and technology is an blood” skills in poverty social practice activities through innovation mode of knowledge poverty reduction practical knowledge transfer, information dissemination, and effective forms to achieve docking of knowledge advocacy reports and other forms. The fifth way is fully and industrial development .First, to create a science tapping the traditional cultural resources, holding good and technology information service platform, and to ethnic festivals, and organizing traditional art contest build the county township, village, large agricultural and production technology competitions in minorities household four level science and technology information to enrich their spiritual life and stimulate the villagers’ service networks. The local government should make enthusiasm to improve production skills and the lifestyle full use of radio, television, Internet, text messaging (Li, 2012). Sixth, to create a culture with quality which is and other platforms to strengthen release of practical closely related to real life and reflecting people’s real life technology, information and the rich projects .The second in a loved form so that the masses accept new ideas and is to integrate agricultural technology, forestry, animal new knowledge in entertaining. husbandry and other rural scientific and technological

Copyright © Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures 24 WANG Zhizhang; LIU Zili (2014). Studies in Sociology of Science, 5(1), 20-27 resources, and establish Science and Technology the eastern coastal areas to study once or twice every Integrated Office in township, hiring specialize or year, achieving a combination of learning and project amateur technology promoters and further optimizing IT promotion. But also to invite experts from higher levels of service system. Third, the Area can actively explore the government agencies and universities to make lectures, so “science and technology correspondent plus Expert plus that cadres of the Area informed of the latest progress of technology information services station and plus base, poverty alleviation of the country and the world. parks, farmers (corporate)”mode, establishing agricultural 3.3 The Parties Working Together to Build a New expert workshop in key industrial base, technology Model of Knowledge Poverty Alleviation demonstration park and key enterprises. Fourth, it is necessary to further establish and improve mechanisms 3.3.1 Promoting Counterpart Support of Areas aiming at poverty alleviation, accurate targeting poor “Counterpart support” is a development model with counties and poor households and updating the list to Chinese characteristics condensed out in the history ensure that funds actually spent on poverty alleviation of of China’s reform and opening up. Achieving Poverty poor households in the county (Zheng, 2013). Reduction of Wuling Mountain Area cannot leave the help of the developed area. 3.2 Setting up Special Coordinating Oversight First of all, Central and state organs, state-owned Agencies enterprises, universities and other subordinate units should 3.2.1 Establishing Coordinate Oversight Bodies to actively go to designated counties for poverty alleviation Ensure Grassroots Cadres Take on Their Duties in with IT, research team and funding (Wen, 2012). Second, Knowledge Poverty Alleviation the party and government organs and enterprises and Establishing a unified coordination group Poverty the developed counties of the local should work in knowledge is imperative as knowledge poverty across the countryside, helping the real poor and forming the multiple administrative divisions and departments. It is a model of “one to one”. The third is to encourage relevant huge project and difficult to achieve relying on a single institutions of the eastern region to strengthen the Area administrative body. First, the coordination group should farmers’ knowledge and skills, promote new technologies, be composed of the Poverty Alleviation Office of the State and disseminate new knowledge through distance Council and the Poverty Alleviation Office of provinces education information network and other ways. and Poverty Alleviation Office of municipalities and 3.3.2 Establishing Cooperation Model in Area regions of the Area, mainly for planning and guidance of The integration of knowledge poverty alleviation require anti-poverty project for the overall. On the other side, it the contiguous poor areas to achieve cooperation, needs to set up supervision mechanism composed by the break the shackles of administrative divisions, integrate relevant experts from the central departments (accounting knowledge resources and optimize resource allocation, for 30%) and local (accounting for 70%), responsible to establish a unified platform for knowledge poverty for monitoring the effectiveness and scientific of the and increase spillover benefits of the knowledge poverty results of the implementation of the decision made by alleviation and achieve the entire Area goal ultimately. Poverty Group, promoting the implement of knowledge poverty decision. Third, the counties of the Area should 3.4 Improving Institutional Mechanism to develop measures based on the plan of knowledge poverty Achieve Educational Equity alleviation, setting up a Leading Group for Poverty Good educational systems and mechanisms are important Reduction Project, responsible for strategy development, ways and means to achieve knowledge poverty alleviation economic and technological development, science and in Wuling Mountain. But previous training shows that technology demonstration, scientific decision-making and although the state has invested a lot of manpower, supervision and inspection of the region. material and financial resources, but still cannot help the 3.2.2 Innovating Management Training Methods poor out of poverty and get prosperity because of lack of Contiguous poor areas need to establish a high-quality pertinence, resulting learning more useless things at last. cadres and management team to improve management 3.4.1 To Train and Provide Personnel for Knowledge capability knowledge poverty alleviation. First, to Poverty Alleviation Relying on Universities establish cadre training base relying on Area Party First, six colleges and universities administered by School or universities, regularly organizing cadres at all Ministry of Education should increase the number of levels to learn new policies, new knowledge at base and enrollment of students from contiguous poor areas, so that updating their concepts, to help improve capability of more students from the Area can become personnel with decision-making and management coordination, in order high level. Second, the Area should increase efforts to to lead and participate in poverty reduction continuously recruit talent, and introduce more liberal incentives. The effectively. Second, “going out” and “attracting in” should Area can implement “millions” project with five years, be executed simultaneously. To organize management which means to introduce one hundred doctoral graduates, cadres in the first line of poverty alleviation project to one thousand master’s graduate students, ten thousand

25 Copyright © Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures Take Measures: Knowledge Poverty Alleviation for Contiguous Poor Areas―A Case Study of the Wuling Mountain Area graduates per year from the National College, constantly the employers to establish a stable labor training base, enriching the Area fronts, various industries, and gradually developing orders training. Second, according to local improving personnel structure and establishing reasonable conditions, on-demand teaching principles, creating talent echelon according to the practical needs. Third, to kinds of practical courses such as modern agricultural implement “culture immigration project” combining of the techniques, organic vegetable cultivation, animal characteristics of the local natural and cultural resources husbandry and veterinary, ecological farming, etc. The endowment, and to implement the a national “Funding third is to organize rural party, grassroots agricultural for students of contiguous poverty-stricken areas project”, workers, rural prosperity experts to make practical granting concessions of full tuition exemption to college technical train for farmers by a flexible and diverse, and who come back the field and serve for the Area at least to pick elite technical force with ability of proficient five years, and to implement “Business Plan in Poor practical operation from agriculture-related departments, Areas” to encourage college graduates to venture to gather consisting of training squad to open mobile classroom, talent for area development. Fourth, to encourage students live lectures, live answering on farms. Fourth, to give full to actively participate attachment internship training in play to rural library as a classroom role, and to propagate destitute areas, and to increase the scale of “transferring the development of agricultural science and technology students” and “Student Village”, and help them solve knowledge according to the seasons and agricultural work, life and the subsequent development-related issues, production needs by publicity column form. Fifth, to carry so that they can get in and stay. out improvement activities of the whole people quality of 3.4.2 Strengthening Basic Education and Reserving scientific and technology, making village leaders, local Good Talent for Contiguous Poor Areas talent, rural rich hotshots and technology correspondent Compulsory education and upper secondary education is as the main training target, and focusing on cultivating an important support to achieve sustainable development a technology leader team. Sixth, to organize capable of contiguous poor areas, on the one hand, to provide personnel to study in leading enterprises in rural areas talents for the universities, on the other hand to and industrial base. The local government can encourage improve the quality of labor in the new period to meet science and technology correspondent to form a interests the objective requirements of economic and social community with the local talent and farmers, one to development. According to the development plan, Wuling one helping, through funding, technology shares, paid Mountain Area should achieve universal access to nine- services and other incentives measures, through funding, year compulsory education, enrollment rate secondary technology shares, paid services and other incentives education to reach 90% by 2020.In order to accomplish measures. Seventh, technology leaders should play “setter” these indicators, one is to improve the educational role, to promote practical techniques and technology infrastructure Area and school conditions, and to improve literacy, driving more people out of poverty. basic education wage to attract and retain teachers. Second, the local government must strictly enforce state 3.5 Guiding the Poor to Actively Participate in laws and regulations, to ensure that every school-age child Poverty Alleviation Projects can complete compulsory education successfully, but also Survey shows that a number of poverty alleviation to grasp connotative development of secondary education, projects in poor areas are rarely participated in recent through the establishment of “Poverty Alleviation years. The “Rain Plan” which is one of the three major Educational Fund for Contiguous Poor Areas” and other poverty alleviation and development projects of poverty forms of social support, to eliminate the phenomenon that alleviation office of the state also suffered cold in some the child cannot afford books due to lack of money, and areas, facing the problem of shortage of students. Some of to ensure that every child from poor families can directly Poverty training funds strand in fiscal accounts. finish high school to university with dignity, to reserve First, let the poor know that if they want to get personnel for the sustainable development of contiguous rid of poverty, they must actively receive training to poor areas on a strategic perspective. learn advanced technology and practical management 3.4.3 Strengthening Vocational Education to Help the knowledge of production and sales and enhance the Poor Mastering Skills ability of self-wealth. Second, the poor should actively The distinctive characteristic of vocational education is understand relevant poverty reduction policies, to an important means to help quickly get rid of poverty. establish their dominant position in the poverty alleviation Therefore, county district school, vocational schools and projects and effectively protect their rights and ensure other training institutions make full use of modern means their rights to know the relevant information and the of radio and television and distance education, integrating progress of the decision-making and exercise supervision teachers and teaching professional skills and knowledge and enhance their awareness of rights in the form of to the poor systematically. The Area also should support lectures, publicizing and other ways.

CONCLUSION exploring a new path to enhance the poor’s skills through Enhancing the poor’s skills, building knowledge knowledge “blood transfusion”, and actively developing dissemination network, enhancing cultural dynamics, “knowledge-based” industries with characteristic of green integrating territorial resources and strengthening the and low-carbon and vigorously developing permanent ability of self “blood” of the poor by consolidating talents are both worthy of attention in the current poverty the knowledge infrastructure and building information campaign for the party and government at various levels, dissemination platform are the fundamental of the and a new topic worth caring form the academic. knowledge poverty alleviation, but also the main path for the contiguous poor areas to become rich. It is the REFERENCES key to ensure the success of poverty alleviation and achieve the goal of knowledge poverty alleviation that the Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission of Hubei Province, government must strengthen the government’s awareness Central University for Nationalities, Ethnic Affairs of the importance of knowledge and increase capital Commission of Hunan, Ethnic Affairs Commission of and technology support for the Area and promote the Guizhou, & Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission cooperation of the destitute areas and developed areas and of Chongqing. (2009). Wuling Mountain Minority Areas gather a variety of practical talents through vocational Investigation Report. Hubei: Central University for education and improve poor people’s consciousness. Nationalities. Meanwhile, the role of knowledge poverty alleviation Hu. (2012). Unswervingly advance along the road of socialism is a means of using cultural and technological forces with Chinese characteristics for building a moderately ultimately, which has obvious concealment and delay role prosperous society in all respects: The report on the in economic and social development . Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of The author believes that, the effectiveness of China. Beijing: People’s Publishing House. the knowledge poverty alleviation requires a longer Li, Y. (2012). Culture poverty: The strategic choice for Wuling process due to the specific quantitative of the research Mountain Area Poverty Alleviation. National Forum, (11), of knowledge investment and outputs requiring a 52-55. longer period. But once it has an effect, the effect is Lu, L. M. (2012). Essay on the regional poverty reduction immeasurable. In addition, the measurement of social strategy of Wuling Mountain. National forum, (07), 48-51. and economic effects of knowledge poverty alleviation is Wen, J. B. (2012, May 30). To change the backwardness of a huge project, needing to build a scientific, rational and contiguous poor areas as soon as possible. Daily, (02). workable measurement tool. It is also an important part of Yao, M. X. (2011). Reflections of behavior of the government- the content we want to study in future. led poverty reduction: Deviations and conversion from the Premier Li Keqiang pointed out that more than half target and adjustment of system and actions. Administrative of the poor and contiguous destitute areas are mostly Forum, 18(1), 29-33. concentrated in the western region on the forum for You, J., & Leng, Z. M, & Ding, J. J. (2013). Contiguous and promoting west development and poverty alleviation work destitute areas blue book: Report of the development of held in Maryland on August 19, 2013. Poverty reduction contiguous poor areas of China. Jishou University, Social is an important indicator to measure development, but Sciences Documentation. also the emphasis and difficulty to build a comprehensive Zheng, J. (2013, July 20). Promoting scientific and well-off society. In order to win this new era poverty technological as innovation-driven to implement of battle, in addition to funding and policy support, actively poverty alleviation. Retrieved from ttp://wenku.baidu.com/ view/50cbe71bb52acfc789ebc92d.html