CULTURAUCIVIC CENTER FOR PLANO, TEXAS
Presented to Professor Stewart Division of Architecture Texas Tech University
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Architecture Degree
by Blake Sloan December 18,1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
INTFODUCnON 1
GOALS AND CaiECTIVES 3
CASE STUDIES 7
ENVIRONMEhJTALANALYSIS 26
SITE CRITERIA 53
SITE ANALYSIS 57
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 67
SPACE SUMMARY 89
DETAILED SPACE LIST 91
SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRfTERIA 135
COST ANALYSIS 149 INTRODUCTION Dallas, Texas, is a rapidly growing metroplex that is supported primarily from its surrounding suburbs. One of the more prominent suburbs to the north of Dallas is Piano. Basically, Piano is the town where Dallas city workers live. Up until now, Piano has been comprised of residential and strip shopping centers. Offices and plants for large companies have just recently begun to move in, but do not figure prominently in Piano's structure. A majority of Piano's residents area average to above average income, so houses (particularly on the west side) are large and lavish. Piano has already grown to its limits on the south and east side but is still expanding to the north and west at an alarming rate. The abudance of residences creates a problem for Piano, though. There is not a central focus in the city. Recently, a multi-story bank was constructed and became the first building over four stories high in Piano, which created somewhat of a focus because of its height, not its appearance. The other aspect that Piano lacks is a social center. The only part of the city that mildly resembles a center would be the decrepit brick-paved "downtown" blocks. However, because of continued growth to the north and west, this old center has become insignificant. This is a proposal to provide Piano with a cultural center as well as a central focus. The building that will provide the solutions stated will be a civic center. As a central focus, the civic center will serve Piano's outstanding characteristic for residents as well as outsiders to admire and remember. Piano has enlarged from a population of under 20,000 in 1970, to the recent estimate of almost 110,000 yet there is no major space for a group of Planoites to congregate. The proposed civic center will provide that missing social center for the residents. It will be versatile enough to accommodate small as well as large groups of people in indoor or outdoor environments under formal and informal conditions. Because Piano is comprised of people, not ornate buildings, the civic center will address its problems on a pedestrian scale so it will display the character of the people who live there. This proposed civic center is a solution that is long overdue to Piano's problem of a missing social center and central focus for the city. GOALS
To create a central focus for the city
To unite people with common interests in one activity area
To provide a facility that will benefit the city's main commercial and
service district
To create a visually appealing facility that will impress area residents
and non-residents
To encourage growth in adjacent slow-developing areas
To provide facilites for large or small theatrical productions, conventions,
banquets, etc.
To create a complex that addresses both a monumental and pedestrian
scale
To establish a cultural link between the east and the west side of the city
To encourage public and community activity OBJECTIVES
Interrelate cultural facility with existing sports facilities in adjacent
areas
Locate civic complex near a concentration of hotels, restaurants and
major retail establishments
Combine different cultural facilities into one area with easy access to
each activity from a central area
Provide facilities or areas for impromptu or scheduled activities; private
or public; indoor and outdoor
Create an exterior that expresses the type of activity occuring inside
Form the complex to look monumental, thus creating a focus for the city,
but remembering that the pedestrian should feel impressed not
overpowered
Situate the complex so that easy access is maintained from all areas of
the city and surrounding communities
Design interior areas that can be used for a variety of activities
Utilize natural daylight wherever possible
Provide enough activity areas so that the complex is used continually, not
sporadically studies PROJECT: Phoenix Civic Plaza LOCATION: Phoenix, Arizona ARCHITECT: Charles Luckman Associates
PROGRAM: The main idea for the Phoenix Civic Plaza was to create a multi-use center for public gatherings and exhibitions as well as to provide a symbolic center for the city.
DESCRIPTION: The Phoenix Civic Plaza is a six-block complex set five feet above street level. Two main buildings dominate the plaza: The Convention Center and the Symphony Hall. The Convention Center compromises four blocks on the east side of the complex and centers around a huge exhibition hall covering 120,000 square feet. This area can be divided by a large folding partition into spaces of 40,000 and 80,000 square feet. The main entrance and lobby to the Great Hall are on the west side flanked by several meeting rooms. A hundred-foot prestressed bridge over a depressed street connects the Convention Center to the Symphony Hall complex. The mutli-angled concert building is situated on the south half of its two block portion of the site. Inside, the auditorium is surrounded by a concourse containing snack bars and grand stairways to the balcony level. The plaza areas outside the two buildings are scattered with a pattern of plants, fountains, and sculptures. Underneath the raised plaza on which the buildings site is a 1125-car garage accessible from four different areas of the plaza. Two sets of stairs and elevators provide a transition form the underground parking to the Convention Hall Lobby. DESIGN FEATURES: The fascia of the Convention Center building is comprised of white recessed triangles expressing the structure within. Special fluted concrete blocks for the main walls were developed by the architects specifically for this project. The lobby inside the main entrance to the Symphony Hall contains a 48-foot high and 54-foot wide mirroed wall reflecting several 20-foot long Italian glass chandeliers. The auditorium contains a unique 643 seat "floating balcony" stretching across the width of the hall. It is only connected to the side walls away from the back wall allowing for improved sound circulation. Several sets of stairs from the street level to the plaza area arranged so that access to the complex can be achieved from all directions. Easy access for the handicapped was also taken into consideration. SPACES: CONVENTION CENTER: EXHIBITION SPACE-120,000 Square feet KITCHEN-to serve up to 5000 people COCKTAIL LOUNGE STORAGE ROOMS 20 MEETING ROOMS CONCERT HALL AUDITORIUM-2557 seats SIX SNACK BARS DRESSrXH ROOMS REHEARSAL ROOMS PARKING GARAGE-1225 cars
MATERIALS: The main walls in both buildings is constructed of a special beige fluted concrete block, exterior and interior. Some of the walls in the Concert Hall are covered with white plaster or white oak panels. The lobby carpet and auditorium seast upholstery are red complemented by a beautiful stage curtain made with acrylic yard in red, pink, purple, orange, and green. (Designed by the Luckman Interior Design Department)
EVALUATION: The architects for Phoenix Civic Plaza employed special techniques to emphasize this Civic Center as a focus in the city. The five foot podium that the complex sits on not only creates room for underground parking but signifies that the two buildings atop it are important in the community. Special building materials such as the fluted concrete block and the concrete recessed triangles also sets the complex apart from other buildings in the area. The projecting Fascia on the Concert Hall produces interesting light and shadow patterns on the angled walls and soffits. The detailed design of the ceiling and floating balcony in the aditorium proves that special consideration was taken for acoustics. (Although no evaluations of sound quality were included in the article) The architects made good use of the entire site with the grid pattern in the plaza pavement and with the assortment of fountains and landscaping. Nothing is left undesigned. The style of architecture and the materials used reflects the hot, arid surroundings of Arizona. It is an all-around good job.
SOURCE: "Phoenix Civic Plaza", Architectural Rennrri June 1973, Pages 133-138 B«LCONV LEVEL
M«IN LEVEL
K"\ r.
SECTION
LOWER LEVEL 11
PROJECT: Finlandia Hall LOCATION: Helsinki, Finland ARCHITECT: AlvarAalto
PROGRAM: Finlandia Hall is part of Alvar Aalto's master plan to create a new center. For Helsinki it will be the focus of a new assortment of hotels, restaurants, and shops and will replace Saarinen's Railway Station as the hub of the city. Because it was to be a center for the community, the hall was to be done at a monumental scale. Only the finest materials and equipment were to be used to express the buildings' future symbolic value as an important cultural center in Europe. DESCRIPTION: Finlandia Hall is one building with 150,000 square feet split into four levels; (from bottom to top) drive-in level, entrance level, auditorium level, and balcony level. The functional spaces are all accessible from huge foyers on each level. From the auditorium level lobby, one can enter the large Concert/Congress Hall or the smaller Chamber Music Hall. Contained on the entrance level are the numerous meeting and conference rooms, the entire structure is situated on the side of a hill sloping down to Toolo Bay. From the bay, Finlandia Hall looks exceptionally massive and imposing while a view from the street on the opposite side reveals a completely different structure. DESIGN FEATURES: The foyers on all four floors were designed adequately large to avoid excessive crowding before, during intermission and after a concert or event. All the hardware and furniture in Finlandia Hall were designed by Alvar 12 Aalto, such as the handrails which were brass exquisitely wrapped in leather. He believed these detailed designs create a unique cohesiveness throughout the building. There is an extensive public address system and three-channel closed circuit television system throughout the building so various functions can be viewed in all parts of the complex. In addition, the Chamber Music Hall is equipped with a giant television scren that displays the performance occuring in the main concert hall. The stage in the main concert hall is divided into sections that can be individually raised or lowered hydraulically. This concert hall can also be "tuned" for different types of musical performances by individually opening or closing steel hatches in the ceiling. Music critics claim that this sytem has not been perfected, though. SPACES: CONCERT/CONGRESS HALL-1750 seats CHAMBER MUSIC HALL- 350 seats THREE 100 SEAT MEETING ROOMS TWENTY SMALL MEETING ROOMS 400 SEAT RESTSAURANT ARTIST CAFETERIA IMFORMATION CENTER TICKET OFRCES ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING FACILITIES MATERIALS: The exterior of Finlandia Hall is covered with Carrara Marble highlighted by polished and unpolished black granite. Interior materials used were dependent on the use of the area. The entrance level foyer is the most frequently occupied area so hard durable materials were used. The stairs and floors in this lobby are Travertine, 13 the walls are marble and the columns are decorated with ceramic tile. Most of the floors in other areas of the building are carpeted and the walls are white-painted plaster. The walls in the concert halls are partially hidden with dark blue wood acoustical panals while wood paneling decorates sections of the meeting room walls. EVALUATION: Finlandia Hall became very controversial in Helsinki after its completion. Some people complain about its location saying that it is too far from the center of town but most citizens are unware of Aalto's master plan to relocate the center of the town. They complain because the front of the building faces the ugly freight yard, but that too is temporary. Others do not care for the massing of the structure, but again, they do not realize the importance this hall may have in the future. On the other hand, many people love Finlandia Hall because it has a kind of park setting and has a unique simplicity in its mass. Some residents thought that it was too expensive while others wished the city had more money for additional meeting rooms. With all the extravagant materials and equipment used in the construction of Finlandia Hall, it was actually a bargain at ten million dollars. (That includes everything from sitework to fees). SOURCE: "Helsinki's Cause Celebre", Progressive Architecture. August 1972, page 50-57 14
Balcony l«v«l 1 administration 2 sheet music store 3 light and sound control, interpreter's rooms 4 concert hall balcony 5 balcony foyer
Auditorium levol 1 restaurant kitchen 2 restaurant 3 chamber music hall foyer 4 chamber music hall 5 offices 6 conductor's and soloists' rooms 7 artists' cafeteria 8 orchestra foyer 9 ladies' foyer 10 radio and TV studios 11 radio and TV commentators 12 concert hall 13 concert hall foyer 14 VIP foyer
Entrance level 1 restaurant entrance lobby 2 committee rooms 3 chamber music hall entrance lobby 4 information center 5 box offices 6 concert hall entrance lobby 7 conference hall 8 orchestra changing rooms 9 instrument store 10 rehearsal hall 11 staff entrance 12 rehearsal rooms 13 open-air terrace
Drive-ln level 1 restaurant entrance 2 chamber music hall entrance 3 concert hail entrance 4 unloading bay area 5 parking lot 8 mechanical
SITE AT PBESENT 15
PROJECTION: Acapuico Convention Center LOCATION: Acapuico, Mexico ARCHITECT: Pedro Moctezuma
PROGRAM: The Acapuico Convention Center was planned to capitalize on the new influx of tourism by providing entertainment and exhibition space for large groups such as those from cruise ships. It was also intended to provide facilities for local social, cultural and sporting events for the surrounding residents. The Convention Center is part of a master plan for Acapuico to switch its emphasis from the individual tourist to "package group" tourists. DESCRIPTION: The Convention Center consists of three main buildings joined by a roofed circulation terrace system. The largest building is the main hall (Teotihuacan) that can hold an audience of 7500 people. Underneath the main hall is a parking garage and a small exhibition hall (Cholula) below grade. The middle structure contains the main entrance to the complex along with meeting rooms, restaurants, and the service areas. Next is the main theatre that can seat 1000 people. Behind the central building is a 2400 seat amphitheatre set into the base of a small hill. A former golf course lies in front of the complex and is uniquely used as an archeologicai garden for Pre-Columbian Sculpture. DESIGN FEATURES: The main hall is a large open convention space that can seat an audience of 7500 or arranged with tables for 3500 banqueters. It can also be set up to contain over 250 commercial exhibition booths. 16 The main entrance in the central building opens into a small exhibition space that resembles a museum but is actually a gift shop filled with Mexican Sculpture and artifacts. The entire complex rests on an old thirty-five acre golf course and makes use of the existing terrain as well as possible. The amphitheatre is built into an existing hill and the portion of the golf course is used cleverly as an outdoor museum and plaza for Mexican relics. Although the form of the building is relatively modern. The finishes and details reflect Mexican culture. For example, the ceiling in the exhibition hall is covered with painted Huichol boards and the floors are gray and red marble, both of which are popular details in Acapuico. SPACES: TEOTIHUACAN-large convention hall-7500 person capacity CHOLULA-small underground exhibition space INDOOR THEATRE-1000 person capacity OUTDOOR AMPHITHEATRE-2400 person capacity AMINISTRATIVE OFFICES MEETING ROOMS AUDIO-visual facilities RESTAURANTS INFIRMARY MUSEUM SHOP UNDERGROUND PARKING ARCHEOLOGICALGARDEN TOTAL FLOOR AREA-600,000 square feet MATERIALS: The exterior walls are primarily precast concrete panals. Some of the interior walls ahve stone sheathing and the floors are red and white marble with alternating bonds of polished and hammered finishes. All of these materials are extremely durable for the Acapuico climate. 17 EVALUATION: The Mexican Government made a smart move by making sure that locals as well as tourists were considered to use the new complex. Something used strictly by tourists would probably have angered the Acapulcan residents. Its monumental design helps the Convention Center express irs importance in the community, yet it doesn't appear to be too outlandish or overpowering for the area. The overhangs of the large buildings signify its sheltering effect from rain and sun. The entire complex is set off center from true compass points so the main entrance faces southwest. This helps shade openings from harsh afternoon sun. The Convention Center is well organized so that access to all areas is easily attainable from the main entrance. The amphitheatre is well shaded from direct late afternoon sunlight for more pleasant performances at the ourdoor theatre. Acapuico Convention Center is a nice alternative for an old golf course that was otherwise going to be revised with high rise offices. SOURCES: "Convention Center in Acapuico," Architectural Record. February 1975, Pages 93-98 18 1 ExhibiliOfn and main hall 2. M««tinf roonn and conv«ntlan facllitici 3. Theater 4. Outdoor theuer 5. Mechanical servtces 6. Archeologicai garden
Main lobby and sculpture Support iacililies Support service*—to outdoor theater Outdoor theater Ticliet booths Bridge to archeologKal garden and pedesffian entrance Central Stan hall
8. Main convention spaces 9. Small lecture rooms 10. Exhibition and sales n. Main theater 12. Mechanical services 13. Exhibition hall
BASeiKNT LEVEL 19
PROJECT: Tsukaba Civic Center 1979-1983 LOCATION: Tsukaba, Japan ARCHITECT: Arata Isozaki
PROGRAM: In 1966, the Japanese government created the town of Tsukaba forty miles northeast of Tokyo to hopefully draw people away from the overcrowded capital. In order to attract people to live as well as work in the city, a civic center was scheduled to be erected to give Tsukaba a physical and psychological focus. This complex was done on a monumental scale to act as a symbol of the new community.
DESCRIPTION: The Civic Center is an L-shaped structure lining two sides of a large rectangular courtyard. The entire complex is raised on a two story rusticated podium of concrete and granite. Tsukaba Civic Center consists of two main structures; a fourteen story hotel (Dai Ichi Hotel) and a four level multi-use building which both face the street. A concert hall (Nova Hall) is contained in the top two floors of the mixed use building that forms the north portion of the inverted L complex. A large focal courtyard, sheltered from the street by the Civic Complex, centers on a sunken oval that gets its design basis from Michelangelo's Campidoglio in Rome. The oval is accented by a stepped granite waterfall that terminates at a small fountain in the middle of the oval.
DESIGN FEATURES: The lobby of teh Dai Ichi Hotel is an exciting Interior complete with a green Kijamon marble floor and wall panels of gray and white Neoparie's 20 (crystallized glass material) which Isozaki was the first to use. The hotel was designed for special occassions so is equipped with several halls for the frequent wedding parties scheduled there. The interior for Nova Hall that Isozaki created is imposing and traditional in feeling yet contemporary in design. The seating is steeply arranged for unimpaired vision from all locations in the theatre. The lower walls are rusticated granite while the upper walls display classical pilasters and fabric covered acoustical panels. The oval shape of the courtyard allows for axial and diagonal relationships while creating a lively shape. Emphasis is placed on the middle of the plaza instead of the perimeters as some plazas do. The oval is decorated with a radiating granite star pattern while the remaider of the remainder of the courtyard is patterned with a series of granite and Terra Cotta overlapping grids. SPACES: HOTEL STRUCTURES: 115 Guest Rooms Activity Halls of Varied Sizes Cocktail Lounge Restaurant MIXED USE STRUCTURE: STREET LEVEL: Housing Offices Bank Bakery Coffee Shop McDonalds Restaurant Shopping Arcade Nova Hall (1003 seat auditorium) 21 MATERIALS: The first two floors of the entire complex are rusticated, quoined and detailed in granite and concrete. The upper floors of the Dai Ichi Hotel are covered with polished aluminum panels. The mixed-use building including Nova Hall is crafted with a combination of aluminum panels and silvery ceramic tile. Several of the interiors, especially in the Hotel, are highlighted with various uses of marble. The interior of the Hotel Lobby employs crystallized glass panels.
EVALUATION: Arata Isozaki seems to have accomplished what he set out to do: create a focus and symbol for the relatively new city. The large granite and concrete building units on the first two floors reinforce its monumental intent. The beautiful granite courtyard was to be used as a people attractor, yet the buildings block most of the view of the plaza from the street. Had the plaza been situated between the street and the Civic Center for pedestrians to admire, it would probably work better. Although the two story podium on which the complex sits suggests something monumental, the rest of the structure displays this intention through its unique construction and materials. This was Isozaki's first work in post-modernism having always been criticized for lacking allusive contect in his architecture. His rival, Kazuo Shinohara claims that this Civic Center is unlike anything else in the city and is interesting and popular enough to proclaim itself as the symbol of the community. In other words, Isozaki's intentions worked.
SOURCE: 'The Recent Work of Arata Isozaki, Part I" Arrhifprtnral Record. October 1983, Pages 124-136 22
2nd LEVEL PLAN
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NORTH ELEVATION
Environmental Analysis
26
HISTORY: Piano's history is much longer than most people suspect. The very first permanent settlers in Piano arrived in 1846. It was started by a man named William Foreman. Foreman had erected a saw mill and a grist mill about half a mile northeast of present-day Piano that attracted other settlers. More buildings were constructed and in 1850 Dr. Henry Dye named the post office "Piano" thinking that it was Spanish for "plain". The new city was finally incorporated in 1873. During the 1850's, Piano's growth was slow but then a new influx of small businesses helped draw people into town until the Civil War. After the war growth was amazingly properous with the introduction of railroads into the area. In 1881, expansion was again halted by a tremendous fire that destroyed a majority of the buildings. After a brief reconstruction period Piano became an important agricultural trade center in Texas. The most prominant growth in Piano's history occured after an indutrial expansion spurred by World War II. In the past ten years though, it has been Dallas' amazing popularity that has been the prime reason for Piano's population explosion making it, in a sense, "A bedroom for Dallas". (1,2) - indicates sources 27
LOCATION: Piano is located in North Central Texas approximately twenty miles north of downtown Dallas along U.S. Highway 75 (Central Expressway). Piano's boundaries encompass about sixty-seven square miles in the southwest portion of Collin County. Two of its square miles are actually in Denton County which Is just to the west of Collin County. Figure 2 shows Piano's location in the state and distances to other cities in a five-state area. Figure 1 shows Piano's location in the eleven-county Dallas-Fort Worth Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) of which Collin and Denton County are part of.(2)
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CLIMATE: Piano's climate is fairly calm yet, unpredictable all year around. Temperatures are not extreme in the winter or summer. The average low temperature in the winter is only 42V and the average high temperature in the summer is only 85V. Although yearly temperature changes are not extreme, sudden changes in humidity and temperature of 20*F or more in less than an hour are common, especially during the winter. Humidity is usually high during the summer with a yearly average of about 56% (noon readings). Winds are usually from the south and travel at an average of ten miles per hour. The annual precipitation in Piano is about 37 inches, of which snow only forms a very small portion. The heaviest rainfall months are April and May while the lightest rainfall months are July and August. (1,2,3)
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CC |^i9dQlSQfiS9f9fiQifiNiSfid96^ CC < < 5 ^1. in Slf^C!9iiCi^^ Ml < -3 1111111 1111 TT o o o o o o o o o CO 01 00 CM 31 TOPOGRAPHY: The most common soil type in Piano is Houston Black Clay. The only area in Piano not comprised of Houston Black is on the east side of Central Expressway along Rowlett Creek which consists of Trinity-Catalpa Soils. Houston Black Clay is a black, calcareous, clayey soil fifteen to twenty feet deep that is generally flat or gently sloping. The problem is that this soil expands considerably when wet and severely cracks when dry. This unstableness tends to be tight and lacks permeability . For this reason, it is important to install sanitary sewers in areas of development. Stream valleys in Piano are left intact if at all possible so surface drainage will not be disrupted. Piano is considering creating ponds with water runoffs and dams to help drainage, but to be used as public parks. One such runoff has just recently been completed at Big Lake Park in Piano along Spring Creek. (1,4) 32 COLLIN COUNTY SOIL MAP FIGURE 6 33 POPULATION: Increased employment opportunities have been the prime contributing factors in the growth of North Central Texas, especially the Dallas area. With the expanding population there is a demand for housing that Dallas cannot always supply. This is the reason for the increased interest in the Dallas suburbs, Piano being one of the more popular areas. Piano's main influx of new residents is the younger and middle-aged white families of middle to upper income. The median age in Piano of males and females is 27. The following tables show the racial and age beakdowns of the population in Piano. FIGURE 7 RACIAL CHARACTERISTICS - 1980 White 90.34% Hispanic 3.49% Black 3.29% American Indian 0.27% Asian 1.17% Other 1.44% 100.00% PROJECTED AGE COMPOSITION 1970 1980 1990 Percent Percent Percent Age Group Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Young (0-14 Yrs.) 6,636 37.1 22,931 31.7 38,500 27.5 High School & College 2,741 15.3 10,527 14.5 18,900 13.5 (15-24 Yrs.) Prime Labor Force 6,215 34.8 29,494 40.8 47,600 34.0 (25-44 Yrs.) Older Labor Force 1,699 9.5 7,434 10.3 26,600 19.6 (45-64 Yrs.) Elderly (65 & Older) 581 3.3 1,945 2.7 8,400 6.0 Total Population 17,872 100.0 72,331 100.0 140,000 100.0 34 In the past. Piano has been merely a bedroom for Dallas workers. Now however, businesses have acknowledged Piano as an important economic area which has led to an even stronger population expansion. The following table shows Piano's percentage increase suprasses that of Collin County, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Texas by a considerable margin. Dallas/ City of Collin Ft. Worth State of Piano County S.M.S.A. Texas 1970 17.9 66.9 2,378.1 11,406.6 1975 41.5 95.6 2,559.8 12,407.2 1980 72.3 114.6 2974.9 14,227.6 1985 110.5 206.9 3,701.3 16,373.7 Percentage Increase 518.0% 209.2% 55.6% 43.5% Since 1970 Natural increase (number of residents births minus the number of residents deaths) has also been a factor in the population increase. In fact, the natural increase is much higher than most other areas of the country indicating that a youthful and healthy assortment of people live in Piano. It is projected that Piano will continue to grow resulting from past tendencies for people to move from large urban centers and their complex problems to outlying communities. Presently, the population of Piano is approximately 110,000 people but by the year 2000 the population is expected to be over 250,000. Figure 8 shows the direction of this massive growth pattern revealing a western and northern direction of growth, while Figure 9 shows the projected population distribution in the city. I960 3,695 1970 17,872 1980 72,331 1985 110,450 1990 139,200 1995 207,800 2000 259,000 Average Annual Growth Rate (Since 1980): 8.9% 35 * r^^ '^" H^ Uu ' 36 UJ oc o C .2 C/1 c ,g .<—> £ Urn 3 •I—> 3 37 ECONOMY: Currently, Piano has a fairly high average income compared to other areas in the Dallas Metroplex. It has not always been this way, though. In 1970, when Piano was basically middle to lower class, the average annual income was only $12,000. Now with the influx of middle to higher class families, the 1984 average annual income is almost $40,000. (The average in the nation in 1980 was only $29,000 a year.) Most of these families do not work in Piano, though. About 50% of Piano residents work in other areas of the Metroplex. The high annual mediam income in Piano is not surprising because a significant amount of residents have high educational backgrounds which leads to higher paying occupations and positions. This rise in annual income will ultimatley influence new demands for more housing, services, and retail and updated cultural, social, educational, recreational, and health facilities in Piano. Figure 10 shows that as the population has been increasing, so has employment, building permit values, and retail sales. The changes from 1970 to the present are so great as to suggest a very prosperous society. As employment has gone up, unemployment has gone down. In 1975, the unemployment rate was a low 3.5% and is now even lower at 2.7%. (1,2) 38 Economic Indiccriors 1970 1975 1980 1985 1970 1975 1980 1985 Population 17,872 41.500 72.331 110.450 Employment 9.108 13.952 22,440 40.485 Building Permit Value SI2,293.000 $46,527,000 $130,614,000 $515,337,000 Retail Sales $17,171,900 $46,254,000 $217,897,700 $922,884,686 FIGURE 10 39 EDUCATION: Piano maintains one of the best school systems in the state. Currently there are 18 elementary schools (Kingergarten-sixth grade), 6 middle schools (7th and 8th grade), 3 high schools (9th and 10th grade), and 2 senior high schools (llth and 12th grade). By the year 2000, the city plans to have 67 elementary schools, 17 middle schools, 9 high schools and 4 senior highs. Several vocational and advanced learning classes are offered at the high school and senior high levels to prepare college-bound and non-college-bound students for life. Piano is also equipped with private and parochial schools including day care centers and nursery schools. There are also several higher learning institutions in the general vicinity of Piano: Southern Methodist Unversity in downtown Dallas (20 min away). North Texas State and Texas Women's University in Denton (45 min), Texas Christian Unversity in Fort Worth (60 min). University of Texas at Arlington (45 min) adn University of Texas at Dallas in Richardson (15 min). There area also several community colleges in the immediate area, two of which (Grayson and Collin County Community Colleges) operate in Piano with classes offered at the Senior High School facilites. Over 20% of the population in Piano has completed four years or more of college which has created an influence on the look of the city. People with higher education usually expect a more than adequate assortment of cultural, educational and social facilities and a pleasing appearance for the city in which they live. (1,2) 40 RECREATION: Piano has an extensive and well planned as well as an expanding park system. Presently, there are over 2400 acres of city parks including large community parks, neighborhood parks, linear parks, major athletic sites, and over 19 miles of hike and bike trails. Many of these parks feature facilities such as picnic areas, covered pavillions, playgrounds, and athletic field. In fact. Piano's park office won an award for their unique use of power line right-of-ways as bike trails. (See Figure 11 for park layout in Piano) The three high schools each contain recreation centers open after school, on weekends, and during the summer. Full size gymnasiums and game areas are available in the recreation centers along with a variety of class programs and workshops. Two of the high schools are equipped with indoor pools while another 50 meter outdoor public pool is located in another part of the city. High Point Tennis Center (adjacent to site proposed for the civic center) is a 21-court outdoor lighted complex complete with a playground, pro shop, locker room and practice courts. Piano also contains three golf courses (one public and two private) and plans to add an additional public course. Piano Municipal Golf Course on the far east side of town is an 18-hole championship course with a pro shop and a club house. Los Rios Country Club on the east side of town is complete with an 18-hole golf course and tennis facilities while the Willow Bend Polo and Hunt Club on the far west side of town offers golfing, tennis, riding and stable facilites, and polo fields. As for athletic events. Piano has several organizations that offer different sport seasons throughout the year including soccer, football, baseball, softball, and basketball. The Piano Senior High Wildcats and the Piano East Senior High Panthers are consistent winners that switch off 41 playing on Friday nights at Clark Stadium (Also adjacent to the site proposed for the Civic Center), always drawing big crowds. There are also various professional sports events within an hours distance in the Dallas area. The Dallas Cowboys play at Texas Stadium in Irving, the Texas Rangers play ar Arlington Stadium (next to Six Flags), the Dallas Mavericks play at Reunion Arena downtown and the Dallas Americans Soccer Club play their home games at Clark Stadium in Piano. (1.5) w < (/) < UJ (/) ^ n: Q '^ K CC ,. 3 < d < 9 o S o Q- I- oc ft < lij o "- ^ -• > UJ ^ X < S o O- I- -I ± UJ O < a m oc I I I I I <0 .Q O T3 0) I ' ^y V-\-.-r-'rA-4 'U II 43 CULTURAL ACTIVITIES: Piano does not have much when it comes to cultural events and facilities. There are two libraries in the city with a collection of about 60,000 volumes and with facilities for research, copying, and meeting. Both Senior Highs have large theatre buildings but are used almost solely for school functions. Every year the city of Piano sponsors a Fourth of July extravaganza at Clark Stadium which is one of two major events in the city. Recently, Collin County has proclaimed itself the Hot Air Balloon Capital of Texas. Every September, Piano has a hot air balloon festival that is the largest in the nation next to Albequerque's. Most people seeking cultural entertainment have to go to Dallas or Fort Worth. Dallas hosts a summer musical serves and Fort Worth sponsors the Casa Manana theatre performances. The Museum of Fine Arts, the Owens Art Center, the Kimball Art Museum, and the Amon Carter Museum are located in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. Piano's lack of facilities for cultural events is one reason for the civic center proposal. (1) 44 HOUSING: Until recently. Piano was generally considered a "Bedroom for Dallas workers." In other words, the city was almost entirely residential. Even now, new houses, apartment complexes, and condominiums are constantly being constructed. Mobile homes are the only form of housing unit not in demand in Piano. Recent statistics show that there are currently over 37,000 housing units including single and multi-family units compared with just over 24,000 housing units in 1980. (See Figure 12) The surprising statistic is that the average household size has dropped, although only slightly, from 3.24 persons per household in 1980 to 3.14 in 1985. As higher income families move to Piano, the houses become more expensive. New houses being constructed are currently going for around $150,000 and up. (1) FIGURE 12 CHANGES IN HOUSING UNIT COUNT From April, 1980 to December, 1984 Total Completions & Annexations Housing Units 04/01/80 01/01/81 01/01/82 01/01/83 01/01/84 to to to to to 04/01/80 12/31/80 12/31//81 12/31/82 12/31/83 12/31/84 Single-Family 19,686 1,026 1,302 1,562 2,287 2,349 Multi-Family 3,981 198 478 1326 605 1,947 Mobile Home 592 0 0 0 0 0 Total 24,259 1,224 1,780 2,888 2,892 4,296 Demolitions Other Estimated Sc Moveouts Adjustments Housing 04/01/80 04/01/80 Units to to 12/31/84 12/31/84 01/01/85 -72 0 28,140 0 0 8,535 0 0 592 -72 37,267 45 BUSINESS & INDUSTRY: New employment opportunities have been the most important factor in the recent growth of Piano. No longer just a residential city, several large companies have moved their offices and headquarters to Piano. (See Figure 13 for large companies in Piano) This is because national energy problems make southern states more desirable than northern and midwestern states. Non-manufacturing businesses are the most prominent in the area because residents believe that the introduction of large manufacturing industries would be a deterrent in the future look of Piano. The more important non-manufacturing activities in Piano include finance and banking (The first multi-story glass building in Piano was RepublicBank), wholesale distribution, transportation and utilities, retail, service employment (hotels, amusement facilities, etc.), government employment, and most prominent; construction. It is only logical that with the continued growth of Piano that construction would be a very big industry. For a while, the construction business could not keep up with the demand for new facilities or housing. It was just this past year that new construction got ahead of the demand. In other words, people used to wait for facilities to be built but now facilities are waiting to be occupied. Since Piano is a popular market place now, construction will continue even though the demand has not caught up yet. (1,2) 46 Major Employers; Over 500 Employees Arco Oil & Gas Company Piano Independent School District City of Piano Rockwell International EDS Corporation Stewart Systems Frito-Lay Texas Instruments JC Penney Life Insurance U.S. Brass Mervyn's 251-500 Employees Bowater Computer Forms Dillard's Capital Wire & Cable JC Penney Cigna Healthplan Luminator Division of Gulton Dallas Morning News Sears Digital Switch Corporation Uniroyal/Gustafson Division 101-250 Employees Albertson's Larry Lange Cadillac Lord & Taylor Brookshire's Piano Bank & Trust Carter Craft, Inc. Piano General Hospital Fellowes Manufacturing RepublicBank Fisher Scientific Sanger Harris General Telephone Skaggs Alpha Beta Geomap Company Smith Systems Georgia Pacific Span Instruments Harvey House Hotel Teague Industries Holiday Inn Texas Transportation Hunt Electronics Tom Thumb Jackson Concrete Utility Construction Kroger Firms Employing 50 to 99 Georgia-Pacific Corporation Piano Daily Star Courier Texas Transformer Corporation Firms Employing 25-49 Amtrol Dalsat, Inc. Modern Industrial Heating Precision Manufacturing Company FIGURE 13 47 TRANSPORTATION: Piano is serviced by two major railroads: The Southern Pacific and the Sante Fe. The St. Louis-San Francisco also passes through the south portion of the city. Piano is accessed primarily by U.S. Highway 75 (Central Expressway) which is a major national highway extending from the Gulf of Mexico at Galveston to the Canadian border passing by cities such as Chicago, St. Louis and Kansas City. It is the main route by which people travel to downtown Dallas. Interstate 635 (LBJ Freeway) is a loop highway circling Dallas and providing access to other major highways. Along the northern border of Piano is Texas121 that connects McKinney (northeast of Piano) with Fort Worth. (Refer to Figure 14 for a diagram of major thoroughfares in the Dallas area.) The Dallas area is serviced by two major airports. Love Field is in the northwest part of Dallas and is basically a supplement for the huge Dallas-Fort Worth Airport between the two cities.(See Figure 14) With the increased population in the suburbs around Dallas, the local highways (especially the four-lane Central Expressway) can no longer handle the traffic load. Recently a bond election approved the construction of the much needed Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) system. Dart will consist of a renovation of Central Expressway from Piano to downtown Dallas, a rapid transit monorail system and a schedule of buses. Currently, only the buses are in use with the construction of the other two aspects to start within five years. One branch of the monorail system will extend through north Piano to Allen along Central. Up until now, Dallas was one of the only major cities without a mass transit system. It is something that should have been done at least ten years ago. (1) 48 "P^TT* DALLAS AREA FIGURE 14 THOROUGHFARES 49 FUTURE LAND USE: The foldout map following represents the expected land use by the year 2000 when Piano will be at 300,000. Everything from schools to firestations to parks to retail and commercial areas have been planned. Major thoroughfares and parks and open spaces are athe principal structuring elements in Piano's future plan. Currently, Central Expressway, Jupiter (on the east side), Preston, and Colt (both on the west side) are the primary routes to the Dallas area. As expansion continues west, Dallas Parkway will also be a major route to the Dallas area. (Refer to Figure 15) The foldout map shows the existing and proposed land uses in the city. Piano has always been proud of their park system. The percentage of public park space to developed land is very generous. A good park system suggests a very human scale and preserves much of the natural environment. It also helps to protect natural water damage. The large commercial area in the northwest corner of Piano is an area reserved for major corporations. Frito-Lay and EDS have already started construction of new facilities there. That area actually terminates two important commercial strips along Preston and Dallas Parkway. Another important commercial area is rapidly developing along Central Expressway with an assortment of hotels, retail, banking, and eating establishments. The civic center proposal should work in well with the rapid growth along central. (The proposed site is on Spring Creek Parkway between Alma and Central) (1.2) 50 in Ui oc 3 O C/3 o G a Z3 O 51 SOURCES 1. Ron Speed, Ed., Piano Texas. Piano, Texas, Piano Publication, 1979 2. A through Z in Piano. Piano, Texas, Piano Chamber of Commerce, 1985 3. Climatological Data. Annual Summary, (various years), U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data Service, National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina 4. Soil Survey. Collin County. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1969 5. Pro-Piano Recreational Opportunities. Piano Parks and Recreation Department, 1985 LAND USE PLAN MEIGHeORHOOD PARK FLfVlD PHONE APEfl RETAIL. OFFICE, OR SERVICE USE rOWERCIAL EMPLOYMEMT USE IGH DEriSITY COMMEBCIAL EMPLOYMENI USE MAJOR THOROUGHFARE SECONDARE OR COLLECTOR THOROUGHFARE Site Analysis 53 THE SITE SHOULD BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE FROM ALL AREAS OF THE CITY AND SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES. Spring Creek Pkwy which runs east and west on the south side of the site is a four lane boulevard would be the main access route to the site. Those residents coming from the west or north portion of the city would probably use this route. Those people that live in the southern section of the city would use Alma (running north and south) as a direct path to the site. East side residents would either take Avenue K to Spring Creek Pkwy or go to Alma as a way to the complex. All these roads are 4-lane and in good condition. (Avenue K is currently under renovation) Highway 75 would be the primary route for people traveling from areas north (Allen, McKinney) and south (Dallas, Richardson) of Piano. The site is clearly visible from the highway coming from either direction so finding the complex would not be a problem for those not familiar with Piano. - •/! J^' C t' J.^ r * -f- i—i VT 55 THE SITE SHOULD BE LOCATED NEAR A CONCENTRATION OF COMMERCIAL AND SERVICE FACILITIES The proposed site (Alma & Spring Creek Pkwy labeled "Civic complex") is very near Piano's main commercial and service district. The area along US 75 between Piano Pkwy and Carpenter Rd is a well developed area but is still expanding. Collin Creek Mall, one of the largest malls in the Dallas area, is located at Piano Pkwy and US 75. Several hotels such as Holiday Inn, Texian Inn, La Quinta, Harvey House are located on the east side of the highway along with many fine restaurants such as Bennigans, Steak & Ale, Chilis, Cheddars, and J. T. McCords. In this area on each side of the highway area are also two movie theatres, a major bank (Republic), and large retail stores such as Target, Mervyns, Mall of the Americas, and Collin Creek Mall that includes J C Penney. Sears, Sanger Harris, and Dillards. 56 SITE SHOULD ALSO BE NEAR RESIDENTIAL AREAS SO ITS PUBLIC FACILITIES WILL BE READILY AVAILABLE AND USED. The site is surrounded on three sides by residential areas. Currently, only the areas to the south and west of the site has been developed. The area to the north of the site is planned to be high and medium density residential which should help provide more direct public users of the complex. 57 1 LAND AREA- 2,598,750 SQ. FT. - 59.66 ACRES o O CO in Q CO U) CN CC < < A 0 100 200 400 800 ft DIMENSIONS t 58 TO STADIUM PARKING PARKING LQI •~^_ e* c^* «6 0*0 0* OO % e % 8 ,* •> O f> €0© C 00 A 0^ «O «0 8 0 LIGHTEEDC SOFTBALL FIELDS © 6 6 J ^ D In EXISTING 59 TOPOGRAPHY 60 HYDROLOGY ZONING SURROUNDINGS 65 TRAVEL TIME Activity Analysis 67 ACTIVITY: Mass Interaction WHO IS PRESENT: A mass interaction is a large number of people that have arrived in groups or as individuals. All persons present at the activity have congregated for a common reason but could be comprised of various age groups. There could be up to 10,000 individuals interacting in the activity. WHY ARE THEY PRESENT: Everybody present during the mass interaction have come for the same reason. Some reasons for the large social gathering are political or social conventions, banquets, exhibitions or sporting events. A common interest in a certain subject or activity have brought sections of the general public together. WHAT IS HAPPENING: The actions of the participants vary depending on the common interest. In the case of a banquet, the people would be sitting while talking and eating with each other. In the case of an exhibition, the participants would be walking around intermixing with others present, usually expressing individual views about the main interest. A convention on the other hand might be a combination of both interactions. HOW DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Mass interaction is usually well organized but can appear disorderly. This orderly disorder is appearant during convention or exhibition activities, participants may wander aimlessly among an orderly arrangement of exhibitions or booths. The actual interaction involving those present will consist of conversation between former or new acquaintances. This conversation can be formal (relating to the activity) or informal (relating to anything else). The interaction may also be from one or more speakers to small groups or the entire audience. Mass • , . 68 interactions are normally open to the public but private activites are possible. WHEN DOES THE ACITIVITY OCCUR: Mass interaction does not occur on a regular basis. It will occur on special occasions but could last for up to three days. It is not uncommon for this type of event to last for twelve hours each day. Generally the activity will begin in the morning and finish in the early evening. A popular time for activities is during the weekends. SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE ACTIVITY: A mass interaction activity would have to occur in an extremely large enclosed space. A large open expanse would not hinder the collection of an enormous group of people and displays. An open area is also flexible because it can be divided into smaller areas which is possible circumstance. Special consideration should be given to acoustics since mass interactions are usually noisy. Natural lighting during the day to save on energy costs is another consideration. The entrance(s) to the activity area should be large enough to handle a large influx of individuals. The entire area should be centrally located and easily accessible from different directions. A large food preparation area capable of serving 6000 people should be adjacent to the main activity space. Storage areas should also be accessible to the main area. Large restroom facilities should be accessible directly from the main area. 69 1 DEL/SER. EXIT ->-EXIT RR. STOR. ACTIVITY AREA CON. RR. EXIT- TIC. TO MAIN FOYER 70 ACTIVITY: Indoor performance viewing WHO IS PRESENT: Those viewing a performance will be a large combination of single individuals and small groups. The activity is open to the general public with a possibility of 3000 participants present at one time. Generally, the audience will all be of the same approximate age group although a mixture of age groups is not uncommon. WHY ARE THEY PRESENT: All of the participants are gathered for the same reason; to witness a performance by actors, musicians, or speakers. They all have a common interest in the performer. The usual motivation is that the activity is entertaining or informative. WHAT IS HAPPENING: Before the performance, the audiences will be seated or entering while passing the time with informal conversation with acquaintences. During the performance, the audience will remain quiet with occasional laughter, applause, or other expressions. HOW DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Performances can occur on a regular schedule or on special occasions. The average duration for the activity is about two hours with the possibility that several performances could occur in sequence. Normally, performances take place at night but weekend day performances are occasional. Often, intermissions are included halfway through performances to give the audience and performers a break. SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE ACTIVITY: Indoor performance viewing needs to occur in a large enclosed area with fixed seating in an arrangement that allows unimpaired vision of the 71 performance. The audience seating area should create a focus on a stage area in front of the spectators. Acoustics should play a major role in the space to transfer sound from the performers to all audience members. One main entrance to the activity area should be capable of allowing a large number of viewers in. Support facilities would inlcude dressing and storage areas accessible to the stage and an area that would contain audio-visual equipment and lighting equipment to accent performances above and behind the audience area. Restroom facilities should be accessible just outside the audience area. Refreshments for the audience should also be readily available outside the seating area. 72 TO AMPHITHEATRE TO MAIN FOYER 73 ACTIVITY: Group discussion WHO IS PRESENT: A group discussion is comprised of several individuals with a common interest in a particular subject. Normally they would all be the same age group. All those present belong to particular club or organization or have an interest in one. There could be anywhere from 10 to 100 people present at a meeting. WHY ARE THEY PRESENT: Since all participants have a common interest, the reason for the meeting would be to discuss that particular subject. The activity could involve a disucssion of a subject or a controversy about something. Some people may be present to express their opinions or just to listen to others opinions or information. WHAT IS HAPPENING: All present at a group discussion will be seated unless one person elects to stand while talking. Those that are listening remain quiet or could be possibly taking note of what is transpiring. HOW DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Most group discussions begin in an orderly fashion but do not always remain that way. During heated discussions, participants may voice opinions whenever they feel. However, some group meetings are very organized and follow strict procedures. WHEN DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Most group discussions involve particular groups of people in various organizations and clubs so meetings will often occur on a regular basis ranging from once a week to once a month, although special meetings are frequent. There is no limitation: group discussions could occur at any 74 time during the day or night and could last for several hours although two hours is about average. SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE ACTIVITY: An area neccessary for meeting and discussion would be an open space free of partitions or interior divisions, but enclosed. The openess of the area would allow flexibility for various arrangements of tables, chairs, video equipment, or displays. Natural lighting for day use should be available but without direct discomfort glare. Since the area will be occupied by several people speaking one at a time or simultaneously, some consideration for acoustics should be taken into account. A support facility neccessary to the meeting space would be a small area adjacent to the discussion area for the storage of audio-visual equipment, displays, tables and chairs. Restroom facilities should be easily accessible from the meeting area. 75 TO MAIN FOYER 76 ACTIVITY: Eating and interaction WHO IS PRESENT: Anybody from the general public as an individual or as a small group (usually no more than eight) could be present for lunch or dinner arrangements. Types of groups most commonly present are couples, families, friends or business associates. There could be 500 people present at one time. WHY ARE THEY PRESENT: The universal reason for various people to be present is that they are hungry or that they want to relax with some drinks (referring to alcoholic and other beverages). Most of the time eating and interaction provides a reason for people to schedule formal or informal meetings with others for dates, special occasions or business matters. Family groups or friends, on the other hand, may just want to go out ot eat. WHAT IS HAPPENING: All the participants will be seated during the eating and interaction activity. A majority of the people will be eating and/or drinking while they are talking to others in the group. Others will be drinking while interacting with former or new acquaintences. HOW DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Although there are many individuals and small groups present, the activity is not a collective effort. Most of the time people interact within their particular little groups instead of intermixing with other groups. There are still those people who go to meet new people, though. The activity is kept fairly orderly because participants are seated. Roaming around is kept to a minimum. WHEN DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Most people meet for eating and interaction during the lunch hours ^^ (11:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m.) and the dinner hours (5:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m.) although drinking and interaction usually continues past the dinner hours, especially on weekends. Individuals or groups can participate on a regular basis or, in the usual case, on special occasions. SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE ACTIVITY: The main area for eating and interaction should be a large, aesthetically pleasing, enclosed space with level changes and small partitions to subdivide the large space into smaller areas. Each of the smaller areas should be flexible so that various arrangements of tables and chairs are possible. Low lighting levels help to create a more comfortable and relaxing mood for the patrons. Windows should be strategically placed or screened to avoid direct light on the tables. Noise levels are generally not very high so acoustics is not a major factor but is a consideration. One of the areas subdivided from the main space should be for those who just want to drink but will also act as a space for those waiting to be seated. One of the support areas should be a food preparation area capable of serving up to 500 patrons. It should be adjacent to both the eating area and the drinking area. There should also be a few completely enclosed eating areas for large groups of ten to twenty people for special occasions or small banquets. A non-enclosed eating area open to the outside should also be adjacent to the main eating area. Restroom facilities should be easily accessible from all eating areas. Emptoyte Manager's 78 iaalitcs oltct -* t Guest • 1 lacilitKs linen and Time Employee , paper recorder dming storage f 1 1 * •^ , T* 1 * Common Fountain Balie shop •-I storage r* seivice ' ' 1 OeliveiK , , 1 Retrlgeralor Dming yard and , Meit r* Cook's ->\ and (i02en Sereing ^^ rooms receiving preparation unit storage » area and aiea catering > 1, Short order i-> -ij Vegetable " ' Salad and —»• sandwich preparation 1 . unit I ' Pot and pan Ventilated —* u- washing and *i-- storage storage , , [ Cleaning ' supplies . 1 , 1 ' f Can and Dishwashing Cartage Janitor' truck pickup closet washing i 1 1 H EXIT EXIT' ] TO MAIN FOYER 79 ACTIVITY: Waiting and Interaction WHO IS PRESENT: Various people from both the general public and organizations could be present. They could range from single individuals to large groups. Age generations could be mixed within the groups although they are generally of the same category. WHY ARE THEY PRESENT: Waiting is the primary reason for people to be present. People present are usually just passsing time before a performance or meeting in another activity area. This is not the only reason, though. Individuals may be waiting for others for a personal meeting not associated with the other activity areas. They might also have arrived to admire or view small exhibits and displays. WHAT IS HAPPENING: Since a majority of the people present are merely passing time, they could be seated or standing remaining silent or interacting with others. When waiting, many people pass time by idly interacting with anybody nearby. If displays have been arranged, the patrons may be roaming around among the people and exhibits. HOW DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Waiting and interaction is not an organized activity so there is no real order to the behavior of those present. Many different conversations could be occuring at the same time about any subject matter. The noise level could be high depending on the number of participants. WHEN DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Most of the time poeple are only present before or after an activity in another adjacent area. If a small exhibit show is there, people may wander in and out any time of the day. The activity occurs sporadically at 80 any time during the day or night as long as access is permissible. SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE ACTIVITY: The space would have to be large enough to accomodate many people coming out of or going into other activity areas. For this reason, it will have to be carefully situated shaped and sized to access the other activity areas. Some consideration for acoustics needs to be taken because of the possible large amount of patrons. The area should be naturally lighted during the day to save energy. It would also need to be accessible from different directions. One support facility possible would be an information area pertaining to the other activity areas. Restroom facilities would also be necessary. 81 OUTSIDE ACT. ACT. i INF. WAIT. / INT. ADM. r ACT. R.R. OUTSIDE ACT. 82 ACTIVITY: Outdoor performance viewing WHO IS PRESENT: Those viewing the performance will be a large combination of single individuals and small groups. All viewers will be from the general public. The audience is usually all from the same age group but an audience of mixed age groups is possible. There could be a total of 1500 viewers in the audience. WHY ARE THEY PRESENT: All viewers are present for the same reason; to witness performances by actors, musicians or speakers. The usual motivation for viewing a particular performance is for entertainment. WHAT IS HAPPENING: Before the performance, the audience will be entering or seated and passing the time with informal conversation. During the performance, the audience will remain relatively quiet with occasional laughter, applause, or other expressions. HOW DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: The actions and reactions of the audience is dependent on the subject matter and the manner of the performance. It could be anything from serious to comical. Outdoor performances are usually less formal than indoor ones, though. The open atmosphere implies a more relaxed and laidback attitude in the audience. Audience actions during the performance are generally less orderly than indoor performances also. Quiet conversation during shows is more common because of the more relaxed attitude. Plays, speeches, concerts, and symphonies are the most common types of performances. WHEN DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Performances can occur on a regular basis or on special occasions with 83 the condition that the weather is favorable. Since this activity is not enclosed, inclement weather would hinder performances. This normal duration for the activity is about two hours with the possibility of successive shows. These outdoor activities would normally occur on weekends during the day although night performances are possible. SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE ACTIVITY: Outdoor performances viewing should take place in a large unenclosed area with fixed seating sloping up and in an arrangement that would allow unimpaired vision to the performing area. The configuration of the area should create a focus on the stage area. The entire area should be situated so that low, late afternoon sunshine will be blocked. Surrounding vegetation would be neccessary behind the seating area to keep sounds from escaping or intruding. Support facilities needed would include storage and dressing areas adjacent to the stage area. 84 OUTSIDE STAGE ENT/EX, AMP. 85 ACTIVITY: Outdoor interaction and relaxation WHO IS PRESENT: Anybody from the general public present for the outdoor interaction and relaxation. It could be a conglomeration of single individuals, small groups, and large groups of public, although the former two are the most common. In addition, any age groups and mixture of ages could be present. WHY ARE THEY PRESENT: There are basically two reasons for people to be present; one is relaxation and the other is to interact with other people or the facility. WHAT IS HAPPENING: In the case of relaxation, the individual could be reading, working on a personal project, or just sitting, relaxing and enjoying the area. On the other hand, if interaction with others is the case then individuals will have gathered into small to large groups to converse or engage in a recreational activity together. They might also have arrived to observe exhibits and displays. HOW DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Those individuals that are just relaxing are passively sitting or lying about. Those that are interacting could be doing so in a variety of ways. Groups could be sitting or standing while informally talking or they could have gathered together for a meeting or a friendly activity. They might want to meet in an outdoor area or they might not have been able to meet indoors. Small children may be palyfully running about amusing themselves. Movement is random with no limitations regarding activities of movements during the activities. WHEN DOES THE ACTIVITY OCCUR: Outdoor relaxation and interaction can happen any time of the day or night, however, daytime use is the usual case. Teh only real limitation on 86 use is that the weather must be favorable. Since the activities occur outside, bad weather would be a deferent to public interaction. SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE ACTIVITY: Since it is an activity open to the public, the space would have to be large enough and open enough to accommodate a great number of people. Level changes, fixed seating forms, planters, fountains, and landscaping would help subdivide the large area into smaller, various sized, areas for implied barriers between groups but still allow possible interaction between the groups. Aesthetically pleasing forms and surroundings are important to create a comfortable and relaxing atmosphere. Space List 89 SPACE SUMMARY CENTRAL FACILITIES ^7T^ Main Foyer ^ onr^ Foyer Restrooms (2) @ 400 sf each 800 Meeting Rooms (8) @ 800 sf each 6400 Administration Offices -^QQQ 21,200 CONVENTION FACILrTIES Convention Hall ^ 00-000 Concession Are >' "• ^00 Restrooms (8) @ 400 sf each 3200 Storage -15QQ 106,200 AUDITORIUM FACILrTIES Seating Area (3000 seats) 25,000 Stage 7500 Orchestra Pit 750 Projection Room 500 Lobby 5000 Ticket Booth and Office 160 Restrooms (2) @ 350 sf each 700 Rehearsal Room 5000 Dressing Rooms (10) @ 120 sf each 1200 Green Rooms (4) @ 400 sf each 1600 Showers/Restrooms (2) @ 500 sf each 1000 Costume Workshop 1000 Prop Workshop 1500 Prop Storage 1200 Stage Manager's Office 120 Delivery/Service Area 500 52,730 LECTURE FACILITIES Seating Area (500 seats) 5000 Stage 800 Dressing Rooms (4) @120 sf each 480 Projection Room 200 Lobby ^000 Restrooms (2) @ 200 sf each _400 7880 90 RESTAURANT FACILITIES area-sq ft Main Eating Area (300 seats) 4000 Bar/Waiting Area 800 Banquet Rooms (150 seats) 1 aoo Kitchen 2000 Restrooms (2) @ 200 sf each _^QQ 9000 AMPHFTHEATRE FACILrTIES Seating Area (15000 seats-outside) 12,000 Stage (outside) 10OO Projection Room 300 Restrooms (2) @ 250 sf each 500 13,800 PARKING FACILITIES Restaurant Parking (160 cars) @ 318 sf each 50,880 Public Parking (4000 cars) @318 sf each 1.272.000 1,322,880 TOTAL ASSIGNED SPACE (interior) 197,810 91 FACILITY: Main Foyer NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Could hold up to 4000 but usually no more than 1000 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTCS: SIZE: very high interior to express monumental and grand scale - 50 ft. high large, open floor space to facilitate many people and exhibits 12,000 sq.ft. SURFACES: expensive and ornamental materials to impress occupants must be durable because of frequency of use LIGHTING: Primary illumination during the day will be natural light decorative light fixtures provide medium light levels for ngiht use - 30fc ACOUSTICS: some sound absorbant material required because of possible high noise levels VENTILATION: Possible heavy smoking so vents to outside required Air change - .25 CFM/sq. ft. FURNISHIGSyEQUIPMENT: interior landscaping and fountain information and orientation center vending area storage area for displays and supplis ORIENTATION: links outside plaza to entrances of the convention hall, auditorium, lecture room, and meeting rooms. 92 FUNCTION: transitional area between plaza and parking to the other facilities. Possible area for exhibits. Used primarily before and after civic activities. 93 FACILITY: Foyer Restrooms (Mens & Womens) NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 20 people in each PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: governed by number of fixtures 8 ft. ceiling 400 sq. ft. each SURFACES: walls and floor must be water and moisture resistant must also be extremely durable and easy-to-clean light colors and chrome express a sanitary environment LIGHTING: overhead fluorescent lights - 30fc ACOUSTICS: ceiling should be sound absorbant because floor and wall materials will cause sound reverberation a non-rectangular shape will also help cut down sound reflection VENTILATION: exhaust fans required to remove smells air change - 2 CFM/sq. ft. FURNISHINGS^EQUIPMENT: 8 lavatories each 10 urinals, 8 water closets (mens) 15 water closets (womens) ORIENTATION: Should be directly accessible from main foyer FUNCTION: self explanatory 94 FACILITY: Meeting rooms (8) NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 100 people in each room PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: open floor space to allow free movement or a variety of furniture arrangments 10 ft. ceiling 800 sq. ft. each SURFACE: nice, semi-decorative materials medium to dark colored materials to help create a comfortable atmosphere LIGHTING: preferably natural lighting for day use medium to high light levels for night use - 50-70 fc ACOUSTICS: floor and ceiling should be sound absorbant VENTILATION: each meeting room should have individual thermostats to control heating and air conditioning possible heavy smoking air change -1.25 CFM/sq. ft. FURNISHINGS^QUIPMEMT: possible furnishings include large meeting tables, chairs, lecturn, projection screen, projection equipment, chalkboards storage for furnishings and equipment ORIENTATION: a central hallway should connect all meeting rooms restrooms should be nearby FUNCTION: area for meetings or small gatherings on a rental basis could be used day or night for any length of time 95 FACILITY: Administration offices NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Approximately 10-15 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: several on-person offices grouped into one area 8 ft. ceiling 2000 sq. ft. total SURFACE: walls and ceiling should be light but matte finish to reduce light reflection because of possible computer use in offices floors should be carpeted LIGHTING: primary use is during the day so natural light is preferred supplemented by task lighting ACOUSTICS: floor and ceiling provide some absorption walls should be insulated to prevent sound transmission from one office to another VENTILATION: central thermostat to control heating and air conditioning in office area some smoking present air change -10 CFM/person FURNISHINGS^EQUIPMENT: office desks and chairs file cabinets phones, personal computers, typewriters ORIENTATION: adjacent to main foyer should be accessible from employee parking also FUNCTION: offices for those in charge of civic activities and the complex to set dates, arrange performances, etc. used during normal office hours 97 FACILITY: Convention Hall NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 15,000 of the general public or 5000 banqueters (to be catered) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: extremely large open floor space and high ceiling to accomodate several large exhibits, tables for banquets, etc. 40 ft. high ceiling 100,000 sq.ft. SURFACES: structure is exposed in the ceiling and walls to display its massiveness and strength floor and walls should be extremely durable and har (70 fc) ACOUSTICS: ceiling should be covered with sound absorbant material to help keep down noise levels VENTILATION: smoking is prohibited in the area but ventilation of outside air important because of the number of occupants- robably through high windows FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMEMT: floor to ceiling folding partition to divide convention space in half storage for exhibits, banquet tables and chairs (additional 1500 sq.ft.) 2 large folding doors for deliveries opening directly into convention space ticket booths 98 ORIENTATION: primary entrance is from main foyer exhibit delivery area should be on opposite end from the entrance emergency exits required in all four wall areas FUNCTION: multi-use area for conventions, exhibits, displays, or banquets events are usually on the weekends and last all day 99 FACILITY: Concession Area NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Approximately 50 employees PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: Narrow area along one wall of convention hall 8 ft. ceiling 1500 sq. ft. SURFACES: Wide narrow openings along wall for service walls and floor should be moisture resistant and easy-to-clean Large quantity of stainless steel surfaces LIGHTING: overhead bright lighting - 70 fc ACOUSTICS: Ceiling should be sound absorbant to help reduce noise level VENTILATION: exhaust fans required to expel steam and odors Air conditioning important because of cooking equipment that emit heat Air change - 4 CFM/sq. ft. FURN1SH1NGS€QUIPMEMT: varies with type of concession served in each booth but includes food warmers, grills, fryers, popcorn machines, microwaves, candy displays steel rolltop window covers for when not in use ORIENTATION: Windows open directly into convention hall delivery area at back open to outside FUNCTION: Area for the preparation and sale fo food and soft drinks to convention hall occupants 100 FACILITY: Convention restrooms - (4 pairs of mens & womens) NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 25 in each PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: (See foyer restrooms) SURFACES: LIGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATION: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT: " 6 lavatories each 12 urinals, 6 water closets each (mens) 18 water closets each (womens) ORIENTATION: located in each wall surface of convention hall for easy access from all areas FUNCTION: self explanatory 101 FACILITY: Auditorium NO. OF OCCUPANTS: capacity is 3000 PHYSICAL CHAF^CTERISTCS: SIZE: large fan-shaped facility that focuses on stage area two seating levels- main and balcony high ceiling to allow for proper sound reflection 40-50 ft. high 25,000 sq. ft. (including balcony) SURFACES: ceiling and walls should be hard, sound reflecting materials with occasional acoustical panels floor should be carpeted to prevent excessive noise from people finding their seats all seats should be upholstered LIGHTING: absolutely no natural light light fixtures should be encased in ceiling and in step risers ceiling lights should be adjustable so they can be dim during performances but bright before and after - 50fc theatrical light system is hidden in ceiling directed at stage ACOUSTICS: design of teh walls and ceiling should be condusive to proper sound reflection to all areas of the auditorium the back wall should be covered with sound absorbant material to prevent sound from reflecting behind the audience acoustical panals should be located at various points on the side walls and ceiling to prevent too much sound reflection 102 VENTILATION: quality heating and air conditioning required to keep audience comfortable air change - 7.5 CFM/person FURNISHINGSEQUIPMENT: 3000 individual fixed seats on both levels catwalks in ceiling for theatrical lights ORIENTATION: seating should be arranged so there is unimpaired vision from all seats to the stage auditorium adjacent to main foyer through lobby exits located at back of auditorium (entrance) emergency exits are located at the front of the auditorium on each side of the stage FUNCTION: seating area for people to watch or listen to concerts, symphonies, plays, musicals, or speakers, auditorium activities area usually at night and last for about 2-3 hours at a time 103 FACILITY: Stage NO. OF OCCUPANTS: depends on type of production, could range from one speaker to an entire orchestra PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: stage is divided by the proscenium (opening to auditorium) -20 ft. high by 40 ft. wide largest area of stage is located behind the proscenium (backstage) where the ceiling is very high (70 ft.) to house props and backdrops and the equipment to raise and lower them forstage area sits into the seating area with eliptical edge 7500 sq. ft. SURFACES: backstage walls and ceiling are unfinished area around proscenium is decorated with elaborate materials to highlight the stage stage floor should be hard & durable- probably wood LIGHTING: theatrical spotlights area above and behind the proscenium along front of stage, in catwalk above seating and in the projection room ACOUSTICS: backstage area should have movable acoustical panals to funnel sound out into the audience if a band is performing VENTILATION: fans and blowers should be located in backstage are to keep performers comfortable while performing 104 FURNISHINGS^QUIPMENT: steel grid sytem above backstage area for backdrops and lights large stage curtains large projection screen ORIENTATION: stage opening faces seating area backstage area should be accessible by the workshops and dressing rooms large storage are for props, scenery, adn band equipment should also be directly adjacent to backstage FUNCTION: area for the performance of plays, symphonies, concerts, or musicals used for performances and dress rehearsals 105 FACILITY: Orchestra Pit NO. OF OCCUPANTS: usually a small band or orchestra 10-70 people PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: very wide are sunken about 6 feet below stage level approximately 12 feet from front of stage to barrier in front of seating area 750 sq. ft. SURFACES: soft, durable floor (probably carpet) to prevent unnecessary noise wood barrier between pit and auditorium seating to match stage floor wood LIGHTING: primary light will be from small lamps on the music stands so they will not be distractive to the audience ACOUSTICS: surfaces inside the pit will be sound absorbant so music will floow out into auditorium VENTILATION: provided from auditorium FURNISHINGSEQUIPMENT: music stands and chairs for musicians podium for director storage for furnishings under stage ORIENTATION: located directly in from of stage accessible form auditorium level FUNCTION: area for a band or small orchestra to perform music for performances on stage-usually musicals 106 FACILITY: Projection/Spotlight Room NO. OF OCCUPANTS: anywhere from 1 to 10 employees PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: wide narrow room along back of auditorium 8 ft. ceiling 500 sq. ft. SURFACES: wide but narrow window area stretches across width of projection room facing the stage soft, light materials on floor, walls, and ceiling should be sound aborbant LIGHTING: usually fairly low so it will not be distracting to the audience or performers -10fc ACOUSTICS: walls should be insulated so equipment noise will not transmit into auditorium VENTILATION: room should be kept fairly cool to help keep equipment from overheating air change - .25 CFM/sq. ft. FURNISHINGSaXIIPMEISfT: projection equipment theatrical lights audio equipment ORIENTATION: located directly behind back wall of auditorium above the balcony level there should be an unobstructed visual path from the projection room to the forstage FUNCTION: control room for equipment to spotlight performances, show motion pictures, or control amplified sound levels 107 FACILTIY: Auditorium Lobby NO. OF OCCUPANTS: normally less than 1000, but could hold up to 3000 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: wide area along back of auditorium but with a large open floor area that can accomodate many people 30 ft. ceiling 5000 sq. ft. SURFACES: expensive, decorative materials to impress occupants walls and floor should be hard, durable materials (marble, tile) because of frequency of use LIGHTING: decorative light fixtures provide medium light levels (30 fc) to create a formal atmosphere ACOUSTICS: ceiling should be sound absorbant to help reduce possible high noise levels wall between lobby and auditorium should be insulated to prevent noise transmission from one area to the other VENTILATION: possible heavy smoking so good ventilation important air change - .4 CFM/sq. ft. FURNISHINGS^QUIPMENT: 6 water fountains seating surfaces to accomodate 100 people ORIENTATION: located between main foyer and auditorium staircase leads to balconey level above ticket booth and restrooms directly adjacent to lobby FUNCTION: transitional space between foyer and seating areas used for socializing before, after and during intermission of a performance 108 FACILITY: Ticket Booth & Office NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 4 employees in booth PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: booth is wide and very narrow 8 ft. ceiling booth and office are 80 sq. ft. each SURFACE: 4 ticket windows along lobby wall are plexiglass for security reasons interior materials are soft, light surfaces LIGHTING: fluorescent overhead lights are fairly bright for easy reading - 70fc ACOUSTICS: floor and ceiling are sound absorbant VENTILATION: Air change -.25 CFM/Sq. Ft. FURNISHINGS^QUIPMENT: ticket booth- ticket counter with a ticket dispenser at each window stools for both attendents office- desk, chair, filing cabinet, floor safe for temporary money storage ORIENTATION: ticket booth located between auditorium and lobby behind lobby wall accessible from lobby FUNCTION: enclosed area for selling tickets to performances in the auditorium office is for bookkeeping records relating to ticket sales 109 FACILITY: Lobby Restrooms (Mens & Womens) NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 20 each PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: 350 sq. ft. each (see foyer restrooms) SURFACES: LIGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATION: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT: 8 lavatories each 12 urinals, 8 water closets (mens) 16 water closets (womens) ORIENTATION: to accomodate auditorium patrons accessible from lobby FUNCTION: Self explanatory 110 FACILITY: Rehearsal Room NO. OF OCCUPANTS: anywhere from 1 to 100 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: should be the same size and shape as the acting area of the stage SURFACES: floor should match that of the stage one wall should be mirrored up to 8feet other walls should be hard, light materials LIGHTING: adjustable lights up to 100 fc ACOUSTICS: ceiling should be sound absorbant walls should have sound absorbant panels so there can be musical rehearsals without too much sound reflection VENTILATION: should be well air conditioned because of frequent long and strenuous rehearsals air change - .25 CFM/sq. ft. FURNISHINGSEQUIPMEIsrT: dancers stretch rail storage area for chairs and props ORIENTATION: should be near backstage area FUNCTION: area for informal rehearsals for actors, musicians, and dancers Ill FACILITY: Dressing Rooms (10) NO. OF OCCUPANTS: 1 or 2 actors each PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTCS: SIZE: compact very functional area 8 ft. ceiling 120 sq. ft. each SURFACES: light, comfortable materials but easy to clean because of different users LIGHTING: fairly bright overhead lights - 70fc additional lights around makeup mirrors ACOUSTICS: walls should be insulated to prevent sound intrusion because these are private rooms where actors psych themselves up VENTILATION: some smoking possible so ventilation is important in such a small room air change -15 CFM/person FURNISHINGSEQUIPMEMT: 2 triple sided mirrors with lights in frame lavatory water closet small shower ORIENTATION: all dressing rooms should be grouped together and be accessible to backstage area FUNCTION: room for primary actors to dress and apply makeup before a performance and to clean up after a performance 112 FACILITY: Green Rooms (4) NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 20 in each room PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: open enough to allow several people to dress at once 8 ft. ceiling 400 sq. ft. each SURFACE: durable floor because of number of users but soft colors and texture for walls and floor to create relaxing mood LIGHTING: medium light levels from overhead lights (50 fc) with brighter lights around mirrors ACOUSTICS: floor and ceiling should be sound absorbant to hold down noise levels VENTILATION: air conditioning important because or hurried acitivity in small area by several people air change -15 CFM/person FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT: makeup mirrors on one wall with lights in frame lounge chairs and tables clothes rods to hang costumes or garments small kitchenette with sink, hot plate, and a storage cabinet ORIENTATION: should be between teh dressing room area and the backstage area FUNCTION: dressing room and lounge for actors, choruses, band members and backstage visitors 113 FACILITY: Backstage Restrooms & Showers (Mens & Womens) NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 20 in each PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: separate shower stalls grouped together 500 sq. ft. each (see foyer restrooms) SURFACES: LIGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATION: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT: 12 shower stalls each 4 lavatories each 3 urinals, 3 water closets ( mens) 6 water closets (womens) ORIENTATION: should be near dressing and green rooms FUNCTION: self explanatory 114 FACILITY: Prop Workshop NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 20 workers PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: large open floor space to allow for the construction of large props 12 ft. ceiling 1500 sq. ft. SURFACES: hard durable floor and walls because of rough activity one wall should have a large chalkboard LIGHTING: fairiy bright because of possible intricate work and to read drawings - 70fc ACOUSTICS: because of loud machinery, the ceiling and walls should have acoustical panels and be insulated to prevent noise transmission VENTILATION: exhaust fans required to help remove sawdust or paint odors should also be air conditioned because of physical activity air change - .33 CFM/sq. ft. FURNISHINGSEQUIPMET^JT: wood working machines such as table saws, lathes, sanders, ban saws, and routers cabinets and closets for tools, equipment and materials large tables for assembly ORIENTATION: should be between backstage area and service/delivery area for easy movement of materials and props FUNCTION: area for the construction and repair of props and backdrops 115 FACILITY: Costume Workshop NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 15 workers PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: large open floor area for easy arrangment of furniture and equipment 8 ft. ceiling lOOOSq. Ft. SURFACES: walls are covered with materials such as cork that will take tacks and pins one wall should also have a large chalkboard floor should be hard, durable and easy to sweep LIGHTING: clear, bright light because of intricate work involved - 70fc task lighting over each work table also required ACOUSTICS: walls and ceiling will be sound absorbant walls should also be insulated to prevent noise tranmission into other areas VENTILATION: air conditioning important because physical activity is involved air change - .33 CFM/sq. ft. FURNISHINGSEQUIPMENT: sewing machines large cutting tables cabinets for material storage costume storage - 90 sq ft. dye room - 80 sq. ft. dressing room - 25 sq. ft. ORIENTATION: should be near dressing and green rooms 116 FUNCTION: creating and tailoring of costumes relating to theatrical productions also for costume storage 117 FACILITY: Stage Managers Office NO.OFOCCUPAMTS: 1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: typical office 8 ft. ceiling 120 sq.ft. SURFACES: medium to dark materials to create comfortable mood but nice materials to show importance of occupant a window facing outside is preferable LIGHTING: bright enough for reading - 70fc ACOUSTICS: walls should be insulated so that exterior noise will not transmit into office VENTILATION: possible smoking air change-15 CFM/person FURNISHINGSEQUIPMEMT: large executive desk and chair file cabinet chalkboard ORIENTATION: should be near dressing rooms FUNCTION: office for stage director to plan performances, hold interviews, and keep records 118 FACILITY: Delivery/Service Area NO. OF OCCUPANTS: usually not more than 5 or 6 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: high ceiling to allow for delivery or receiving large objects 20 ft. ceiling 500 sq. ft. SURFACES: ceiling and wall can be unfinished floor should be exposed concrete for durability LIGHTING: overhead fluorescent lights - 30fc ACOUSTICS: walls should be insulated to prevent noise transmission into other areas VENTILATION: ventilation comes from large doors that are open for possible long periods of time FURNISHINGSEQUIPMENT: large (15' x 20') rolltop door open to the outside pushcarts and dollys ORIENTATION: located at back or side of auditorium building should be near prop storage and workshop FUNCTION: area for receiving or delivering props, scenery, and supplies for productions 119 FACILITY: Lecture Hall Seating NO. OF OCCUPANTS: capacity is 500 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: fan shaped area that focuses on stage high ceiling to allow for proper sound reflection 15-20 ft. ceiling 5,000 sq. ft. SURFACES: (See Auditorium) LIGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATION: FURNISHlNGSeXIIPMEMT: 500 individual fixed seats ORIENTATION: seats should be arranged so that there is clear unbostructed vision from all seasts to the stage, accessed from main foyer through lobby emergency exits located by stage sides FUNCTION: area for people to listen and watch speakers or small theatrical performances 120 FACILITY: Lecture Stage NO. OF OCCUPANTS: usually one, but could accomodate up to 10 actors PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: area divided by stage opening (proscenium) two-thirds of stage is behind proscenium backstage ceiling height - 20 ft 800 sq. ft. SURFACES: stage floor is hard, durable material but semi-decorative (tile, wood, etc.) backstage walls and ceiling can be unfinished LIGHTING: spotlights and theatrical lights are located behind proscenium and in the ceiling above the seating area of the lecture hall ACOUSTICS: stage curtain and movable partitions in backstage area help keep sound in audience area VENTILATION: provided by seating area primarily FURNISHINGSEQUIPMENT: large projection screen stage curtain grid system in backstage ceiling for backdoors, screen, and lights storage room for equipment and props lecturn for speakers ORIENTATION: directly in front of lecture hall seating backstage area adjacent to dressing rooms FUNCTION: area for speakers or actors to perform 121 FACILITY: Dressing Rooms (4) NO. OF OCCUPANTS: 1 or 2 in each PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: (See Auditorium Dressing Rooms) SURFACE: UGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATIONS: FURNISHINGS^QUIPMENrr: ORIENTATION: should all be adjacent to backstage area FUNCTION: dressing and preparation rooms for speakers and actors 122 FACILITY: Projection Room NO. OF OCCUPANTS: usually 1 or 2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: wide but narrow area behind back wall of lecture hall 8 ft. ceiling 200 sq. ft. SURFACES: 4 small windows facing stage (see auditorium projection room) LIGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATION: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT: projection equipment audio equipment ORIENTATION: Located behind the audience and a little above so projections will not be obstructed FUNCTION: room for projection and sound equipment to assist lectures or performances 123 FACILITY: Lecture Hall Lobby NO.OFOCCUPAMTS: up to 500 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: floor space should be large and open enough to allow free movement within 10 ft. ceiling 1000 sq.ft. SURFACES: hard, durable, semi-decorative materials to impress occupants but to stand much use LIGHTING: medium light levels form decorative fixtures -30fc ACOUSTICS: floor and ceiling should be sound absorbant because of possible high noise levels VENTILATION: possible heavy smoking so good ventilation important air change - .4 CFM/sq.ft FURNISHINGSEQUIPMEMT: seating surfaces for about 50 people 2 water fountains ORIENTATION: should be between main foyer and lecture hall hallway to one side should lead to dressing rooms FUNCTION: area for waiting and socializing before and after a lecture or performance 124 FACILITY: Restaurant Eating Area NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 300 in groups no larger than 6 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: large open aera subdivided by half walls, partitions, and railings various level changes and ceiling heights provide psychological divisions average ceiling height - 9ft. 4000 sq. ft. SURFACES: walls and ceiling are various decorative materials to create a certain mood and to express a theme floor shoud be soft material but easy-to-clean LIGHTING: low light levels to create a comfortable and relaxing mood -10fc ACOUSTICS: floor and ceiling should be semi-sound absorbant to keep down noise levels although this is usually not a problem VENTILATION: some smoking present so ventilation important air change -15 CFM/person FURNISHINGSEQUIPMENfT: various sizes of tables and booths to seat groups of 2 to 6 chairs and booth benches intercom system for music and announcements ORIENTATION: adjacent to main foyer of complex kitchen, bar, and banquet rooms also adjacent FUNCTION: place for eating, drinking, and socializing 125 FACILITY: Bar/Waiting Area NO. OF OCCUPANTS: 5060 people PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: open floor space to allow for various arrangments of furniture and seating bar area raised slightly above waiting area ceiling height varies - Average is 9 ft. 800 sq. ft. SURFACES: (see eating area) LIGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATION: probable heavy smoking so ventilation is important ceiling fans preferred for air circulation air change -15 CFM/person FURNISHINGSEQUIPMENT: Bar with liquor shelves, keg stands, drink dispensers, glass holders, cash register bar stools and high tables lounge chairs and low tables coat check area television and jukebox hostess stand ORIENTATION: adjacent to main eating area and kitchen main entrance into restaurant is in this area FUNCTION: are for relaxation, drinking, and socializing while possibly waiting for a table in the main eating area bar area is for drink preparation 126 FACILITY: Banquet Room NO. OF OCCU PANTS: up to 150 in groups of 8 or larger PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: Combination of 4 rooms connected by a central hall Each room is open enough to allow various arrangements of tables to accomodate any size group 9 ft. ceiling 1800sq. ft. total SURFACES: (see main eating area) LIGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATION: FURNISHINGS^EQUIPMEMT: large tables capable of various arrangements dinning chairs ORIENTATION: adjacent to main eating area and kitchen FUNCTION: eating area for large groups of people or parties 127 FACILITY: Restaurant Restrooms (Mens & Womens) NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 6 in each PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: 200 sq. ft. each (see foyer restrooms) SURFACES: LIGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATION: FURNISHINGSEQUIPMENT: 3 lavatories each 3 urinals, 3 water closets (mens) 6 water closets (womens) ORIENTATION: should be adjacent to main eating area and bar area FUNCTION: self explanatory 128 FACILITY: Restaurant Kitchen NO. OF OCCUPANTS: 10-15 cooks and helpers PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: large open floor space to alloq for easy placement of kitchen equipment and free movement around them 8 ft. ceiling 2000 sq. ft. SURFACES: smooth, light colored walls and floor that are heat and moisture resistant as well as easy-to-clean large quantity of stainless steel surfaces LIGHTING: fairly bright - 70fc ACOUSTICS: walls between kitchen and eating areas should be insulated to prevent noise from leaving VENTILATION: exhaust fans required to expel odors and steam air change - 4 CFM/sq. ft. FURNISHINGSEQUIPMEM": required kitchen units and storage facilities swinging doors into eating areas restroom for cooks -1 lavatory and water closet ORIENTATION: adjacent to banquet area, bar, and main eating area food delivery in back of kitchen FUNCTION: preparation of food for restaurant 129 FACILITY: Amphitheatre NO. OF OCCUPANTS: capacity is 1500 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: large fan shaped area - approx. 1/3 bowl focuses on outdoor stage no roof structure - open to sky 12,000 sq.ft. SURFACES: tough, weather-resistant material used for seating and steps (concrete, etc) should be at least semi-moisture absorbant so it will not be slipper when wet LIGHTING: primary use is during the day so natural light is major source lights for night use as well as spotlights and theatrical lights are located in towers beside and behind the seating area ACOUSTICS: a barrier of trees is neccessary behind and beside the seating area to keep sound in the amphitheatre and keep noise out VENTILATION: provided by air currents outside FURNISHINGSEQUIPMENT: 4 light towers - 2 behind seating and one on each side benches to seat 1500 ORIENTATION: amphitheatre should be situated so that late evening sun will not be discomforting to audience or performers should be located outside of auditorium so that dressing and storage facilities can be shared 130 FUNCTION: outdoor seating area for people to watch and listen to plays, concerts, or speakers 131 FACILITY: Outdoor Stage NO. OF OCCUPANTS: from one speaker to a theatrical production or a band PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: large open area with an eliptical front 1/3 of stage is covered - 30 ft. high awning 1000 sq.ft. SURFACES: tough, weather-resistant materials for stage and awning stage floor should be moisture absorbant so it will not be slipper when wet LIGHTING: natural light during the day light from towers and projection room during night performances ACOUSTICS: awning and partitions along sides of stage help project sound into audience VENTILATION: provided by outside air currents FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT: dressing rooms, green rooms, workshops, and storage to be shared with auditorium ORIENTATION: hidden doors connect stage with backstage facilities stage is directly In front of seating are FUNCTION: area for outdoor performances, speeches, concerts 132 FACILITY: Projection Room NO. OF OCCUPANTS: 5-10 workers PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: 300 sq. ft. (see auditorium projection room) SURFACES: LIGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATION: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENTT: ORIENTATION: located in a structure behind and slightly above auditorium seating but in front of barrier of trees FUNCTION: room for projection, audio equipment and lights relating to outdoor performances 133 FACILITY: Outdoor Restrooms (Mens & Womens) NO. OF OCCUPANTS: up to 12 in each PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: SIZE: 250 sq. ft. each (see foyer restrooms) SURFACES: LIGHTING: ACOUSTICS: VENTILATION: FURNISHINGS^QUIPMENTT: 6 lavatories each 6 urinals, 6 water closets (mens) 12 water closets (womens) ORIENTATION: located behind projection booth in same structure FUNCTION: self explanatory Systems Performance Criteria 135 LIGHTING The following are lighting recommendations from M^ghanigal ^nd Min, Footcandles Exhibitions 30 Entrance Foyers 30 Restrooms 30 Meeting Rooms 30 Offices 70 Concession Areas 50 Storage (active) 20 Storage (inactive) 1 Auditoriums (during performance) .1 Auditoriums (during intermission) 5 Lobbys 20 Workshops 100 Delivery/Service Areas 20 Restaurant 10 Commercial Kitchen 70 Stairs, Hallways 20 Outside Pedestrian Areas 5 Parking 1 Areas such as the auditorium, lecture room and meeting rooms should have lights controlled by dimmer switches to accommodate performances or visual aids such as movies or slide shows. Natural lighting should be used in the foyer, lobbies, exhibition areas, and offices. Shading techniques should be employed, though, to reduce direct glare inside the areas. Special theatrical lights such as spotlights and floodlights will be required for the stage in the auditorium. They should be located behind the proscenium, in the auditorium ceiling and in the projection room. Light towers located behind and around the amphitheatre seating is required for theatrical lights for outdoor performances. Lights will also be located underneath the outdoor stage awning. 136 ACOUSTICS The auditorium is the primary target for acoustical consideration. This includes lecture rooms and amphitheatres, too. Special acoustic treatment makes these spaces harder to design. Particular attention must be made to the layout and shape of the floor, walls, ceiling, and seeting arrangment in each of these areas. There must be a correct mix and placement of hard, sound-reflecting materials and soft, sound absorbing materials, so the surfaces of the floor, seats, side walls, back wall, and ceiling should be determined carefully. Since there are no walls or ceiling in an amphitheatre, trees can be used to keep sound from escaping and to distribute it to all seats. The following chart shows the optimumum reverberation for auditoriums and similar facilities. From Time Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data. O 2 _oe 2 O 2 2 a* 2 6 2a 3 3 3 *» lTu«OiCAt_ - OWCHtC STW A , C^OWuS C » OP S'TM^wON'r ftfsiTIC" wOnK9) sec U I- AN CMOMAU WOHKS I I I MlHMpMIHNHt O^E"A J I t I 1111 mtf••••••••« D co^slTc^^^o«A»v o«cpie»T«Au WO«KS. »ECtTAt_ a cHiAM»e« MUSIC 2 111 •MMIIHfHMl" < < * • < I I j : Ml - CL. ASSiC AL." CONCCWT'S • C_M_OjtAi. a<«OUPS. USIIMO S0UP40 SVSTCK TOuMiNtO •»»OA'OWAT* MUSICAI. COMCO'CS. O^K^CTTAS. OiUBE^T tt SUUL.•VA^ I 11(1 iniMMMMpMi I '^ANCC" BAMOS. CTC WSiNO SOUND SVSTCK I I t I I I >f ill••••l ( I CMuWCwCS I C AT.-IE D« A L S MMMMipHMIIIHl z OCMCMAU Pun^CSC AUOlTOniUMS Optimvn ramrbaratien (SOO-IOOO Hi) for audiferiumt and iiniilor laeilili** 137 The following diagrams are typical arrangments that are condusive to proper sound distribution in amphitheatres, meeting rooms, and auditoriums. (Fmm Timpr .qflvftr Standard-*; fnr Architectural Design Data.) n9 minimizst oudisncs ottsnuafion \ \ A Mvnd-ratUcMng ceiling rainiorcai th* direct Mund !• th« audianc* Uniform diitribution of rofUclod Mund can b* aiiurad by prepar cailing datign 138 Sound absorption is just as important if not more important than sound reflection. Walls should be properiy constructed and insulated with sound absorbant material to prevent sound from escaping or intruding in an area. The ability of a material in a room to absorb sound will reduce unnecessary or continued sound reverberation. The following chart from Architectural Graphic .g;t;^n^fl''^^ shows the need for sound absorption in various areas. It expresses that most areas require a sound-absorbant ceiling except auditoriums where the ceiling reflects the sound to all areas of the audience. The following page contains a chart that supplies the absorption coefficients of various materials and furnishings that would aid in the selection of surfaces. .BSORPTION IN COMMON OCCUPANCIES (1) CE LINS NRC RANGE |3) WALL >ANCV FULL PARTIAL |2) 0.60-0.75 OVER 0.7S TREATMENT (4) SPECIAL |5) :hurctMi, thaatan, actura halls, radio, T.V. studios, ipaech • m Sfnantary • • >ilaga • • • tchans • businass 1 • • lobbws • • iranas. and racraa- • • • tiant room • • • iipmant rooms • mfaranca rooms • Small • Larga • • •n • • • • 1— • • dustrial tfK>ps, • • • imarcial shops • It should ba assumed in tha use of this table that (NRC). The NRC is a good means of comparing the whenever sound absorbing treatment is not racom- performance characteristics of similar products. Its eonaarvativa "rula of thumb" reeom- mended, a hard, sound reflaaing finish tfiould ba 4. Wall treatment is advisable in addition to ceiling for tha usa of absorption in common used. treatment for the reduction of reflections, flutter, 3. NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT: An arith or echo. This treatment will further reduce noise and control revert)eration. ir of tha cailing should ba traatad with metic average of sound absorption coefficients of the four middle frequencies (250, 500, 1000, and 5. For highly complex applications, consult an acous Id reflacting finish, such as densa (not tical engineer. I plastar, solid wood, or gypsum board. 2000 Hz) is called the Noise Reduction Coefficient 139 Abtorpllen co.fflcUnt. of common building motorialt and futnithlng. in making CoefficientM fi>r proprietary materiaU ar, availabU /nm. r""^'^S!!r~-^?J!^'*!l!ji^S^ rJlrljIr^nnliUrulations ami in comparing tk» pT/orvunte ofvarwu maiervUM. AbmpHan Co»tlkl»nH (H*l 300 1000 2000 4000 Mat»rial$ 12S 2M 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 ao7 Brick, unglaied 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Brick, unglozed, painted 0.01 0.15 0.35 0.60 0.65 Corpet, heavy, on concrole 0.03 0.06 0.55 0.70 0.70 0.70 Same on 40 oz hoirfalt or laam rubber 0.10 0.35 Same, with impermeable latex backing 0.40 0.50 0.60 on 40 oz hairfelt or foam rubber 0.10 0.35 0.40 0.07 0.09 0.08 Concrete block, painted 0.10 0.0S 0.06 Fabnci Light velour, 10 oz per yd' hung 0.11 0.17 0.25 0.35 straight, in contact with waH 0.03 0.04 Medium velour, 14 oz per yd' draped 0.50 0.65 0.70 0.70 to half area 0.07 0.30 Heavy velour, 18 oz per yd' draped 0.70 0.75 0.80 to half orea 0.14 0.35 0.55 Heavy cotton flannel, 14 oz per yd* 0.60 0.75 0.90 hung flat 6' away from wall 0.35 0.55 0.65 Floori 0.03 0.02 Concrete, terra zzo, marble or ceramic tile 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 Linoleum, asphalt, rubber, vinyl, or cork 0.03 0.02 tile on cor>crete 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.07 Wood on joists 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.06 Wood parquet in asphalt on concrete 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 Glass Large pones of heavy plate glass 0.15 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 Ordinary window glass 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.03 Gypsum board, H in. nailed to 0.09 2 X 4'> 16 in. o.c 0.30 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.07 Openings Proscenium, overage, curtain open 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.35 Under-bakony, upholstered seats 0.35 0.45 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.65 Plaster, gypsum or lime on tile or brick 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 on lath 0.14 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 suspended 0.20 0.13 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 Plywood panelling, H in. 0.38 0.33 0.17 0.09 0.10 0.11 Air at S0% R.H. sabins pw 1000 ft* 0.? 3.9 7.4 metric sabins pt 100 m' 0.29 0.96 2.44 Absorption Ceeffleienti for Audience and Seoting* (Hwt 133 330 300 lOOO 3000 4000 Audience, seated in upholstered seats 0.39 0.57 0.80 0.94 0.93 0.87 Unoccupied cloth-covered upholstered seats 0.19 0.37 0.36 0.67 0.61 0.39 Unoccupied plostic-covered upholstered seaH 0.35 0.45 0.50 0.35 0.30 0.40 Unoccupied wooden pews with cushions 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.45 0.43 0.43 Unoccupied metal or wood seats, or pews 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.07 'Audience area mu*t be calculated to include an edge effect equal in area to a strip Ai m wide far each aiele bordering the seating. No edge effect i$ added wliere eeating abutt a wall or balcony front 140 VENTILATION All interior areas of the civic center will be properiy heated and air-conditioned and special consideration to ventilation will be given to areas with heavy smoking. (Such as lobbies, restrooms, and meeting rooms.) The temperature and freshness of the air is important to areas such as auditoriums to keep the audience comfortable throughout the entire performance. The following are the required air changes for various areas. The formula for air changes is (60 x CFM/person) / volume of the space. SPACE NO. CF AIR CHANGES PER HOUR Main Foyer 1 Meeting Rooms 7.5 Offices 1 Restrooms 3 Auditorium 2 Lobbies •" Restaurant ^-^ Commercial Kitchen io Dressing Rooms 2 Workshops 2 Exhibition Space •'•^ 141 STRUCTURE Several of the spaces in the civic center have large, open floor areas to accommodate many people and /or funishings. These large areas would include the convention hall, the main foyer, the auditorium and lecture hall, and their lobbies. The convention hall, auditorium and lecture room cannot have columns in the open spaces because important site lines would be interfered with. For this reason, the supporting structure would need to be located in the surrounding walls. This creates extremely large roof spans which can be accomplished with open-web joists or concrete beams. The main foyer and the various-large lobbies can use columns on the interior of the space to help with large spans. EXITS Since the civic center is a public facility, exits are very important in case of an emergency. Since many of the areas in the civic center are occupied by a great number of patrons, the proper amount of emergency exits must be carefully considered. All public assembly areas are required to have a minimum of 2 emergency exits other than the entrances/exits to the facilities if there are more than 50 occupants. Office areas are required to have a minimum of 2 emergency exits if the occupancy exceeds 30. 142 THEATRE The design of the interior of an auditorium, amphitheatre, or lecture room is very important to proper sound distribution. The following pages are design considerations and standards for theatres. From Architectural graphic StaPQlardS. Time Saver Standards for Building Tvoes. and HmS Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data. Bad Good sittiig liM miH. of flat rakt maiimHm raki NitliOMt steps 1 in 10 143 THEATER DESIGN CRITERIA SCREEN PROJECTION The planning of seating areas in places of assembly • The minimum distance between the fint row and tha should involva tha following considerations: screen {D,) is determined by the maximum allow able angle between the sightlirte from tfw first row to 1. EFFICIENCY.; Tha floor sres efficiency in square the top of the screen and ttie perpendicular to tha feet per seat is a function of the row spacing, tha screen at that point. A maximum angle of 30 to 35* average chair width, and the space allocation par is recommended. seat for aisles. See following pages for further discus • The maximum distance between the screen and tfie sion of these factors. most distant viewer (MOV) should not exceed eight times the height of the screen image. An MOV two Efficiency (F) - seat factor + aisle factor to three times the screen width is preferred. W.T IT 1 • Screen width (W) is determined by the use of tha F (sq ft/seat) + 777 » ;:— appropriate aspect ratio between the screen image 144 144 Savg width and height. where W, ' average seat width (in.) • Curvature of screens may reduce the amount of T = row to row spacing (tread) (in.) apparent distortion for a larger audience area. Curva CQUAI. I = average aisle width (in.) (42 in. width ture of larger screens may help to keep the whole of 30' TO is typical) the image in focus and may provide a more uniform Savg ' average number of seats in a row par distribution of luminance. eCREEN PROJECTION single aisle: 8 or fewer-inefficient layout; 14 to 16-maximum efficiency ZERO ENCIRCLEMENT (multiple aisle seating); 18 to 50 and (PROSCENIUM STAGE. PICTURE more—continental seating. FRAME STAGE. END STAGE) 2. CAPACITY AND AUDIENCE AREA: Audience • The angle of audience spread in front of a masking area * capacity x efficiency. frame is determined by the maximum size of the 3S-7S Classroom corner cutoff from a rectangularly shaped perform, 75-150 Lecture room, experimental ing area that can be tolerated by seats at the side. theatdr • Audience may not fill angle of encounter from point 150-300 Large lecture room, small of command. theater • Audience farthest from performing area. 300-750 Average drama theater m educational setting • Large range in choice of size of performing area. 750-1500 Small commercial theater, • Provisions for a large amount of scenic wall surfaces repertory theater, recital hall without masking sightlinet. 1500-2000 Medium large theater, large • Horizontal movement of scenery typically made in commercial theater both perpendicularly and parallel to centerline. 2000-3000 Average civic theetcr, concert • Possibility of short differerKes in arrival time be hall, multiple use hall tween direct and reflected sound at the spectator. 3000-6000 Very large auditorium This may be beneficial to music performances. Over 6000 Special assembly facilities 3. PERFORMING ^REA (not including adjacent 90°TO 130° ENCIRCLEMENT support area) (sq ft): (PICTORIAL OPEN STAGE. WIDE FAN. HYBRID. THRUST STAGE) IXINIMUM AVERASE MAXIkrtUM • Audience spread defined and limited by angle of Lectures 150 240 500 encounter from point of command. (single • Performing area shape trapezoidal, rhombic, or speaker) circular. Revue,, 350 450 TOO • Audience closer to performing area than with zero nightclub ertcirclement. Legitimate 250 550 1000 • Picture frame less dominant. drama • Range in choice of size of performing area. Dance 700 950 1200 • Provision for an amount of scenic wall surfaces pos Musicals, 800 1200 1800 folk opera sible without obscuring the performing area. Symphonic 1500 2000 2500 • Horizontal movement of scenery is possible in direc concerts tions at 45° to and parallel to centarlin*. Opera 1000 2500 4000 • Shape of seating area places maximum number of Pageant 2000 3500 5000 seats within the directional limits of the sound of the unaided voice, beneficial for speech performance. 4. ORIENTATION OR SEATED SPECTATOR: Head 180» TO 270» ENCIRCLEMENT strain is minimized by orienting chain or rows of chairs so that spectators face the center of action of (GREEK THEATER. PENINSULAR, the performing area. THREE-SIDED. THRUST STAGE. 5. ANGLE OF VISION OF SPECTATOR: The human 3/4 ARENA STAGE. ELIZABETHAN eye has a peripheral spraad of vision of about 130*. STAGE) This angle of view from chairs in tha front rows will • Audience spread wall beyond angle of encounter define tha outer limits of the maximum sized from point of command in order to bring audienca performing area. closer to performing area. • Simultaneous eye contact between performer and all spectators not possible. • Minimum range of choice in size of performing area. • Provision of a small amount of scenic wall surfaces 6. ANGLE OF ENCOUNTER: The angle of encountar possible without masking sightlinet. is defined by the 130* peripheral spread of vision of • Horizontal movement of scenery is possible only a single performer standing at tha "point of com perallal to centerline. mand." Patrons seated outside the spread of this • Large encirclement by audience usually demands angle will not have simultaneous eye contact with performer. Natural sound communication will also actor vomitory entrance through or under audienca. deterionte for these patrons. 360" ENCIRCLEMENT (ARENA STAGE. THEATER IN THE ROUND. ISLAND STAGE. CENTER STAGE) • Performer always seen from rear by some spectaton. • Simultaneous eye contact between performer and all spectators not possible. • Audience closest to performance. • No range of choice in size of performing area. <^^ y. DISTANCE BETWEEN PERFORMANCE AND • No scenic wall surfaces possible without ot>scuring LAST ROW OF SPECTATORS: Achievement of the view of the performing area. NOTE AF visual and sound communication is enhanced by • Horizontal movement of scenery not readily possible. OF SEAT mir.imizing this distance while satisfying the pre EQUAL n ceding parameter!. • Encirclement by audience demands actor vomitory ALL DIAGi entrance through audience area. SeO* CNCIRCCEIMENT Peter H. Frinti;Frink and BKK^M: Architecu; Philsdalphia, Psnnsylvtnie 144 SCENERY PROPERTIES ACTORS4 GRIDIRON PULLEYS 3E r \ = • (-i: I 1__, SCENERY PIECE PW, Proscenium Width PH. Proscenium Height Pin rail is located at lines gallery Plan Cross Section Rigging Diagram STAGE DIAGRAMS Advantages or dia«dv*ntag«s of stadium from viaw, will prova most aatlafaetory. Flu- without acrobatics on tha part of amataur staga housaa varaua balooniaa ara aubfacl to much orascant lighting, though officiants ia difficult handa. Funharmora, opan-air (plain-air) acenas diacuaaion. Tha baat opinion aaama to agraa to uaa bacauaa it cannot ba dimmad. Tha color raquira tha appaaranca of graat haight. Again, thM a atadlum houaa for a capacity of ovar of tha light should ba nautral though warm. a high ataga loft and an aapanaa of unimpadad 800 or 1.000 will hava a raar row of aaata too Chandaliara ara uaually conaidarad objaction- -wall apaca ara dasirabia for atoring currant far from tha ataga for "comadlaa of arrora," al abla. aata. Thia maana confining opaninga to one though aatlafaetory for apactaela plaeaa. wall If poaaibia, or, at tha most, two. It ia also Stigi Ana Spaca la tha moat vital conaidara- nacaaaary that tha ataga provide a "croaaovar," AaditoriM UfMai Tha objact of lighting in tha tion. It ia nacaaaary that tha ataga ba ao ar t.a., a paasaga for actora acrosa tha staga, auditorium la to oonoantrata attantlon upon tlw ranged that up to fiva aata can ba aat up and aithar behind tha ataga through a corridor, poa- ataga, avan bafora tha curtain goaa up. In moat atackad In auccaaaion, without baing aaan albly through tha etaga ahop, or behind the caaaa* lighta with raflactora, in covaa hiddan during tha parfo^manoa; and that thia ba dona cyclorema. Confer Aislo Continontol Stadium Typo Two Cross Aisloi No Cross Aisles One Crou Aisle Three Cross Aisles SEATING AND AISLE ARRANGEMENTS: Heavily shaded areas represent stage and seating area losses from comparative visual position in various systems. 145 SPOT BOOTH) ENTIRE WIOTH or tUOITORIUH ^eOJCCTIOM iOOTN Section Plan, convanfional fyp* of sta9« ng. I states. Hoavy dotted lina in taction of andrding ttaga indicatat variabia position of ferastaga. Cydoranu shown in con ventional staga must be flown when scenery is brought in from shop. Trapped space on conventional plan, and center position of scene wagon on encircling stage, indi cate acting areas. Scene wagons travel on tracks whose positions mutt be carefully plotted so wagons will dear cydorama and tormentors. Since one purpose of the endrding stage ii to faciGtate other productions than the usual "picture-framed" type, emphasis on proscenium as a frame should be reduced to a minimum. In the stage shop are made scenery Plan, encirding stage (wagon-type) and properties. Facilities for woodworking, metalworking, and painting, and storage space for lumber, nails, tools, canvas, and painting materials, are all needed. 146 REQD RMCDIATE Risen* CLEAR S^ ilS?'^-"^""^ AND/OR ALTERNATE CROSS AISLE CLEAR ULD '•lUL 8f>ACE AISLE S^ iJS- ^^"^ NUMBER or SEATS WIDTH AS REQO- MCCN CLEAR AISLE WIQTM '-^" ROW TO OOTAJN STAOOERINO IN MEASURE mOM SCAT rM CDOE OF CHAIR CENTER SEAT BANKS. BACK ^1" CLEARANCE / RECOI^IvlENDEO ROW SPACINO / TREAO T R STANDARDS: Cast iron, steel, riser mounted CHAIR BACKS: Plastic, molded plywood, rolled LEGAL CRITERIA: See local code for required minr- floor mounted. Also pedestal mounting using stamped metal, upholstered front, rear. Higher backs mum spacing. Codes typically stipulate a minimum 1U0US beam support or cantilevered standards. and bottom extension for icuff protection also avail clear plumbline distance measured between the un ng tablet arms usually available. able. occupied chair and the rear of the back of the chair in front. R ARMS: Upholstered fabric, wood, plastic. CHAIR SEATS: Upholstered, plywood, plastic, metal 32"-33": typical minimum for multiple aisle seating pan, coil or serpentine springs, polyurethane foam. 34"-37": typical minimum for modified continental seating 38"-42": typical minimum for continental seating COMFORT FOR THE SEATED PERSON: ^.VARIES WITH 32": knees will touch chair back; uncomfortable .RISER HEIOHT 34": minimum spacing for comfort 36": ideal spacing for maximum comfort 38" and up: audience cohesiveness may suffer EASE OF PASSAGE IN FRONT OF SEATED PERSONS: 32"-34": seated person must rise to allow passage 36"-38": some seated persons will rise 40" and up: passage in front of seated persons possible SAFETY: Excessive plumbline distance may entice exiting persons to squeeze ahead and cause lam. EFFICIENCY: Choice of minimum spacing satisfying criteria above reduces maximum distance to stage. u ^ DATUM OR CHAIR- 1 1 1 1 1 1 I" RECOMMErMDCD- FROM BACK WALL <' OR RAIL FOR CHAIR WIDTH 'T-OOR MOUNTED STANDEE -1 >- CHAIR Frink: Frink and B«uehlt: Arehitten; Ptiiladtlphii. Ptrmtylvinie 147 AUDITORIUM DIMENSIONS RULE of THUMB for SEATING AREA: Allow 7'/i sq.ft per Seat, including Aisles and Cross-overs. PrtllmUary •ttlaietaf m&y be baaed upon This IS suFFiciently accurate For preliminafy planning. the "Rule of Thumb" which la aufflclently accurate for rough sketches. Tablet. For such purposes as financing, Table 1 - Depth Dimensions (Ft.>ln.) for Various Spacing s working drawings, etc., follow method outlined in Examples A, B, C and D. Va No. Ovarall Oapth for Saat Spacing (Back-to-back) of: riations between the two methods are Row* 32" 33* 34" 33* 34" 37- 38- 39" 40" 41" to be expected. 1 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 3-0 3- 1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 2 5-4 5-6 5-8 5-10 6-0 6- 2 6- 4 6-6 6-8 6-10 3 8-0 8-3 8- 6 8- 9 9-0 9- 3 9- 6 9-9 10-0 10-3 4 10-8 11-0 11-4 11- 8 12-0 12- 4 12- 8 13-0 13-4 13-8 1-row cross-over S 13-4 13-9 14- 2 14- 7 15-0 15- 5 15-10 16-3 16-8 17- I 6 16-0 16-6 17- 0 17- 6 18-0 18- 6 19- 0 19-6 20-0 20- 6 7 18-8 19-3 19-10 20-5 21-0 21- 7 22- 2 22-9 23-4 23-11 8 21-4 22-0 22- 8 23- 4 24-0 24- 8 25- 4 26-0 26-8 27- 4 9 24-0 24-9 25- 6 26- 3 27-0 27- 9 28- 6 29-3 30-0 30-9 10 26-8 27-6 28- 4 29- 2 30-0 30-10 31- 8 32-6 33-4 34- 2 11 29-4 30-3 31- 2 32- 1 33-0 33-11 34-10 35-9 36-8 37- 7 12 32-0 33-0 34- 0 35- 0 36-0 37- 0 38- 0 39-0 40-0 41- 0 13 34-8 35-9 36-10 37-11 39-0 40- 1 41- 2 42-3 43-4 44- S 14 37-4 38-6 39- 8 40-10 42-0 43- 2 44- 4 45-6 46-8 47-10 IS 40-0 41-3 42- 6 43-9 45-0 46-3 47- 6 48-9 50-0 51- 3 16 42-8 44-0 45-4 46- 8 48-0 49- 4 50- 8 52-0 53-4 54- 8 17 45-4 46-9 48-2 49- 7 51-0 52- 5 53-10 55-3 56-8 58- 1 18 M-0 49-6 51- 0 52- 6 54-0- 55- 6 57- 0 58-6 60-0 61- 6 19 50-8 52-3 53-10 55- 5 57-0 58- 7 60- 2 61-9 63-4 64-11 20 S3-4 55-0 56- 8 58- 4 60-0 61- 8 63- 4 65-0 66-8 68- 4 21 56-0 57-9 59- 6 61- 3 63-0 64- 9 66- 6 68-3 70-0 71- 9 22 58-8 60-6 62- 4 64- 2 66-0 67-10 69- 8 71-6 73-4 75- 2 4-rowcross-ovi'r 23 61-4 63-3 65-2 67- 1 69-0 70-11 72-10 74-9 76-8 78- 7 24 64-0 66-0 68- 0 70- 0 72-0 74- 0 76- 0 78-0 80-0 82- 0 56'-5" • 2S 66-8 68-9 70-10 72-11 75-0 77- 1 79- 2 81-3 83-4 85- 5 2« 69-4 71-6 73- 8 75-10 78-0 80- 2 82- 4 84-6 86-8 88-10 27 72-0 74-3 76- 6 78-9 81-0 83- 3 85- 6 87-9 90-0 92- 3 74-8 IXAMPLI A: Oivea aadlterlaiB area = 28 77-0 79- 4 81- 8 84-0 86- 4 88" 8 91-0 93-4 95- 8 l7'-0" I S«'-S" ar 4900 + t^. ».. kaw 29 77-4 79-9 82- 2 84- 7 87-0 89- 5 91-10 94-3 96-8 99- 1 1 masy 20' taat*. 3«" back • fa • bock? 30 80-0 82-6 85-0 87- 6 90-0 92- 6 95- 0 97-6 100-0 102- 6 1 Rows: In Table I, 36" at 31 82-8 85-3 87-10 90- 5 93-0 95- 7 98- 2 100-9 103-4 105-11 1 87'-0" depth, No. rows = 29 32 85-4 88-0 90- 8 93- 4 96-0 98- 8 101- 4 104-0 106-8 109- 4 1 less cross-overs (I row at front, 4 at rear) ^ — 5 Table II - Aisle Width Rows available for seats ^ 24 Table III - Seating Capacities, Aisles: Table 11. increase in aisle Increase (in inches) width per row = 0.75": 0.75.24 = 1-32 Rows Total increasa = I'-*" Per Row of Length Min. aisle = 3'-0" See» Fire UnJar» N.Y. Cty Mai. aiii* = 4'-6" Spacing writsnCede Coda: Now 7 U 28 No. 7 14 3. Seating Scheme: Select tentative 8ack-la- 3'-er plus i'- COST ANALYSIS DATA Area for assigned spaces - 197,810 sq ft Volume for assigned spaces - 7,294,300 cu ft Efficiency ratio between assigned and unassigned space - 65/35 Area for unassigned spaces Circulation 63,438.47 sq ft Mechanical 17,445.58 sq ft Structural 22,203.46 sq ft Toilets 4,757.89 sq ft Janitor 1,585.96 sq ft Storage 1.585.96 sq ft Total 111,017.3 sq ft Gross Area = 317,192 sq ft Land Area of Site- 2,598,750 sq ft 150 COST ANALYSIS - COMPUTER DATA The building cost is the price of the structure per square foot The following expenses area based on percentages of the building cost Fixed Equipment installation - 20% Site Preparation - 2°/c Walks/terraces - 6% Walls/screens - ^% Utilities - 404 Storm Drain - 10/c Landscape - 2% Outdoor Lighting - 1 % The parking lost costs is based on the number of cars- $250 per car - 4160 cars The roadway cost is based on linear feet of roads- $50 per linear foot - 2000 feet All of the above expenses equal the construction cost The following expenses are based on percentages of the construction cost Movable Equipment - -10% Professional Fees - 7% Contingencies -10% Administrative Cost - 1% The total budget is the sum of the above expenses, the construction cost and the cost of the site 151 COST ANALYSIS (Based on Computer Analysis) Building cost - $75/sq ft $23,789,400 Fixed Equipment Installation $ 4,757,880 Site Development Site Preparation $ 475,788 Parking 1,040,000 Roadways 10,000 Walks/Terraces 1,427,364 Walls/Screens 237,894 Utilities 951,576 Storm Drain 237,894 Landscape 475,788 Outdoor Lighting 237,894 Total site development $5,094,198 Total Construction $33,641,478 Additional Expenses Site Acquisition (not applicable-land already owned by city) Movable Equipment $ 2,378,940 Professional Fees 2,354,903 Contingencies 3,364,148 Administrative Cost 336,415 Total Budget $42,075,884 Design Process frxvs: ut^oa^ ^5> S '-<='f^^/yJA7'/c:)Aj PcAZ^ ^JBC^^ ffZBo^^:^ ^C^/U:y/0<:^ TO f^cas OAJ .i^T^f^Ti^O '^ J^^^^^^/f^ss^T- xivti^ z:jeH^-fe6C3/ Pi^TT&^f^^ <:>^ ^^^Je^t4J ^^p^Oi^J^^ /^^^^O ^"^^ / €?B^I<^fJ 1=^1^ T>/E. a:?MF^^X,, Tf^E: F^UA^A AlZBAS lO CBBATE: TT2A\JBL, F>A7>is ^AJO M^BVf^C^ ^]^BA>S. 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