Comparison of the Standing Balance Between Pole Vaulters and Soccer Players in Preseason and Postseason

23087250 ISSN 2308-7250 The journal represents original scientific researches of PHYSICAL 2020 scientists from the East-European region. PEPHYSICALS EDUCATION The Journal welcomes articles on different aspects of physical EDUCATION OF STUDENTS OF S TUDENTS education, sports and health of students which cover scientific PES 02 researches in the related fields, such as biomechanics, kinesiology, medicine, psychology, sociology, technologies of sports equipment, research in training, selection, physical efficiency, as well as health preservation and other interdisciplinary perspectives.

In general, the editors express hope that the journal “Physical Education of Students” contributes to information exchange to combine efforts of the researchers from the East-European region to solve common problems in health promotion of students, development of physical culture and sports in higher educational institutions.

2 308725 020203 0 2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS 2020 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS © Iermakov S.S., 2020 02

Key title: Physical education of students Frequency - 6 numbers in a year. Abbreviated key title: Phys. educ. stud. ISSN 2308-7250 (English ed. online) http://www.sportedu.org.ua Founders: Iermakov Sergii Sidorovich (Ukraine); (doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, Department Journal is ratifiedMinistry of Education of Physical Education, Kharkov National Pedagogical and Science of Ukraine (online): University). physical education and sport: (11.07.2019, № 975, “A” - Certificate to registration: KB 21884-11784P 24.00.01, 24.00.02, 24.00.03; 017); (13.03.2017, № 374). 21.12.2015. Address of editorial office: pedagogical sciences: (07.05.2019, № 612, “A” - P.O.Box 11135, Kharkov-68, 61068, Ukraine. 13.00.02; 011, 014); (22.12.2016, № 1604). Tel. +38 099 430 69 22 e-mail: [email protected]

Journal is reflected in databases:

1) Web of Science Core Collection 2) BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine) [Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)] http://www.base-search.net https://mjl.clarivate.com/home CORE DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk http://www.doaj.org DIIRJ (Directory Indexing of International Research CABI (CAB Direct) Journals) http://www.cabdirect.org http://drji.org/ WorldCat Google Scholar http://www.worldcat.org http://scholar.google.com.ua SHERPA/RoMEO OAJI (Open Academic Journals Index) http://www.sherpa.ac.uk http://oaji.net/journal-detail.html?number=770 Open Science Directory (EBSCO information WorldWideScience Alliance services) http://worldwidescience.org http://www.opensciencedirectory.net Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory PBN (Polish Scholarly Bibliography) http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/login https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/journals/42127 V.I.Vernadskiy National Library of Ukraine ERIH PLUS (The European Reference Index for the http://www.nbuv.gov.ua Humanities and the Social Sciences) Library of the Russian State University of https://dbh.nsd.uib.no Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism IndexCopernicus http://lib.sportedu.ru/Press/FVS http://journals.indexcopernicus.com Russian Science Citation Index http://elibrary.ru Scilit - http://www.scilit.net Academic Journals Database http://journaldatabase.org ROAD - http://road.issn.org

68 2020 02 EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-chief: Sergii S. Iermakov Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor: Kharkov National Pedagogical University (Kharkov, Ukraine). Deputy Editor: Wladyslaw Jagiello Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, professor, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport (Gdansk, Poland). Editorial Board: Marek Sawczuk Doctor of Biological Sciences, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport (Gdansk, Poland). Michael Chia PhD, Professor, Faculty of Phisical Education and Sports, National Institute of Education Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) Marc Lochbaum Professor, Ph.D., Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University (Lubbock, USA) Romualdas Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education Malinauskas (Kaunas, Lithuania) Agnieszka Doctor of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, Maciejewska-Skrendo University of Szczecin (Szczecin, Poland). Tatiana S. Yermakova Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Kharkov State Academy of Design and Fine Arts (Kharkov, Ukraine). Oleg M. Khudolii Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, Professor, Kharkov National Pedagogical University (Kharkov, Ukraine) Zhanneta L. Kozina Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, Professor, Private University of Environmental Sciences (Radom, Poland) Andrew Abraham MSc, PhD, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University (Leeds, United Kingdom) Olga V. Ivashchenko Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Ukraine (Kharkov, Ukraine) Mykola O. Nosko Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, National Pedagogical University (Chernigov, Ukraine) Mourad Fathloun Ph.D. Physical Education and Sport, Research Unit Evaluation and Analysis of Factors Influencing Sport Performance (Kef, Tunisia) Bahman Mirzaei Professor of exercise physiology, Department Exercise Physiology University of Guilan (Rasht, Iran) Ratko Pavlović Ph.D., Full prof., Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina-Republic of Srpska) Vladimir Potop Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, Professor, Ecological University of Bucharest (Bucharest, Romania) Fedor I. Sobyanin Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Belgorod State National Research University (Belgorod, Russia) Javier Cachón- Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport. Department of Didactics of Musical Zagalaz, Expression, University of Jaén (Jaén, Spain) Jorge Alberto Ramirez Ph. D. (Physical Education and Sport), Pedagogical University (Maracay, Venezuela) Torrealba

69 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

CONTENTS

Balaji Ethiraj, Murugavel Kamatchi. Impact of maximal power training with and without plyometric on speed endurance and upper body power of team handball players...... 71 Akan Bayrakdar, Hilal Kılınç Boz. The effect of functional movement screen and lower extremity training on hamstring/quadriceps ratio in football players ...... 80 Bayram Ceylan, Kerem M., Ceyiz S., Gurses V.V., Akgül M.Ş., Baydil B. Monitoring physiological responses and fluid balance of elite female beach handball players during an international tournament...... 86 Katarzyna Dmitruk, Małgorzata Gałązka, Mirosława Cieślicka, Dariusz Soszyński, Robert Stępniak, Mariusz Klimczyk, Sergii S. Iermakov. Comparison of the standing balance between pole vaulters and soccer players in preseason and postseason...... 92 Mikhail M. Kolokoltsev, Elena V. Romanova, Wladyslaw Jagiello, Tetiana S. Yermakova. The estimation scale of the daily pedometry of senior students...... 100 Mohammed H.H. Mohammed, Hong J. Choi. Can eight weeks of judo and taekwondo physical education improve the health-related fitness of male university students?...... 109 Radu Petroman, Andreea Luciana Rață. Balance performance in sedentary and active healthy young individuals – a cross-sectional study...... 115 Olha O. Podrihalo, Leonid V. Podrigalo, Dmytro O. Bezkorovainyi, Olexsandr I. Halashko, Igor N. Nikulin, Larisa A. Kadutskaya, Marina Jagiello. The analysis of handgrip strength and somatotype features in arm wrestling athletes with different skill levels...... 120 Information: ...... 127

70 2020 02 Impact of maximal power training with and without plyometric on speed endurance and upper body power of team handball players Balaji Ethiraj1ABCDE, Murugavel Kamatchi 2ABCDE 1C.B.M College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 2Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; B – Data collection; C – Statistical analysis; D – Manuscript Preparation; E – Funds Collection. Abstract Purpose: The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of maximal power training with and without plyometrics on speed endurance and upper body power of team handball players. Material: Sixty college level men team handball players were randomly selected from Coimbatore district as subjects. Their age ranged between 18 and 25 years. The selected subjects were divided into three equal groups consisting of twenty each. No attempt was made to equate the groups. Experimental group I (n = 20) underwent maximal power training with plyometrics (MPTWP), Experimental group II (n = 20) underwent maximal power training without plyometrics (MPTWOP) for a period of 12 weeks and group III (n = 20) acted as control group (CG), the subjects in control group were not engaged in any training programme other than their regular work. Data obtained were evaluated in SPSS package. Results: The F value revealed that the speed endurance and upper body power were significantly improved due to the influence of maximal power training with plyometrics. Conclusions: As a result, 12 weeks of maximal power training with plyometrics can be said to increase the speed endurance and upper body power of team handball players. Keywords: team handball, maximal power training, plyometrics, speed endurance, upper body power.

Introduction1 The ability to get maximal power throughout Human muscle is composed of two broad categories complicated motor skills is of overriding significance of muscle cells (fibers). The slow twitch muscle fiber is to prospering athletic ability across several sports. A characterized by high endurance, but slow rate of force vital issue visaged by scientists and coaches is that the production and low power output. In contrast, the fast development of effective and economical coaching- twitch fibers possess low endurance, but a fast rate of programmes that enhance maximal power production in force production and high power output. Slow twitch active, multi-joint movements. Such training is considered fibers are innervated regularly by normal daily activity: as power training. however the fast twitch fibers are used only during muscle The speed and power with which athletes contractions requiring high force or rapid movement. In can produce muscular actions determine successful the aged there is a selective disuse atrophy of fast twitch performance in most sports. This stage of training is fibers which is most likely a result of physical activity necessary to enhance the speed spectrum that body levels which have declined to a chronically low intensity is allowed to operate within. Therefore, the body will [1]. only be able to move within a set range of speed that is Metter et al. [2] reported that muscle power declines at determined by the nervous systems [6]. This is achieved a 10% faster than strength in men. Skeleton et al. [3] have through two phase of training termed power training and shown that isometric strength declines 1-2% per annum maximal power training. but muscle power approximately 3.5% per annum in The premise behind power training is the superseding men over 65 years old. To what extent these changes are of a more traditional strength exercise (e.g., barbell related to the process of aging associated with alterations squats) super setted with a plyometric/power exercise in hormone balance such as decreased androgen levels of similar joint dynamics (e.g., squat jumps). This is in both men and women and/or decrease in the amount/ to enhance prime mover strength while also improving intensity of normal daily physical activities is difficult to the rate of force production (how quickly a muscle can interpret [4]. generate force). Maximal power is the decisive factor of performance Newton and Kraemer [7] have explained this form in activities requiring one movement series with a of training as “ballistic” resistance training. Recently, objective of producing high speed at release or impact weight training routines have been modified to make this [5]. Neuromuscular actions which increase power form of training more dynamic, thereby major limitation production are needed in putting, jumping and striking of traditional weight training [8]. In a study by Kaneko et movements. In addition, sudden bursts of power are al. [9] the best weight for the improvement of muscular required when rapidly changing direction or accelerating power was calculated to be 30% of the maximum load; during various sports or athletic events. similar results were obtained by Pedemonte [10]. Wilson © Balaji Ethiraj, Murugavel Kamatchi, 2020 et al., [8] did a comparative study using dynamic weight doi:10.15561/20755279.2020.0201 71 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS training at approximately 30% of maximum in which the progression to produce maximal acceleration and load was accelerated through the full range of motion rate of force production. This phase of training is using a jump squat action. This was termed as maximal typically reserved for high-level athletes who require power training, as the load used was one that get the most maximal levels of power. An elementary association out of the mechanical power production of the work out. between strength and power that utter that a personal According to Wilson [11] maximal explosive power cannot own a high level of power while not initial training involves performance of dynamic weight being comparatively robust. Therefore, improving and training at the load which maximizes mechanical power preserving maximal strength is important while viewing output. This involves lifting loads in the range of 30 the future improvement of power. to 45 percent of maximum at high speed. Plyometrics are exercises characterized by rapid It ought to be clear that the exercises should not be stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) muscle actions [14]. The general weight-training exercises where the bar reaches ability to aim both short and long SSCs as well as the zero velocity at the end of the movement. This would ballistic nature of these actions, plyometric workouts be disadvantageous to the stated goal of raising explosive are very particular to a mixture of movements usually power. encountered in sport. Hence, it is not amazing that the One explanation is to believe of MPT as a marriage employ of plyometrics in power training schedule has between strength training and plyometrics. Maximal been exposed to significantly improve maximal power power training could be considered a form of plyometrics output during sports-specific movements [15]. training that is specifically performed at a load which Similar to ballistic workouts, plyometrics are theorized maximizes the power output of the exercise. The loading to bring out precise adaptations in neural drive, the rate of is greater than plyometrics because more load than body neural activation and inter muscular control, which result weight is used, but lighter than conventional weight in improved RFD capacity. Adaptations to the aforesaid training. mechanisms driving improved performance during SSC Incorporating these methods of MPT is not without movements are also theorized to contribute to enhanced hazards, however. The danger is that, due to external maximal power production following plyometric training loading, the exercises have greater impact forces as [16]. well as greater contact times at a slower velocity than Therefore, the high degree of specificity of plyometric plyometric training, where there is no external load. training to a variety of sporting actions make power This makes it imperative that athletes have a very good training schedule incorporating plyometric exercises very training base or they will be at greater risk of injury. efficient at enhancing maximal power in sports-specific More recently, it was argued that to increase power movements. and performance in explosive sport tasks it may be best The plyometric method is ranked among the most to train with the resistance that maximizes the mechanical frequently used methods for conditioning in handball [17]. power output (Pmax). It was argued that by using the load Plyometric training when used with a periodized strength or resistance that generated the Pmax during the training training program, can contribute to improvements in exercise various specific neuromuscular adaptations vertical jump performance, acceleration, leg strength, may occur, which in turn may transfer more readily to muscular power, increased joint awareness, and overall explosive sport tasks. It has been shown, for example, proprioception [18]. Hence, maximal power training that adaptations to heavy resistance training lead mainly with and without plyometrics was selected as independent to improvements in the concentric force and rate of force variables. production capabilities. Conversely, low-load, high- Team Handball is played by two teams, composed velocity plyometric training leads mainly to an increase in of six players and a goalkeeper each, who try and throw the eccentric rate of force development capabilities [12]. the ball into their opponents’ goal. Since the basis of the Theoretically, maximal power training methods may lead game is catching, throwing, jumping and shooting at goal, to an improvement in power or power training adaptations handball is a sport that develops the bodies of young through a combination of these separate concentric and players as well as keeping older players physically fit. eccentric capabilities. This may be rationalized as due In several team sports like hockey, football, handball, to both favorable neural and muscle fiber adaptations and rugby speed is frequently associated with successful that result from the specific stresses placed on the performance [19]. However the playing fields and neuromuscular system during training with resistances the nature of the game presents a different kind sprint that maximize power output. compared to a 100 m sprint. The playing field for handball Neuromuscular adaptation to maximal power training is 20 × 40 m with an even effective smaller playing field, also results in improved intra muscular coordination as the court players are not allowed inside the goalkeepers better linkages between the excitatory and inhibitory designated area. Given that the required distance to reactions of a muscle to many stimuli. As a result of such achieve maximal velocity for field athletes is 40 m from a adaptation the CNS ‘learns’ when and when not to send standstill start and 29 m from a running start [20] and the a nerve impulse that signals the muscles to contract and playing field in handball is small, top speed is not likely perform a movement [13]. to be achieved very often. Consequently, the ability to Utilization of maximal power training is the next accelerate to considered being a more fundamental factor 72 2020 02 foe performance in team sports, rather than top speed Research Design [21]. This is also true for other team sports [22]. The evaluated parameters were speed endurance (150 The importance of speed is most evident throughout m run) and upper body power (Medicine ball put). The sprinting (e.g. during fast breaks and in one-on-one parameters were measured at baseline after 12 weeks of situations) whilst power is explosive to vital actions (e.g. MPTWPT and 12 weeks of MPTWOPT and the effects of jumping and throwing actions). the training were examined. The aim of strength training programme is the Before the tests, the subjects underwent 5 minutes of improvement of speed, speed endurance, power, take low intensity aerobic run and 10 minutes of dynamic and off power, reactive power and power endurance. These static stretching of upper and lower extremity muscles for parameters, while interdependent, contain several distinct general warm-up [24]. and measurable differences that are critical to success in Training Protocol team handball. For example, power refers to the rate of In each training session the training was imparted for applying force, take off power more specifically refers a period 60 minutes. The maximal power training with to the power needed to project the body vertically. The plyometrics, which included 5 minutes warming up and height of the jump is directly proportional to leg power. 5 minutes relaxation procedure after training programme Reactive power, on the other hand, refers to the ability to for three days per week for a period of 12 weeks. change the directions immediately such as landing from Statistical Analysis a vertical jump and making the transition from throwing The collected data were analysed with application to blocking. of SPSS package. The ‘t’ test found out the individual The paramount importance to team handball player is effect from base line to post-test if any. Further Analysis power/speed endurance- the ability to repeat these power of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine the and speed moves throughout the match. Clearly, those significant difference between the treatment means. players with the greatest speed and power during the later Whenever the ‘F’ ratios were found to be significant, stages of the match will have a significant advantage. The Schefft’s post hoc test was applied to test the significant importance of speed and power in team handball players difference between the paired adjusted means. 0.05 level is demonstrated below in the average values achieved on of confidence was fixed to test the level of significance. performance tests for the Russian National team before the 1988 Olympics in Seoul. 30 m sprint-4”1-4”25; triple Results jump-8.60 m; vertical jump-93 cms [23]. Table.1 indicates the obtained ‘t’ values on variables The aim of this research was to determine the impact for the MPTWPT were 12.15 (Speed endurance), 71.41 of maximal power training with and without plyometrics (Upper body power); for the MPTWOPT were 7.51 on speed endurance and upper body power of team (Speed endurance), 23.88 (Upper body power). Since handball players. these values were higher than the required table value of Hypothesis. The hypothesis argued in this paper is that 2.09, it was found to be statistically significant at 0.05 team handball players can significantly increase the speed level of confidence for degrees of freedom1 and 19. And endurance and upper body power by combining technical the obtained ‘t’ ratio between pre and post-test of control and tactical sessions with maximal power training group were 1.67 (Speed endurance), 0.45 (Upper body with plyometrics over a consecutive 12 weeks period. power) were lesser than the required table value of 2.09, Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate found to be not statistically significant. the changes in the parameters produced during 12 weeks Table. 2 reveals the computation of ‘F’ ratios on of maximal power training with plyometrics and maximal pretest, posttest and adjusted posttest means of MPTWPT, power training without plyometrics in sixty college level MPTWOPT, and CG on speed endurance. The obtained team handball players. ‘F’ ratio for the pretest means of MPTWPT, MPTWOPT, and CG on speed endurance was 0.26. Since the ‘F’ Materials and methods value was less than the required table value of 3.16 for Participants the degrees of freedom 2 and 57, it was found to be In order to address the hypothesis presented herein, not significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Further, the we selected sixty college level men team handball posttest ‘F’ ratio 71.17 after MPTWPT, MPTWOPT, and players. Their age ranged between 18 and 25 years (M CG on speed endurance was higher than the required table = 20.75, SD = 1.55). The selected subjects were divided value of 3.16 for the degrees of freedom 2 and 57, hence into three equal groups consisting of twenty each. No it was found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of attempt was made to equate the groups. Experimental confidence. The obtained ‘F’ ratio for the adjusted post- group I (n = 20) underwent maximal power training with test means of MPTWPT, MPTWOPT, and CG on speed plyometrics training (MPTWP), experimental group endurance was 87.03. Since the ‘F’ value was higher than II (n = 20) underwent maximal power training without the required table value of 3.16 for the degrees of freedom plyometrics training (MPTWOP) for a period of 12 weeks 2 and 56, it was found to be statistically significant at 0.05 and group III (n = 20) acted as control group (CG), the level of confidence. subjects in control group were not engaged in any training Table.3 revealed that the mean differences between programme other than their regular work. the paired adjusted post-test means of all groups on speed 73 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

Table 1. Computation of ‘t’ ratio on speed endurance and upper body power of men team handball players

Pre – test Pre – test Post – test Post – test S. Variables ‘t’ ratio mean S. D (±) mean D (±) MPTWPT GROUP Speed Endurance 21.45 0.11 20.12 0.53 12.15* (Scores in Seconds) Upper body power 287.55 2.01 320.10 1.25 71.41* (Scores in centimeters) MPTWOPT GROUP Speed Endurance 21.46 0.09 20.99 0.33 7.51* (Scores in Seconds) Upper body power 287.50 1.40 310.45 4.06 23.88* (Scores in centimeters) CONTROL GROUP Speed Endurance 21.47 0.07 21.47 0.07 1.67 (Scores in Seconds) Upper body power 287.35 1.42 287.20 1.44 0.45 (Scores in centimeters) *Significant at 0.05 level for the degrees of freedom (1 and 19), 2.09 Table 2. Analysis of covariance on Pre, Post and Adjusted Posttest means on speed endurance of MPTWPT, MPTWOPT and Control Group (Scores in seconds)

Control Source of Sum of Mean Test MPTWPT MPTWOPT df F-ratio Group (CG) variance Square Square

Pre-test B / S 2 0.004 0.002 21.45 21.46 21.47 0.26 Mean W / S 57 0.476 0.008

Post-test B / S 2 18.642 9.321 20.12 20.98 21.47 71.17* Mean W / S 57 7.466 0.131 Adjusted B / S 2 17.53 8.77 Post-test 20.14 20.99 21.45 87.03* Mean W / S 56 5.64 0.101 *Significant at 0.05 level for the degrees of freedom (2, 57) and (2, 56), 3.16 endurance. The mean difference between MPTWPTG and and CG on upper body power was 0.08. Since the ‘F’ CG, MPTWPTG and MPTWOPTG, and MPTWOPTG value was less than the required table value of 3.16 for and CG were 1.31, 0.87 and 0.46 respectively. The values the degrees of freedom 2 and 57, it was found to be not of mean difference of adjusted post-test means were higher significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Further, the posttest than that of the required confidence interval value of 0.23. ‘F’ ratio 853.67 after MPTWPT, MPTWOPT, and CG It is found to be significant at 0.05 level of confidence. on upper body power was higher than the required table Figure 1 describes a bar diagram showing pre, post and value of 3.16 for the degrees of freedom 2 and 57, hence adjusted post test means of maximal power training with it was found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of plyometrics training group (MPTPG), Maximal power confidence. The obtained ‘F’ ratio for the adjusted post-test training without plyometrics training group (MPTWPG) means of MPTWPT, MPTWOPT, and CG on upper body and control group on speed endurance (Figure 1). power was 848.26. Since the ‘F’ value was higher than the Table. 4 reveals the computation of ‘F’ ratios on required table value of 3.16 for the degrees of freedom 2 pretest, posttest and adjusted posttest means of MPTWPT, and 56, it was found to be statistically significant at 0.05 MPTWOPT, and CG on upper body power. The obtained level of confidence. ‘F’ ratio for the pretest means of MPTWPT, MPTWOPT, Table 5 revealed that the mean differences between the

74 2020 02 Table 3. Scheffee’s post hoc test for the differences between the paired adjusted post-test means of speed endurance

Maximal power training with Maximal power training Control Mean Confidence plyometric training group group without plyometric training group difference Interval (MPTWPTG) (MPTWOPTG) (CG)

20.14 21.45 1.31

20.14 20.99 0.85 0.23

20.99 21.45 0.46

Scores in Seconds

Figure 1. Speed Endurance.

Table 4. Analysis of covariance on pre, post and adjusted post test means on upper body power height of maximal power training with plyometrics training group (MPTPG), Maximal power training without plyometrics training group (MPTWOPG) and control group (Scores in centimeters) Maximal Maximal power power training without Control training with Source of Sum of Mean Test plyometric group df F-ratio plyometric variance quares square training group (CG) training group (MPTWOPG) (MPTPG)

Pre-test B .G 2 0.43 0.22 287.55 287.50 287.35 0.08 mean W .G 57 152.50 2.68

Post-test B .G 2 11440.6 5720.32 320.10 310.45 287.20 853.67* mean W .G 57 381.95 6.70 Adjusted B .G 2 11379.8 5689.90 post-test 320.08 310.44 287.22 848.26* mean W .G 56 375.65 6.71 *Significant at 0.05 level for the degrees of freedom (2, 57) and (2, 56), 3.16 75 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

Table 5. Scheffee’s post hoc test for the differences between the paired adjusted post-test means of upper body power

Maximal power training with Maximal power training Control group Mean Confidence plyometric training group without plyometric training group (CG) difference Interval (MPTPG) (MPTWOPG)

320.08 287.22 32.86*

320.08 310.44 9.64* 2.32

310.44 287.22 23.22*

Scores in Seconds

Figure 2. Upper Body Power paired adjusted post-test means of all groups on upper body and control group on upper body power (Figure2). power. The mean difference between MPTWPTG and CG, MPTWPTG and MPTWOPTG, and MPTWOPTG Discussion and CG were 32.86, 9.64 and 23.22 respectively. The In contemporary handball we can observe a very values of mean difference of adjusted post-test means dynamic toughness of play. Strong body contact, heavy were higher than that of the required confidence interval loads of technical executions and a faster speed of actions value of 2.32. It is found to be significant at 0.05 level of and tactical evolution are some of the new aspects in team confidence. handball now. As a consequence, the structure of training Figure 2 describes a bar diagram showing pre, post and sessions included the power and strength training, adjusted post-test means of maximal power training with which has been developed in order to cover the athletes’ plyometrics training group (MPTPG), Maximal power requested speed and power skills. training without plyometrics training group (MPTWPG) The present study has examined how the speed

76 2020 02 endurance and upper body power are determined by performance of 21% and 40-m sprint performance of the impact of maximal power training with and without 2.3%. This example shows that training to improve plyometrics on college level men team handball players. leg strength as measured by a 1RM squat has excellent The quest for the development of speed and power as transference to VJ performance but considerably less to a means of improvement in sports performance is never sprinting performance. Key issues involve determining ending. Training methods to improve speed and power the factors responsible for attaining high levels of transfer have run the gamut from heavy weight to last weight and whether appropriate training guidelines have been training to plyometrics where the acceleration and identified. deceleration of the body is the over load. All these Lyttle et al. [26] suggested that the incorporation of methods have produced results, although the results horizontal plyometric exercises may improve sprints have not always been commensurate with the training times since the training would be more related to the time invested. Research has shown that in a maximal lift performance measure. The present study had both training 23% of the movement is accounted for deceleration of the groups performing horizontal bounding and box jumping bar. In a lift at 81% of maximum the deceleration phase exercises for the entire plyometric phase of training. accounted for 52% of the concentric movement. This is The contact times during the initial acceleration phase one of the major limitations of maximal power training of a sprint are similar to the contact times of the exercises for the development of speed and power. employed [27]. Therefore, the greatest transfer of the The results from the study are very encouraging and plyometrics to sprinting likely occurred during the initial demonstrate the benefits of maximal power training and acceleration phase. This theory is supported by [28], who plyometric exercises over speed endurance and upper body suggested that bounding may be considered a specific power in team handball game. In addition, the results exercise for the development of acceleration because of report improvements in fitness can occur in a little as the similar contact times of bounding and sprinting during 12 weeks of maximal power training and plyometrics the initial acceleration phase. which can be useful during the last preparative phase Ebeedi et al. [29] conducted a study to recognize the before the competition session for team handball players. effect of ballistic training on some physical and skillful The results of the present study indicate that the variables upon handball players. The most important maximal power training and plyometrics training result was that the proposed ballistic training led to programme are effective methods to improve speed improve physical variables such as (muscular ability- endurance and upper body power in team handball. flexibility- fitness velocity) and the skilful ones (the The maximal power training with plyometrics velocity of dribbling, velocity of passing, pivot shot) of improved the speed endurance and upper body power handball players. over 6.20% and 11.32% respectively. The maximal power training without plyometrics Conclusions improved the speed endurance and upper body power Within the limitations and on the basis of the findings, over 2.19% and 7.98% respectively. it was very clear that twelve weeks of maximal power However there were no statistically significant training with plyometrics training produced significant changes in speed endurance and upper body power of changes in the speed endurance and upper body power control group. college level men team handball players. The factors to be noted in the present study is that, there is an improvement in speed endurance and upper Acknowledgements body power for maximal power training with plyometrics This study is the research article of Balaji.E and than maximal power training without plyometrics. So the Murugavel.K. maximal power training with plyometrics training holds No grants or financial aids were taken in this Project. good to desired effect on selected parameters. Transfer may be conceptually expressed as being a Financial support function of the following: gain in performance/gain in There is no financial support. trained exercise [25]. Eight weeks of strength training with the squat exercise produced 21% gain in the one- Conflict of interest repetition-maximum (1RM) squat. This change was The authors declare no conflict of interest. accompanied by an improvement in vertical-jump (VJ)

77 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

References three modified plyometric depth jumps. Journal of 1. Evans WJ, Campbell WW. Sarcopenia and age-related Strength and Conditioning Research; 1996.10, 83- 88. changes in body composition and functional capacity. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199605000-00004 Journal of Nutrition, 123(2 Suppl): 1993.465- 468. 16. Chimera NJ, Swanik KA, Swanik C. Effects of plyometric https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.suppl_2.465 training on muscle-activation strategies and performance in 2. Metter EJ, ConwitR, Tobin J, Fozard JL. Age associated loss female athletes. J Athl Train; 2004.39 (1): 24-31. of power and strength in the upper extremities in women 17. Lehnert M, Lamrova I, Elfmark M. Changes in speed and and m en. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological strength in female volleyballplayers during and after a Sciences and Medical Sciences:1997.52(5): B267- 76. plyometric training program. Acta Universitatis Palackianae https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/52A.5.B267 Olomucensis Gymnica. 2009. 39(1):59-66. 3. Skeleton, DA, Greig CA, Davis JM, Young A. Strength, 18. Miller MG, Berry DC, Bullard S, Gilders R. Power and related functional ability of healthy people Comparisons of land-based and aquatic-based aged 65-89 years. Age and Aging. 1994. 23(5):371- 7. plyometric programs during an 8-week training period. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/23.5.371 Journal of Sport Rehabilitation;2002.11(4) : 268- 283. 4. Hakkinen K, Pakarinen A, Muscle strength and serum https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.11.4.268 testosterone, cortisol and SHBG concentrations 19. Upton D E. The effect of assisted and resisted sprint in middle aged and elderly men and women. Acta training on acceleration and velocity in division Physiologica Scandinavia, 1993.148(2): 199- 207. IA female soccer athletes. Journal of strength and https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09549.x conditioning research, 2011. 25(10), 2645- 2652. 5. Young WB. Training for speed/strength: Heavy versus https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318201be16 light loads. National Strength and Conditioning 20. Benton D. An analysis of sprint running patterns in Australian Association Journal. 1993.15(5): 34- 42. rules football: The effect of different starting velocities on https://doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1993)015<0034:TFSSH the velocity profile. Honor Thesis, University of Ballarat, V>2.3.CO;2 Victoria, Australia;2000. 6. Voight ML, Wieder DL.Comparative reflex response times 21. Cronin JB, Hansen KT. Strength and power of astus medialis obliques and vastus predictors sports speed, The Journal of strength lateralis in normal subjects and subjects with extensor and conditioning research,2005.19(2), 349- 357. mechanism dysfunction. An electromyographic study. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200505000-00019 American journal of sports medicine, 1991.19:131– 37. 22. West DJ, Cunningham DJ, Bracken RM, Bevan HR, Crewther https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659101900207 BT, Cook CJ, Kilduff, LP. Effects of resisted sprint training on 7. Newton RU, Kraemer WJ. Developing explosive acceleration in professional rugby union players. Journal of muscle power; implications for a mixed methods strength and conditioning research.2013.27(4), 1014- 1018. training strategy Strength Cond J; 1994.16: 20- 31. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182606cff https://doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1994)016<0020:DEMPI 23. Cuesta G, Balonmano .(Team handball). Madrid: Spanish F>2.3.CO;2 Handball Federation;1991. 8. Wilson GJ, Newton RU, Murphy AJ. The optimal training 24. Yilmaz A, Kabadayi M, Mayda M, Birinci M, Özdal M. load for the development of dynamic athletic performance. The effects of isokinetic knee strength on the promptness Med Sci Sports Exerc; 1993 .25 (11): 1279- 1286. of soccer players. European Journal of Physical https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199311000-00013 Education and Sport Science, 2017; 3(11): 114-123. 9. Kaneko M, Fuchimoto T, Toji H, Suei K. Training Effects Of https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1011100 Differeing Loads On The Force-Velocity Relationship And 25. Zatsiorsky VM. Science and Practice of Strength Training. Mechanical Power Output In HumanMuscle. Scandinavian Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 1995. Journal Of Sport Science, 1983.5(2): 50-55. 26. Lyttle AD, Wilson G, Ostrowski KJ. Enhancing 10. Pedemonte J. A new approach in selecting proper loads performance: maximal power for power development. NSCA Journal. 1983.7(6):47- 48. versus combined weights and plyometrics training. https://doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1983)005<0047:ANAIS Journal of strength and conditioning research; 1996.10 (3):173- 9. P>2.3.CO;2 https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199608000-00008 11. Wilson Greg J. Strength and Power in Sport, Applied 27. Young WB, Pryor JF, Wilson GJ. Effect of Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport, Blackwell Scientific instructions on characteristics of countermovement Publications, Carlton, Australia, 1994:110-208. and drop jump performance. Journal of strength 12. Wilson GJ, Murphy AJ, Giorgi A. Weight and plyometric and conditioning research. 1995;9(4):232– 236. training: Effects oneccentric and concentric force https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199511000-00005 production. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 1996. 2 1 (4):30 1- 315. 28. Young W. Sprint bounding and the sprint bound https://doi.org/10.1139/h96-026 index. Natl Str Cond Assoc J. 1992;14(4):18– 21. 13. Tudor. O Bompa.Periodization Training for Sports, Human https://doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1992)014<0018:SBATS Kinetics, 1999. B>2.3.CO;2 14. Wathen D, Position statement: explosive/ 29. El-Ebeedi, NM, Fathi MS, Abdallah DA. The impact of plyometric exercises. NSCA J; 1993.15 (3): 16- 9. ballistic training on some physical and ability variables https://doi.org/10.1519/0744- of handball players. The Second International Scientific 0049(1993)015<0016:EPE>2.3.CO;2 Conference. Faculty of Physical Education for Boys, Zagazeg 15. Holcomb WR, Lander JE, Rutland RM, Wilson GD. University; 2007: 223 (In Arabic). A biomechanical analysis of the vertical jump and

78 2020 02

Information about the authors:

Balaji Ethiraj: (Corresponding Author); https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8532-3308; [email protected]; C.B.M College; Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Murugavel Kamatchi; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7953-1757; [email protected]; Bharathiar University; Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Cite this article as: Balaji Ethiraj, Murugavel Kamatchi. Impact of maximal power training with and without plyometric on speed endurance and upper body power of team handball players. Physical education of students, 2020;24(2):71–79. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0201

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

Received: 12.02.2020 Accepted: 15.03.2020; Published: 30.04.2020

79 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

ORIGINAL ARTICLE The effect of functional movement screen and lower extremity training on hamstring/quadriceps ratio in football players Akan Bayrakdar1ABCDE, Hilal Kılınç Boz 2ABCDE 1 Bingöl University, Turkey 2 Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Turkey

Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; B – Data collection; C – Statistical analysis; D – Manuscript Preparation; E – Funds Collection. Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of functional movement screen and lower extremity training on hamstring/quadriceps (H/Q) ratio in football players. Material: 11 players from Sivas Belediyespor, affiliated to the Turkish Football Federation, participated in this study. The average age of the players involved in the study was 25.75±4.45, height averages 178.49±8.72 cm, and body weight averages 69.83±6.47 kg. Players who participated in the study had previously suffered a knee area injury. In addition to team training for 8 weeks, extra exercises to strengthen their hamstring and quadriceps muscles were conducted 3 times a week. Isokinetic force tests and Functional Movement Screen (FMS) tests were conducted in the study. Data obtained were evaluated in SPSS package 24 program. Results: There was a significant difference in the total score of FMS at the level of p<0.05. Deep squat 13.5%, hurdle step 10.49%, in line lunge 9%, shoulder mobility 3.44%, active straight 6.84%, trunk stability push up 6.84%, rotatuar stability 14.73% and FMS total score 17.24% showed improvement. There was a significant difference in the H/Q ratio between both the right knee and left knee pre-test and post-test at p<0.01 level. The right knee developed at a rate of 600 H/Q at a rate of 17.24% and the left knee developed at a rate of 600 H/Q. Conclusions: As a result, 8 weeks of extra lower extremity exercises can be said to increase the H/Q ratio of football players. It is also seen that the FMS score has increased. Thus, it is thought that the risk of football players having a sports injury again is reduced. Keywords: soccer players, lower extremity, exercise, Hamstring/quadriceps ratio, fonctional movement screen.

Introduction1 angles [11, 12]. This shear can be counteracted not only Muscular strength is one of the most important by the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) but also by components of sport, both for high performance and hamstring coactivation [13]. Thus, low muscle strength of injury prevention. One of the most used methods to assess the hamstrings relative to quadriceps has been proposed to muscle strength balance between dominant/non-dominant increase the risk of noncontact knee joint injuries [14, 15]. and antagonist/agonist is isokinetic testing [1]. It has been In the treatment of knee injuries, it is necessary to suggested that bilateral strength differences and the ratio evaluate mobility and follow the development [16, 17]. between maximal antagonist/agonist torques are related Numerous methods for assessing movement proficiency to several specific sport demands [2, 3]. exist; [18, 19] however, one popular test battery that has Isokinetic assessment can be used to measure torque been examined in the literature is the functional movement values at several joints in the body; the knee is perhaps the screen [20, 21]. The functional movement screen was joint most commonly tested. This assessment typically originally designed to assess muscle flexibility, strength involves comparing the involved joint with the uninvolved imbalances and general movement proficiency in a range joint [4]. Isokinetic testing can be used to evaluate of performance tests; identify functional deficits related quadriceps and hamstrings muscle strength, providing to proprioception, mobilisation and stabilisation; and a determination of the magnitude of torque generated, determine the existence of pain during any of the prescribed and subsequently, the hamstrings to quadriceps (H:Q) movement patterns [22]. Existing data suggest that the strength ratio [5, 6]. A high incidence of knee injuries functional movement screen demonstrates moderate-to- has been reported in sports activities such as soccer, excellent inter- and intra-rater agreement (kappa statistic handball, basketball, and other ball games [7, 8]. Thus, ≥60%) for most of the assessment protocols [23], and as there is a strong need to assess potential physiological risk a screening tool, is routinely used within both applied and indicators to thereby prevent or reduce the occurrence of clinical settings. Although the ability of the functional serious knee injury in athletes involved in high-risk sports movement screen protocol to determine injury risk [16] [9, 10]. and the effectiveness of training interventions [19] has The contraction force of the quadriceps muscle during been examined, the relationship between functional knee extension produces substantial anterior directed movement screen scores and physical performance shear of the tibia relative to the femur at extended joint remains limited [24]. But there are studies showing its full effect [25]. Few studies have formally investigated © Akan Bayrakdar, Hilal Kılınç Boz, 2020 the use of the FMS™ and its ability to predict injury in the doi:10.15561/20755279.2020.0202 80 2020 02 athletic population [26, 27]. a total of 10 min warm-up before the test. Football players The aim of this study was to determine the effect were administered concentric-concentric Isokinetic knee of FMS and lower extremity exercises on H/Q ratio in strength test with 10 repetitions of 600sec-1 angular footballers. velocity on both legs 2 times, with the first measurement and the last measurement 8 weeks later. Material and methods Determination of Functional movement screen Participants According to the FMS method, athletes are given A total of 11 players played in Sivas Belediyespor, one 0-3 points from each move. The athlete gets ‘3’ points of the 2. league teams of the Turkish Football Federation if he makes the move perfectly, ‘2’ points if he makes (TFF), participated in the study. The average age of the the move with a few errors, ‘1’ points if he makes it with players involved in the study was 25.75±4.45, height many errors, and ‘0’ points if he cannot make the move averages 178.49±8.72 cm, and body weight averages painfully. A maximum of ‘21’ points can be scored at the 69.83±6.47 kg. end of the method. Athletes below 14 points may be at Research Design risk of injury. Players who participated in the study had previously Statistical Analysis. suffered a knee area injury. In addition to Team The data obtained were evaluated in SPSS package Training (Table 1) for 8 weeks, extra exercises (Table 24 program. The Wilcoxon test from non-parametric 2) to strengthen their hamstring and quadriceps muscles tests was used for the detection of H/Q ratios and FMs of were conducted 3 times a week. In this extra exercises, football players. The level of significance in the study was hamstring muscle strength development is higher than considered to be p<0.05. quadriceps muscle strength development, aiming to increase the H/Q Ratio. For this reason, movements for Results 2 hamstrings and 1 quadriceps muscle were applied. In According to the table, there were no significant addition, FMS measurements to determine the injury risks differences between deep squat, hurdle step, in line lunge, of footballers were made with the test method developed shoulder mobility, active straight, trunk stability push up by physiotherapist Cook et al [18]. and rotatuar stability in the FMS test battery. However, Warm-up procedure there was a significant difference in the total score of Before the tests, the subjects undertook 5 minutes of FMS at the level of p<0.05. Deep squat 13.5%, hurdle low intensity aerobic run and 10 minutes of dynamic and step 10.49%, in line lunge 9%, shoulder mobility 3.44%, static stretching of lower extremity muscles for general active straight 6.84%, trunk stability push up 6.84%, warm-up [28]. rotatuar stability 14.73% and FMS total score 17.24% Determination of isokinetic knee strength showed improvement. There was a significant difference The lower extremity (knee) Isokinetic muscle strength in the H / Q ratio between both the right knee and left of the football players involved in the study were knee pre-test and post-test at p<0.01 level. The right knee measured by Isokinetic dynamometer. Players were given developed at a rate of 600 H/Q at a rate of 17.24% and the

Table 1. Percentage distributions of football players based on the duration of team training for 8 weeks

Training Type Percentage Distributions of Training Warming and regeneration 23. 56% Aerobic and Anaerobic endurance 27. 06% Speed and coordination 9. 55% Strength 15. 92% Technical, tactical and game forms 23. 88%

Table 2. Strength training program applied to football players

Number of The number of Movement Week/Day Severity (%of 1 RM) Resting sets repetitions 8 80 -Leg extansion -Leg curl 6 85 3 3 30 -Standing single leg 4 90 curl 2 95

81 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

Table 3. Comparison of pre-test and post-test measurements related to FMS and H/Q ratio of football group

Variables FMS and H/Q ratio x̄ SS Change (%) Z p Pre-Test 2. 00 0. 77 Deep Squat 0. 27 (13. 5%) -1. 936 . 082 Post-Test 2. 27 0. 46 Pre-Test 1. 81 0. 40 Hurdle step 0. 19 (10. 49%) -1. 491 . 167 Post-Test 2. 00 0. 44 Pre-Test 2. 00 0. 63 In line lunge 0. 18 (9%) -1. 491 . 167 Post-Test 2. 18 0. 60 Pre-Test 2. 90 0. 30 Shoulder mobility 0. 10 (3. 44%) -1. 000 . 341 Post-Test 3. 00 0. 00 Pre-Test 2. 63 0. 50 Active straight 0. 18 (6. 84%) -1. 491 . 167 Post-Test 2. 81 0. 40 Pre-Test 2. 63 0. 50 Trunk stability push up 0. 18 (6. 84%) -1. 491 . 167 Post-Test 2. 81 0. 40 Pre-Test 1. 90 0. 30 Rotatuar stability 0. 28 (14. 73%) -1. 936 . 082 Post-Test 2. 18 0. 40 Pre-Test 15. 90 1. 64 FMS Total Score 1. 37 (17. 24%) -3. 155 . 010* FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT Post-Test 17. 27 1. 55 Pre-Test 49. 92 2. 09 Right knee 600 H/Q ratio (nm) 8. 61 (17. 24%) -8. 461 . 003** Post-Test 58. 53 2. 38 Pre-Test 53. 04 3. 88 Left knee 600 H/Q ratio (nm) 7. 3 (13. 76%) -10. 163 . 003** H/Q Post-Test 60. 34 2. 53 P<0, 05* P<0.01**

Functional Movement Screen

20 17,27 18 15,9 16 14 12 10 8

FMS Score FMS 6 2,9 3 4 2 2,27 1,81 2 2 2,18 2,63 2,81 2,63 2,81 1,9 2,18 2 0 Pre-Test Pre-Test Pre-Test Pre-Test Pre-Test Pre-Test Pre-Test Pre-Test Pos t-Te st Pos t-Te st Pos t-Te st Pos t-Te st Pos t-Te st Pos t-Te st Pos t-Te st Pos t-Te st

Deep Squat Hurdle In line Shoulder Active Tr unk Rotatuar FMS Total step lunge mobility straight stability stability Score pus h up

Figure 1. Football group pre-test and post-test FMS results left knee developed at a rate of 600 H/Q. Isokinetic testing of the H/Q ratio provides a quantitative Development of lower extremity exercises except for measurement of torque from agonist and antagonist normal training for 8 weeks are given in Figure 1 and muscle contraction surrounding the knee joint [30]. This Figure 2. ratio has also been examined as a possible screening tool for predisposition to injury [31]. When the knee is Discussion injured, the H/Q ratio is often used as a rehabilitative Predict injuries all athletes, technical staff and by goal due to the importance of the flexor-extensor strength health professionals, although this is the most desirable balance in overall knee stabilization [32]. Reduced destination; determining force ratios and muscle force function of the antagonist hamstrings due to activities ratios, the risk of injury, balance, coordination tests, that emphasize loads on the knee extensors may result environmental conditions, visual reaction time, and in muscular imbalances between the hamstrings and fatigue tests of multifactor assessment is required a quadriceps, thereby possibly predisposing athletes to contribution of many factors, such as proprioceptive [29]. injury. This predisposition may be due to the surrounding

82 2020 02

Hamstring/Quadriceps Ratio 70 58,53 60,34 60 53,04 49,92 50

Moment (nm) 20

0 Pre-Test Pos t-Te st Pre-Test Pos t-Te st Right knee 600 H/Q ratio (nm) Left knee 600 H/Q ratio (nm)

Figure 2. Football group pre-test and post-test H/Q ratio results ligamentous structures supporting most of the imposed total score of 29 women football players as 15±2 [37]. load and decreased antagonist hamstrings coactivation In another study, 15 women’s soccer players reported an during extension loads [33]. average FSM total score of 13.4, indicating eight injuries There was a significant difference in the H/Q ratio during the season [16]. They examined 27 women’s between both the right knee and left knee pre-test and soccer players from the direction of FSM and reported the last test at p<0.01 level. The right knee developed at them as 16.5±2.1 in the post-season [38]. As up-to-date a rate of 600 H/Q at a rate of 17.24% and the left knee information on injury mechanisms and ways to prevent is developed at a rate of 600 H/Q. Leg extension, leg curl revealed, changing training schedules may have improved and standing single Leg curl exercises applied to the these scores, which determine the risk of injury. To support lower extremity for 8 weeks were found to increase the our findings, Sprague et al. and Chimera et al [36, 37]. H/Q Ratio positively significantly. The studies also reported scores were made before them It is known in the literature that imbalance in the by Chorba et al. the results in his study are higher [16]. H/Q Ratio is associated with weak hamstring muscle As a result, 8 weeks of extra hamstring-weighted [34]. Balancing this ratio by reducing the force of the strength exercises applied to football players can be said quadriceps is not possible since, exercises towards to increase the H/Q Ratio. The positive effect of lower increasing hamstring strength should be performed. Given extremity exercise programs performed according to the this situation, studies in which only hamstring-based FMS system on FMS score in football players and the low exercises are performed to increase the H/Q strength level of FMS score are thought to be directly related to ratio are available in the literature. For example, in this injuries. While the tests suggested in this respect may give 2004 study, Mjolsnes divided 21 male players into Nordic a hint of a general situation determination, the exact risk of hamstring crunchers and hamstring curl crunchers and had injury should include a more comprehensive assessment. them performed for 10 weeks. The study concluded that Additionally, we believe that using the FSM test, the H/Q ratio of Nordic hamstring crunchers increased, which includes more comprehensive assessments for but there was no change in the H/Q ratio of hamstring identifying injuries, will provide athletes with more leg curl crunchers [35]. Holcomb determined that 6 weeks detailed information. Future studies on this issue will of hamstring-based resistance exercises they performed guide the use of tests interchangeably or the deficiencies on 12 international women football players significantly can be completed with other tests. increased the H/Q ratio of the athletes [36]. There were no significant differences between deep Conclusion squat, hurdle step, in line lunge, shoulder mobility, active As a result, 8 weeks of extra hamstring-weighted straight, trunk stability push up and rotatuar stability in strength exercises applied to football players can be said the FMS test battery. However, there was a significant to increase the H/Q Ratio. The positive effect of lower difference in the total score of FMS at the level of p<0.05. extremity exercise programs performed according to the Deep squat 13.5%, hurdle step 10.49%, in line lunge 9%, FMS system on FMS score in football players and the shoulder mobility 3.44%, active straight 6.84%, trunk low level of FMS score are thought to be directly related stability push up 6.84%, rotatuar stability 14.73% and to injuries. While the tests suggested in this respect may FMS total score 17.24% showed improvement. give a hint of a general situation determination, the exact In the literature, they reported the average FSM risk of injury should include a more comprehensive

83 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS assessment. Additionally, we believe that using the FSM Acknowledgements test, which includes more comprehensive assessments This study is the research article of Akan for identifying injuries, will provide athletes with more BAYRAKDAR and Hilal KILINÇ. No grants or financial detailed information. Future studies on this issue will aids were taken in this Project. guide the use of tests interchangeably or the deficiencies can be completed with other tests. Financial support There is no financial support.

Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659302100212 1. Calmels P, Minaire P. A review of the role of the agonist/ 13. Draganich LF, Vahey JW. An in vitro study of anterior cruciate antagonist muscle pairs ratio in rehabilitation. Disability ligament strain induced by quadriceps and hamstrings and Rehabilitation, 1995; 17(6): 265-276. forces. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 1990; 8(1): 57-63. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638289509166646 https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100080107 2. Brown LE. Isokinetics in human performance. Human 14. Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Beyer N, Larsson B, Magnusson Kinetics; 2000. P, Kjaer M. Isokinetic muscle strength and capacity for 3. Magalhaes J, Oliveir AJ, Ascensao A, Soares J. Concentric muscular knee joint stabilization in elite sailors. International quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic strength in volleyball journal of sports medicine, 1997;18(7): 521-525. and soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972675 Fitness, 2004; 44:119-125. 15. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Zazulak BT. Hamstrings to 4. Holmes JR, Alderink, GJ. Isokinetic strength characteristics quadriceps peak torque ratios diverge between sexes of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles in high with increasing isokinetic angular velocity. Journal of school students. Physical therapy, 1984; 64(6), 914-918. Science and Medicine in Sport, 2008;11(5): 452-459. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/64.6.914 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.04.009 5. Grace, TG, Sweetser ER, Nelson MA, Ydens LR, Skipper 16. Chorba RS, Chorba DJ, Bouillon LE, Overmyer CA, Landis BJ. Isokinetic muscle imbalance and knee-joint injuries. JA. Use of a functional movement screening tool to determine A prospective blind study. The Journal of bone and injury risk in female collegiate athletes. North American joint surgery. American volume, 1984;66(5): 734- 740. journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT, 2010;5(2): 47. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198466050-00012 17. Clifton DR, Harrison BC, Hertel J, Hart JM. Relationship 6. Rosene JM, Fogarty TD, Mahaffey, BL. Isokinetic between functional assessments and exercise-related hamstrings: quadriceps ratios in intercollegiate athletes. changes during static balance. The Journal of Strength Journal of athletic training, 2001;36(4): 378. & Conditioning Research, 2013;27(4):966-972. 7. Lind M, Menhert F, Pedersen AB. The first results https://doi.org/10.5923/j.sports.20160601.03 from the Danish ACL reconstruction registry: 18. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Pre-participation epidemiologic and 2 year follow-up results from 5, 818 screening: the use of fundamental movements as an knee ligament reconstructions. Knee Surgery, Sports assessment of function-part 1. North American journal of Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2009;17(2): 117-124. sports physical therapy: NAJSPT, 2006; 1(2): 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-008-0654-3 19. Frost D, Andersen J, Lam T, Finlay T, Darby K, McGill 8. Myklebust G, Maehlum S, Engebretsen L, Strand T, SM. The relationship between general measures of Solheim E. Registration of cruciate ligament injuries fitness, passive range of motion and whole-body in Norwegian top level team handball. A prospective movement quality. Ergonomics, 2013;56: 637–649. study covering two seasons. Scandinavian journal https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.620177 of medicine & science in sports, 1997;7(5):289-292. 20. Okada T, Huxel KC, Nesser TW. Relationship between core https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00155.x stability, functional movement, and performance. The Journal 9. Östenberg A, Roos H. Injury risk factors in female of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2011;25(1): 252-261. European football. A prospective study of 123 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b22b3e players during one season. Scandinavian journal of 21. Parchmann CJ, McBride JM. Relationship between functional medicine & science in sports, 2000;10(5):279-285. movement screen and athletic performance. The Journal of https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010005279.x Strength & Conditioning Research, 2011; 25(12):3378-3384. 10. Zebis MK, Andersen LL, Ellingsgaard H, Aagaard P. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318238e916 Rapid hamstring/quadriceps force capacity in male vs. 22. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Pre-participation female elite soccer players. The Journal of Strength screening: the use of fundamental movements as an & Conditioning Research, 2011;25(7):1989-1993. assessment of function-part 2. North American journal of https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e501a6 sports physical therapy: NAJSPT, 2006;1(3); 132-139. 11. Beynnon B, Howe JG, Pope MH, Johnson RJ, Fleming 23. Teyhen DS, Shaffer SW, Lorenson CL, Halfpap J P , C. The measurement of anterior cruciate ligament strain Donofry DF , Walker MJ, Childs JD. The functional in vivo. International orthopaedics, 1992;16(1):1-12. movement screen: a reliability study. Journal of orthopaedic https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00182976 & sports physical therapy, 2012;42(6): 530-540. 12. More RC, Karras BT, Neiman R, Fritschy D, Woo https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2018.77825 SL, Daniel DM. Hamstrings—an anterior cruciate 24. Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Radnor JM, Rhodes BC, Faigenbaum ligament protagonist: an in vitro study. The American AD, Myer GD. Relationships between functional movement journal of sports Medicine, 1993; 21(2): 231-237. screen scores, maturation and physical performance in young

84 2020 02 soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 2015;33(1): 11-19. 32. Holm I, Ludvigsen P, Steen H. Isokinetic hamstrings/ https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.918642 quadriceps ratios: normal values and reproducibility in sport 25. Peate WF, Bates G, Lunda K, Francis S, Bellamy, K. Core students. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 1994;4(4): 141- 145. strength: A new model for injury prediction and prevention. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-1994-4403 Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 2007;2(1): 3. 33. Baratta R, Solomonow M, Zhou BH, Letson D, Chuinard https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-2-3 RD’ambrosia R. Muscular coactivation: the role of the 26. Burton SL. Performance and injury predictability during antagonist musculature in maintaining knee stability. The firefighter candidate training [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia American journal of sports medicine, 1988;16(2): 113-122. Tech; 2006. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658801600205 27. Kiesel K, Plisky PJ, Voight ML. Can serious injury in 34. Yamamoto T. Relationship between hamstring strains and leg professional football be predicted by a preseason functional muscle strength. A follow-up study of collegiate track and movement screen. North American journal of sports physical field athletes. The Journal of sports medicine and physical therapy: NAJSPT, 2007;2(3):147. fitness, 1993; 33(2): 194-199. 28. Yilmaz A, Kabadayi M, Mayda M, Birinci M, Özdal M. 35. Mjølsnes R, Arnason A, Østhagen T, Raastad T, Bahr The effects of isokinetic knee strength on the promptness R. A 10‐week randomized trial comparing eccentric of soccer players. European Journal of Physical vs. concentric hamstring strength training in well‐ Education and Sport Science, 2017; 3(11): 114-123. trained soccer players. Scandinavian journal of https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1011100 medicine & science in sports, 2004;14(5):311-317. 29. Koçak UZ, Ünver B. Kadın Futbolcularda Yaralanma https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-0838.2003.367.x Riski Belirleyicileri Olarak Fonksiyonel Hareket Analizi 36. Holcomb WR, Rubley MD, Lee HJ, Guadagnoli MA. ve Y Denge Testi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Effect of hamstring-emphasized resistance training Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 2019;54(1): 001-008. on hamstring: quadriceps strength ratios. Journal of https://doi.org/10.5152/tjsm.2019.110 Strength and Conditioning Research, 2007;21(1): 41. 30. Snow CJ, Cooper J, Quanbury AO, Anderson J E. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-18795.1 Antagonist cocontraction of knee extensors during constant 37. Chimera NJ, Smith CA, Warren M. Injury history, sex, and velocity muscle shortening and lengthening. Journal of performance on the functional movement screen and Y balance Electromyography and Kinesiology, 1995; 5(3): 185-192. test. Journal of athletic training, 2015; 50(5): 475-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/1050-6411(95)00007-m https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.6.02 31. Bennell K, Wajswelner H, Lew P, Schall-Riaucour A, Leslie 38. Sprague PA, Mokha GM, Gatens DR. Changes in functional S, Plant D, Cirone J. Isokinetic strength testing does not movement screen scores over a season in collegiate predict hamstring injury in Australian Rules footballers. soccer and volleyball athletes. The Journal of Strength British journal of sports medicine, 1998;32(4): 309-314. & Conditioning Research, 2014;28(11):3155-3163. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.32.4.309 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000506

Information about the authors:

Akan Bayrakdar; (Corresponding author); http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-0253; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sport, Bingöl University; School of physical education and sport, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey.;

Hilal Kılınç Boz; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-0555; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sport, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University; Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Zeve Campus, 65080 Tuşba /VAN, Turkey.

Cite this article as: Akan Bayrakdar, Hilal Kılınç Boz. The effect of functional movement screen and lower extremity training on hamstring/ quadriceps ratio in football players. Physical education of students, 2020;24(2):80–85. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0202

Received: 16.02.2020 Accepted: 18.03.2020; Published: 30.04.2020

85 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Monitoring physiological responses and fluid balance of elite female beach handball players during an international tournament Bayram CeylanABCDE, Kerem M.ABCDE, Ceyiz S.ABCDE, Gurses V.V.ABCDE, Akgül M.Ş.ABCDE, Baydil B.ABCDE Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; B – Data collection; C – Statistical analysis; D – Manuscript Preparation; E – Funds Collection. Abstract Purpose: Despite its increasing popularity, beach handball has not been studied in terms of physiological responses. Thus the aim of this study was to demonstrate lactate and heart rate responses as well as urine specific gravity (USG) levels and fluid intakes of female university students who competed at an international beach handball tournament. Material: Five university students who are also handball players (age: 21±1,2, body weight: 56,6±6,4, height:1,61±0,06 and BMI: 21,7±1,43) voluntarily participated in this study. Heart rate (HR), lactate level (LA) and USG were measured before each and immediately after each competition and fluid intake during competition was monitored. Results: The mean values of lactate accumulation and heart rate before and after the match were 1,4 mmol and

87,3, 5,0 and 123,9, respectively. Athletes were euhydrated before the matches (USGmean=1,018) and only presented dehydration after the second match. Conclusions: Beach handball does not result in strenuous physiological effects according to heart rate and lactate responses. Their fluid intake was not enough to eliminate dehydration. Despite fluid availability during the match they presented dehydration at the second match. Keywords: student, beach handball, lactate, heart rate, match performance.

Introduction1 in inability to dissipate heat. Especially in hot and humid Beach handball is a challenging sport where two teams environment athletes are exposed to high sweating rates pass a ball in order to score a goal. It is characterized by which adversely affects performance if athletes are not fast-paced and end-to-end actions. Beach handball is a acclimatized to the environment. As beach handball relatively new type of sport derived from team handball players compete under hot environment it is of great [1], recognized by several international federations [2]. importance to monitor fluid balance during training and Today, there are professional and amateur beach handball competition. leagues in many countries in Europe, and beach handball To our knowledge there has been no study has been included in the 2018 Youth Olympic Games investigating physiological responses and fluid balance program. [3]. Beach handball is played in a 15x12m sandy of university level beach handball players during a area with teams consisting of 1 goalkeeper and 3 field tournament. It was hypothesized that each match would players in two halves of 10 (2x10) minutes [2]. result in high lactate accumulation and heart rate response To improve performance in sports, a special training and female university students would present high level consisting of physical and physiological analysis provides of dehydration. Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate scientists and coaches with accurate information about lactate and heart rate responses as well as urine specific routines and goals [4]. As an indicator of physiological gravity (USG) levels and fluid intakes of female university burden, the evaluation of athletes together with heart students who competed at an international beach handball rate (HR) measurements is crucial to determine whether tournament. there is a difference between competitiveness levels [4]. Furthermore, heart rate can be a useful indicator of Materials and methods circulatory tension apart from being a carrier for energy Participants: Five university students who are also expenditure [5]. handball players (age: 21±1,2, body weight: 56,6±6,4, Fluid balance has been reported to be very important height:1,61±0,06 and BMI: 21,7±1,43) voluntarily in terms of performance and health [6]. Maintaining participated in this study. Eligibility criteria were at least fluid homeostasis is of great importance for athletic 5-year handball experience, not having any injury which performance and thermoregulation in humans. Previous affects their performance. Participants were informed studies [7, 8] highlighted that even moderate level of about the nature of the study and signed the informed dehydration impairs athletic performance by increasing consent form before the measurements. The study was physiological strain as well as resulting in fluctuations in carried out in accordance with the latest version of heart rate and reduction in cardiac output which results Declaration of Helsinki. © Bayram Ceylan, Kerem M., Ceyiz S., Gurses V.V., Research design: The nature of this study is descriptive. Akgül M.Ş., Baydil B., 2020 The study was carried out during an international doi:10.15561/20755279.2020.0203 86 2020 02 tournament. Measurements were implemented as follows: demographic, physiological variables, USG values and determining heart rate (HR), lactate level (LA) and USG fluid intake. Repeated measures were used to determine the before each and immediately after each competition and difference in variables among different times. Spearman monitoring fluid intake during competition. correlation test was used to verify the relationship between Heart rate measurement: HR measurement was carried fluid intake and changes in hydration status before and out with SEEGO RealTrack (Spain) heart rate monitor. after the matches. Correlations were classified according Lactate measurement: Lactate levels of the participants to Hopkins [10]. SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis were determined with Lactate Plus (USA) from the and p value was set as p<0,05. participants’ fingertips by collecting almost 25 µl of blood and placing the blood directly on the strip. Before the Results measurement, fingertips of the participants were cleaned Table 1 presents lactate and heart rate responses as with cotton soaked in alcohol and dried well. well as USG values and fluid intake of female university Hydration measurements: Urine samples were students before and after three matches. collected from all the participants in a sterilized plastic When the correlations between fluid intake and container before and immediately after each match. hydration changes were evaluated, moderate negative Immediately after determining USG values with a digital correlation was found between fluid intake and hydration refractometer (ATAGO PAL-10S, Japan) all urine samples change at the first match (r=-0,28, p>0,05), very large were discarded. Hydration status of the participants were negative correlation was found between fluid intake and classified according to the suggestion of National Athletic hydration change at the second match (r=-0,64, p>0,05) Trainers’ Association Position Statement [9] (≤1.020 g/ and nearly perfect negative correlation was found between mL euhydrated, ≥1.020 g/mL dehydrated). fluid intake and hydration change at the third match (r=- Statistics: Data were given as mean and standard 0,80, p>0,05). deviations. Descriptive statistic was implemented for Figure 1 presents the changes in lactate accumulations

Table 1. Lactate, hearth rate, USG values and fluid intake of female handball players.

Variables (n=5) Minimum Maximum Mean SD First Match

LArest (mmol/L) 0,9 1,4 1,1 0,1

LApost (mmol/L) 3,5 9,3 6,2 2,8

HRrest (bpm) 72 100 85,4 12,7

HRpost (bpm) 111 136 125,6 10,6

USGpre ( g/mL) 1,018 1,020 1,018 0,000

USGpost ( g/mL) 1,013 1,023 1,018 0,044 Fluid intake (L) 0,5 0,8 0,6 0,1 Second Match

LArest (mmol/L) 1,2 1,9 1,6 0,2

LApost (mmol/L) 2,3 6,9 4,3 1,9

HRrest (bpm) 71 102 87 11,7

HRpost (bpm) 107 150 123,2 17,2

USGpre ( g/mL) 1,012 1,022 1,015 0,004

USGpost ( g/mL) 1,016 1,028 1,021 0,004 Fluid intake (L) 0,8 1 0,85 0,13 Third Match

LArest (mmol/L) 1,4 1,8 1,5 0,1

LApost (mmol/L) 2,8 7,2 4,5 1,8

HRrest (bpm) 80 101 89,6 8,7

HRpost (bpm) 118 128 123 4

USGpre ( g/mL) 1,006 1,015 1,020 0,003

USGpost ( g/mL) 1,008 1,028 1,014 0,008 Fluid intake (L) 0,5 1 0,75 0,17

LA=Lactate accumulation, HR=Heart rate, USG=Urine specific gravity

87 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

7 6,2 6

5 4,3 4,5 4 (mmol/L) 3

2 1,6 1,5 Lactate Lactate 1,1 1

0 1st pre 1st post 2nd pre 2nd post 3rd pre 3rd post

matches

Figure 1. Lactate responses of female university students before and after beach handball matches

130 125,6 123,2 123 120

110 bpm/min)

100

90 89,6 Heart rate ( Heart rate 85,4 87 80

70 matches 1st pre 1st post 2nd pre 2nd post 3rd pre 3rd post Figure 2. Heart rate responses of female university students before and after each beach handball match

1,022

1,020

1,018

1,016 ( g/mL) 1,014 USG 1,012

1,010 1st pre 1st post 2nd pre 2nd post 3rd pre 3rd post

matches

Figure 3. Changes in USG values of female university students before and after beach handball matches

88 2020 02 during three different matches of the beach handball coaches to determine the intensity of exercises and plan the players. Resting values of lactate levels were found similar training program. To the best of our knowledge, the only between measurements (F=6,12; p=0,052). Similarly, no study investigating lactate accumulation during an official difference was found in post-match lactate levels between beach handball match presented that lactate accumulation measurements (F=1,32; p=0,314). was found as 13.8 mmol/L and 14.1 mmol/L in the middle Heart rate responses of female university students and at the end of the first set, respectively, and 11.7 mmol/L before and after beach handball match are presented in and 12.0 mmol/L in the middle and end of the second set, Figure 1. Resting heart rate values were compared and respectively [16]. A study by Kaya et al. [17] investigated no difference was found (F=2,18; p=0,182) and post- lactate responses in indoor sports athletes during various match heart rate values were also found similar (F=0,75; loads and stated that lactate accumulation increases with p=0,901). the increasing load. Our findings are significantly lower Changes in hydration levels of the participants can be than those found by Silva et al. That may stem from the found in Figure 3. As for USG values before and after aerobic, anaerobic capacities of the athletes or intensity the matches, difference was found pre-match (F=4,98; of the matches. p=0,049) while no difference was found in post-match Maintaining fluid balance of the body is very important values (F=2,07; p=0.212). for athletes especially for those who compete under humid and hot conditions. Karras et al. [18] monitored fluid loss Discussion of handball players by monitoring body weight changes The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate during official matches in high humidity and temperature physiological responses and hydration status as well as and stated that athletes presented dehydration despite fluid intakes of female university students who competed consuming 1 liter of water during the game. In our study, at an international beach handball tournament. The main athletes started first and second matches euhydrated findings of the study were: although they presented dehydration before the third 1) all the athletes started competition with low level match. When post-match values are evaluated, athletes of lactate level, were euhydrated after first and third matches although 2) athletes completed the matches with a mean value they presented significant dehydration after the second of lactate level of 6 mmol/L. match. Despite higher fluid intake during the second 3) Post-match heart rate responses varied from 107 match they presented higher dehydration compared to 150. 4) Athletes were mostly hydrated and maintained to first and third matches. Findings of Karras et al [18] this during the matches. supports our findings as athletes presented dehydration Determining the intensity of a physical activity despite consuming fluid during the match. is fundamental to determine training goals and its planning later on. Therefore, it is of great importance to Conclusion evaluate physiological outputs during a real competition In conclusion, beach handball does not result in environment. Heart rate has been used for determining strenuous physiological effects according to heart rate and the energy level that an activity needs. Although there lactate responses. Athletes’ fluid intake was not enough have been studies monitoring heart rate responses of to eliminate dehydration. Despite fluid availability during indoor handball players [11, 12, 13], there is obviously the match they presented dehydration at the second lack of studies in terms of monitoring heart rate responses match. It can be suggested that physiological responses following a beach handball match. To our knowledge, the and hydration status during training and field tests are only study investigating heart rates of handball players monitored and athletes should be informed about the belongs to Lara Cobos [2] which monitored heart rate adverse effects of dehydration and encouraged to consume values during matches. The author stated a mean heart enough water especially when they compete under humid rate of 176bpm during the first half of the match while and hot conditions and also coaches should be informed it was 172bpm during the second half. Another study and as they are the most influential people on athletes examined heart rates of indoor football players and stated they should pay attention to the fluid consumption, the mean heart rate as 172 bpm [14] while another study physiological responses to training and match should implemented on female basketball players indicated develop themselves [19]. a mean heart rate of 170±8 bpm [15]. In contrast to abovementioned studies, heart rate responses measured Acknowledgment immediately after the match was very low. Authors presents their greetings to Kastamonu Lactate is the only metabolic parameter indicating University Female Handball Team for their participation in the skill of muscles for a specific athletic performance. this study. This study was not funded by any organization. The skill of muscles means the ability of muscles to achieve maximum performance during a sports activity Conflict of interests for maintaining harmonious and balanced energy required The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. by the activity. Monitoring lactate accumulation helps

89 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

References 10. Hopkins WG. A Scale of Magnitudes for Effect Statistics. 1. Achenbach L, Loose O, Laver L, Zeman F, Nerlich [Internet]. 2002. [updated 2019; cited 2017 Nov 03]. M, Angele P, et al. Beach handball is safer than Available from: https://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats/ indoor team handball: injury rates during the 2017 effectmag.html European Beach Handball Championships. Knee 11. Alexander MJ, Boreskie SL. An analysis of fitness Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2018;26:1909–1915. and time-motion characteristics of handball. The https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-4907-5 American journal of sports medicine, 1989;17(1):76-82. 2. Lara Cobos D. Analysis of heart rate in female beach handball https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658901700113 players. Apunts Medicina de l’Esport, 2011;46:131–136. 12. Loftin M, Anderson P, Lytton L, Pittman P, Warren B. Heart https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunts.2011.02.001 rate response during handball singles match-play and selected 3. Hatzimanouil D, Papasoulis E, Terzidis I, physical fitness components of experienced male handball Kanioglou A, Mavropoulou A, Natsis K. Injuries players. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, in elite athletes of beach handball. Journal of 1996;36(2): 95-99. Human Sport and Exercise, 2017; 12(3): 689-697. 13. Gintaré Onusaitytè AS. High-skill handcuffs were introduced https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2017.123.13 by the change in work intensity during the match. Ugdymas. 4. Pueo B, Jimenez-Olmedo JM, Penichet-Tomas A, Becerra Küno Kultüra.Sportas, 2009, 2(73): 15-22. (In Lithuanian) MO, Agullo, JJE. Analysis of time-motion and heart rate 14. Barbero-Alvarez J, Soto VM, Barbero-Alvarez V, Granda- in elite male and female beach handball. Journal of sports Vera J. Match analysis and heart rate of futsal players during science medicine, 2017;16(4): 450. competition. Journal of sports sciences, 2008;26(1):63-73. 5. Drust B, Atkinson G, Reilly T. Future perspectives in the https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701287289 evaluation of the physiological demands of soccer. Sports 15. Matthew D, Delextrat A. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, medicine, 2007;37(9): 783-805. and time-motion analysis of female basketball players during 6. Gurses VV, Ceylan B, Sakir M, Baydil B, Al Hussein competition. Journal of sports sciences, 2009;27(8): 813-821. H, Badau D. Dehydration and Acute Weight Gain of https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410902926420 Athletes Before Sport Competitions. Revista De Chimie, 16. Silva AS, Coeli RSM, DE SAL, Guedes DS, Lacerda LM, 2018;69(11):4096-4098. Silva DC, Soares YM. Physiological and nutritional profile of 7. Gonzalez-Alonso J, Mora-Rodriguez R, Below PR, Coyle elite female beach handball players from Brazil. The Journal EF. Dehydration reduces cardiac output and increases of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2016;56(5):503-509. systemic and cutaneous vascular resistance during exercise. https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/25665744 Journal of Applied Physiology, 1995; 79(5): 1487-1496. 17. Kaya I, Kalkavan A, Senturk A, Harmancıl H, Karavelioglu https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.5.1487 M, Yuksel O, Savasli M. Analysis of blood lactate and heart 8. José G-A, Mora-Rodríguez R, Below PR, Coyle EF. rate of indoor sports athletes as a response to various loads. Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 2013;15(3): 86-89. in hyperthermic endurance athletes during exercise. 18. Karras D, Chryssanthopoulous C, Diafas V. Body fluid loss Journal of Applied Physiology, 1997;82:1229–36. during four consecutive beach handball matches in high https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.4.1229 humidity and environmental temperatures. Serbian Journal 9. Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain of Sport Sciences, 2007;1(1): 8-13. SJ, Stachenfeld NS. American College of Sports Medicine 19. Yaşar OM, Sunay, H. Investigation of job satisfaction and position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine organizational commitment level of football coaches. and science in sports and exercise, 2007; 39(2): 377-390. Journal of Human Sciences, 2018, 15(2), 952- 969. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597 https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v15i2.5239

90 2020 02

Information about the authors:

Bayram Ceylan; (Corresponding author); http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6753-1848; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sport, Kastamonu University; Kastamonu, Turkey.

Kerem M.K.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8497-9460; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sport, Kastamonu University; Kastamonu, Turkey.

Çeyiz S.Ç; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1000-0309; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sport, Kastamonu University; Kastamonu, Turkey.

Gürses V.V.G.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6249-3504; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sport, Kastamonu University; Kastamonu, Turkey.

Akgül M.Ş.A.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9696-6541; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sport, Kastamonu University; Kastamonu, Turkey.

Baydil B.B.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9161-2381; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sport, Kastamonu University; Kastamonu, Turkey.

Cite this article as: Bayram Ceylan, Kerem M, Ceyiz S, Gurses VV, Akgül MŞ, Baydil B. Monitoring physiological responses and fluid balance of elite female beach handball players during an international tournament. Physical education of students, 2020;24(2):86–91. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0203

Received: 22.02.2020 Accepted: 29.03.2020; Published: 30.04.2020

91 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Comparison of the standing balance between pole vaulters and soccer players in preseason and postseason Katarzyna Dmitruk1ACD, Małgorzata Gałązka1B, Mirosława Cieślicka1BD, Dariusz Soszyński1,2A, Robert Stępniak3B, Mariusz Klimczyk3BC, Sergii S. Iermakov4BD 1Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland 2Universitas Opoliensis Institute of Medicine, Poland 3 Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland 4 Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland

Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; B – Data collection; C – Statistical analysis; D – Manuscript Preparation; E – Funds Collection. Abstract Purpose: Static is crucial in the maintaining the position of the body’s center of gravity vertically over the base of support. Many sport disciplines require effective balance system. However, the efficiency of the system differs based on the sport discipline. The aim of the study was to examine balance system efficiency in pole vaulters and soccer players. Additionally, the analysis of pre and postseason balance system efficiency was performed in pole vaulters and soccer players as well. Material: To asses static balance system efficiency five pole vaulters and six soccer players were examined. A balance platform was used for open eyes test, close eyes test and biofeedback test. During the tests displacements of the center of pressure (COP) and calculates parameters such as: sway area in mm2 (P), mean total length in

mm (L), path length in antero-posterior plane in mm (LA-P), path length in medio-lateral plane in mm (LM-L) and coordination in % (C) were obtained. Results: Pole volunteers displayed better static balance and coordination compared to soccer players both in postseason and preseason time. Static balance and coordination were better in preseason compared to postseason time in pole vaulters. The observed differences were not statistically significant. Soccer players exhibited lower balance scores (statistically significant) in preseason compared to postseason. The eyes closure resulted in increased values of both total sway length, sway length in AP plane and sway length in ML plane both in postseason and preseason time for both groups of athletes. Intercondition significance was assessed only for total sway length and sway length in AP plane in pole vaulters in postseason time. Conclusions: Pole vaulters and soccer players did not differ in terms of static balance, but our results point toward an overall tendency for pole vaulters to exhibit better standing balance and visual-motor coordination compared soccer players. Keywords: static balance, posturography, pole vaulters, soccer players

Abbreviations of the body’s center of gravity (COG) vertically over COG- body’s center of gravity the base of support (BOS) [1]. Both static and dynamic BOS- base of support balance involves some structures of the central nervous VMI- visual-motor coordination system to integrate sensory information from visual, COP- center of pressure vestibular, proprioceptive and exteroceptive receptors in P- sway area the centers of analysis. These structures are located at L- mean total length different levels of the central nervous system: the spinal

LA-P- path length in antero-posterior plane cord, basal ganglia, cerebellum and cerebral cortex.

LA-P- path length in medio-lateral plane The cerebellum, brainstem and frontal lobe are together C- coordination involved in control of visual- motor coordination (VMI). ET1- open eyes test VMI is able to integrate visual input with motor output ET2- closed eyes test which ensures a coordinated movement. ET3-biofeedback test Balance is a key component to athletic activities like AP-anterio-posterior plane soccer, gymnastics, running [2-5] and pole vault. The ML- medio-lateral plane necessary visual components for a pole vaulter include: ACL-anterior cruciate ligament dynamic visual skills, peripheral vision, dynamic depth perception to judge the distance from the pole tip to Introduction1 the box, visual tracking, contrast sensitivity and depth Balance is the process of maintaining the position perception. Therefore training programme in pole vaulters is limited not only at physical preparation but also includes © Katarzyna Dmitruk, Małgorzata Gałązka, Mirosława Cieślicka, exercises for improving the time-space orientation and Dariusz Soszyński, Robert Stępniak, Mariusz Klimczyk, Sergii S. Iermakov, 2020 might be important for increasing the balance control. In doi:10.15561/20755279.2020.0204 soccer players, coordination depends mostly on a sense of 92 2020 02 timing, speed and flight path of the ball and then is used by mean age 18.2±1.3, ranged from 17 to 20 years, and the players in specific skills such as controlling, dribbling 18.0±0.7, 17 to 19 years, respectively) were recruited. and passing. For this reason the typical soccer training The pole vaulters were members of the Junior National typically involves a high degree of focus on the external Team. They practiced pole vault about six years. A small surrounding, i.e. the ball or/and other players. The most number of athletes results from the small number of young important elements able to influence coordination are individuals practicing this kind of sports discipline. The power, speed, reaction time and endurance. soccer players group consist of the participants practicing The pole vault is a sport where the successful that discipline about 10 years. They were recruited from competitor must combine a high level of athletic The District Junior Football League. All subjects had no prowess with the development of unerring technique. history of neurological, muscular and metabolic diseases. Specific training for this athletic discipline enables the In addition, they did not drink alcohol and not take any development of coordination skills, orientation in time drugs disturbing locomotor functions. All participants and space, flexibility and agility. The world-class pole were examined two times: in April- time just before start vaulter often possess also sprinting capability similar to of competitions season (preseason) and in October- at the that of elite sprinter. The speed on the runway is strongly end of participation in competitions season (postseason). related to amount of energy which is directed into the pole The study was approved by the Ethics Commision of The and then transferred into the vertical movement of the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz athlete to the bar. Therefore, the pole vaulter must be both (Poland). a good sprinter and gymnast. Moreover, the vaulter should Research Design also have a strong upper body, particularly shoulders, to A balance platform (PROMED, Poland) was used generate additional force on the push of the pole into the for the assessment of the static postural control. This ground on take off. The vaulter must also be extremely diagnostic system computes displacements of the center coordinated, able to contort their body in midair on the of pressure (COP) and calculates parameters such as: approach to the bar. sway area in mm2 (P), mean total length in mm (L), path

Soccer players range in activity from walking to length in antero-posterior plane in mm (LA-P), path length jogging and sprinting. It has been suggested that about in medio-lateral plane in mm (LM-L) and coordination in 2/3 of the total distance (from 4.5 to 9.5 miles in one % (C). game) is done in the walking and jogging states, leaving Three different test conditions were used for bipedal 1/3 to be done in running and sprinting states. Soccer balance assessment: open eyes (ET1), closed eyes test players frequently support their body mass on one leg (ET2) and biofeedback test (ET3). In all conditions, the when kicking a ball. Therefore, the aim of the strength subjects stood for 32s while COP data were collected. One training for soccer players is the improvement of legs practice trial was allowed before the beginning of data strength, especially in the quadriceps to help stabilize the collection and a 3 minutes seated rest period was provided knee joint [6]. between trials. Force measurements were taken at sampling Both pole vaulter and soccer player require excellent rate of 40 per second. Test circumstances (e.g. noise, standing balance. Pole vaulters are expected to be illumination) were in accordance with recommendations extremely aware regarding the placement and motion of for posturographic testing. All tests were performed in their body. This type of balance is clearly different than the morning hours. The subject standing without shoes soccer players. Soccer players have to maintain balance on the platform (the angle between feet of approximately during the run with low or high speed when they rapidly 30° and the distance between the heels of 2 cm) was change direction and kick the ball standing on the one foot. asked to keep upright posture with his/her arms along the Therefore, soccer players have been mostly compared trunk. During ET1 the subject is asked to look forward with other athletes such as gymnasts [3, 7], modern and maintaining described above body position. While ET2 ballet dancers [5], swimmers [7, 8] and others. the visual information is eliminated due to eyes closure. In Hypothesis. We hypothesize that pole vaulters have the biofeedback test at eye level, the monitor was placed better standing balance than soccer players due to great two meters from the subject. The participant was asked to awareness of body position in space. keep the cursor indicating the current position of the COP Purpose. Since, up to now there is no experimental in the square located in the center of the screen. data showing balance system efficiency, the aim of the Statistical Analysis. study was to examine this kind of sense in pole vaulters. All analyses were conducted using statistical software Because there is significant improvement in balance STATISTICA 10.0 (StatSoft®). Analyzed variables were system due to training we analyzed the balance system normally distributed and therefore parametric statistics of athletes in preseason and postseason. Additionally, was used for statistical analysis. Quantitative variables we compared balance control between pole vaulters and were described with means and standard deviations soccer players both in preseason and postseason. (S.D.). The significance of differences between groups as well as between data collection time (pre- and postseason) Materials and Methods was tested using Student t-test. The level of significance Participants for all tests was set at p<0.05. Five pole vaulters and six soccer players (all male; 93 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

Results Coordination parameter was higher in pole vaulters Demographic data of athletes are presented in Table 1. comparing to soccer players but it was no significant in Pole vaulters were significantly taller than soccer common with postseason time. Moreover, mean scores of players both in preseason and postseason. Soccer players the sway area, mean total length, path length in antero- weighed more compared to pole vaulters in preseason posterior plane, path length in medio-lateral plane in ET1, as well as postseason time but statistically significant ET2 and ET3 were lower in pole vaulters compared to differences were observed only in postseason. soccer players in postseason. Again, differences did not The posturographic parameters for pole vaulters and reach statistical significance. soccer players in preseason and postseason time are The eyes closure resulted in increased values of both shown in Table 2. mean total length, path length in AP plane and path length Mean scores of the sway area, mean total length, path in medio-lateral plane both in preseason and postseason length in AP plane in ET1, ET2 and ET3 were lower in pole for both groups of athletes. Intercondition significance vaulters compared to soccer players in preseason time. was assessed only for mean total length (p=0.049) and The observed differences were not statistical significant. path length in antero-posterior plane (p=0.032) in pole

Table 1. Demographics of the athletes Pole vaulters (n=5) Soccer players (n=6) Variable Preseason Postseason Preseason Postseason Preseason Postseason p-Value p-Value Age (years) 19.2 ± 1.3 18.2 ± 1.3 19 ± 0.7 18 ± 0.7 0.38 0.38 Height (cm) 186 ± 3.2 185 ± 3.6 181.2 ± 2.5 180.5 ± 2.9 0.01* 0.03* Weight (kg) 74 ± 4.2 71.2 ± 3.6 77.5 ± 3.1 76. 7 ± 3.6 0.07 0.02* Note. Data represent mean ± S.D. with groups compared by the Student t-test; * Statistically significant. Table 2. Sway area, mean total length, path length in AP plane, path length in ML plane in pole vaulters and soccer players

Preseason Postseason Pole vaulters Soccer players Pole vaulters Soccer Variable Test (=5) (n=6) (n=5) players (n=6) Mean ± S.D. Mean ± S.D. p-Value Mean ± S.D. Mean ± S.D. p-Value ET1 487,6 ± 111.2 655,7 ± 419.5 0.38 544.4 ± 188.9 595.5 ± 110.5 0.59 P ET2 521.0 ± 114.2 571.2 ± 208.6 0.64 526.2 ± 78.4 620.5 ± 193.3 0.34 ET3 363.2 ± 91.5 468.3 ± 142.7 0.19 455.4 ± 117.6 580.7 ± 231.9 0.30

ET1 682.6 ± 44.4 692. 7± 89.2 0.82 704.8 ± 39.9 739.7 ± 96.6 0.47 L ET2 695.0 ± 31.1 698.2 ± 67.2 0.93 736.8 ± 59.1 757.5 ± 97,2 0.69 ET3 679.4 ± 32.2 686.7 ± 72.7 0.84 722.2 ± 61.6 770.7 ± 75.4 0.28

ET1 443.2 ± 27.9 458.3 ± 78.7 0.69 456.2 ± 38.1 483.0 ± 64.2 0.43

LA-P ET2 455.6 ± 25.5 463.7 ± 47.9 0.74 484.0 ± 44.1 502.0 ± 70.1 0.63 ET3 441.6 ± 22.4 451.3 ± 54.8 0.72 475.0 ± 53.5 509.8 ± 59.4 0.34

ET1 422.4 ± 31.2 418.5 ± 34.2 0.85 438.2 ± 17.8 456.8 ± 57.6 0.48

LM-L ET2 428.8 ± 20.1 423.0 ± 40.4 0.78 449.0 ± 34.0 462.3 ± 57.3 0.66 ET3 422.0 ± 21.5 420.8 ± 42.5 0.96 440.8 ± 27.8 472.0 ± 44.4 0.21

C ET3 90.0 ± 8.2 82.4 ± 9.6 0.19 86.5 ± 9.6 82.0 ± 13.8 0.56 Table 3. Influence of vision on balance control in pole vaulters and soccer players

Pole vaulters (n=5) Soccer players (n=6) Variable Preseason Postseason Preseason Postseason p-Value p-Value p-Value p-Value

Sway area 0,3627 0,4299 0,2017 0,3050 Mean total length 0,2849 0,0495* 0,4110 0,1277 Path length in AP plane 0,2532 0,0323* 0,4056 0,0971 Path length in ML plane 0,2869 0,2048 0,3296 0,2579 Note. Data represent mean ± S.D. with groups compared by the Student t-test. * Statistically significant.

94 2020 02

800 800 700 700 ]

2 600 600 500 500 Preseason Preseason 400 Postseason 400 Postseason 300

Sway Sway area [mm 300

200 [mm]length total Mean 200

100 100

0 0 ET1 ET2 ET3 ET1 ET2 ET3 Test Test a b

600 600

500 500

400 400

Preseason Preseason 300 300 Postseason Postseason

200 200 Path length in AP plane [mm] plane AP in length Path Path length in ML plane [mm] plane ML in length Path

100 100

0 0 ET1 ET2 ET3 ET1 ET2 ET3 Test Test

c d

Figure 1. Group mean values (± S.D.) of sway area, total length of stabilogram, length of stabilogram in sagittal plane and length of stabilogram in frontal plane in pole vaulters in postseason and preseason.

vaulters in posteason (Table 3). standing balance of soccer players and pole vaulters. Our Pole vaulters displayed better static balance in results point toward tendency for pole vaulters to exhibit preseason compared to postseason time but this difference better standing balance and visual-motor coordination. did not reach statistical significance (Figure 1a-d). Although pole vaulters displayed superior static balance Coordination was also better but statistically compared to soccer players, obtained data did not insignificant in preseason compared to postseason reveal any differences between groups of athletes both (90.02% and 86.50%, respectively). in preseason and postseason. Thereby the data from the Soccer players exhibited lower balance scores in posturography assessment did not support our hypothesis preseason compared to postseason, except sway area in that pole vaulters have superior postural stability over ET1 (Figure 2a-d). soccer players. However, it is possible that the lack of Student t-test showed statistically significant statistically significant differences among pole vaulters differences between posturographic parameters for mean and soccer players may result from the small number of total length (p<0.01), path length in antero-posterior plane participants. (p<0.05), path length in medio-lateral plane (p<0.01) As mentioned above, the pole vaulter must be good in ET2. Moreover, mean total length (p<0.05), path sprinter and gymnast as well, thus making pole vault a length in antero-posterior plane (p<0.05), path length in multiple tasks discipline. Cross-sectional studies revealed medio-lateral plane (p<0.01) in ET3 reached statistical that gymnasts tended to have the best balance ability, significance. Coordination was better but statistically followed by soccer players. However, it was found that insignificant in preseason compared to postseason time gymnasts have superior dynamic bipedal balance but (82.42% and 82.02%, respectively). similar static balance to soccer players [3, 7]. Moreover, pole vaulters are trained in balance control similar to the Discussion gymnasts. They require heightened balance control to The purpose of this study was to examine balance perform running with the pole, jumping, turning their system of soccer players. Moreover, we compared body in midair and landing on the beam safely. However, 95 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

1200 900

800 1000 700 ] 2 800 600

Preseason 500 Preseason 600 Postseason 400 Postseason

400 300 Sway Sway area [mm

Mean total length [mm]length total Mean 200 200 100

0 0 ET1 ET2 ET3 ET1 ET2 ET3 Test Test a b

600 600

500 500

400 400

Preseason Preseason 300 300 Postseason Postseason

200 200 Path length in AP plane [mm] plane AP in length Path Path length in ML plane [mm] plane ML in length Path

100 100

0 0 ET1 ET2 ET3 ET1 ET2 ET3 Test Test c d

Figure 2. Group mean values (± S.D.) of sway area, total length of stabilogram, length of stabilogram in sagittal plane and length of stabilogram in frontal plane in soccer players in postseason and preseason. Statistically significant differences are indicated with *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

no study was found that compared the balance ability of joint range of motion that may enhance balance ability sprinters with other athletes. Soccer players also practice [13, 14]. Bressel et al. suggested that both gymnasts balance training. This training may results in task-specific and soccer players experience similar ground reaction neural adaptations which may suppress spinal reflex forces for some skill manouvers [3]. Hence, it is possible excitability leading to less destabilizing movements and that balance scores were similar among our examined improved balance in athletes [9, 10]. groups of athletes. In addition, we observed superior Similar static balance in both examined groups may visual-motor coordination of pole vaulters compared to be the result of resistance training. Both pole vaulters and the soccer players but statistical analysis did not reveal soccer players practice this type of training (also called any differences between groups. Both groups of athletes strength training or weight training) to improve strength, usually perform static or dynamic balance and provide anaerobic endurance and size of skeletal muscles. Pole continuous visual stimuli to the balance system whereby vaulters practice weight training to make both trunk and the integration of visual input with motor output ensure a legs muscles stronger, while soccer players are required coordinated movement. to perform tasks causing greater strength of the lower Movement patterns of pole vaulters and soccer extremities. Therefore the athletes of both groups are players are dramatically different. Therefore, it is possible expected to have stronger muscles that are engaged in the that functional balance tests might reveal differences in upright position maintenance. dynamic balance. It was proposed that gymnasts developed It is postulated that balance ability of athletes may be the ability in extracting and associating relevant sensory the result of repetitive experience that influences motor information for regulating posture since statistically responses [11]. Others argue that superior balance is the significant superior dynamic balance differences in result of training experience influencing a subject’s ability functional balance tests were observed [2]. On the other to use sensory information such as proprioceptive and hand, some authors postulated that the excellent balance visual cues [3, 12]. Training tasks repetition might also among high-level athletes is not the result of the greater improve neuromuscular coordination, joint strength and activity of the vestibular system [11].

96 2020 02 Our results showed that eyes closure resulted in the Compared to non-injured players, the injured players statistically insignificant increase of mean total length, have increased knee abduction angles at initial contact, path length in AP plane and path length in ML plane maximum knee abduction angles, peak vertical ground in both examined groups in preseason time. However, reaction forces, side-to-side knee abduction movement the tendency to reliance on visual information in both differences and decreased maximum knee flexion angles groups was observed suggesting the role of vision for before the damage to ACL [31]. Another study that maintaining better balance both in vaulters and footballers prospectively identify risk factors for ACL injury revealed before regular season. Similar tendency was observed in that the distance from center of mass to base of support and postseason. Pole vaulters displayed statistically significant the angles between thigh and vertical axis were increased increased mean total length and path length in AP plane in in ACL injury and that the angles trunk and vertical axis closed eyes tests in postseason. It may suggest that vision were decreased in ACL injury cases compared to non- is becoming increasingly important in pole vaulters from injured control cases [32]. regular period to postseason. It is well-documented that the It is well-documented that mechanical and functional absence of vision disturbed postural control for judoists, stability of both the knee joint [33, 34] and the ankle joint gymnasts, ballet dancers and soccer players [15-18]. [35-38] plays important role in balance maintenance in the Pole vaulters displayed better static balance and visual- static balance tests. Therefore micro-trauma to the tendons motor coordination in preseason compared postseason in and joints occurring over time may result in inferior static open eyes test (ET1), except for sway area, closed eyes test balance both in regular season and postseason in some (ET2) and coordination test (ET3), but these differences soccer players. Our testing of posturographic parameters were statistically insignificant. Contrasting with pole revealed high standard deviations in soccer players. This vaulters, soccer players displayed statistically significant may be due to heterogeneity of soccer players group differences between preseason and postseason in closed resulting from mini-injuries in some players. Injuries in eyes test (ET2) and coordination test (ET3) for mean total the pole vaulters population are generally not traumatic length (L), path length in AP plane (LA-P) and path length in nature. A possible reason for this can be found in more in ML plane (LM-L). Superior static balance in preseason precise control of where his/her lower extremities are suggests that soccer players balance system is more positioned during and after the jump. Teitz postulated that efficient after the transition period when the frequency of the reason for the lack of ACL injuries in ballet was due training is decreased to three per week. In the transition to choreographed movement [39]. It is possible that, the period, the soccer players mainly perform individual frequency of injuries in pole vaulters is decreased due to exercises with the ball and short game between players of both learnt and very precised movement. one team. Therefore, they are to lesser extent exposed to injuries and they have possibility to cure injuries acquired Conclusion in midseason. During regular season game play often We can conclude that pole vaulters and soccer players involves physical contact with other players including did not differ in terms of static balance but our results point intentional pushing, or kicking. Moreover, the movement toward an overall tendency for pole vaulters to exhibit of soccer players is characterized by a great amount of better standing balance and visual-motor coordination sprinting, pivoting and sudden starts and stops. Therefore compared soccer players. However, additional research the most common site of injury in soccer player is the carried out on a greater groups is required to compare lower extremity. The most injured part of legs is joint. The balance system of pole vaulters and footballers. Suggestion most injured joint is the ankle joint, followed by the knee for further research should include a comparison of pole and the thigh [19]. Soccer is one of the sport that have the vaulters, soccer players, other athletes and non-athletes highest risk of damage to the anterior cruciate ligament in static and dynamic tests as well. In all mentioned (ACL) [20-23]. Such injury leads to knee joint instability groups static and dynamic balance should be examined to and consequently to the development of early degenerative determine the most accurate indicator of postural stability. articular lesions. Some evidence in literature suggest that The absence of visual information is linked to modify there are at least three mechanisms leading to the knee static balance in both examined group. For practical joint instability [24-30]. Although it deals with knee, these purpose, our results will be of benefit to the practitioners views may also apply to other joints. Firstly, injury to ACL seeking the importance of vision in sport performance leads to mechanical joint instability. Secondly, mechanical and trying to identify postural system efficiency. Coaches destruction of both mechanoreceptors and neuronal are recommended to use a variety of training program endings located in the ligaments leads to disruption of including both exercises with opened and closed eyes to sensory pathways. Thirdly, erroneous action of unstable improve balance. knee joint results in the altered reactions of sensory cells in Moreover, our findings allow us and coaches to other articular structures, whereby disordered information evaluate the possible effects of training in preseason, is transmitted to CNS. The result is incorrect perception midseason and postseason in athletes. of both posture and movements of the injured joint. It was even postulated that pre-injury movement characteristics Conflict of interest can be different from non-injury movement characteristics. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

97 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

References dance, develops sensorimotor adaptabilities involved in 1. Nashner LM. Practical biomechanics and physiology of balance control. Gait & posture. 2002;15(2):187- 94. balance. In: Jacobson GP, Newman CW, Kartush JM, editors. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00149-7 Handbook of Balance Function Testing. San Diego: Singular 18. Barfield B, Fischman M. Control of a ground-level ball as a Publishing Group; 1997. P. 261-79. function of skill level and sight of the foot. Journal of Human 2. Vuillerme N, Danion F, Marin L, Boyadjian A, Prieur JM, Movment Studies. 1990;12:181-8. Weise I, et al. The effect of expertise in gymnastics on 19. Wong P, Hong Y. Soccer injury in the lower extremities. postural control. Neuroscience letters. 2001;303(2):83- 6. British journal of sports medicine. 2005;39(8):473- 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01722-0 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.015511 3. Bressel E, Yonker JC, Kras J, Heath EM. Comparison of static 20. Metzl JD, Micheli LJ. Youth soccer: an epidemiologic and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, perspective. Clin Sports Med. 1998;17(4):663-73. and gymnastics athletes. J Athl Train. 2007;42(1):42-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70110-1 4. Schmit JM, Regis DI, Riley MA. Dynamic 21. Dai B, Mao D, Garrett WE, Yu B. Anterior cruciate patterns of postural sway in ballet dancers and ligament injuries in soccer: Loading mechanisms, track athletes. Exp Brain Res. 2005;163(3):370- 8. risk factors, and prevention programs. Journal of https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-2185-6 Sport and Health Science. 2014;3(4):299- 306. 5. Gerbino PG, Griffin ED, Zurakowski D. Comparison https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.06.002 of standing balance between female collegiate dancers 22. Granan LP, Bahr R, Steindal K, Furnes O, Engebretsen and soccer players. Gait & posture. 2007;26(4):501- 7. L. Development of a national cruciate ligament surgery https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.11.205 registry: the Norwegian National Knee Ligament 6. Cabri J, De Proft E, Dufour W, Clarys J. The relation between Registry. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(2):308- 15. muscular strength and kick performance. In: Reilly T, Lees https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507308939 A, Davids K, Murphy W, editors. Science and Football. 23. Gianotti SM, Marshall SW, Hume PA, Bunt L. Incidence of London: E&FN Spon; 1988. P. 186-93. anterior cruciate ligament injury and other knee ligament 7. Davlin CD. Dynamic balance in high level athletes. injuries: a national population-based study. Journal Percept Mot Skills. 2004;98(3 Pt 2):1171- 6. of science and medicine, in sport. 2009;12(6):622- 7. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.98.3c.1171-1176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.07.005 8. Matsuda S, Demura S, Uchiyama M. Centre of pressure sway 24. Ageberg E. Consequences of a ligament injury on characteristics during static one-legged stance of athletes neuromuscular function and relevance to rehabilitation - using from different sports. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(7):775- 9. the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knee as model. Journal https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701824099 of electromyography and kinesiology. 2002;12(3):205- 12. 9. Hrysomallis C. Balance ability and athletic https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(02)00022-6 performance. Sports Med. 2011;41(3):221- 32. 25. Chmielewski TL, Hurd WJ, Snyder-Mackler L. https://doi.org/10.2165/11538560-000000000-00000 Elucidation of a potentially destabilizing control 10. Taube W, Gruber M, Gollhofer A. Spinal and supraspinal strategy in ACL deficient non-copers. Journal of adaptations associated with balance training and their Electromyography and Kinesiology, 2005;15:83–92. functional relevance. Acta physiologica. 2008;193(2):101- 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.07.003 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01850.x 26. Krogsgaard MR, Dyhre-Poulsen P, Fischer- 11. Balter SG, Stokroos RJ, Akkermans E, Kingma H. Habituation Rasmussen T. Cruciate ligament reflexes. Journal of to galvanic vestibular stimulation for analysis of postural control Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2002;12(3):177- 82. abilities in gymnasts. Neuroscience letters. 2004;366(1):71- 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(02)00018-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.015 27. Noyes FR, Matthews DS, Mooar PA, Grood ES. The 12. Ashton-Miller JA, Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Fry-Welch D. Can symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Part proprioception really be improved by exercises? Knee Surgery, II: the results of rehabilitation, activity modification, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2001;9(3):128- 36. and counseling on functional disability. The Journal https://doi.org/10.1007/s001670100208 of bone and joint surgery, 1983;65(2):163- 74. 13. Lephart SM, Giraldo JL, Borsa PA, Fu FH. Knee https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198365020-00004 joint proprioception: a comparison between female 28. Noyes FR, Mooar PA, Matthews DS, Butler DL. The intercollegiate gymnasts and controls. Knee surgery, symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Part I: the long- sports traumatology, arthroscopy, 1996;4(2):121- 4. term functional disability in athletically active individuals. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01477265 The Journal of bone and joint surgery, 1983;65(2):154- 62. 14. Paterno MV, Myer GD, Ford KR, Hewett TE. Neuromuscular https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198365020-00003 training improves single-limb stability in young female 29. Reider B, Arcand MA, Diehl LH, Mroczek K, Abulencia A, athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(6):305- 16. Stroud CC, et al. Proprioception of the knee before and after https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2004.34.6.305 anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy: The 15. Hugel F, Cadopi M, Kohler F, Perrin P. Postural control of ballet Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 2003;19:2–12. dancers: a specific use of visual input for artistic purposes. https://doi.org/10.1053/jars.2003.50006 International journal of sports medicine. 1999;20(2):86- 92. 30. Wojtys EM, Huston LJ. Neuromuscular Performance in Normal https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971098 and Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Lower Extremities. 16. Paillard T, Costes-Salon C, Lafont C, Dupui P. Are The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1994;22(1):89- 104. there differences in postural regulation according https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659402200116 to the level of competition in judoists? British 31. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, Heidt RS, Jr. , Colosimo journal of sports medicine. 2002;36(4):304- 5. AJ, McLean SG, et al. Biomechanical measures of https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.4.304 neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict 17. Perrin P, Deviterne D, Hugel F, Perrot C. Judo, better than anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a

98 2020 02 prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(4):492- 501. functional instability of the ankle joint. International https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504269591 journal of sports medicine. 1988;9(2):141- 4. 32. Sheehan FT, Sipprell WH, 3rd, Boden BP. Dynamic https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024996 sagittal plane trunk control during anterior cruciate 36. Hertel J, Olmsted-Kramer LC. Deficits in time-to- ligament injury. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(5):1068- 74. boundary measures of postural control with chronic https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512437850 ankle instability. Gait & posture. 2007;25(1):33- 9. 33. Zatterstrom R, Friden T, Lindstrand A, Moritz U. The effect of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.12.009 physiotherapy on standing balance in chronic anterior cruciate 37. Tropp H, Odenrick P, Gillquist J. Stabilometry Recordings ligament insufficiency.Am J Sports Med. 1994;22(4):531- 6. in Functional and Mechanical Instability of the Ankle Joint. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659402200416 International journal of sports medicine. 1985;06(03):180- 2. 34. Hassan BS, Mockett S, Doherty M. Static postural sway, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025836 proprioception, and maximal voluntary quadriceps contraction 38. Konradsen L, Ravn JB. Prolonged peroneal in patients with knee osteoarthritis and normal control reaction time in ankle instability. International subjects. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2001;60(6):612- 8. journal of sports medicine. 1991;12(3):290- 2. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.60.6.612 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024683 35. Gauffin H, Tropp H, Odenrick P. Effect of ankle 39. Teitz C. Hip and Knee Injuries in Dancers. Journal of Dance disk training on postural control in patients with Medicine & Science. 2000;4(1):23029.

Information about the authors:

Katarzyna Dmitruk; (Corresponding Author); http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-345X; [email protected]; Department of Physiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland; Bydgoszcz Poland.

Małgorzata Gałązka; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-2481; [email protected]; Department of Physiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland; Bydgoszcz Poland.

Mirosława Cieślicka; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0407-2592; [email protected]; Department of Physiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland; Bydgoszcz Poland.

Dariusz Soszyński; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0178-9635; [email protected]; Department of Physiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland; Bydgoszcz, Opole Poland.

Robert Stępniak; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-0190; [email protected]; Institute of Individual Sports, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland; Bydgoszcz Poland.

Mariusz Klimczyk; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4672-6344; [email protected]; Institute of Individual Sports, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland; Bydgoszcz Poland.

Sergii S. Iermakov; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5039-4517; [email protected]; Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport; Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland.

Cite this article as: Katarzyna Dmitruk, Małgorzata Gałązka, Mirosława Cieślicka, Dariusz Soszyński, Robert Stępniak, Mariusz Klimczyk, Sergii S. Iermakov. Comparison of the standing balance between pole vaulters and soccer players in preseason and postseason. Physical education of students, 2020;24(2):92–99. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0204

Received: 08.02.2020 Accepted: 15.03.2020; Published: 30.04.2020

99 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

ORIGINAL ARTICLE The estimation scale of the daily pedometry of senior students Mikhail M. Kolokoltsev1ABCDE, Elena V. Romanova2BCDE, Wladyslaw Jagiello3CDE, Tetiana S. Yermakova4CDE 1Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Russia 2Altay State University, Russia 3Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland 4Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts, Ukraine

Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; B – Data collection; C – Statistical analysis; D – Manuscript Preparation; E – Funds Collection. Abstract Purpose: To create the estimation scale of the daily pedometry of senior students with different levels of motor activity. To determine the dependence of students’ life quality on the volume of step locomotions. Material: The students of Irkutsk National Research Technical University (Irkutsk, Russia) (n = 235: females - n = 78, males - n = 157: 19-20 years old) participated in the study. The daily pedometry of students for 7 days was studied. The number of daily steps was recorded by Simple Design Ltd application for smartphones. The sigma deviation method was used to develop an individual daily pedometry estimation scale. The daily pedometry scale was developed based on the distribution of this characteristic by 5 sigma classes (“low”, “below average”, “average”, “above average”, “high”). Students’ life quality was studied using a Russian-language version of SF- 36 (Short Form Health Survey). The survey presents the characteristics of physical (PH), mental (MH) and general (GH) health. The answers were estimated in points (0-100). Results: Most students have an “average” level of step locomotions. 10% of males and about 8% of females have “above average” or “high” pedometry level. This group of students is actively engaged in sports activities. 4.8% of males and 7.5% of females have a “low” pedometry level. In this group of students, motor activity is limited only by locomotions related to educational and household activities. Students with “high” and “above average” pedometry levels have the highest values of life quality indicators. Such students are in a safe zone of non-communicable diseases. The “low” level of daily step locomotions is considered as a predictor of insufficient physical activity, low general and mental health of students. Conclusions: The sigma deviation method allows distributing any population of people by the number of daily locomotions into five sigma classes. The level of daily step locomotions can be considered as a marker of physical activity, general and mental health. This approach makes it possible to refer a person to a safe health zone or a risk group of non-communicable diseases. The results of the study can be used in the recommendations for improving the students’ life quality. It is also recommended to use our recommendations to increase students’ self-motor activity during their university studies. Keywords: motor activity, step locomotions, daily locomotions, life quality.

Introduction1 there are actual discussions on the normalization of the The important condition for the harmonious required number of steps in the daily physical activity of development of an individual is his regular motor activity. students [13]. This is especially important in adolescent ontogeny. The motor activity can be expressed in energy The term “physical activity” includes the total value of consumed units or the number of performed movements various human movements over some time [1]. In the last (locomotions). The objective and unified method for a decade in Russia [2] and foreign countries [3-5] there is person’s motor activity estimation is pedometry [14-16]. an expressed hypokinesia of students against the learning The literature gives various recommendations on the process complication and computerization [6]. daily step locomotions performance by a person: not less The decrease in student health indicators [7] is due than 10 thousand [17] or 14-19 thousand steps per day [18]. to: the influence of psycho-emotional factors in learning; It is proposed the standards of 20-25 thousand steps per increased time for self-training; diet violation [8]; day for females and 25-30 thousand steps for males [19]. significant spread of social-negative phenomena in the Such a significant variation of the recommended norm of youth environment [9-11]. daily pedometry is explained by the authors as the body One of the effective ways of overcoming hypokinesia specifications of each individual. The influence of genetic is cyclic physical activity in the form of locomotions [12]. factors on the motor potential of a particular person This allows compensating for the deficit of the students’ has been experimentally proved [20]. It is determined motor activity. This is especially important in senior the features of the influence of natural and climatic and courses because such students no longer have obligatory environmental [21], social and household [17] and other physical education classes. In the scientific literature, factors on the morphofunctional development and motor © Mikhail M. Kolokoltsev, Elena V. Romanova, Wladyslaw Jagiello, activity of people. According to the authors’ opinion, the Tetiana S. Yermakova, 2020 volume estimation of the daily motor activity of a person doi:10.15561/20755279.2020.0205 100 2020 02 by average standards is not correct enough [22]. the possibility of using the sigma deviation method in The sigma deviation method is used to characterize the pedometry was considered. For this purpose, the the studied indicator by the levels of distribution. This normality of step locomotions’ distribution was assessed method is widely used in biomedical research to evaluate according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion [30]. the physical development of Russian children [23, 24] After confirming the normality of the sample distribution and ecological situation in the territories of the population proceeded to the third stage - the calculation of sigma [25]. It is also used in clinical practice to predict the risk (standard deviation) by the formula: of cardiovascular pathology developing in the form of a 2 -2 σ = [(хi - ) /n] Z-score modification [26]. where, x - is the ith element of the sample,  - is the We have not found any studies devoted to the use of the i arithmetic mean of the sample, and n - is the volume of sigma deviation method for the development of individual sample. daily pedometry assessment scales. This approach The fourth stage was to develop an estimation scale considers gender, age, place of birth and residence of the of individual step locomotions: it was determined sigma studied contingent. These studies are considered to be deviation from the arithmetic mean value and the level of promising. the student’s pedometry. The methods of studying health concerning human The results of each student were divided into 5 life quality (LQ) assessment have been widespread in sigma classes (gradations): the criterion is an individual recent years [27]. The international SF-36 (Short Form indicator of the number of steps per day. If the value of Health Survey) is used for this purpose [28]. This survey the indicator corresponded to the gradation M ± 0.67σ has been tested in many studies in different countries [29]. - the level of pedometry was estimated as “average”. In It allows determining the quantitative characteristic of the gradation interval from M ± 0.67σ to M ± 1.34σ, the human activity, ie. the condition of his physical, general level of pedometry was estimated as “above average” or and mental health. “below average”. If the value of the indicator was out the The study of the correlation between locomotions M ± 1.34σ graduation, then the student’s pedometry level (number of steps) and the life quality of university was estimated as “high” or “low”. students is of scientific and practical interest. The students’ life quality was studied using a Russian- The purpose of the study. To create the estimation language version of the Short Form Health Survey (SF- scale of daily pedometry of senior students with different 36) [28]. The survey has: 36 questions (8 scales) and levels of motor activity. To determine the dependence of includes characteristics of physical (PH), mental (MH) students’ life quality on the volume of step locomotions. and general (GH) health. The answers were estimated in Material and methods. points (0-100). The higher is the points, the higher is the Participants. The students of Irkutsk National Research respondent’s estimation of life quality. Technical University (Irkutsk, Russia) (n = 235: females The performed work does not limit the rights and - n = 78, males - n = 157: 19-20 years old) participated in endanger the well-being of the students following the the study. ethics standards of the Committee on Experiments of the Design of the study. The daily pedometry survey and 2008 Helsinki Declaration [31]. a survey on students’ life quality were conducted in 2019 Statistical analysis. The programs «Microsoft during a week. The surveys were conducted after the Excel», «StatSoft Statistica 6.1» were used in the course “Optional Course in Physical Culture and Sports” study. The sample volume (n), mean (M), minimum, completed by students. maximum, standard deviation (σ), and standard error The parallel pilot study of the number of students steps were estimated. The reliability of indicators’ differences locomotions was conducted at the beginning of the work was determined by Student’s parametric t-test. The Mann- to select a valid method of recording the daily pedometry. Whitney U-criterion non-parametric method was used for Two groups of students (20 people for each method) comparing the results of two methods of parallel daily participated in the experiment. The daily volume of estimation the number of steps. The differences were steps was recorded in the first group using the “OMRON considered significant at the level of p <0.05 [30]. HJ-005” pedometer and in the second group using Simple Design Ltd application for the smartphone. Results. There was no significant difference between the results We created a scale of daily pedometry levels in the of daily pedometry measurement performed by the surveyed students using the sigma deviation method abovementioned methods (p> 0.05). The second method (Table). was chosen for the study. The advantage of this method The average daily number of step locomotions in is the availability and possibility of simultaneous mass males is 10.7% higher than in females (8434.8 ± 369.7 examination of students. Also, this method needs no and 7534.7 ± 298.6, respectively), p <0.05. The range of financial expenses. During the week, students recorded daily steps for males was from 2825 to 26830, for females the number of daily steps and types of physical activity in – from 2429 to 16725. Fig. 1 presents the distribution the self-control diary. of the number of students surveyed by levels of daily The first stage of the study was to measure the average pedometry. weekly number of student’s steps. In the next stage, 101 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

Table. The estimation scale of the daily pedometry of senior students

Number of steps Sigma class (gradation) Pedometry level Males Females М low – 1,34 σ Low <6248,2 <5640,1 М from – 0,67 to – 1,34 σ Below average 7341,5 - 6248,2 6587,4 -5640,1 М ± 0,67 σ average 7341,5 - 9528,1 6587,4 - 8482,0 М from + 0,67 to + 1,34 σ Above average 9528,1 - 10621,4 8482,0 - 9429,3 М high +1,34 σ High >10621,4 >9429,3 М ± m 8434,8±369,7 7534,7±298,6 σ 1631,8 1413,9 Note. M is the arithmetic mean of the daily number of steps; σ is the sigma (standard) deviation of the indicator

High 10,8 8,1 Above average 10,3 7,4 Average 62,6 55,8

Pedometry level 11,4 Below average 21,2 4,8 Low 7,5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 % Males Females

Figure 1. Number of senior students with different levels of daily pedometry (%)

Monday 12000 10000 Sunday 8000 Tuesday 6000 4000 2000 0 Saturday Wednesday

Friday Thursday

Low level of pedometry (less 6248,2 steps) High level of pedometry (more 10621,4 steps) Average level of pedometry (from 7341,5 to 9528,1)

Figure 2. Distribution of the number of steps in males per day of the week

4.8% of males and 7.5% of females have a “low” level According to our study, 10% of males and about 8% of pedometry (Fig. 1). Females with a “low” level are of females have “above average” or “high” levels of 56.2% more than males. It was registered 11.4% of males pedometry. They are actively engaged in sports activities. and 21.2% of females with a pedometry level “below The number of males exceeds the number of females. average”. Moreover, the number of females with this level Analysis of the students’ weekly pedometry is 85.9% higher than males. determined that the most interesting characteristics of the Most students have an “average” level of steps per indicators were determined on Sunday (Fig. 2). day. And the females were 12.2% less than the males.

102 2020 02 The number of daily step locomotions in students with Students with “high” and “above average” levels of a “high” level of daily pedometry is approximately the daily pedometry have the highest level of physical activity, same by day of the week (including Sunday) (Figs. 2, 3). high points of mental and general health (Figs. 4, 5). These are mostly student-athletes. Males and females with “low” and “below average” Students with “low” levels of daily pedometry reduce levels of step locomotions have the lowest points of life the number of steps on Sunday days: in males by 61.6%, quality components. in females by 77.3%. Students with an “average” level of pedometry the Discussion number of daily walking locomotives on Sunday days is At present time, the sigma deviation method of the reduced: by 24.7% in males and by 33.2% in females. studied indicator is used in scientific research: for the The characteristics of life quality (LQ) components estimation of physical development of youth [23, 24]; in of students with different levels of daily pedometry are monitoring the ecological situation in the territories of the presented in Figs. 4 (males), in fig. 5 (females). population [25]; in the prediction of the cardiovascular

Monday 12000 10000 Sunday 8000 Tuesday 6000 4000 2000 0 Saturday Wednesday

Friday Thursday

Low level of pedometry (less 6248,2 steps) High level of pedometry (more 10621,4 steps) Average level of pedometry (from 7341,5 to 9528,1)

Figure 3. Distribution of the number of steps in females per day of the week

37,7 Low 42,2 48,3

40,9 Below average 47,9 52,1 42,1 Average 58,8 67,7 Pedometry levels 59,3 Above average 62,8 86,7 58,8 High 69,9 89,6

0 20 40 60 80 100

Points

Mental health General health Physical activity

Figure 4. Life quality components of males with different levels of pedometry (in points)

103 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

32,4 Low 34,5 33,4 37,6 Below average 41,6 42,3 43,5 Average 47,6 59,8 Pedometry levels 50,2 Above average 58,7 68,7

53,3 High 63,6 72,3

0 20 40 60 80 Points

Mental health Gener al heal th Physical activity

Figure 5. Life quality components of females with different levels of pedometry (in points) pathology risk [26]. In our work, we used this method to works [4, 6]. design an estimation scale for determining the levels of The analysis of daily step locomotions of students students’ daily pedometry. with a “high” level of pedometry showed that they have More than half of the studied males and females have an approximately equal number of steps per day of the an “average” level of daily pedometry. They also have week (including Sunday). The authors from Belgorod average values for life quality estimation. In addition [47] emphasized the importance of the high motor activity to the step locomotions of educational and household of students on Sundays (as an obligatory element of a activities, students visit fitness clubs; bicycling in summer; healthy lifestyle). skiing in winter; sports and mass events at the university. It was determined that in studied students with a “low” Such motion activity was determined in students of St. level of pedometry, the number of steps decreased on Petersburg Humanitarian and Trade Union University Sunday days compared to the working days. According [32]. to the results of the survey, these students perform only Among students with “above average” and “high” household locomotions on Sundays. Our data is confirmed levels of pedometry (high points in the life quality by the works of authors from the Tumen region (Russia). estimation), there are more males than females. This is The authors emphasize that the motor activity of some compliant with the opinions of other authors about the high students is less than 2% of their spare time on Sundays physical activity of the male population compared with [48]. the female population [33-35]. These males and females In the studied students with an “average” level are constantly practicing sports. The research presents of pedometry, the number of daily step locomotions data on increasing students’ interest in physical activity: decreased slightly on Sunday days. More than 55% of at Altai University (Russia) [36, 37]; in the Republic of such students in their answers indicated a combination Belarus [38, 39]; in China [40, 41]; in Romania and Spain of study and work. Therefore, on Sundays, they have [42-44]; in Poland [45-46]. Confirmation is our data on no spare time for physical exercises or sports. This is the presence of high step locomotions in student-athletes. compliant with studies done by other authors devoted to Females with “low” and “below average” levels of the deficit of time in working students [49]. daily pedometry are registered more than males. The study Physical activity (as a component of life quality) shows results of students with “low” and “below average” levels a person’s potential ability to perform physical activity. In of step locomotions showed that their motor activity is using nordic walking in the educational process (Institute limited only by locomotions in educational and household of Physical Education of the Republic of Sakha, Yakutia, activities. The life quality of these students is estimated Russia) is determined the increase of physical and mental by low points. Other researchers have emphasized the low components of life quality and functional indicators of the health condition of persons with hypodynamia in their students’ body [50]. Therefore, the next stage of our study

104 2020 02 was to study the correlation between daily pedometry and We confirmed that the indicators of physical activity, life quality (LQ) in students of a technical university. general and mental components of health in all females According to our data, males, and females with are lower than in males (Figs. 4, 5). This is compliant “high” and “above average” levels of pedometry have the with the results of other authors [57-59]. The authors highest physical activity (89.6 and 69.9 points and 72.3 proved that the quality of the male population is higher in and 63.6 points, respectively). This is compliant with the comparison with the female population. results of a student survey in Nizhny Novgorod (Russia) The designed by us estimated daily pedometry scale [51]. The physical activity in students exceeds 95 points. (based on the sigma deviation method) excludes an The studied males and females with “high” and “above incorrect average statistical approach to determining the average” levels of pedometry have a high level of general volume of human step locomotions and the nature of the health (69.9 and 62.8 points and 63.6 and 58.7 points, motor activity. respectively) and mental health (58.8 and 59.3 points and 53.3 and 50.2 points respectively). This is compliant with Conclusions the study of authors’ from Minsk (the Republic of Belarus) 1. The use of the sigma deviation method allows [52]. In our opinion, such students can be attributed to the distributing any studied population of people by the group of the safe zone of disease risk. number of daily step locomotions into five sigma classes The “low” level of daily step locomotions of students is (by the level of step locomotions - “low”, “below considered as a predictor of insufficient physical activity, average”, “average”, “above average”, “high”). It also low general and mental health of the person. The author allows for developing recommendations for improving from Donetsk (Ukraine) [53] and other researchers [54, the life quality of different population groups. 55] reported the influence of the physical activity level on 2. Teachers of the Physical Education Department the health condition of the human body. should advise students to rationally organize the day In our previous survey, we found that more than 20% regime with time for sports; increase the walking time. of them consider themselves healthy and therefore do This will allow students to increase motor activity, life not have to worry about their health; 37.4% have lack of quality, and health. willpower to take care of their health; 33.9% do not have We believe that the results of our study can be spare time for regular physical education or sports [56]. considered in the recommendations for students’ adaption The analysis of the students’ survey answers showed to the learning process and improving their life quality. that males and females with a “low” level of pedometry are indifferent to their condition and do not show concern Conflict of interest for their health. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References depending on the teaching methodology received. Journal 1. Bouchard C, Shephard RJ. Physical activity, fitness and health. of Physical Education and Sport, 2015;15(2): 202–207. The model and key concepts. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2015.02031 Stephens T. (red.). Physical Activity, Fitness and Health. 7. Yang CB, Dong MK. A Study of the correlation between International proceedings and consensus statement. Human teachers’ teaching styles and students’ participation Kinetics Publishers. Champaign; 1994. P. 77–88. motivation in the physical education. Journal of Baltic 2. Tretiakov AA, Drogomeretsky VA, Agoshkov VA. Analysis Science Education, 2017;16(2):199–206. of the relationship between the level of somatic health of 8. Zhuravlev IV. Student health: sociological analysis. Moscow: students and motor activity. Contemporary Science and Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Education Problems, 2014; 3:279–285. (in Russian) 2012. (In Russian) 3. Basset D, Fitzhugh E, Heaz G, Erwin P, Frederick 9. Carlos Eduardo Da Costa. Motivational goals orientation in G, Wolff D. et al. Estimated energy expenditures for Physical Education classes of elementary education. Carlos school-based policies and active living. American Marco. Journal of Physical Education and Sport (JPES), Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2013;44(2):108–113. 2015;15(2): 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.017 10. Moy B, Renshaw I, Davids K. The impact of 4. Gerber M, Ludyga S, Mucke M, Colledge F, Brand S, nonlinear pedagogy on physical education teacher Puhse U. Low vigorous physical activity is associated education students’ intrinsic motivation. Physical with increased adrenocortical reactivity to psychosocial Education and Sport Pedagogy, 2016; 21(5): 517–538. stress in students with high stress perceptions. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2015.1072506 Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2017;80:104–113. 11. Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Sedentary Behaviour, Physical Activity https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.004 and Life Satisfaction, Happiness and Perceived Health Status in 5. Olafsdottir AS, Torfadottir JE, Arngrimsson SA. Health University Students from 24 Countries. International Journal Behavior and Metabolic Risk Factors Associated with Normal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019; 16:2084. Weight Obesity in Adolescents. PLoS ONE, 2016;11 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122084 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161451 12. Kolpakova EM. Motor activity and its effect on human 6. Hortigüela Alcalá D, Pérez-Pueyo Á, Moncada-Jiménez J. An health. Health, Physical Culture and Sports, 2018; 1 (8):94– analysis of the responsibility of physical education students 109. (In Russian)

105 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

13. Liy VI, Rumba OG, Gorlov AA. Criteria and methods for life related to health, teenagers and students of Omsk region. investigating human motor activity (review). Theory and Basic Research, 2014;7:170–173. Practice of Physical Culture, 2013; 10:99–104. (In Russian) 28. Ware JE, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B. SF-36 Health 14. Chan CB, Ryan D AJ, Tudor-Locke C. Health benefits Survey. Manual and interpretation guide. The Health of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in institute, New England Medical Center. Boston: Mass; 1993. sedentary workers. Prev Med, 2004;39(6):1215–1222. 29. Fiona C. Bull, Tahlia S. Maslin and Timothy Armstrong. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.053 Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ): Nine 15. Wyatt HR, Peters JC, Reed GW, Grunwald GK, Barry Country Reliability and Validity Study. Journal of Physical M, Thompson H, Jones J, Hill JO. Using electronic Activity and Health, 2009; 6:790–804. step counters to increase lifestyle physical activity: 30. Godin AM. Statistics: textbook. Moscow: Dashkov and K; Colorado on the MoveTM. JPAH, 2004; 1:178–188. 2012. (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.1.3.181 31. World Medical Association Declaration of 16. Mynarski W, Rozpara M, Królikowska B, Puciato D, Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Graczykowska B. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 2013;310:2191. physical activity. Studies and Monographs, 313. Opole https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053 University of Technology; 2012. (In Polish) 32. Sokolova EVE. Analysis of motor activity of SPBGUP 17. Eakin EG, Mummery K, Reeves MM, Lawler SP, Schofield G, students during the school year. Physical Education and Marshall AJ, et al. Correlates of pedometer use: Results from a Sports Training, 2019; 1 (27): 35–42. (in Russian) community-based physical activity intervention trial (10,000 33. Kudyashev NH, Bolgov VN, Kudyasheva AN. Application Steps Rockhampton). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2007;4:31. of interfacing tables for analysis of students “attitude to https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-4-31 physical culture in educational-mass and sports work of the 18. Vilensky MYa. The basics of a student ‘s healthy lifestyle. university. Basic researches, 2015;2(18):4004–4007. (In Role of physical culture in health. In: The physical culture Russian) of a student. Moscow: Gardarika; 2001. P.131–174. (In 34. Gorеlov AA, Gavrishova EV. Comparative study of the Russian) nature of motor activity and mental efficiency of students of 19. Savkin VV, Zyryanova VA, Pakhomova NV, Savkin NV, different specializations. Bereginya; 2013. (In Russian) Trapeznikov MV. Systemic approach, indicators of health 35. Jagiello W, Wolska B, Sawczyn S, Dornowski M. The and usual motor activity in students during the performance similarity of training experience and morphofunctional of the valeological (health) program. Perm Medical Journal, traits as prediction criteria of the sports level in subsequent 2011; 6 (28): 120–128. (In Russian) stages of long-term women’s judo training. Archives of Budo. 20. Kiselev VI, Sharapova PH, Kulikov VP. Physical education 2014;10:201–210. classes and individual motor activity of students. Theory and 36. Denisova GS. Dependence of body weight of students of practice of physical culture, 1991; 6:21–23. (In Russian) special department of Altay State University on the nature of 21. Dragic OA, Sidorov KA. Analysis of indicators of the nutrition and optimal level of motor activity. Health, Physical component composition of the body of students of URFO Culture and Sports, 2019;1(12):127–152. (In Russian) universities. Sports, sports and educational and patriotic 37. Golovin SM, Romanova EV. Sports self-determination of activities in universities: innovations in solving topical university students. Health, Physical Culture and Sports, problems: materials of the IV International Scientific and 2017;3(6): 3–12. (In Russian). Practical Conference. Tyumen: TIU, 2018. P.85–89. (In 38. Savko EI, Hojempo SV. Student youth and their attitudes Russian) to physical culture, and healthy lifestyles. Health, Physical 22. Steinerdt SV, Achkas EE. Dynamics of morphometric Culture and Sports, 2018;4 (11): 62–76. (In Russian) indicators of young men of different generations. In: 39. Spakov AI, Krumina LP, Mischenko AN, Obelevsky AG, Problems of Modern Human Morphology: Materials of the Pavluti OV. Self-assessment of students ‘motor activity International Scientific and Practical Conference Dedicated and their attitude towards physical education organization to the 80th Anniversary of Professor B. A. Nikitiuk (September (comparison of research data in 2005 and 2015). In: Health- 25–27, 2013). Moscow; 2013. P.152–153. (In Russian) saving technologies and systems: psycho-pedagogical and 23. Tikhvin SB, Khrushchev SV. Children’s sports medicine. The medical-biological aspects, materials of the II International management for doctors. The 2nd prod. Moscow: Medicine; Scientific and Practical Conference on May 20,. 2016 1991. River 560. (in Russian) Baranovichi; 2016. P.215–219. (in Russian) 24. Kuchma BP, Skoblin NA. Information value of methods 40. Zhang Z, Chen B, Chen W. The mediating effect of of assessment of physical development of children and perceived health on the relationship between physical adolescents. In: Baranova AA, Kuchma VR. (ed.) Physical activity and subjective well-being in Chinese college development of children and adolescents of the Russian students. Journal of American College Health, 2019:1–8. Federation. Moscow: Pediatr publishing house; 2013. P.64– https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1645676 68. (In Russian) 41. Xu F, Wang X, Xiang D, Wang Z, Ye Q, Ware RS. Awareness 25. Prusakov VM, Prusakov AB. Criteria for assessing the of knowledge and practice regarding physical activity: A medical and environmental situation based on the sigmal population-based prospective, observational study among deviation method. Hygiene and Sanitation, 2013; 1:72–76. students in Nanjing, China. PLoS ONE, 2017;12:e0179518. (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179518 26. Conroy R. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal 42. Zurita-Ortega F, Badicu G, Chacón-Cuberos R, Castro- cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE Sánchez M. Motivational Climate and Physical project. European Heart Journal, 2003;24:987–1003. Activity: A Multigroup Analysis in Romanian and https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00114-3 Spanish University Students. International Journal of 27. Yunatskaya TA, Turchaninova MS, Kozubenko OV, Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019;16:2013. Turchaninov DV. Psychological component of quality of https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112013

106 2020 02 43. Potop V, Timnea OC, Stanescu M. Improving sports education university. Physical Culture: Education, Training, technique of stretched Gienger salto on uneven bars 2017; 1:51–53. (in Russian) based on biomechanical indicators. Modern Journal 51. Sidorov DG. Problems of formation of healthy-oriented of Language Teaching Methods, 2017;7(8):472–480. process of education in the university. Problems and https://doi.org/10.2991/icmmse-17.2017.64 prospects for the development of physical culture in Russia 44. Potop V, Timnea O, Stănescu M. Correlative analysis and near-abroad countries: a collection of scientific articles. of the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of sports Barnaul; 2010. P. 225–230. (In Russian) technique used in acrobatic elements and performances 52. Zelezinsky GA, Korenko PN, Kravchenok MA, Sallum AI. achieved by junior gymnasts in balance beam events. Quality of life for medical students and clinical residents. Conference proceedings, Volume 17. Informatics, Clinical medicine, 2005;8:29–31. (In Russian) Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, 2017; 21: P. 231–238. 53. Krasnozhon SV. Motor activity as a criterion of health level. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/21 Physical culture. Sport. Tourism. Motor Recreation, 2017; 2 45. Kalina RM, Jagiello W. Non-apparatus, Quasi-apparatus (1): 46–52. (In Russian) and Simulations Tests in Diagnosis Positive Health 54. Stamatakis E. Screen based entertainment time, all- and Survival Abilities. In: Ahram T, editor. Advances cause mortality and hospital events follow-up. J. of the in Human Factors in Sports, Injury Prevention and Amer. College of Cardiology, 2011; 57(3):292–299. Outdoor Recreation, Ahfe 2017. Advances in Intelligent https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.065 Systems and Computing. 2018; 603: 121–128. 55. Oyeyemi AL, Oyeyemi AY, Adegoke BO, Oyetoke https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60822-8_12 FO, Aliyu HN, Aliyu SU, et al. The short international 46. Klimczak J, Kalina RM, Jagiello W. Fun forms of martial arts physical activity questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation, in diagnosing and reducing aggressiveness - mental effects validation and reliability of the Hausa language version of a one-day course for Polish animators of sport. In: Kalina in Nigeria. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2011;11:156. RM, editor. 1st World Congress on Health and Martial Arts https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-156 in Interdisciplinary Approach (HIMA), Location: Univ Sch 56. Kolokoltsev MM, Ambartsumyan RA. Characteristics of Phys Educ Wroclaw, Czestochowa, Poland; 2015. P. 187– valeological installation in young men Pripikayalia. Problems 189. of Modern Pedagogical Education, 2018; 62(4):96–98. 47. Gorеlov AA, Tretiakov AA. Nervous-emotional tension 57. Jamali A, Tofangchiha S, Jamali R, Nedjat S, Jan D, Narimani and methods to increase students ‘resilience to its effects. A, et al. Medical students’ health-related quality of life: roles of Belhorod: CPI Politicra; 2012. (In Russian) social and behavioural factors. Med Educ, 2013;47:1001–12. 48. Kozlov AV, Pasko GV. Optimal motor regime as a mandatory https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12247 factor of healthy lifestyle of students. In: Sports, sports 58. Voltmer E, Rosta J, Aasland OG, Spahn C. Studyrelated and educational and patriotic activities in universities: health and behavior patterns of medical students: a innovations in solving topical problems: materials of the IV longitudinal study. Med Teach., 2010;32(10):422–428. International Scientific and Practical Conference. Tyumen: https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2010.496008 TIU; 2018. P. 111–113. (In Russian) 59. Hagstromer M, Ainsworth BE, Pekka O, Sjostrom M. 49. Myltasova OV, Konstantinov AJ. Combining work and Comparison of a Subjective and an Objective Measure study: Do funds always justify the goals? Modern scientific of Physical Activity in a Population Sample. Journal research and innovation, 2016; 6:11–20. (In Russian) of Physical Activity and Health, 2010;7: 541–550. 50. Korkin EV, Krysyuk OB. Impact of Nordic walking classes https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.4.541 on performance and quality of life of students of physical

107 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

Information about the authors:

Mikhail M. Kolokoltsev; (Corresponding author); Doctor of Medical Sciences, prof.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6620-6296; [email protected]; Irkutsk National Research Technical University; Irkutsk, Russia.

Elena V. Romanova; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-605X; [email protected]; Department of Physical Culture, Altay State University; Barnaul, Russia.

Wladyslaw Jagiello; Doctor of Sciences, prof.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7417-4749; [email protected]; Department Combat Sports and Personal Training, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport; Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland.

Tetiana S. Yermakova; Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences; assistant prof.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3081-0229; [email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts; Kharkiv, Ukraine.

Cite this article as: Mikhail M. Kolokoltsev, Elena V. Romanova, Wladyslaw Jagiello, Tetiana S. Yermakova. The estimation scale of the daily pedometry of senior students. Physical education of students, 2020;24(2):100–108. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0205

Received: 02.03.2020 Accepted: 15.04.2020; Published: 30.04.2020

108 2020 02 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Can eight weeks of judo and taekwondo physical education improve the health-related fitness of male university students? Mohammed H.H. MohammedABD, Hong J. ChoiABD King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; B – Data collection; C – Statistical analysis; D – Manuscript Preparation; E – Funds Collection1. Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to determine if Judo and Taekwondo in a physical education (PE) setting could improve the fitness of university students. Material: Students who registered voluntarily for the courses were considered for the study (n=27, 18-22 years for Judo; n=39, 18-22 years for Taekwondo). The control group (n=32, 20-24 years) was composed of students who were not part of a physical education course. None of the participants were college athletes nor PE students. The duration of the courses was eight weeks, twice a week with 50 minutes per session. Both courses included training for muscular fitness, flexibility, explosive strength, and cardiovascular fitness. The courses also included sparring matches and sport-specific training. The following health-related fitness parameters were measured before and after eight weeks: cardiovascular fitness using the Cooper Test, muscular endurance using 60 seconds curl-up test, trunk flexibility using the sit-and-reach test, and explosive leg strength using the standing long jump test. Parametric tests were applied to detect any effect of the courses on the students. Differences with p ≤ 0.05 and Vargha-Delaney Common language effect size (VD) ≤ 42% or ≥ 58% were considered as evidence for any improvements in the fitness parameters. Results: Most of the tested parameters, apart from body composition, improved in both martial arts groups while those of the control group dropped. These changes were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05 and VD ≤ 42% or ≥ 58%). The regular curl-ups and sitting stretch done during the eight weeks improved the muscular endurance and trunk flexibility of the Judo group, respectively. Moreover, continuous practice of the rolling/falling technique may have contributed to the improvement in flexibility of the Judo students. Conclusions: There is evidence that eight weeks of Judo and Taekwondo in a PE context improves the health-related fitness of male university students. Keywords: taekwondo, judo, health-related fitness, physical education, university.

Introduction1 children to be healthy [5, 6]. Martial arts such as Judo and Judo and Taekwondo are martial arts included in Taekwondo are suggested as a good activity to include in the Olympic Games and are practiced by a multitude of a PE curriculum due to their fitness benefits [7]. However, people. These martial arts can provide several fitness according to us, one of the most intimidating aspects of benefits to participants [1–3]. This advantage is worth pursuing martial arts is learning enough to understand considering when designing activity programs that aim at what works best for each individual. The different fighting the negative effects of rising physical inactivity forms of fighting style have certain things in common, in populations. People are increasingly at risk of losing yet each practice has its own unique philosophy as well health-related fitness as they reduce regular participation as a physical and mental approach. Thus, students and in physical activity [4]. Moreover, a reduction in physical prospective students never get to explore first-hand, and activity engagement increases the risk of having non- benefit from the range of opportunities in the martial arts. communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease Despite these challenges, it will still be important to steer and diabetes [4]. martial arts training that will focus on the improvement Physical education (PE) courses can be a possible of the health-related fitness of participants especially in setting that can be used to improve the physical fitness a PE setting. In this regard, Lakes et al. [8] have shown for young people. PE curricula aim at providing skills evdence that Taekwondo in a PE context is beneficial to to maintain lifelong personal fitness and help young the physical fitness and cognitive abilities of adolescents. people recognize the importance of health-related fitness. Unfortunately, this is the only study to our knowledge This can be done through classroom lectures and sports that examines the effect of a martial art on health-related practices. For sport practices, students may know how fitness variables of adolescents in a PE setting. much their fitness has improved after being trained in the Few studies have conducted on the benefit of PE sport. curricula on university students. On the topic of martial Studies have shown that children can improve their arts, Mohammed and Choi [9] showed evidence for health-related fitness through PE courses, and PE courses the benefits of Judo practice in a PE curriculum atthe have contributed to giving the daily activity needed by university setting on trunk flexibility. However, the study © Mohammed H.H. Mohammed, Hong J. Choi, 2020 was limited by a lack of a control group. Since PE aims to doi:10.15561/20755279.2020.0206 109 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS provide fitness to students, and considering the few studies to train muscular strength and endurance. Cardiovascular that exist on the effect of martial art in a PE context on training was done with five minutes of circuit training. health-related fitness, this study aimed to determine if there Mental training and strategies for fighting were also was any evidence that Judo and Taekwondo can be useful taught through routine training and sparring. as PE courses for university students. The hypothesis was Testing of Selected Health-related Fitness Variables that there would be evidence that both martial arts in a PE The following fitness parameters were tested before setting will improve the fitness of students. The study will and after the course: cardiovascular fitness using the add to the little available studies that determine the fitness Cooper Test, explosive strength using standing long benefits of Judo and Taekwondo on non-athletes. jump, abdominal muscle endurance using 30s curl-up test, trunk flexibility using the sit-and-reach test, and body Materials and Methods composition using body mass index (BMI). All parameters Study Location, Physical Education Context, and except for explosive strength were tested according to Participants the ACSM health-related fitness testing guidelines [10]. The study was conducted during the first semester of Body mass and height were measured with a stadiometer the 2018-2019 academic year at King Fahd University (Seca GmbH & Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany). For the of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Eastern standing long jump test, the students were asked to jump Province of Saudi Arabia. Students who registered forward from a marked line and land with their two feet. voluntarily for the courses were considered for the study They were asked to place their toes behind the marked (n=27, 18-22 years for Judo; n=39, 18-22 years for line and to swing their arms and bend their knees before Taekwondo). The control group (n=32, 20-24 years) was they jumped. The measurement was taken using a straight composed of students who were not part of a physical inelastic measuring tape taped to the floor. The length education course. None of the participants were college jumped was measured at the back of their heel. athletes nor PE students. All the fitness tests were demonstrated to the students Informed Consent for Human Participants before they proceeded. The students were encouraged to The study was conducted in accordance with The Code give their maximum effort during the pre and post tests. of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration They were reassured that the values of the tests would not of Helsinki) and approved by the Research Scientific affect their final grade. Committee at the Physical Education Department of Statistical Analysis KFUPM. The participants signed consent forms. SPSS 16 and R were used for data analysis. R was Training Protocol used whenever some outputs were not available in SPSS. Judo course Parametric tests were used to analyze the data. The Welch The Judo course was conducted twice a week for eight t-test was used to compare the baseline values between the weeks with each session lasting 50 minutes. The students exercise groups and the control group. The paired t-test were taught routine exercises with different training drills. was used to detect differences between the pre and post Fitness training was achieved by 50 push-ups and 100 results. The gains analysis was used to determine if the curl-ups, two sets for each session, at the beginning and changes during the eight weeks in both exercise groups end. Stretching exercises, rolling and falling techniques, were significantly different from the changes in the and ground techniques were trained for flexibility. control group during the eight weeks [11]. The Judo and Judo’s footwork and steps technique were taught to Taekwondo groups were not compared with each other as train for agility. For full body strength and endurance, the aim of the study was only to determine if both courses the randori (practice game) was applied for the effect of were useful in a PE setting. The common language effect improving explosive power (at any second for throws for size improved by Vargha-Delaney (VD) was used to Ippon) and endurance (to be able to last for a four-minute determine the effect size [12]. When comparing within fight using all muscles let alone lungs). The cardiovascular a group, it tells you the probability that a person will training was executed with five minutes of circuit training experience a change after undergoing an intervention. (burpee, jump rope, and jumping jack). Mental training When comparing between groups, common language and tactics were also taught through training and the effect size determines the probability that a person randori. randomly selected from one group will be different from Taekwondo course another person randomly selected from the other group The course was conducted twice a week for eight [13]. Differences with p ≤ 0.05 and VD ≤ 42% or ≥ 58% weeks. Each session was 50 minutes and taught different were considered evidence for any improvements. The VD training drills: punching, kicking, forms, steps/stances, was calculated using the orddom package in R [14]. and free sparring, etc. Fitness training was achieved by 50 push-ups and 100 curl-ups, two sets for each session, Results at the beginning and end. Sitting stretches and various Data from 98 students (N=27 for Judo, N=39 for kicking techniques were executed to increase flexibility. Taekwondo, N=32 for the control group) were analyzed. Footwork/step for all directions and combinations of The age range for the Judo, Taekwondo, and control kicking techniques were taught for speed, agility and groups were 18-21 years, 18-22 years, and 20-24 reaction time. There were three minutes of free sparring years, respectively. Table 1 shows the pre results. The 110 2020 02 students differed in most of the parameters except for exception was that students in the Judo group did not cardiorespiratory fitness. Thus, the changes from pre have significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness to post were evaluated. Table 2 displays the pre and while the Taekwondo group did not improve in flexibility. post results. The students in both courses improved in Table 3 illustrates how the net changes of both martial all parameters except body mass and BMI. Another arts groups differ from that of the control group. The net Table 1. Differences in baseline data of exercise groups to control group

Mean (SD) p-value, 95 p-value, 95 % VD (JG VD (TG Variable Taekwondo Control % CI (TG vs Judo (N=27) CI (JG vs CG) vs CG) vs CG) (N=39) (N=32) CG) 0.01 0.120 Body Mass (kg) 64.8 (12.0) 69.7 (14.9) 76.0 (18.6) 39.9* 32.0* (-19.6, -2.9) (-14.2, 1.7) Body Mass Index 0.027 5.47×10-2 22.27 (4.21) 22.93 (4.22) 25.41 (6.05) 37.9* 33.5* (kg/m2) (-5.91, -0.37) (-5.02, 0.05) Curl Up (number 4.16×10-9 2.98×10-8 41 (8) 41 (11) 28 (6) 87.1* 89.9* of repetitions) (9, 16) (9, 17) Sit and Reach 0.098 1.61×10-2 32 (7) 33 (7) 29 (5) 64.7* 65.3* (cm) (-1, 6) (1, 7) Standing Long 0.067 1.50×10-2 184.0 (23.4) 185.7 (20.7) 172.2 (24.8) 67.5* 66.9* Jump (cm) (-0.8, 24.5) (2.5, 24.5) 0.772 0.823 Cooper Test (m) 1856 (339) 1810 (388) 1830 (338) 44.8 51.7 (-151, 203) (-194, 155)

Table 2. Baseline vs post comparisons

Baseline Mean Post Mean Mean Variable Group p-value, 95 % CI VD (SD) (SD) difference JG 64.8 (12.0) 64.9 (12.1) 0.1 0.749 (-0.6, 0.8) 50.7 Body Mass TG 69.7 (14.9) 71.3 (16.3) 1.5 7.72×10-4 (0.7, 2.4) 52.9 (kg) CG 76.0 (18.6) 77.6 (18.9) 1.6 2.99×10-6 (1.0, 2.1) 53 JG 22.27 (4.21) 22.30 (4.18) 0.03 0.804 (-0.20, 0.26) 50.3 BMI (kg/m2) TG 22.93 (4.22) 23.41 (4.63) 0.48 9.29×10-4 (0.21, 0.75) 53.3 CG 25.41 (6.05) 25.93 (6.15) 0.52 2.73×10-6 (0.34, 0.71) 53.7 -10 Curl Up JG* 41 (8) 54 (10) 14 2.51×10 (11, 17) 85.3 (number of TG* 41 (11) 54 (16) 13 8.59×10-12 (10, 15) 75.8 repetitions) CG* 28 (6) 26 (6) -2 1.23×10-5 (-3, -2) 38.9 JG* 32 (7) 35 (7) 3 1.16×10-6 (2, 4) 64 Sit and Reach TG 33 (7) 34 (7) 1 3.42×10-2 (0, 2) 54.6 (cm) CG* 29 (5) 28 (6) -2 3.09×10-4 (-3, -1) 40.2 JG* 184.0 (23.4) 192.2 (21.8) 8.1 3.85×10-3 (2.9, 13.4) 59.7 Standing Long TG* 185.7 (20.7) 191.7 (22.8) 6.0 1.26×10-2 (1.4, 10.7) 59.2 Jump (cm) CG* 172.2 (24.8) 164.8 (22.8) -7.5 6.29×10-6 (-10.3, -4.7) 40.8 JG 1856 (339) 1944 (304) 88 0.102 (-19, 197) 59.8 Cooper Test TG* 1810 (388) 1990 (422) 180 2.02×10-4 (91, 268) 65.1 (m) CG* 1830 (338) 1713 (300) -117 2.10×10-5 (-164, -69) 38

111 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

Table 3. Differences in the changes from baseline to post

Mean (SD) p-value, 95 p-value, 95 % VD (JG VD (TG vs Variable Taekwondo Control % CI (TG vs Judo (N=27) CI (JG vs CG) vs CG) CG) (N=39) (N=32) CG) Body Mass 1.48×10-3 0.921 0.1 (1.8) 1.5 (2.6) 1.6 (1.6) 46.0 26.4 (kg) (-2.3, -0.6) (-1.0, 0.9) Body Mass 1.09×10-3 0.813 0.028 (0.58) 0.48 (0.84) 0.52 (0.52) 46.0 28.0 Index (kg/m2) (-0.78, -0.21) (-0.36, 0.29) Curl Up 1.71×10-12 1.85×10-14 (number of 14 (7) 13 (8) -2 (3) 96.3* 100.0* repetitions) (13, 19) (12, 18) Sit and Reach 1.11×10-9 9.64×10-5 3 (2) 1 (3) -2 (2) 78.8* 91.4* (cm) (3, 6) (1, 4) Standing Long 3.56×10-6 4.58×10-6 8.1 (13.3) 6.0 (14.4) -7.5 (7.8) 78.8* 86.9* Jump (cm) (9.7, 21.4) (8.1, 18.9) Cooper Test 9.87×10-4 1.51×10-7 88 (272) 180 (273) -117 (132) 87.5* 79.7* (m) (89, 322) (197, 395)

Note: CI = Confidence Interval, VD = Vargha-Delaney common language effect size, JG = Judo course, TG = Taekwondo course, CG = Control group. *p ≤ 0.05 and VD ≤ 42% or ≥ 58%, meaning significant difference. changes in the parameters among students who registered of Judo training among intellectually disabled people. for the courses were significantly different from that of For Judo students, the randori practice games were most the control group, apart from the body mass and BMI. likely the reason for explosive leg strength improvements. Throwing requires not only good upper body strength but Discussion also the use of the legs to provide explosive power [16]. The hypothesis tested was that there would be As for the Taekwondo course, footwork and kicking drills evidence of improvements in health-related fitness of the performed during the course most likely improved the students who completed the courses. The results show explosive strength of the students. These kicking drills that there is evidence that the courses improved most of also improved the explosive leg strength of girls who the parameters tested. Moreover, the fitness of the control participated in an after-school Taekwondo program [3]. group reduced after eight weeks. Despite the difference in Regular practice of these drills performed during the age between the groups, all the students were 20-29 years; sparring sessions most likely contributed to improvements an age range in which their fitness is comparable [10]. in explosive leg strength. The regular curl-ups and sitting stretch done during the Interestingly, cardiovascular fitness improved among eight weeks improved the muscular endurance and trunk students in the Taekwondo course but not among students flexibility of the Judo group, respectively. Moreover, in the Judo course. This contrasts with a study from Kim continuous practice of the rolling/falling technique may et al. [3] which did not observe changes in cardiovascular have contributed to the improvement in flexibility of the fitness after 12 weeks. In terms of the lack of significant Judo students. These improvements coincide with previous improvements in cardiovascular fitness in the Judo studies that reported improvements of these parameters students, it may be because the Judo training was highly after at least eight weeks of Judo training in non-athletes anaerobic than aerobic. This may have resulted in a [9, 15]. The lack of improvement in flexibility from limited exercise stimulus for improvement of the high baseline in the Taekwondo group differs with a previous level of VO2 max [17]. Thus, further studies are necessary study [3]. One reason for the difference is because this to examine the effects of Judo training on VO2 max. study considers both statistical significance and effect Despite the insignificant improvement in cardiovascular size as a determinant for significant improvements, while fitness of the Judo students, their change in VO2 max was Kim et al. [3] considered only statistical significance. This still significantly better than that of the control group. study and that of Kim et al. [3] agree that Taekwondo This result highlights why a physical activity in a PE induces differences from pre to post if only statistical curriculum for students may be beneficial. significance is considered. There was no significant improvement in body Both Judo and Taekwondo courses improved the composition. The measure used for body composition, explosive leg strength of the students as shown from the which was BMI, cannot accurately detect whether the standing long jump test. Masleša et al. [15] also reported participants lost fat mass or gained lean mass or both. an improvement in explosive leg strength after eight weeks Moreover, the duration of the study was probably short to

112 2020 02 perceive significant changes in body composition. university level [19–21]. Moreover, physical activities Limitations learned at the university may influence the physical This study cannot be generalized because the sample activity lifestyles of students after graduation [22, selected for this study were male students. Secondly, the 23]. Thus, the evidence from our study can be used to sample size was the minimum. A larger sample size will encourage students to further engage in physical activity make this study reliable to detect any significant effects outside of class time and after graduation. of the courses. Lastly, participants’ daily activity was not recorded and compared. The data would have helped to Conclusions understand if their daily activity played a role in improving To summarize, this paper determined whether martial the fitness of the students who took the courses. arts in a PE context will provide fitness benefits to male Perspectives university students. The martial arts chosen for the study Given the limitations of this study, further study is were Taekwondo and Judo and the study was conducted necessary as to whether martial arts in a PE context can for eight weeks. The study provides evidence that male improve the fitness of female or both male and female university students can benefit from a Taekwondo and university students. This is important for university Judo program in a PE context if the course is held for at students who find it difficult to make time to perform least eight weeks. regular physical activity due to their course load [18] and are interested in performing a martial arts. Acknowledgments Despite the limitations, the current study also adds The authors thanks King Fahd University of Petroleum information on the beneficial effects of a physical activity & Minerals1 for making this research possible and all the in a PE context for university students. What will be students and personnel who were part of the study. important is to properly design the curriculum in order to achieve such benefits as shown in previous systematic Financial support statement reviews [5, 6]. The authors did not receive any financial support. Moreover, the effect of such a curriculum on behavior needs to be considered. It has been shown that behaviors Declaration of interest can change when PE courses are implemented at the The authors reports no conflict of interest.

References on executive function and BMI, feasibility, and 1. Bu B, Haijun H, Yong L, Chaohui Z, Xiaoyuan Y, acceptability. Ment Health Phys Act. 2013;6(3):181–8. Singh MF. Effects of martial arts on health status: A https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.07.002 systematic review. J Evid-Based Med. 20101;3(4):205–19. 9. Mohammed MHH, Choi HJ. Effect of an 8-week Judo Course on https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-5391.2010.01107.x Muscular Endurance, Trunk Flexibility, and Explosive Strength 2. Fong SSM, Ng GYF. Does Taekwondo training improve of Male University Students. Sport Mont. 2017;15(3):51–3. physical fitness? Phys Ther Sport. 20111;12(2):100–6. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.2017.10.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.07.001 10. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Health- 3. Kim H-B, Stebbins CL, Chai J-H, Song J-K. Related Physical Fitness Assessment Manual. Fourth edition. Taekwondo training and fitness in female Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013. adolescents. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(2):133–8. 11. Salkind NJ. Gain Scores, Analysis of. In: Encyclopedia of https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.525519 Research Design [Internet]. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand 4. World Health Organization. WHO. Prevalence of insufficient Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, physical activity. World Health Organization. [Internet]. Inc.; 2010. Available from: http://methods.sagepub.com/ 2018 [cited 2018 Nov 19]. Available from: http://www.who. reference/encyc-of-research-design/n162.xml int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/physical_activity_text/en/ 12. Vargha A, Delaney HD. A Critique and Improvement 5. Minatto G, Petroski EL, Silva DAS. Health-related physical of the CL Common Language Effect Size Statistics of fitness in Brazilian adolescents from a small town of German McGraw and Wong. J Educ Behav Stat. 2000;25(2):101–32. colonization. Rev Andal Med Deporte. 2016;9(2):67–74. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986025002101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ramd.2014.09.003 13. Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes 6. Sun C, Pezic A, Tikellis G, Ponsonby A-L, Wake M, Carlin to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer JB, et al. Effects of school-based interventions for direct for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol, 2013;4. delivery of physical activity on fitness and cardiometabolic https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863 markers in children and adolescents: a systematic review of 14. Rogmann JJ. Ordinal Dominance Statistics (orddom): An randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2013;14(10):818–38. R Project for Statistical Computing package to compute https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12047 ordinal, nonparametric alternatives to mean comparison 7. Winkle JM, Ozmun JC. Martial arts: An exciting (Version 3.1). [Internet]. 2013. Available from: http://cran.r- addition to the physical education curriculum. J project.org/ Phys Educ Recreat Dance. 2003;74(4):29–35. 15. Masleša S, Videmšek M, Karpljuk D. Motor abilities, https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2003.10609199 movement skills and their relationship before and after 8. Lakes KD, Bryars T, Sirisinahal S, Salim N, Arastoo S, eight weeks of martial arts training in people with Emmerson N, et al. The Healthy for Life Taekwondo intellectual disability. Acta Gymnica. 2012;42(2):15–26. pilot study: A preliminary evaluation of effects https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2012.008 113 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

16. Franchini E, Del Vecchio FB, Matsushigue KA, Courses on the Attitudes and Behaviors of College Students. Artioli GG. Physiological Profiles of Elite Judo J Gend Cult Health. 1998;3(4):243–55. Athletes. Sports Med Auckl. 2011;41(2):147–66. 21. Sallis JF, Calfas KJ, Nichols JF, Sarkin JA, Johnson https://doi.org/10.2165/11538580-000000000-00000 MF, Caparosa S, et al. Evaluation of a University 17. Torres-Luque G, Hernández-García R, Escobar- Course to Promote Physical Activity: Project Molina R, Garatachea N, Nikolaidis PT. Physical GRAD. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1999;70(1):1–10. and Physiological Characteristics of Judo https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1999.10607725 Athletes: An Update. Sports. 2016;4(1): 20. 22. Silas N. Pearman III MA D, Robert F. Valois PhD M, PhD RGS, https://doi.org/10.3390/sports4010020 PhD RPS, J. Wanzer Drane PE P, PhD CAM. The Impact of a 18. Arzu D, Tuzun EH, Eker L. Perceived Barriers to Physical Required College Health and Physical Education Course on the Activity in University Students. J Sports Sci Med. Health Status of Alumni. J Am Coll Health. 1997;46(2):77–85. 2006;5(4):615–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448489709595591 19. Cardinal BJ, Jacques KM, Levy SS. Evaluation of a university 23. Sparling PB. College physical education: an unrecognized course aimed at promoting exercise behavior. J Sports Med agent of change in combating inactivity-related Phys Fitness. 2002;42(1):113–9. diseases. Perspect Biol Med. 2003;46(4):579–87. 20. DeVoe D, Kennedy C, Ransdell L, Pirson B, DeYoung W, https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2003.0091 Casey K. Impact of Health, Fitness, and Physical Activity

Information about the authors:

Mohammed H.H. Mohammed; (Corresponding Author); https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-2185; [email protected]; Department of Physical Education, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

Hong J. Choi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7544-8510; [email protected]; Department of Physical Education, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

Cite this article as: Mohammed H.H. Mohammed, Hong J. Choi. Can eight weeks of judo and taekwondo physical education improve the health- related fitness of male university students? Physical education of students, 2020;24(2):109–114. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0206

Received: 18.02.2020 Accepted: 21.03.2020; Published: 30.06.2020

114 2020 02 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Balance performance in sedentary and active healthy young individuals – a cross-sectional study Radu Petroman ABDE, Andreea Luciana Rață ACDE ”Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania

Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; B – Data collection; C – Statistical analysis; D – Manuscript Preparation; E – Funds Collection. Abstract Purpose: Balance ability has a fundamental role in many activities of daily living, as well in athletic activities. The Balance Error Scoring System is a valid and reliable test used to evaluate postural balance. The aim of this study was to assess the postural balance in active and sedentary healthy young individuals. Material: A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the balance performance in forty-four healthy young individuals (mean age 21.69±4.87 years), based on their physical activity level. Balance was assessed using the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), and the total number of errors was scored, for the non-dominant limb (the left leg for both groups). The errors were counted for each of the six situations (double leg stance, single leg stance and tandem stance, on hard and soft surface). Results: Group 1 consisted of twenty-two active subjects (mean age 21.18±2.32 years, 59.09% females), with a BESS score of 9.87±1.6. The sedentary group (group 2), with twenty-two young subjects (mean age 22.22±6.61 years, 59.09% females), scored a significantly higher BESS score for the sedentary group (15.48±2.24) (p<0.001). No gender differences were recorded. Conclusions: Physically active young people have a better postural balance than do the sedentary ones, as scored with the BESS. Keywords: balance, physical activity, Balance Error Scoring System, young individuals.

1 Introduction have a better postural balance than the sedentary ones. Balance is defined as an ability to maintain a stable The aim of this study was to assess the static balance base of support in either static or dynamic conditions performance of healthy young individuals related to their [1, 2]. Both static and dynamic balance abilities have a level of physical activity. fundamental role in many activities of daily living, as well in athletic activities. Impaired balance is a risk factor Material and methods for sports-related injuries or falls across life span [3]. Participants There are different tests commonly used to assess static A cross-sectional design was adopted to evaluate the and dynamic balance as a screening method to identify balance performance in healthy young individuals based athletes at risk of lower limb injuries [4, 5] or people with on their physical activity level. The study was carried out an increased risk of falls. Balance tests can be applied in in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. order to diagnose different conditions or to evaluate the A convenience sample of forty-four healthy young rehabilitation outcomes [1, 6]. individuals (mean age 21.69±4.87 years) was recruited. Physical activity has a crucial role in providing an Participants were excluded from this study if they had independent healthy life, maintaining postural stability a history of lower limb injuries or surgery, concussion, [7], mobility, strength [8], and normal weight, preventing vestibular or neurological disorders or were not currently falls and injuries, and protecting against the cardiovascular experiencing any symptoms that could affect their postural diseases [9, 10] and stroke [11]. Although the physical control. All participants who met the inclusion criteria and activity benefits are well known, there is a relative high agreed to participate signed an informed consent. Before percentage of young adults characterized by a sedentary balance testing, participants` demographic data were behaviour [12, 13]. Previous studies have showed that collected – age, sex, weight, height, body mass index, physical inactivity is associated with overweight and dominant leg (preferred kicking leg) [16]. obesity and high psychological distress [14, 15]. Procedure To our knowledge there are only few studies evaluating Participants were assigned into two groups (sedentary the effects of being physically active on postural balance and physical active), according to the International in healthy young adults. Many studies have focused on the Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) – short form. effect of exercise and physical activity on balance in older Physical active participants (group 1) were considered individuals. Based on the data found in the literature, we those who conduct five or more days a week of moderate- hypothesised that the physically active young people will intensity physical activity, for at least 30 minutes per © Radu Petroman, Andreea Luciana Rață, 2020 doi:10.15561/20755279.2020.0207 session, or at least three days of vigorous physical activity for at least 20 minutes per session. In the sedentary group 115 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS were assigned subjects with no physical activity during (Software bvba, Belgium, version 18.11.6). Descriptive the week (group 2) [17, 18]. statistics were used to describe the participants` data and Balance performance was assessed using the Balance the BESS scores (means and standard deviations, median Error Scoring System (BESS). The BESS protocol and interquartile range for non-normal distributed data). [19] requires the participants to complete six testing Mann Whitney tests and independent t-tests were used to conditions – three stances (double leg, single leg and compare BESS scores between groups. Significance level tandem stance) on both firm and foam surfaces. The non- was set at .05. dominant foot was tested. Participants were instructed to place their hands on the hips, eyes closed and to maintain Results their stability in that position for 20 seconds. The feet Group 1 consisted of twenty-two active young position was side-by-side in the double leg stance; subjects (mean age 21.18±2.32 years, 59.09% females). standing on the non-dominant foot in single leg stance; The sedentary group (group 2) consisted of twenty-two and heel-to-toe with the non-dominant foot in the back. young subjects (mean age 22.22±6.61 years, 59.09% The number of errors was counted for each condition. An females). All subjects were normal-weighted with no error was considered if the participants moved the hands significant differences between groups (BMI for group 1 off the iliac crests, opened the eyes, stepped stumble or was 22.51±2.24 kg/m2 and for group 2, 20.88±2.41 kg/ fell, moved the hip (abduction or flexion beyond 30°), m2). lifted the forefoot or the heel of the testing surface, The total BESS score was 9.87±1.6 for group 1 and remained out of proper testing position for more than 5 15.48±2.24 for group 2. The sedentary group scored seconds. For any single condition, the maximum number significantly higher than the physically active group of errors was 10. The total BESS score is the sum of each (p<0.001). Significant differences between groups were stance position scores. A higher total score represents also found for bipodal stance and tandem stance on the a poor performance. The participants completed three foam surface (p<0.01). The results of BESS scores are trials for each BESS condition and an average score was presented in Table 1. calculated. No significant gender differences were found for any Statistical analysis of the assessed testing conditions. Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc

Table 1. BESS scores for both groups

Scores Group 1 (n=22) Group 2 (n=22) p

Bipodal stance firm surface 0 (0) 0 (0.5) NS (number of errors, median, IQR)

Bipodal stance, foam surface 0 (0.37) 0.75 (1.5) 0.008 (number of errors, median, IQR)

Unipodal stance, firm surface 3 (0.88) 3.5 (1) NS (number of errors, median, IQR)

Unipodal stance, foam surface 4 (1.5) 4 (2) NS (number of errors, median, IQR)

Tandem stance, firm surface 2 (0.88) 2 (1) NS (number of errors, median, IQR)

Tandem stance, foam surface 3 (2.5) 4 (1) 0.005 (number of errors, median, IQR)

Total BESS score 9.87±1.6 15.48±2.24 <0.001 (number of errors, mean±SD)

116 2020 02 Discussion Jakobsen et al. They found an improvement in postural The main aim of our study was to assess the static control after 12 weeks of training [35]. balance performance of healthy young individuals No gender differences were found in this study. Torres according to their physical activity level. Static balance et al found a weak balance in sedentary men and no performance was evaluated using the BESS test in differences between sexes in physically active adults [36]. sedentary and physical active young individuals. Height was the only anthropometrical measure that was Balance performance can be evaluated using a series correlated with BESS score in group 1. Same results were of clinical tests or computerized force platforms systems. found in past studies [37, 38]. Systems like posturography (static or dynamic) or wearable The current work has some limitations. The static inertial sensors provide precise data about centre of mass balance was the only one evaluated. Thus, the effects of position and sway, information about sensory and motor physical activity on the dynamic balance could not be postural control [20–22]. Unfortunately, these systems investigated. The relative small number of participants are very expensive and used with great difficulty in daily is another limitation. Further studies are needed to assess clinical practice. Clinical balance tests provide clinicians the impact of different levels of physical activity on both sufficient information in order to identify balance deficits. static and dynamic balance across the lifespan. BESS is a relatively easy-to-administer, rapid test that can be used for screening, monitoring, and identifying Conclusions static balance deficits [23]. BESS has a moderate to good The results of the present study showed that physically reliability [24, 25] and a good to high content validity in active young people had significantly better postural identifying balance deficits in concussed, fatigued and balance than sedentary ones. These results expand the aging individuals, and also in ankle instabilities [26–29]. previous data, sustaining the overall benefits of physical In the present study, the average of three BESS trials was activity on the health status by reducing the impact of a used, as this was showed to increase the reliability, not majority of lifestyle diseases and improving the postural only in BESS case, but also in other balance tests [25, 30]. balance. We found no gender-specific differences The results of current study showed that sedentary independent of the physical activity level. young adults had a significantly greater BESS score than physically active young people. The results of the present Highlights study are in accordance with previous studies. A better Physical activity has beneficial effects on balance balance was found in active healthy young individuals performance. when compared to the sedentary ones. Previous studies have shown the beneficial effects of Funding physical activity on balance in elderly [31, 32], after ankle No funding was received for this study. instabilities or fractures [1] or on the quality of life in people with chronic diseases [33, 34]. The effects of physical Conflict of interest exercises on postural balance have been investigated by The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References 6. Amăricăi E, Suciu O, Onofrei RR, Iacob ER, Iacob D, Popoiu 1. Gribble PA, Hertel J, Plisky P. Using the Star Excursion Balance CM, et al. Static plantar pressure and functional capacity in Test toAssess Dynamic Postural-Control Deficits and Outcomes children with femoral shaft fractures treated by titanium in Lower Extremity Injury: A Literature and Systematic elastic nailing. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20: 565. Review. Journal of Athletic Training, 2012;47:339–57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2951-z https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.08. 7. Skelton DA. Effects of physical activity on 2. Winter DA, Patla a E, Frank JS. Assessment of balance postural stability. Age Ageing. 2001;30: 33–39. control in humans. Med Prog Technol. 1990;16: 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/30.suppl_3.33 https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc.42.2.089 8. Chiriac VD, Craina ML, Stelea L, Onofrei RR, Radu D, 3. Kiss R, Schedler S, Muehlbauer T. Associations Stoian D, et al. Physical Activity Level and Functional Status Between Types of Balance Performance in Healthy in Postmenopausal Women with Knee Osteoarthritis. In: Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review Anastasiu D, Craina M, Hudita D, Russu M, editors. The XV and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol, 2018;9:1366. Conference of the Romanian-German Society of Obstetrics https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01366 and Gynecology, Timisoara, 6-8 June 2019. Timisoara: 4. Butler RJ, Lehr ME, Fink ML, Kiesel KB, Plisky Filodiritto Publisher - International Proceedings; 2019. P. PJ. Dynamic Balance Performance and Noncontact 542–545. Lower Extremity Injury in College Football Players: 9. Sîrbu E, Buzaș R, Mihăescu R, Suceava I, Lighezan An Initial Study. Sports Health. 2013;5: 417–422. D. Influence of exercise training and eating behavior https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738113498703 on arterial stiffness in young healthy students. 5. Onofrei R-R, Amaricai E, Petroman R, Surducan Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2015;127: 555–560. D, Suciu O. Preseason Dynamic Balance https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-015-0799-2 Performance in Healthy Elite Male Soccer Players. 10. Sîrbu E, Pantea C, Gligor S. Social implications of nutritional Am J Mens Health. 2019;13: 155798831983192. status and consequences on cardiovascular risk disease https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319831920 117 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

among undergraduate trained students. Rev Cercet si Interv scoring system. Sports Health. 2011;3: 287–295. Soc. 2014;45: 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111403122 11. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin 25. Broglio SP, Zhu W, Sopiarz K, Park Y. Generalizability BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. Quantity and theory analysis of balance error scoring system reliability quality of exercise for developing and maintaining in healthy young adults. J Athl Train. 2009;44: 497–502. cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.5.497 in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing 26. Docherty CL, Valovich McLeod TC, Shultz SJ. exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43: 1334–1359. Postural control deficits in participants with functional https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb ankle instability as measured by the balance error 12. Unick JL, Lang W, Tate DF, Bond DS, Espeland MA, Wing RR. scoring system. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16: 203–208. Objective Estimates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200605000-00003 among Young Adults. Journal of Obesity, 2017;2017:1–11. 27. Erkmen N, Takin H, Kaplan T, Saniolu A. The effect of fatiguing https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9257564 exercise on balance performance as measured by the balance 13. Sas IT, Banu A, Nicolae N, Bagiu R, Bagiu I, Mladinescu error scoring system. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2009;17: 121–127. CF, et al. Particularities of the level of physical activity https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-2009-0343 performed by adolescents. Rev Chim. 2018;69: 1023–1025. 28. Guskiewicz KM, Ross SE, Marshall SW. Postural Stability 14. Štefan L, Sporiš G, Krističević T. Are lower levels of and Neuropsychological Deficits After Concussion in physical activity and self-rated fitness associated with Collegiate Athletes. J Athl Train. 2001;36: 263–273. higher levels of psychological distress in Croatian young 29. McCrea M, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, Barr W, Randolph adults? A cross-sectional study. PeerJ, 2018;6:e4700. C, Cantu RC, et al. Acute Effects and Recovery Time Following https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4700 Concussion in Collegiate Football Players: The NCAA 15. Bagiu I, Putnoky S, Tuţă-Sas I, Miloicov CB, Popa M, Vlaicu Concussion Study. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;290: 2556–2563. B, et al. Manifestations of Self-harm in Relation with Binge https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.19.2556 Drinking to Students from Timis County, România. Rev 30. Onofrei RR, Amaricai E, Petroman R, Suciu O. medico-chirurgicală̆ a Soc Medici ş̧i Nat din Iaş̧i. 2015;119: Relative and absolute within-session reliability 1106–1112. of the modified Star Excursion Balance Test 16. van Melick N, Meddeler BM, Hoogeboom TJ, Nijhuis-van in healthy elite athletes. PeerJ. 2019;7: e6999. der Sanden MWG, van Cingel REH. How to determine https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6999 leg dominance: The agreement between self-reported and 31. Daniel FDNR, Vale R, Giani T, Bacellar S, Dantas E. Effects observed performance in healthy adults. PLoS One. 2017;12. of a physical activity program on static balance and functional https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189876 autonomy in elderly women. Maced J Med Sci. 2010;3: 21–26. 17. Mahboubi Anarjan P, Monfared HH, Arslan NB, https://doi.org/10.3889/MJMS.1857-5773.2010.0083 Kazak C, Bikas R. ( E )-4-Hydroxy- N ′-(2-hydroxy-5- 32. Mann L, Kleinpaul JF, Mota CB, Santos SG dos. Equilíbrio iodobenzylidene)benzohydrazide methanol monosolvate. corporal e exercícios físicos: uma revisão sistemática TT - Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online, 2012;68:o2698–o2698. Corporal balance and physical exercises: a systematic review. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536812034848 Mot rev educ fís. 2009;15: 713–722. 18. IPAQ Group. International Physical Activity 33. Nemes D, Catan L, Poenaru D, Dragoi M, Amaricai E, Popa Questionnaire Long Last 7 Days Self- D, et al. Life quality in patients with type III ankylosing Administered Format. In: IPAQ Website. 2002. spondylitis and secondary seronegative spondylarthropathies. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3778-2 Proceedings of 6th World Congress of the International- 19. Riemann BL, Guskiewicz KM, Shields EW. Relationship Society-of-Physical-and-Rehabilitation-Medicine (ISPRM). between Clinical and Forceplate Measures of Edizioni Minerva Medica; 2011. P. 9–11. Postural Stability. J Sport Rehabil. 1999;8: 71–82. 34. Amaricai E, Poenaru D V. The post-stroke depression and https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.8.2.71 its impact on functioning in young and adult stroke patients 20. Mancini M, Horak FB. The relevance of clinical balance of a rehabilitation unit. J Ment Heal. 2016;25: 137–141. assessment tools to differentiate balance deficits. Eur J Phys https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2015.1022251 Rehabil Med. 2010;46: 239–248. 35. Jakobsen MD, Sundstrup E, Krustrup P, Aagaard P. The effect 21. Virag I, Stoicu-Tivadar L, Amaricai E. Browser-based of recreational soccer training and running on postural balance medical visualization system. SACI 2014 - 9th IEEE in untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111: 521–530. International Symposium on Applied Computational https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1669-2 Intelligence and Informatics, Proceedings. 2014. P. 355–359. 36. Torres SF, Reis JG, Abreu DCC de. Influence https://doi.org/10.1109/SACI.2014.6840092 of gender and physical exercise on balance of 22. Mușat A, Popa Z, Craina M-L, Onofrei R, Ramona, Luca healthy young adults. Fisioter em Mov. 2014;27. CT, et al. Identification Of Postural Changes During https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-5150.027.003.ao10 Pregnancy By Using Baropodometry - Case Presentation. In: 37. Greve JMDA, Cuǧ M, Dülgeroǧlu D, Brech GC, Anastasiu D, Craina M, Hudita D, Russu M, editors. The XV Alonso AC. Relationship between anthropometric Conference of the Romanian-German Society of Obstetrics factors, gender, and balance under unstable conditions and Gynecology, Timisoara, 6-8 June 2019. Timisoara: in young adults. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 850424. Filodiritto Publisher - International Proceedings; 2019. P. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/850424 329–332. 38. Alonso A, Luna N, Mochizuki L, Barbieri F, Santos S, 23. Iverson GL, Koehle MS. Normative data for the modified balance D’Andreia Greve J. The influence of anthropometric error scoring system in adults. Brain Inj. 2013;27: 569–599. factors on postural balance: the relationship between https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.772237 body composition and posturographic measurements 24. Bell DR, Guskiewicz KM, Clark MA, Padua in young adults. Clinics. 2012;67: 1433–1441. DA. Systematic review of the balance error https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2012(12)14

118 2020 02

Information about the authors:

Radu Petroman; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0574-2201; [email protected]; Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, ”Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara; Piața Eftimie Murgu 2, Timișoara, 300041, Romania.

Andreea Luciana Rață; (Corresponding author); http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4009-2248; [email protected]; Department of Vascular Surgery, ”Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara; Piața Eftimie Murgu 2, Timișoara, 300041, Romania.

Cite this article as: Radu Petroman, Andreea Luciana Rață. Balance performance in sedentary and active healthy young individuals – a cross- sectional study. Physical education of students, 2020;24(2):115–119. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0207

Received: 18.02.2020 Accepted: 28.03.2020; Published: 30.04.2020

119 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

ORIGINAL ARTICLE The analysis of handgrip strength and somatotype features in arm wrestling athletes with different skill levels Olha O. Podrihalo1ABCD, Leonid V. Podrigalo2,5ABCD, Dmytro O. Bezkorovainyi3АBE, Olexsandr I. Halashko4АBE, Igor N. Nikulin5ABE, Larisa A. Kadutskaya5АBE, Marina Jagiello6АBE 1 Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, Kharkov, Ukraine 2 Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, Kharkov, Ukraine 3 O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv 4 Kharkov National Agricultural University named Docuchayev, Kharkov, Ukraine 5 Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia 6 Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland

Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; B – Data collection; C – Statistical analysis; D – Manuscript Preparation; E – Funds Collection. Abstract Purpose: Comparative analysis of handgrip strength and somatotype features of arm wrestling athletes with different skill levels Material: The study involved 36 students and teachers practicing arm wrestling. Group 1 - 12, (23.92 ± 2.11) years old (experienced athletes). Group 2 - 24, (24.33 ± 1.69) years old (beginners and short experience athletes). The length and body mass were determined, the level and harmony of physical development were estimated. Handgrip strength was estimated in static mode by handgrip strength test. It was used the digital hand dynamometer CAMRY EH101 (China). The dynamic handgrip strength was determined by the maximum handgrip frequency for 10 s using Kepai digital device (China). The content of muscle, adipose tissue, and the visceral fat level was estimated using the bioimpedance method. The body mass index was also estimated. Results are estimated by applying parametric and nonparametric statistical indicators. The contribution of an individual criterion to the system was estimated by the system formation indicator. Results: It was confirmed the proximity of the physical development of participants due to the lack of significant differences in most indicators. It was determined a significant excess of the value of the handgrip strength test of the right hand in group 1 (U = 75, p <0.05). In group 1, the level of physical development prevailed above the average – (58.33 ± 14.23)%. (58.33 ± 14.23)% of participants in group 1 had harmonious and (41.67 ± 14.23)% had disharmonious development. In group 2, athletes with a level of physical development above average were (37.50 ± 9.88)%, and athletes with disharmonious physical development were (70.83 ± 9.28)%. The average body mass index in group 1 was (26.24 ± 0.98) kg/m2, in group 2 – (25.03 ± 0.81) kg/m2. The specific gravity of muscle tissue in the groups was related to the range of high values. In group 1 (25.00 ± 12.50)% of participants had an average level of muscle tissue, (58.33 ± 14.23)% - high level and (16.67 ± 10.76)% - very high level. In group 2, the specific gravity of such participants was, respectively, (17.39 ± 7.90)%, (56.52 ± 10.34)%, and (26.09 ± 9.16)%. The average specific gravity of adipose tissue in the groups was related to the average level. Such athletes were (66.67 ± 13.61)% among the participants of the group 1 and (58.33 ± 10.06)% among the participants of the group 2. The maximum contribution to the system is body mass. Their value is 64.68 c.u. (group 1) and 45.32 c.u. (group 2). The contribution of the handgrip strength test was higher in group 2 – 27.22 and 42.05 versus 13.43 and 21.55. The values of the system formation indicators of the handgrip frequency in the pulsed mode were higher among experienced athletes: 12.17 and 12.71 versus 0.68 and 0.68. Conclusions: The persons with a level of physical development above the average prevail among athletes. The disharmony of physical development is due to an increase in body mass compared to standards of physical development. This is due to an increase in the specific gravity of muscle tissue. The proximity of the indicators is the result of specialized training in arm wrestling. Athletes have increased content of muscle tissue; the specific gravity of adipose tissue was within the age limits. The handgrip strength test was higher in experienced athletes. The value of the contribution of the handgrip strength in pulsed mode to the system allows considering them important for success in arm wrestling. The application of the bioimpedance method has significantly expanded the obtained data in the analysis of anthropometric indicators and indices. This method can be recommended for monitoring the functional condition of arm wrestling athletes. Keywords: physical development, somatotype, bioimpedance method, handgrip strength, arm wrestling.

Introduction1 criterion of athlete training. There is data on the information Handgrip strength is used in many sports as a measure content of this indicator for the analysis of the condition of handball athletes [1, 2], water polo [3, 4], football [5], © Olha O. Podrihalo, Leonid V. Podrigalo, Dmytro O. Bezkorovainyi, lacrosse [6], kettlebell lifting [7]. This indicator is one of Olexsandr I. Halashko, Igor N. Nikulin, Larisa A. Kadutskaya, Marina Jagiello, 2020 the main criteria for strength development [8]. doi:10.15561/20755279.2020.0208 High information content determines the widespread 120 2020 02 prevalence of this criterion in studies devoted to sports led to an increase in lean body mass in athletes. and physical education. Handgrip strength is often used The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis as an effective criterion for health-related and recreational of handgrip strength and somatotype features in arm activities [9-11], rehabilitation [12]. A review by Saul wrestling athletes with different skill levels. et al. [13] is highlighted the main factors determining success in mountain climbing. These include the strength Materials and methods of the hand muscles and forearm. The authors recommend The participants. The study involved 36 students and exercises to increase it. teachers practicing arm wrestling. Athletes were divided The level of handgrip strength in martial arts is into two groups. Experienced athletes were in group I (n especially important. Research by Kons et al. [14] = 12, age 23.92 ± 2.11 years). Group 2 (n = 24, age 24.33 confirmed the presence of a positive correlation of ± 1.69 years) includes beginners and short experience this indicator in judo. Lopes et al. [15] performed an athletes. anthropometric analysis of Marajoara wrestlers. It was Design of the study determined a high level of handgrip strength, the presence The study design involved the determination of of correlations with flexibility. The successful prediction anthropometric indicators, somatotype components, of archers was carried out by Muazu Musa et al. [16]. calculation of morphometric indicators and indices using Success predictors include handgrip strength. It was special formulas. The determination of body mass and confirmed the higher value of this indicator in high skill length was carried out following international standards level athletes. [22, 23]. Assessment of the level and harmony of physical The information content of the handgrip strength development was carried out using official standards for determines its use in athletes’ condition monitoring. the adult population [24]. Magiera et al. [5] used hand strength as a monitoring Handgrip strength was estimated in static mode criterion for alpinist athletes. The information content of by handgrip strength test. It was used the digital hand this indicator was confirmed. Its changes were associated dynamometer CAMRY EH101 (China). The dynamic with the dynamics of performance and the difficulty of handgrip strength was determined by the maximum the routes. Similar results were obtained by Sharma et handgrip frequency in a pulsed mode. The digital device al. [17] in monitoring the hockey players’ condition. It is “Kepai” (China) was applied for estimation. The technique proposed to use the handgrip strength in a set of indicators suggested the maximum number of device’s handgrips for for monitoring and selection. A review by Labott et al. 10 s. One handgrip was equivalent to 10 kg. [6] is estimated the possibility of using handgrip strength The bioimpedance method was applied to estimate the as an indicator of vitality, physical function, and many somatotype characteristics. An OMRON BF-511 body risk factors in the aging process. The authors consider it composition monitor (Japan) was applied. The specific appropriate to use the handgrip strength as an indicator gravity of muscle and adipose tissue, the percentage of of the effectiveness of specialized training programs. visceral fat, and the basal metabolism were estimated. Neogi et al. [18] conducted a comparative analysis of the The calculation of body mass index is carried out physical development and functional status of football according to the formula: players and hockey players. Handgrip strength was one BMI = MT ̸ BL2 (1), of the indicators reflecting the specifics of the sport. It is where BMI is body mass index, kg ̸ m2, MT is body proposed to use the obtained data as a standard. mass (kg), BL is body length (m). Body composition or somatotype is currently Values of 20-25 were considered to be normal. considered an integral criterion for physical development. Statistical analysis Its assessment is carried out by the correlation of the Statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried main components (muscle, adipose, and bone tissue). It out using licensed MS Excel. The following Indicators of is noted that the bioimpedance method is one of the most descriptive statistics were determined: arithmetic mean, informative in the analysis of somatotype. Dopsaj et al. standard deviation, and mean error. The significance of [19] studied the body composition of elite martial arts differences in the groups was estimated using parametric athletes. It is concluded that body composition is one of indicators (Student’s test) and nonparametric indicators the main predictors of success. The authors developed a (Wilkinson-Mann-Whitney criteria, Rosenbaum model of the body structure, reflecting the specifics of the criterion). type of martial arts. A comparative analysis of the elite The correlation matrices were constructed including athletes’ body using bioimpedance and other methods Pearson coefficients based on the obtained results. Only [20]. The authors confirmed that the bioimpedance method significant and reliable dependencies were selected for the has high informative significance and reliability. Koury analysis. The contribution of an individual criterion to the et al. [21] confirmed the correlation between biological system was estimated by the system formation indicator maturity and body composition of young athletes, which (SI). This criterion was proposed for the analysis of was estimated using the bioimpedance method. The Zosimov correlation matrices [25]. SI reflects the number comparative analysis of the body composition dynamics of connections formed by the indicator under study and of athletes and non-athletes was performed by Ramon their strength. The indicator is expressed in conditional Alvero-Cruz et al. [22]. Intensive training during 6 weeks units (c.u) and is calculated by the formula: 121 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

SI = Srj * n (2), did not have significant differences. The average value where Srj is the sum of the values of significant belonged to the following range: excess body mass (group correlation coefficients formed by this indicator, nis 1); age norm (group2). In group 1, the normal index level the number of significant connections of this structure was (50.00 ± 14.43)%. The same number of athletes had a indicator. BMI value higher than normal. In group 2, normal values were found in (39.13 ± 10.18)%. In (52.17 ± 10.42)% of Results athletes, this indicator was increased. In (8.70 ± 5.88)% The main indicators of the physical development of athletes, BMI was below normal. There were no and somatotype of the participants are shown in table 1. significant differences in the distribution of athletes by These data confirm the absence of significant differences BMI. It can be assumed that there is a tendency to increase between the studied parameters, determined by Student’s the specific gravity of individuals with an increased rate. criterion. In this case, this should not be considered as an illustration The application of the Rosenbaum criterion also did of obesity. This is evidence of a change in somatotype due not confirm significant differences between the groups. to an increase in the specific gravity of muscle tissue. The Wilkinson – Mann – Whitney criterion determined a bioimpedance method is used to confirm this assumption. significant excess of the value of the handgrip test of the The average specific gravity of adipose tissue in the right hand in group 1 (U = 75, p <0.05). groups was related to the average level. The individual An individual analysis of physical development analysis of the content of adipose tissue also determined showed that the level is above the average prevailed in the predominance of average values. There were (66.67 ± group 1. It is determined in (58.33 ± 14.23)% of athletes. 13.61)% of such athletes in group 1 and (58.33 ± 10.06)% The specific gravity of athletes with average and high in group 2. In group 1: (25.00 ± 12.50)% of athletes had a levels is equal (16.67 ± 10.76)%. A level below the high level of adipose tissue; (8.33 ± 7.98)% of athletes had average is determined in (8.33 ± 7.98)% of athletes. The a very high level of adipose tissue. The specific gravity of distribution of group 1 participants in harmony was almost such athletes was in group 2, respectively, (8.33 ± 5.64)% equal: (58.33 ± 14.23)% had a harmonious and (41.67 ± and (12.50 ± 6.75)%. 14.23)% had disharmonious development. (20.83 ± 8.29)% of athletes group 2 had a low level In group 2, the determined trend continued, although of adipose content. Significant differences in adipose it was less expressed. The specific gravity of athletes with content levels have not been determined. levels of physical development was: The specific gravity of visceral fat in the groups was - above average – 37.50 ± 9.88)%; related to the range of average values. In group 1 (66.67 - average – 29.17 ± 9.28)%; ± 13.61)% of athletes had an average level of visceral - high – 20.83 ± 8.29)%; fat. (33.33 ± 13.61)% of athletes had an increased level. - below average – (12.50 ± 6.75)%. In group 2, the specific gravity of such athletes was, The athletes with disharmonious physical development respectively, (82.61 ± 7.90)% and (17.39 ± 7.90)%. The prevailed in group 2. Their specific gravity was (70.83 ± significant differences in the content of visceral fat have 9.28)% versus (29.17 ± 9.28)% in athletes with harmonious not been determined. development. The differences were significant (t = 3.18, p The specific gravity of muscle tissue in the groups was <0.05). The disharmony of physical development in both related to the range of high values. In group 1: (25.00 ± groups was due to the excess of body mass parameters 12.50)% of athletes belonged to the normal level; (58.33 relative to standard values. ± 14.23)% of athletes belonged to the high level; (16.67 The values of the body mass index in the groups ± 10.76)% of athletes belonged to the highest level. In Table 1. Indicators of physical development and somatotype of arm wrestlers with different skill levels

Indicator Group 1 (n=12) Group 2 (n=24) Body length, cm 180.67±2.00 179.54±1.42 Body mass, kg 86.00±4.19 80.12±2.81 Handgrip test of right hand, kg 63.71±3.65 57.53±2.28 Handgrip test of left hand, kg 63.09±3.48 56.90±2.36 The maximum grip frequency in pulsed mode with the right hand, 33.25±2.32 32.50±1.71 the number of times The maximum handgrip frequency in pulsed mode with the left 31.42±2.60 28.00±1.71 hand, the quantity of times Specific gravity of adipose tissue, % 17.96±11.08 16.65±7.77 Specific gravity of muscle tissue, % 40.83±14.19 41.62±10.28 Value of basal metabolism, kcal 1866.25±53.80 1796.70±36.62 Specific gravity of visceral fat, % 7.67±7.68 6.70±5.21 Body mass index, kg ̸ m2 26.24±0.98 25.03±0.81

122 2020 02

80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 c.u. 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 group 2 group

Fig. 1. System formation indicators in arm wrestler groups (conditional units). Notes. 1 - age, 2 - handgrip test of the right hand, 3 - handgrip test of the left hand, 4 - maximum handgrip frequency in pulsed mode with the left hand, 5 - maximum handgrip frequency in pulsed mode with the right hand, 6 - body mass, 7 - body length, 8 - specific gravity of adipose tissue, 9 - specific gravity of visceral fat, 10 - specific gravity of muscle tissue, 11 - body mass index, 12 - basal metabolism value. group 2, the specific weight of such participants was, this information is the obtained results on a higher level respectively, (17.39 ± 7.90)%, (56.52 ± 10.34)%, and of handgrip test in experienced athletes. (26.09 ± 9.16)%. The significant differences in the content The research design was aimed at the determination of of muscle tissue have not been determined. the specifics of the influence of sports loads on the athletes’ The value of the basal metabolism did not have condition. The solution to this problem is achieved in significant differences between the groups. two main ways. The first is a comparison of the athletes’ The results of determining the system formation condition practicing various sports. Podrigalo et al. [27] indicator in groups are shown in Fig.1. used it in the analysis of the functional condition of martial The analysis of the results (Fig. 1) shows certain arts athletes. It has been determined the most informative similarities and differences in the contributions to the methods and tests for athletes’ condition monitoring. formation of the functional system of athletes. The The second is a comparative analysis of the athletes’ maximum contribution in both groups has body mass condition with different skill levels. It is more consistent and basal metabolism. Their values are: for body mass with the task of predicting success. This design allows – 64.68 c.u. (group 1) and 45.32 c.u. (group 2); the basal finding out the factors that give possibilities to athletes metabolism is 74.00 (group 1) and 35.54 (group 2). The to achieve a high level of training. Rovnaya et al. [28] contribution of the specific gravity of muscle tissue conducted a study in synchronized female swimming (23.36 and 44.15, respectively), visceral fat (26.16 and athletes. The main point of this study is the selection of 44.29, respectively) and body mass index (42.54 and the most informative tests. The authors performed an 36.10, respectively) is quite high. The contribution of the analysis of the respiratory system condition. This allowed specific gravity of adipose tissue is low (2.36 and 4.62, determining the most important indicators for the growth respectively). of sports skills. The contribution of the handgrip test was higher in The absence of significant differences between the group 2 – 27.22 and 42.05 versus 13.43 and 21.55. The indicators reflects the proximity of the physical training magnitude of the SI handgrip frequency in the pulsed level of athletes and the result of specialized training mode was higher in experienced athletes: 12.17 and 12.71 in arm wrestling. The correctness of this assumption versus 0.68 and 0.68. is illustrated by an analysis of physical development. Most athletes had a level of physical development above Discussion average. This reflects increased muscle development due Arm wrestling refers to sports in which the level to regular physical training. A gradual increase in body of hand strength development is important to achieve mass, in this case, leads to an imbalance between the main success. It has been confirmed that the main predictors anthropometric parameters. The result is disharmonious of success in arm wrestling include: muscle development, physical development. This is confirmed by the obtained physique strength, values of conditional moments’ data. The increase in the specific gravity of participants strength of segments extremities [26]. Confirmation of with disharmonious development was due to an increase 123 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS in body mass in comparison with the current standards of Handgrip strength indicators are the most important physical development. in arm wrestling. All athletes are characterized by high The correctness of this assumption is confirmed by the results of the handgrip strength test. Higher results in analysis of body mass index. Formally, this indicator in experienced athletes reflect the importance of this criterion group 1 indicates overweight. Similar data are provided for success. Similar data are provided by Podrigalo et al. by Martirosov [29]. The value of this index in the [35]. The results of Akpina et al. [32] also confirm that the players of the US national football team was considered relative of hand muscle strength is an important predictor as obesity. This situation reflects the error of the index of success in this sport. method for athletes with a high level of skill and confirms An estimate of the maximum grip frequency in pulsed the appropriateness of using the bio-impedance method. mode confirms the made assumptions. For experienced Burdukiewicz et al. [30] confirmed the effectiveness athletes, the contribution of this indicator to the system of studying morphometric and somatotype characteristics is 20 times higher than for inexperienced athletes. This for assessing success in martial arts. The multivariate illustrates the qualitative transition of the athletes’ level – statistical analysis allowed the authors to identify markers from predominantly strength training to comprehensive. of athletic success for athletes. This indicator is valuable for this sport because it allows The persons with an average level of adipose tissue evaluating the ability to perform handgrips in the fastest prevailed among the participants. In the group of mode. This movement to a certain extent allows simulating beginner athletes, there were persons with a low level a duel in arm wrestling. Victory in many respects depends of this component. In our opinion, this can serve as a on the athlete’s ability to grip the opponent’s hand as fast reflection of the age-related characteristics of growth as possible. and development. Persons with a low specific gravity of This technique was used by Iermakov et al. [36] to adipose tissue belonged to the age group of 16-19 years predict success in martial arts. It was confirmed the old. importance of the maximum grip frequency for success in At the same time, the specific gravity of muscle tissue judo, sambo. This test had not high significance for success was high. Such athletes prevailed in groups 1 and 2. This in karate and taekwondo. The authors recommended the once again confirms the assumption about the directed test as a screening for monitoring the athletes’ condition influence of training in arm wrestling on the somatotype, in martial arts. an increase in the specific gravity of muscle mass. Similar results are determined by Harcarik [31]. Conclusions Analysis of the system formation indicators confirms The analysis confirmed that among the participants the different significance of certain criteria in athletes with dominated by individuals with a level of physical different levels of sports skill. The maximum contribution development above average. The disharmony of physical of body mass and basal metabolism confirms the integral development is due to an increase in body mass compared nature of these criteria. They determine the composition to standards of physical development. This is due to an of the human body, the intensity of metabolic processes. increase in the specific gravity of muscle tissue. The This once again confirms the earlier assumptions about proximity of the studied indicators is determined by the the dependence of strength on the physical development level of physical training of athletes and is the result of of athletes. A sufficiently high contribution of the specific specialized training in arm wrestling. The application of gravity of muscle tissue should be estimated as another the bioimpedance method confirmed the increased content confirmation of the validity of this conclusion. Another of muscle tissue in athletes, the specific gravity of adipose indirect confirmation of the made assumptions is the low tissue was within the age limits. The handgrip strength contribution of the specific gravity of adipose tissue to test was higher in experienced athletes. The value of the the system. contribution of the handgrip strength in pulsed mode to The contribution of the muscle component of the the system allows considering them important for success somatotype in experienced athletes is almost half that of in arm wrestling. inexperienced athletes. In our opinion, this reflects the The application of the bioimpedance method has features of ensuring the growth of skill at different stages significantly expanded the obtained data in the analysis of of training. For non-experienced athletes, it is provided anthropometric indicators and indices. This method can mainly by an increase in strength. For experienced be recommended for the functional condition monitoring athletes, success depends on a set of indicators: functional, of arm wrestling athletes. goniometric, indicators of technique and tactics of conducting a duel. Similar data are provided in the studies Conflict of interest devoted to identifying predictors of success in this sport The authors declare no conflict of interest. [32-34].

124 2020 02 References https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512518777586 1. Dopsaj M, Markovic M, Kasum G, Jovanovic S, 15. Lopes Campos IS, Joaquim Borba-Pinheiro CB, Amauri. Koropanovski N, Vukovic M, et al. Discrimination Morphofunctional characterization of male Marajoara of Different Body Structure Indexes of Elite Athletes wrestlers. Archives of Budo Sciencе of Martial Arts and in Combat Sports Measured by Multi Frequency Extreme Sports. 2018;14:81-85. Bioimpedance Method. Int J Morphol, 2017;35:199–207. 16. Muazu Musa R, Abdul Majeed APP, Taha Z, Abdullah https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022017000100033 MR, Husin Musawi Maliki AB, Azura Kosni N. The 2. Manchado C, Cortell-Tormo J.M., Tortosa-Martinez application of Artificial Neural Network and k-Nearest J. Effects of two different training periodization Neighbour classification models in the scouting of high- models on physical and physiological aspects of elite performance archers from a selected fitness and motor skill female team handball players. Journal of Strength performance parameters. Science & Sports, 2019;34:e241–9. and Conditioning Research. 2018; 32(1):280- 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.02.006 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002259 17. Sharma H.B., Kailashiya J. Anthropometric Correlates for 3. Barrenetxea-Garcia J, Torres-Unda J, Esain I, Gil SM. the Physiological Demand of Strength and Flexibility: A Anthropometry and isokinetic strength in water polo: Are young Study in Young Indian Field Hockey Players. Journal of players ready to compete on adult teams? IES, 2019;27:325–32. Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2017; 11(6): CC01-CC05. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-192189 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/26358.9965 4. Dopsaj M, Mijalkovski Z, Vasilovski N, Copic N, Brzakovic 18. Neogi A, Chakraborty C, Karmakar SCN. Anthropometric M, Markovic M. Morphological parameters and handgrip profiles and pulmonary function parameters of male Football muscle force contractile characteristics in the first selection & Hockey players according to their specific playing level in water polo: differences between u15 water polo position: A Comparative Study. International Journal of players and the control group. HSM, 2018;18:5–15. Applied Exercise Physiology. 2018;7(3):10-23. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm180301 19. Dopsaj M, Markovic M, Kasum G, Jovanovic S, 5. MagieraA, Roczniok R, Sadowska-Krępa E, Kempa K. Changes Koropanovski N, Vukovic M, et al. Discrimination of in Performance and Morning‐Measured Responses in Sport Different Body Structure Indexes of Elite Athletes in Combat Rock Climbers. Journal of Human Kinetics, 2019;70:103–14. Sports Measured by Multi Frequency Bioimpedance Method. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0050 International Journal of Morphology, 2017;35:199–207. 6. Labott BK, Bucht H, Morat M, Morat T, Donath L. Effects https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022017000100033 of Exercise Training on Handgrip Strength in Older Adults: 20. Santos DA, Silva AM, Matias CN. Utility of A Meta-Analytical Review. Gerontology, 2019;65:686–98. novel body indices in predicting fat mass in elite https://doi.org/10.1159/000501203 athletes. Nutrition. 2015; 31(7-8): 948- 954. 7. Pavlov V.Yu., Kudryavtsev M.D., Revyakin Yu.T. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.02.003 Enhancement of physical fitness level of teenage 21. Koury JC, Ribeiro MA, Massarani FA, Vieira F, Marini sportsmen (aged 13 to 15) involved in kettlebell E. Fat-free mass in adolescent athletes: Accuracy of lifting with the use of model characteristics. Tomsk bioimpedance equations and identification of new State University Journal. 2017; 425:191-197. predictive equations. Nutrition, 2019;60:59–65. https://doi.org/10.17223/15617793/425/25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.029 8. Karakurt S, Aggon E. Effect of dynamic and static strength 22. Ramon Alvero-Cruz J, Ronconi M, Garcia Romero JC. Body training using Thera-Band (R) on elite athletes muscular composition changes after sport detraining period. Nutricion strength. Archives of Budo. 2018;14:339-344. Hospitalaria. 2017; 34(3): 632-638. 9. Bahamonde C, Carmona C, Albornoz J. Effect of an 23. Marfell-Jones M, Olds T, Stewart A, Lindsay Carter LE. extracurricular sport activity program on young Chileans. ISAK manual, International standards for Anthropometric Retos-Nuevas Tendencias en Educacion Fisica Deporte y Assessment. International Society for the Advancement of Recreacion. 2019;35:261-266. Kinanthropometry. 2012.. 10. Szabolcs Z, Kormendi J, Ihasz F. Physiological characteristics 24. Tegako LI, Marfina OV. Practical anthropology. Rostov on of aikido practitioners and aikido workouts. Archives of Don: Phoenix; 2003. (in Russian) Budo. 2018:259-266. 25. Zosimov AN. Analysis of the systems in medicine. Kharkov: 11. Oliveira A, Monteiro Â, Jácome C, Afreixo V, Marques Tornado; 2000. A. Effects of group sports on health-related physical 26. Rovnaya O, Podrigalo L, Iermakov S, Yermakova T, fitness of overweight youth: A systematic review and Potop V. The Application of the Index Method to Assess meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2017;27:604–11. the Condition of Armwrestling Athletes with Different https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12784 Levels of Sports Mastery. Revista Romaneasca pentru 12. Fewell LK, Nickols R, Schlitzer Tierney A, Levinson CA. Educatie Multidimensionala. 2019;11(4 Supl. 1): 242-256. Strength and Power Improvements in Athlete and Non- https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/187 Athletes During Intensive Eating Disorder Treatment. 27. Podrigalo L, Iermakov S, Romanenko V. Psychophysiological Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 2018;12:562–77. features of athletes practicing different styles of martial arts https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0014 - the comparative analysis. International Journal of Applied 13. Saul D, Steinmetz G, Lehmann W, Schilling AF. Exercise Physiology, 2019; 8(1): 84-91. Determinants for success in climbing: A systematic review. 28. Rovnaya OA, Podrigalo LV, Aghyppo OY, Cieślicka Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 2019;17:91–100. M, Stankiewicz B. Study of Functional Potentials of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2019.04.002 Different Portsmanship Level Synchronous Swimming 14. Kons RL, Dal Pupo J, Ache-Dias J, Detanico D. Sportswomen under Impact of Hypoxia. Research Journal Female Judo Athletes’ Physical Test Performances of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2016; Are Unrelated to Technical–Tactical Competition 7(4), 1210–1219. Skills. Percept Mot Skills, 2018;125:802–16. 29. Martirosov E.G. Technologies for determining the

125 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

composition of the human body, Moscow: Science; 2006. wrestling on the base of morphological functional indicators’ 30. Burdukiewicz A, Pietraszewska J, Stachoń A, Andrzejewska analysis. Physical Education of Students. 2017;21:46. J. Anthropometric profile of combat athletes via https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2017.0108 multivariate analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2018;58. 34. Władysław Jagiełło, Marcin Piotr Dornowski, Marina https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07999-3 Jagiełło. Perkal’s natural indicators method in assessing body 31. Harcarik G. Development of the Strength Abilities in composition properties in persons practising combat sports: Armwrestling with the Help of Different Training Programs. an analysis research results. Archives of Budo Science of 4th International Conference on Education and Sports Martial Arts and Extreme Sports, 2018; 14: 75-80. Education (ESE). Hong Kong, 2013;11: 481-486. 35. Podrigalo LV, Istomin AG, Galashko NI. Monitoring of 32. Akpina S, Zileli R, Senyüzlü E, Tunca SA. Anthropological the functional state of the athletes in arm sport. Kharkov: and Perceptual Predictors Affecting the Ranking in Arm KNMU Publ.; 2010. (In Russian) Wrestling Competition. Int J Morphol, 2013;31:832–8. 36. Iermakov SS, Podrigalo LV, Jagiełło W. Hand-grip strength https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022013000300009 as an indicator for predicting the success in martial arts 33. Podrigalo LV, Galashko MN, Iermakov SS, Rovnaya OA, athletes. Arch Budo. 2016; 12: 179-186. Bulashev AY. Prognostication of successfulness in arm-

Information about the authors:

Olha O. Podrihalo; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1519-5632; [email protected]; Department of Biological Science, Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture; Klochkovskaya str. 99, Kharkov, 61022, Ukraine.

Leonid V. Podrigalo; (Corresponding author); http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-524X; [email protected]; Department of Medical Science, Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture; Klochkovskaya str. 99, Kharkov, 61022, Ukraine.

Dmytro O. Bezkorovainyi.; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9719-6131; [email protected]; Department of Physical Education and Sports; O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv, 17, Marshal Bazhanov Street, Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine

Olexsandr I. Halashko; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-2186; [email protected]; Department of Physical Education Kharkov National Agricultural University named Docuchayev, Kharkiv region, Kharkiv district, “Dokuchaevske - 2”, 62483, Ukraine

Igor N. Nikulin; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-7538; [email protected]; Faculty of Physical Culture, Belgorod State National Research University, Pobeda Street, 85, Belgorod, 308015, Russia

Larisa A. Kadutskaya; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-6915; [email protected]; Faculty of Physical Culture, Belgorod State National Research University, Pobeda Street, 85, Belgorod, 308015, Russia

Marina Jagiello; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5591-4537; [email protected]; Department of Theory of Sport and Human Motority, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport; Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland.

Cite this article as: Olha O. Podrihalo, Leonid V. Podrigalo, Dmytro O. Bezkorovainyi, Olexsandr I. Halashko, Igor N. Nikulin, Larisa A. Kadutskaya, Marina Jagiello. The analysis of handgrip strength and somatotype features in arm wrestling athletes with different skill levels. Physical education of students, 2020;24(2):120–126. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0208

Received: 25.02.2020 Accepted: 30.03.2020; Published: 30.04.2020

126 2020 02

SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS (For more detailed information see http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/pages/view/trebovaniya-e)

Structure of article: - title of an article; - surname, full first name and patronymic; - full name of organization (place of work or study); - annotation in three language (Russian, Ukrainian, English). The scope of the annotation is to be 800-1000 symbols. Annotation must contain translate of surname, full first name and patronymic of authors, in Ukrainian (Russian) and English. Structure of annotation: aim, material, result. For authors from Russia, the translation in the Ukrainian language makes editorial board. - Key words for the three languages: ( 1-2 lines of words. Do not use word combinations). - Introduction (statement of a problem; analysis of the last researches and publications of this theme; to single out the open problem in the research article). - Connection of the article with important scientific programs or practical tasks. - Aim, tasks, material and methods. - Results of the research (description of the main research material with full substantiation of the derived scientific results). - Findings. - Perspectives of future researches in this direction. - Bibliographic references (more than 20) should be making up according to standard form.

REVIEW PROCEDURE FOR MANUSCRIPTS (For more detailed information see http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/pages/view/ recenzirovaniye-e) All manuscripts submitted for publication must go through the review process.

TREATMENT OF MANUSCRIPTS (For more detailed information see http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/pages/view/ rassmotreniye-e) Manuscripts are assessed by the Editorial Board within 1 month. The Journal will acknowledge receipt of a manuscript within 2 days.

EDITORIAL ETHICS (For more detailed information see http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/pages/view/ethics-e) The journal is committed to a high standard of editorial ethics. Editorial board is used the principles of ethics of scientific publications upon recommendations of International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Conflicts of interests of persons who have direct or indirect relation to the publication of an article or any information that the article consist are settled according to the law of Ukraine in the field of intellectual property.

CONTACT INFORMATION box 11135, Kharkov-68, 61068, Ukraine phone. +38 099 430 69 22 http://www.sportpedu.org.ua e-mail: [email protected]

Information: Sponsors, Partners, Sponsorship: • Olympic Academy of Ukraine • Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. SCIENTIFIC EDITION (journal)

Physical Education of Students, 2020;24(2)

Editorial to the publisher department KSPU: certificate DK №860 20.03.2002 ------designer - Iermakov S. editing - Yermakova T. administrator of sites - Iermakov S. designer cover - Bogoslavets A. ——————————————————————— passed for printing 30.04.2020 Format A4. PRINTHOUSE (B02 № 248 750, 13.09.2007). 61002, Kharkov, Girshman, 16a.

127