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4 Well-Equipped – the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support

7 Equipment Management and Strategy Directorate (P) 11 Combat Directorate (K) 17 Air Directorate (L) 25 Sea Directorate (S) 33 Land Support Directorate (U) 41 Information Technology Directorate (I) 44 Information Technology Support Directorate (G) 48 The HERKULES Special Organization (SO H) 51 Purchasing Directorate (E) 54 Quality/Logistics Directorate (Q) 57 Central Affairs Directorate (Z) 60 The Agencies of BAAINBw

19 Masthead

June 2015 · European Security & Defence 3  Organisation Well-Equipped – the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support

The procurement of defence technology is not quite as easy as private online purchasing. When dealing with the development of defence engineering, one quickly realises that military equipment must meet the highest requirements.

hat is needed is robust state-of- for decades. In part, commercially avail- of special defence materiel is necessary. Wthe-art technology which can sur- able equipment can be used, but in many This being the case, procurement of vive military operation and remain usable cases, a further or a new development such complex materiel takes time: Time in order to conceive the required technical solutions and also to test them by means of demonstrators. Not every new idea from the development departments passes the practical test at the first at- tempt. Here, realistic time schedules are indispensable. The procurement process (Photos/Graphic: BAAINBw) must be as efficient as possible. Testing and quality assurance measures must be strengthened. These are also objectives of the Bundeswehr’s reorientation.

Responsibility throughout the Entire Lifecycle In the course of the reorientation of the Bundeswehr, a new Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Informa- tion Technology and In-Service Support (Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informa- The BAAINBw buildings on the Rhine in Koblenz, including the tionstechnik und Nutzung der Bun- “Bundesbehördenhaus” deswehr – BAAINBw) was established.

FOR THE CHALLENGES AT THE HOT SPOTS OF THE WORLD.

The Lürssen shipyard is a reliable partner for the German Navy for many years. With 140 years of experience in building naval vessels we develop solutions for today’s and tomorrow’s challenges. As a result the German Navy is always perfectly equipped.

Lürssen wishes the German Navy the very best of success, whatever its international focus.

More information: +49 (0)421 6604 344 or www.luerssen-defence.com 4 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Organisation 

President Vice President Vice President Military

ZC PIZ AIN FAS Equal Equal President’s Office/ Central Occupational Opportunities Opportunities Controlling Press and Information Center Safety Officer Officer, civil Officer, military

P K L S U I G H E Q Z Equipment Combat Air Sea Land Information Information Special Purchasing* Quality/ Central Management Support Technology Technology Organization Logistics Affairs & Strategy Support HERKULES

* In parallel commissioner for the disposal of defence materiel in the BAAINBw (BVW-BAAINBw)

While, before the establishment of the in the Bundeswehr in such an integrative means of this transfer of competence and BAAINBw, the responsibility of the civil- manner. Thus, it is of utmost importance know how can the new BAAINBw per- ian Bundeswehr procurement organisa- to bring together the persons who were form its comprehensive tasks in the area tion ended with the handover of the new responsible for the individual aspects of material responsibility for operational defence materiel to the user, the new before the reorientation. With the es- maturity – from the analysis phase until procurement procedure – the amended tablishment of the BAAINBw, the Fed- condemnation – in a competent manner. CPM – focuses on a holistic considera- eral Office of Defense Technology and tion and support of the defence mate- Procurement (BWB) and the Federal Of- Capabilities of Directorates riel throughout its entire lifecycle – the fice of the Bundeswehr for Information and Agencies Complement so-called “material responsibility for op- Management and Information Technol- each other erational maturity”. This holistic under- ogy (Bundeswehr IT Office) were com- standing requires a change of thinking bined. In addition, elements of military Defence materiel expertise is pooled in in the equipment and procurement pro- offices responsible for in-service support ten directorates and one special organi- cesses in order to implement this integra- management were integrated. sation. For the implementation of arma- tive approach. And this is the BAAINBw’s This also involved the relocation of per- ments projects, there are six project di- way to go. sonnel of military offices with in-service rectorates responsible for the following With regard to the material responsibility control tasks to the BAAINBw. Hereby, areas: Combat (K), Air (L), Sea (S), Land for operational maturity, the BAAINBw is the existing knowledge of the two pre- Support (U), Information Technology (I) now confronted with a new task, which decessor offices in terms of procurement and Information Technology Support (G). – previously – had not been performed was complemented effectively. Only by The in-service support tasks taken over

FOR THE CHALLENGES AT THE HOT SPOTS OF THE WORLD.

Lürssen wishes the German Navy the very best of success, whatever its international focus.

More information: +49 (0)421 6604 344 or www.luerssen-defence.com Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 5  Organisation from the former military offices and commands are integrated into the respective Central Controlling (ZC) project directorates on a product-by-prod- The Central Controlling (ZC) is responsible for BAAINBw controlling tasks across uct basis. directorate or agency boundaries. It provides assistance to the executive group and The special organization HERKULES is re- ensures that the same controlling procedures are applied at the various directorates sponsible for the customer management within the HERKULES project, which is the and agencies. It essentially deals with the following task areas. largest IT modernisation project in Europe, The Strategic Controlling supports the BAAINBw executive group’s management and allows the Bundeswehr to be up to process, which is directed toward medium-term and long-term objectives. In princi- date in the area of administrative infor- ple, strategic objectives are defined in a structured process moderated by the Central mation technology, including theatres of Controlling. Controlling requires cooperation between managers and controllers. operation. Within the scope of Project Controlling, the Central Controlling conducts periodic The directorate “Equipment Manage- or event-related analyses and assessments regarding the progress of armaments ment and Strategy” (P) is responsible for projects and complex services (including continuous efficiency review). It monitors cross‑directorate project coordination as the entire project management cycle ranging from objectives to planning, imple- well as strategic and operations-related mentation, control and supervision as well as the preparation of project reviews. In tasks. It deals with topics of research and addition, it provides comments on project‑relevant submissions. On the basis of the technology within the scope of the Inte- assessment results, the BAAINBw executive group is provided with recommenda- grated Planning Process and the Analysis tions for action. Phase of the CPM (amended) as well as Furthermore, the Central Controlling combines the Research and Technology (R&T) the update of the current status of capa- Controlling, the BAAINBw Resources Controlling and the Agency Controlling. The bilities and the conceptual further development of the Bundeswehr IT System. Resources and Agency Controlling is based on the quantitative representation of The following directorates are in charge performance in a periodical or event-oriented reporting. The assessments and rec- of central administrative and common ommendations derived from this aim at improving the cost‑effectiveness of pro- technical‑economic tasks: Purchasing cesses and performance. (E), Quality/ Logistics (Q) and Central Af- Finally, the provision of technical support and advice to the controllers of the direc- fairs (Z). torate/ agency is also among the Central Controlling’s tasks. The office’s performance spectrum is complemented by modern test and research centres. Six Bundeswehr Technical Cent- the exploration of new technologies and ness of the German Navy and is thus a ers, two Bundeswehr Research Institutes the analysis of possibilities regarding the direct and valuable partner for the Navy and the Bundeswehr Information Tech- improvement of systems already fielded. in the theatres of operation. The liaison nology Center (Bundeswehr IT Center) The Naval Arsenal, another agency of the office in Reston/USA represents Germa- deal with the testing of defence materiel, BAAINBw, ensures the operational readi- ny’s defence technology and armaments interests vis-à-vis government organisations and industry in the United States and Canada.

Solid Basis and Continuous Adaptation The BAAINBw and its agencies are well- prepared for their challenging tasks, i.e. they are enabled to meet the new approach of holistic consideration and responsibility with regard to defence materiel. For almost two years now, the BAAINBw has successfully discharged the material responsibility for operational maturity entrusted to it. Nevertheless, opportunities for improvement still exist. To this end, the so far different processes are thoroughly analysed and possible standardisations are reviewed and implemented. Also, the (amended) CPM procurement process as a whole is subject to evaluation. One thing is for sure: This new approach – the BAAINBw’s responsibility throughout the entire lifecycle – is reasonable. The office‘s integrative responsibility and the homogenous in-service control can be a The BAAINBw buildings in Koblenz-Rauental valuable asset for the Bundeswehr. 

6 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Equipment Management and Strategy  Equipment Management and Strategy Directorate (P)

As a central technical service provider, BAAINBw is first and foremost responsible for equipping the Bundeswehr with materiel. In addition to development, testing, procurement and in-service support management of defence materiel, this task also includes purchasing commercial off-the-shelf products as well as complex services.

o meet the requirement of effective users in the procurement and in-service and experimentation (CD&E). Furthermore, Tarmed forces with technically up-to- process. the directorate is responsible for the overall date materiel, a multitude of – usually The Directorate is responsible for tasks coordination of research and technology interdependent – influencing parameters across directorates and projects, which (R&T) tasks, the provision of tools used in must be taken into consideration in a means that it exercises directive authority modelling and simulation (M&S) in the area modern equipment process. The correct (within its competence) over the project of responsibility of BAAINBw as well as pro- and appropriate handling of complex ar- divisions, yet it will not interfere with their ject-independent international armaments mament projects in the early stages was respective technical expertise. cooperation. one of the reasons why the “Equipment In addition to this management role, the The Directorate is structured into the divi- Management and Strategy Directorate” directorate performs a range of strategic sions Equipment Management and Strat- (P) was set up. In accordance with its mis- tasks for the Bundeswehr. This includes egy with in total nine branches. sion, the directorate plays a key role in coordinating the implementation of the The main responsibilities of the Division P1 the performance of project management strategies and concepts in the following “Equipment Management” include coordi- tasks. It acts as an interface between areas: Bundeswehr IT system, IT system nation and handling of BAAINBw’s activi- BAAINBw and the Bundeswehr Planning architecture, service design, network-ena- ties in the context of the Integrated Plan- Office and represents the interests of all bled operations, and concept development ning Process (IPP) and the analysis phase of (source: BAAINBw)

Working relations of Branch P1.3

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 7  Equipment Management and Strategy

the new Customer Product Management This forms the basis of a requirement man- ity of BAAINBw and includes the financial (CPM (nov.)), an advisory role for the ex- agement process throughout the entire life needs for research and development/test- ecutive groups of the BAAINBw in general cycle of the product. With its systematic ing, procurement and maintenance, pe- or prominent project matters as well as a analysis and evaluation of risks, P1.1 makes troleum, oils and lubricants, the costs for coordinating role concerning all mission- a substantial contribution to the risk man- IT and communication lines as well as all related tasks and R&T activities. agement of armament projects. existing private operator contracts for the The number and complexity of projects as further development of the Bundeswehr. Integrated Planning Process well as the new tasks during the in-service In this process, all financial requirements phase necessitate resources at the execu- of all ongoing armaments projects are as- Within the Integrated Planning Process, the tive level that can provide information at sessed, from the analysis phase through Bundeswehr Planning Office is responsible any time on the current armaments, IT and postdesign services to changes of already for the capability state and derives capability in-service use situation, with a focus on ap- introduced products. gaps from it. If these gaps are to be closed by proximately 100 programmes relevant to Branch P1.3 “Coordination and Control materiel solutions, Branch P1.1 as the main the executive level. Branch P1.2 performs of Operational Demands” is primarily re- interface with the Bundeswehr Planning Of- this task by summarizing and evaluating sponsible for the coordination and control fice contributes the technical and economic important information from the project di- of mission-related information, the pro- know-how of BAAINBw to the initiatives rectorates for the BAAINBw executive level. curement of mission-essential and urgent and to the preparation process of the “Ca- Current lessons learned from operations demands, and the evaluation of lessons pability Gap and Functional Requirement” are also used for this purpose. A future- learned with defence materiel in Bun- (FFF for short) in the first stage of the analysis oriented view of projects is essential. This is deswehr operations abroad. phase within the procurement process. To achieved by risk management in particular. P1.3 also coordinates the deployment of this end, lessons learned in own projects, In the framework of the new armaments “BAAINBw specialist personnel partici- system contexts, knowledge about com- process, the project council, headed by pating in operations”. Before leaving for mercially available services and products the BAAINBw Director-General, was in- a mission, this staff is introduced to cur- as well as about those that are still being troduced. The project council decides on rent projects by various project teams and developed, findings from defence research, the way forward when problems occur in technical centres or research institutes and international armaments cooperation, op- the projects and calls project reviews as is prepared for the main challenges that erations and in-service use are all taken into required, which are held by the project defence materiel faces in the area of op- account. To the extent permitted by contract managers under the control of the Direc- erations. law, technical expertise from the economic torate P. The resources for this control func- and industrial sector is considered as well. tion are provided by Branch P1.2, whereas Major Areas of Responsibility Branch P1.1 covers the performance dimen- other BAAINBw branches contribute other sions land, air/space, sea, cyber as well as resources depending on the task to be ac- Since defence materiel for operations was the capability domains reconnaissance, complished. often introduced via the “urgent opera- command and control, effectiveness, and tional requirement” procedure – in future support. It also evaluates feasibility concern- Planning Input for Financial via the “fast-track initiative for operations” ing time, cost, and technology. Thus, the Requirements – with a challenging timeline, more infor- Bundeswehr Planning Office is supported mation is needed about the lessons learned right from the start of the procurement pro- For the purpose of financial requirements in the use of this materiel in operations. This cess in order to be able to determine rel- analysis, Division P1 collects, documents need is covered by the specialist personnel evant data of a future project over the entire and evaluates all BAAINBw contributions. participating in operations. The results thus period from creation through in-service use The planning input for the financial require- obtained are made available to BAAINBw’s to disposal and to include the findings in the ments forms the basis of all financial titles project work and to the armaments, IT, and decision-making process. managed under the primary responsibil- in-service use situation by P1.3. As far as

Force protection is our mission Logistic vehicles Protection systems Tactical vehicles Command and control Air defence systems Electro-optical components Weapons and ammunition Simulation and training Infantry systems

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8 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015

A0180e0615_Survivor Vingtaqs_420x99.indd 1 07.05.15 11:47 Equipment Management and Strategy 

the temporary task of redeployment from and concepts for the Bundeswehr IT sys- functional chains within the overall “Sys- Afghanistan is concerned, BAAINBw also tem, network-enabled operations, cyber tem Bundeswehr”. has a coordinating role (point of contact, defence, CD&E as well as modelling and Another task of this branch is to advise POC). simulation tools in the BAAINBw’s area of the directorates on methods in all matters The second major area of responsibil- responsibility. It coordinates international concerning architecture production and ity is the coordination and control of the cooperation. development as well as to represent the “fast-track initiative for operations” in ac- method and the architecture tool to others cordance with the CPM (nov.) across all IT Strategy (such as the Bundeswehr Planning Office project directorates and technical centres or major organisational areas). The defined of BAAINBw. As soon as responsibility is The IT strategy of the FMoD states that aim of the IT strategy of the FMoD is that transferred to this branch, it coordinates the “architecture method” for the Bun- all IT projects of the Bundeswehr are based and monitors all activities. This applies to deswehr IT system is to be applied to the on a service-oriented architecture. These both technical tasks and necessary con- ascertainment and satisfaction of de- IT services are to be made available on a tractual activities. Monitoring this process mands. While the operational architec- shared IT platform. is of major importance due to the urgency ture is to be prepared by the armed forces, BranchP2.2 “Service Design and Strategy” of operational requirements and the tight BAAINBw is tasked with the elaboration is the Bundeswehr service designer whose schedule involved. of system architecture and the technical task it is to integrate these IT services into Branch P1.4 supports the Director P in as- architecture for all performance dimen- the service design of the Bundeswehr IT suming responsibility for the coordination sions and capability domains. Branch P2.1 system. To this end, the Bundeswehr ser- of all R&T activities of BAAINBw and its “Bundeswehr IT System, Architectures vice designer uses specifically designed IT subordinate agencies. To achieve a fo- and Interoperability” acts as IT system ar- service management processes and IT ser- cused, efficient and effective performance chitect and is as such responsible for the vice descriptions in order to identify new IT of defence research and technology activi- development of the overall architecture of services and adapt existing IT services. This ties, Branch P1.4 closely cooperates with the Bundeswehr IT system. On the basis results in individual specifications for the the points of contact in the directorates of guidelines, which are harmonised with respective projects. The shared IT platform of BAAINBw who are responsible for R&T the Bundeswehr Planning Office, regard- thus also is a network within the IT services. tasks and the different fields of R&T in ing syntax, semantics and tools for the de- As such, it is defined and developed further BAAINBw and its agencies, and it does so velopment and processing of the architec- by the service designer. The IT service port- without interference in their responsibilities ture, specific architectures are prepared by folio management for the Bundeswehr IT in the technical field. In this process, special the projects to highlight cross-project sys- system, which includes the management of consideration is given to new conceptual tem contexts with little effort. The current all planned, active and deactivated IT ser- guidelines, derived from the Bundeswehr status is documented continuously and vices, is performed centrally for the IT Sys- Planning Office’s capability analysis, the consistently. This facilitates the evaluation tem Bundeswehr by Branch P2.2. There is developing link between security and de- of capability requirements of fielded prod- a high level of interaction between service fence research, and the internationalisation ucts and products in the process of being design and IT service portfolio manage- of R&T, particularly in Europe. In this con- fielded in the context of the overall tech- ment in this process. In future, BAAINBw text, it is important to develop a common nical system and results can thus be used projects that are related to IT will be part understanding with the Bundeswehr Plan- by the Bundeswehr Planning Office in the of the IT service management processes of ning Office on how to provide the right preparation of FFF/FFF(S). The expected re- the Bundeswehr IT system. The IT service R&T results in a timely manner for decision- sult is a better integration of new materiel management processes required for equip- making within the CPM (nov.). procurement solutions in the Bundeswehr ment and in-service use are intended to Division P2 “Strategy” performs long- procurement system. In the long term, this complement the existing processes, such term work across different areas and co- also means a transition from Bundeswehr as the Integrated Planning Process (IPP) and ordinates the implementation of strategies IT system architectures to operational and the CPM. These processes, too, are pre-

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Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 9

A0180e0615_Survivor Vingtaqs_420x99.indd 1 07.05.15 11:47 of employees more effective and efficient. (source: BAAINBw) This includes both shaping the boundary conditions, such as conceptual fundamen- tals, personnel and organisational aspects, training and even the actual IT support, and solving problems directly in daily routine operation. The knowledge management centre of Branch P2.3 currently deals with a number of platforms, for example wikis, sharepoint solutions, and the intranet of BAAINBw.

International Cooperation

Branch P2.4“International Cooperation” Main R&T activities in the field of M&S coordinates and controls for all directorates the international cooperation in in- pared by Branch P2.2 and integrated into centre together coordinate BAAINBw’s terdisciplinary, project-independent de- BAAINBw’s processes. contribution to CD&E projects that lie fence technology cooperation within the Selected strategic in-service use topics are within the responsibility of the Bun- area of responsibility of BAAINBw as well coordinated centrally for BAAINBw, which deswehr Planning Office. Currently, the as the German spokesmen and delegates is to say that the branch is a central point following national CD&E projects are of BAAINBw in international bodies. Im- of contact for the FMoD. In contrast to ser- supported: “situation in the information portant tasks are, amongst others, the vice design or portfolio management, the environment”, “Bundeswehr-wide setup management of ITOPs (International Test range of topics is not limited to the Bun- of network-enabled operations”, “initial deswehr IT system. operations”, and “air surface integration”. Operating Procedures) and the consolida- At the multinational level, the US project tion of Test- and Evaluation (T&E) capacities on the European level by means of DTEB Implementation series “Multinational Capability Develop- ment Campaign” (MCDC) is supported. (Defense Test and Evaluation Database). In Branch P2.3“Concept Development and This means that the focus is on operations its role as the central point of contact for Experimentation (CD&E), Tools of Model- and network-enabled operations. The all matters concerning OCCAR (Organisa- ling and Simulation (M&S) and Knowledge aim of participation in the CD&E process tion Conjointe de Coopération en Matière Management” pursues the implementa- is to obtain knowledge about project de- d’Armement) and EDA (European Defence tion of the appropriate rules in the Bun- velopment in concrete terms and to sup- Agency), the branch is able to represent deswehr concept and the subconcepts port experimental projects with resources German interests regarding the restruc- through the creation of a common arma- from the project directorates, the technical turing and improvement of the European ments modelling and simulation landscape. centres, the research institutes as well as test environment within international ar- The integration into a test environment the Bundeswehr Information Technology maments cooperation. The branch is also allows for quick and effective testing of Center (Bundeswehr IT Center). The branch the German point of contact for the US technical or technological solutions. The is also the point of contact for industry to Foreign Comparative Testing Program: VInteL1 system demonstrator is used to re- submit conceptual ideas. This ensures that Branch P2.4 communicates national posi- cord simulation systems already available in conceptual ideas from industry are dealt tions, status information, and results from many agencies and makes them available with in a legally permissible way and espe- international panels via the central appli- as a network. As a result of this project, an cially in accordance with the requirements cation “Datenbank Internationale Zusam- architecture was created that allows real of contract law and copyright law. menarbeit” (DBIZA, database international systems, simulation systems and command The terminology sector in the Bundeswehr cooperation). and control systems to be coupled reliably. seeks to achieve and maintain an unam- Supporting and coordinating visits from Moreover, first central services have be- biguous specialised vocabulary precisely in foreign delegations and organizing bilat- 2 come available that enable Fair Fight in a those areas where general definitions in eral annual programs under the auspices of distributed simulation. As far as the VIntEL the Duden dictionary cannot be used for the FMoD is another responsibility of P2.4. system demonstrator is concerned, it is a the processes in the Bundeswehr. In this In Branch P2.5, there are still on-site tasks technical agent-based simulation that uses context, BAAINBw has a responsibility for within the Bundeswehr IT system (frequen- data farming to enable a comprehensive all technical and economic terms. The par- cy management, IT training, international parameter analysis of technical and tactical ticipation of BAAINBw in nine terminology exercises, tactical data links, operational aspects. committees is coordinated together with view of the Bundeswehr IT system archi- The simulation centre, which is anchored in the terminology coordinating centre at tecture), which will be carried out until the Branch P2.3, serves as the central forum for P2.3. Branch P2.3 is itself responsible for Bundeswehr IT system control centre is able the application and use of M&S. In addition participation in the terminology commit- to take over these tasks.  to the provision of advice on the further de- tees “command and control support” and velopment of simulation infrastructure for “missions and conduct of operations”. 1 Verteilte Integrierte Erprobungs-Landschaft (VIntEL – network-enabled simulation experiments, The knowledge management centre aims distributed integrated simulation environment) this also includes the coordination of stand- to make individual and public knowledge 2 Fair Fight means that two or more simulation systems in a distributed simulation environment cannot use ards with international partners. available in a quick and flexible fashion the overall system to the systematic advantage or Beyond that, Branch P2.3 and the CD&E and thus to render the knowledge cycle disadvantage of other simulation participants.

10 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Combat  Combat Directorate (K)

The BAAINBw Combat Directorate (K) is mainly responsible for Network centric operations, increasingly required by intelligent mobile platforms, weapon systems and their associated components. Projects include are handled by K1.2 under the topic “sys- main battle tanks, armoured transport vehicles and a wide range of tronics”. National and international dem- armament, air defence and artillery systems. The Combat Directorate onstrators such as the “Joint Operational Demonstrator for Advanced Applications” is also in charge of infantry and engineer systems. (JODAA) have already been presented in this context. K1.2 also manages the “Joint Fire Sup- he BAAINBw's technical expertise is K1.1 handles and coordinates all fields of port” (JFS) programme. Tsplit among four project divisions: technology in the task area. The main fo- Branch K1.3 is responsible for technical • Ground-Based Air Defence Systems cus is on protection, ground vehicles, au- safety and documentation. This includes (K3); tonomy, weapons, ammunition, missiles ensuring operational and functional • Air-/Ship-Borne Weapon Systems, An- and rockets, extended air defence and the safety of defence materiel and ammu- ti-Armour Systems (K4); soldier as a system. nition safety in particular. Projects are • Armoured Combat and Transport Sys- Study results are immediately integrat- supported by materiel documentation. tems (K5) and ed into project work and the analysis State-of-the-art technology is used in • Artillery, Infantry and Engineer Systems phase. Furthermore, K1.1 represents the the preparation of “Interactive Electronic (K6). BAAINBw in international R&T bodies. Technical Documentation” to support These four divisions are supported in the Branch K1.2 assesses systems and costs, the users. K1.3 also manages projects on performance of their tasks by the interdis- i.e. it provides system analysis during the fuse technology and initiates and con- ciplinary divisions for Economic and Tech- development of weapon systems, evalu- ducts relevant research and technology nical Affairs (K1) and Economic and Legal ates the technical and tactical system studies. The branch takes care of all cen- Affairs (K2) in the fields of project and in- performance and conducts cost-benefit tral matters of ammunition use, performs service management as well as research analyses. all interdisciplinary tasks and supervises and technology (R&T). As another main task, K1.1 models and the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Pro- The Director of the Combat Directorate is evaluates the effect of ammunition on tective and Special Technologies (WTD supported by KAS Directorate Staff and ground and air targets. In Bundeswehr 52) and the Bundeswehr Technical Center KAC Directorate Controlling. operations, particular importance is attrib- for Weapons and Ammunition (WTD 91). KAS Directorate Staff is responsible for uted to the protection of vehicles against The five branches within the division for central organisational and administrative current threats. All directorates and pro- Economic and Legal Affairs (K2) are in matters relating to personnel, training and jects deal with the various aspects of pro- charge of public procurement, contract future development as well as the organi- tection subsumed under the concept of management and contract award for the sational structure of the directorate. As “survivability”. Combat Directorate. These branches pre- such, KAS is the central point of contact for all members of the Combat Directorate and interfaces with the other BAAINBw directorates. As an essential element of command and control support, KAC Directorate Con- trolling determines and analyses relevant project and performance data in preparation of executive decisions. Its main responsibilities are strategic controlling, (Photo: Ralph Zwilling, Tank-Masters) project controlling, budget controlling and resource management. The Economic and Technical Affairs Di- vision (K1) supports the directorate in technical and economic matters across projects. The K1 Division Chief is responsible for planning and realising all research and technology activities in the field of ground-based weapon systems. The division is structured into three branches. Research and technology, system technology activities as well as international cooperation tasks are pooled in branch K1.1, which takes charge of these matters for the entire directorate. Among others, LEOPARD 2A7 MBT – rear view from the right

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 11  Combat

supportability plays an important role in achieving full operational readiness Interview with Brigadier of the system. This includes – among General Erich Könen, other aspects – the availability of spare Director of Directorate K parts, the conclusion of open-end repair contracts, the availability of special tools, the creation of Interactive Elec- ESD: Are the planners in charge already tronic Technical Documentation and thinking about future "heavy" combat the availability of appropriate training vehicles? assets. It was not possible to complete Könen: In the framework of Franco- this whole range of measures for the German cooperation a non-technical Army by early 2015, when the in-service study has been undertaken to analyse phase started. With the scope of as- potential future scenarios. For the time sets available by then, the Army was, after 2030 military requirements from however, at least able to start its train- an operational point of view for a Main ing activities. In addition, the necessary Ground Combat System and a Com- measures have been initiated to raise mon Indirect Fire System are being in- the degree of logistic supportability vestigated. successively until 2017. has been in the Bundeswehr inventory ESD: What developments can be ex- since 2009. ESD: Is there a need to continue with the pected regarding future indirect fire As to the PANZERHAUBITZE 2000, the procurement of the BOXER, possibly in systems? "precise tube ammunition for indirect additional variants? Könen: Experience in Afghanistan has fire, 155 mm" (PRIF) is scheduled to be Könen: On the basis of the current con- shown that today, more than ever, ar- qualified in the near future. In addition tracts the BOXER series will be complet- tillery must be able to engage targets to the inertial and GPS navigation func- ed with the delivery of the last vehicles with pinpoint accuracy while the risk of tions, a semi-active laser in combination of the version "Heavy Protected Medi- collateral damage is minimised. with a target designator guides the PRIF cal Service Vehicle" in mid-2016. By that Following this premise, the focus of projectile to the target with high preci- time, all 272 ordered vehicles will have current studies in the field of mortars sion. GPS inaccuracies can thus be elimi- been delivered to Army, Joint Support and high-angle fire weapons is on the nated. Service and Medical Service. feasibility of a Light Weapon System for In order to avoid having to use a forward The structural requirement for protected Indirect Fire. Here, the potential of devel- observer as active target designator, vehicles within the Army clearly exceeds opment lies in increasing first-round hit work is in progress on an infrared guid- the 190 armoured personnel carriers probability and responsiveness. ance system under which the projectile and command and control vehicles de- The combined use of advanced laser, autonomously homes onto a target with livered so far. Therefore, stepping up the GPS and optronic sensor technologies defined thermal signature. Although this number of both armoured personnel including the automated processing of technology has been successfully applied carriers and variants is currently the sub- sensor data gained could help signifi- in guided missiles, its use in artillery project of coordination talks. cantly reduce the process of laying the jectiles poses a technological challenge, mortar weapon – and thus the time un- given the smaller installation volume ESD: What will be the points of empha- til firing readiness is established – and available and the high launch accelera- sis in the procurement of future small could also allow more precise target en- tion forces. On the one hand, the IR sen- arms? gagement. Furthermore, possibilities of sor suite must be hardened to withstand Könen: The aim is to modernise all small weight reduction by using lighter mate- the high mechanical load, on the other arms, and in particular to improve night rials or a smaller calibre are being inves- hand it must have an adequate detec- combat capabilities. tigated. This is designed to further en- tion sensitivity in the IR range. Once a The outdated MG3 machine gun, which hance the mobility for fast gun position technical solution has been developed will be no longer logistically supportable changes and the capability of respond- and validated under these framework in the long run, is planned to be replaced ing to swiftly changing threat situations. conditions, the German Navy could use with the MG5, a weapon of the same In the case of the fielded systems such artillery ammunition with autono- calibre. Furthermore, the MG4, as a MARS, a multiple-launch rocket system, mous infrared seeker head for its 127 light machine gun, is planned to join the and PANZERHAUBITZE 2000, a self- mm naval guns on board the F125 frigate range of commonly used weapons out- propelled howitzer, the requirements for naval gunfire support. side the "Future Infantryman" concept. regarding precise target engagement As regards sniper weapons, the 8.6 mm are met by way of ammunition improve- ESD: What is the status of the PUMA x 70 calibre will be introduced for bet- ments. For the MARS system, which is project? Are still measures required to ter performance. All small arms will be equipped with the European Fire Control ensure logistic supportability? adapted to the extended task spectrum System, it is the GPS-guided missile of Könen: Apart from the technical and by means of supplementary kits. the type "GMLRS Unitary" that serves operational capabilities of the PUMA The questions were asked to meet this requirement. This missile armoured fighting vehicle, its logistic by Michael Horst.

12 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Combat  pare, conclude and manage contracts for Information Management and Information the individual projects as well as contracts (Photo: Rheinmetall) Technology (Bundeswehr IT Office), which that affect more than one project within is today the IT Directorate within the Fed- the directorate's area of responsibility. eral Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, In- This includes – as was the case in the formation Technology and In-Service Sup- past – contracts on the in-service phase port (BAAINBw). of defence materiel. The contract branches also support the projects in concluding Other Considerations national and international agreements. While these three projects increasingly Furthermore, K2 assists foreign nations gained in maturity for implementation as which bought defence materiel from the a result of the cooperation with industry, Federal Republic of Germany in conclud- additional and more comprehensive con- ing and managing contracts with Ger- siderations by the Armor School, Combat man industry. One branch of this division Development Division, led to the initiative is specialised in matters of pricing regula- “adaptation of the LEOPARD 2 MBT to tions for public contracts and in charge of operations within the entire task spec- negotiating prices with contractors. trum” of June 2006. This initiative was The project LEOPARD 2 main battle performed on the LEOPARD 2 MBT in ac- tank, which is described in the follow- cordance with the conceptual ideas of the ing, serves as an example to illustrate all tank troops. The fundamental assumption facets of a large-scale project. was that future operational scenarios are characterised by asymmetric warfare of Introduction of the LEOPARD enemy forces in an urban environment. 2A7 Main Battle Tank Based on the principle of composite land force operations, this is already the case Background The new 120 mm HE ammunition at a low level in a joint setting as well as The current main battle tank fleet of the from Rheinmetall in a multinational environment and in the Bundeswehr comprises LEOPARD 2 main most diverse intensities. battle tanks (MBTs) in the versions 2A5, sary system adaptation of the MBT in the Other than in the past, the LEOPARD 2 MBT 2A6 and 2A6M (with mine protection). context of the weapon system improve- can in future as a generally conceivable These versions were developed in the ment programmes mentioned above possibility also be employed in a complex context of the weapon system improve- since the required ammunition was not and dynamic operational environment (ur- ment programmes I and II in the nineties yet available. Furthermore, additional ban, populated terrain). Generally, the main and the mine protection improvement improvement requirements were made threat is no longer posed by enemy MBTs, programme, which started in 2000. The at a later stage and approved in order but by asymmetrically acting adversar- LEOPARD 2A5 MBT was introduced from to be able to use the MBT in the evolv- ies. They typically use hand-held antitank 1995 onwards and the versions 2A6 and ing different scenarios as well. To ensure weapons and missiles at a short distance as 2A6M from 2001 and 2004 onwards re- that the MBT can be deployed worldwide well as improvised explosive devices (IED). spectively. In the framework of these pro- and in combination with other arms and The change in potential threats led to a grammes, the LEOPARD 2 MBT was sig- services, sustainability and command and wide range of new capability requirements. nificantly improved in the fields of front control capability had to be improved. It was distinguished between upgrades re- protection (increased duel capability), Requirements included a cooling system quired for additional employment options command and control (separate thermal and a power supply unit. On the initiative (especially for duel capability) and urban imaging for the commander), combat of the tank troops, but then rightly on operations. The projects that were already (long barrel) and, at a later stage, mine the basis of an interdisciplinary approach, under way could be integrated into this re- protection. As a result of the budget situ- a command and control system was de- quirement matrix. ation, it was not possible to refit the en- signed and intended for implementation On the basis of the existing projects and the tire MBT fleet. It was possible, however, in the MBT. newer initiative, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann to create systems with a high degree of The work was performed in three sepa- GmbH & Co. KG (KMW) developed a con- logistic commonality which offered grad- rate projects. The cooling system and the cept demonstrator called LEOPARD 2 PSO ed levels of different capabilities. At that power supply unit were combined to form (Peace Support Operations). The concept time, the Bundeswehr still had, in addi- the energy and crew compartment cooling was implemented in the prototype LEO- tion to its 350 LEOPARD 2A5/A6/A6M system. The new secondary ammunition, PARD 2 PSO-VT. Specific sections of the MBTs, another 800 LEOPARD 2A4 MBTs. an HE projectile as a replacement for the prototype were subjected to intensive eval- Already very early on, an operational ca- multi-purpose ammunition, can be further uation and qualification by Bundeswehr pability requirement was made (back in divided into the round as such and the nec- agencies. However, it was then not pos- 1987) for a new secondary ammunition essary adaptations to the MBT (HE system sible to realise overall industrialisation for on the basis of a high-explosive (HE) pro- adaptation). The adaptations are neces- series production. jectile in order to be able to engage not sary in order to be able to actually use the only MBTs, but also other ground targets. capabilities of the round. The integrated Canada's MBT Loan and Return At the end of the year 2000, the required command, control and information system In 2007, the Canadian armed forces ac- operational capability (ROC) for this am- IFIS as well as its integration into the MBT quired 20 LEOPARD 2A6M MBT on a munition was approved by the Ministry. It was launched at the time as a project in loan basis for operations in southern Af- was not possible to implement the neces- the Federal Office of the Bundeswehr for ghanistan. Within a few months, the MBTs

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 13  Combat were supplied, equipped with the changes and to produce collateral damage at manufacturer is installed in the rear right- required by Canada, and deployed to Af- heavily armoured targets; hand shoulder of the hull. ghanistan. The MBTs demonstrated their • Delay contact fuse against unar- capabilities in all areas on many occasions, moured targets immediately within Integrated Command, Control and but most notably in the field of IED pro- and behind cover as well as against Information System IFIS tection. No Canadian crew member was infrastructure; The combat direction system (CDS) of the killed. While the mission was still ongoing, • Programmable, i.e. time-adjustable combat forces IFIS ensures information Canada decided to procure Dutch LEO- ignition to achieve airburst with op- supply for the command and control of PARD 2A6 surplus MBTs, have them up- timised fragment distribution pattern, combat forces. In several stages, the sys- graded to the German K status and to against unarmoured und lightly ar- tem provides the combat forces in their return those to Germany, rather than the moured targets also behind cover as command and control or combat vehicles original vehicles. Upgrading the Dutch well as against helicopters. with a mostly common command and LEOPARD 2A6 MBTs required the vehicles A data communication interface is used control equipment. to be dismantled completely, which in turn to transmit the selected mode of opera- As far as the LEOPARD 2 MBT is con- made it easier to implement other meas- tion to the fuse, and the fire control sys- cerned, the equipment will be made ures. An agreement could be reached with tem must automatically consider a higher available to the commander as a mini- Canada that allowed the planned German super elevation if airburst is selected. This mum. It was possible to equip all 20 measures to be implemented in the course requires MBT adaptations. MBTs of this upgrade with this system of this upgrading work. This formed the As far as the crew is concerned, both at the loader's position and, based on a basis for today's LEOPARD 2A7 MBT. tank commander and gunner have ac- reduced and task-related approach, the cess to operator controls with which the driver's position as well. The equipment Implementation fuse mode can be selected. The eyepiece at the loader's position means that every It was not possible, as originally intended, displays the selected mode to the gunner. vehicle can also be used as command and to make the changes defined in the pro- The maximum effective range is increased control vehicle. gramme “adaptation of LEOPARD 2 MBT to 5,000 metres, and the graticule in the For operational reasons, the user refused to operations in the entire task spectrum” auxiliary telescopic sight is changed. to have four antennas installed to trans- to the vehicles in the context of their return Another change, which is introduced si- mit voice and data radio communication; after expiry of the loan because the period multaneously with HE modification, is a Comrod antennas are used instead. of time available for return did not match new operating concept. This will be done the period that the still outstanding devel- on other vehicles as well. Most notably, Additional Measures and opment and qualification work would have this change will be felt by the tank com- Modifications required. mander, since several older controls and Since the MBT had to be dismantled to a The situation was different for the HE displays are replaced by a single com- high degree for the measures described, it system adaptation, the energy and crew mander system control panel. was also possible in this context to fit brack- compartment cooling system, and IFIS – The commander's station is now more ets as a preparatory step for the installation their planning had already been under neatly organized. The space thus gained of additional armour. Neither are the prepar- way. Final readiness for series production was necessary for the IFIS monitor inte- atory measures final, nor are the associated was not achieved in their case either, but gration. protective elements part of this upgrade. If the risk of the required remaining work required for operational reasons, it will be was assessed as low. The contracts on The Energy and Crew Compartment possible to implement these quickly because their implementation were signed ac- Cooling System the time-consuming and cost-intensive cording to a phased schedule. The purpose of the crew compartment workshare will have already been done. cooling system is to create adequate cli- What is more, obsolete parts are removed Components of the LEOPARD matic conditions in the crew compart- and deficiencies corrected as required for 2A7 MBT ment of the LEOPARD 2 MBT in order continued operational readiness. Also, to increase the crew's sustainability and measures are implemented to comply with The New HE Secondary Ammunition ensure the system's operational readi- legal requirements. and System Adaptation ness in hot or hot and humid regions. The following significant modifications are The current multi-purpose ammunition, All crew member positions in the turret planned for the LEOPARD 2A7 MBT: which has been in use practically un- feature individually adjustable cooling • PERI R17A3 Periscope changed ever since the LEOPARD 2 MBT air vents. The cooling air requirements in The 360 degree view periscope of the com- was introduced more than 30 years ago, the electronics compartment were also mander, the PERI R17, was equipped in the leaves virtually no room for improvement taken into consideration. The system is course of the weapon system improvement in terms of its effect. This observation led integrated into the turret bulge. In con- programme with a thermal imager (TIM), to the development of a new secondary nection with the new stowage concept, then designated as PERI R17A2. Manufac- ammunition (DM11), which was designed it was necessary – as a follow-on meas- turer support for this TIM device ended purely as a fragmenting HE round right ure – to completely redesign the turret several years ago and thus caused logistic from the start. bulge. problems. The thermal imager ATTICA from In technical terms, the challenge was pre- The independent power supply is to en- Cassidian is used as a replacement (R17A3). sented by the development of the fuse sure MBT operation in the highest op- The LEOPARD 2A7 MBT will be delivered with three modes of operation, as fol- erating mode without having to start with this periscope. Also, conversion work lows: the main engine. Now, a water-cooled within the troops has already begun. Initially • Nondelay contact fuse against unar- auxiliary power unit (17 kW) with a two- merely intended as a replacement, the new moured and lightly armoured targets cylinder diesel engine developed by the TIM offers a new reconnaissance quality.

14 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 • Fire Suppression System As part of the upgrade to the LEOPARD 2A5, the fire suppression system installed in version 2A4 was deactivated and uninstalled because the extremely oxidising hydraulic gun-laying system was »The German Armed Forces and AUTOFLUG: replaced by an electric system; furthermore, the use of Halon as Working side by side for the rescue and survival of our extinguishing agent was no longer allowed. After the user re- soldiers in mission. A winning model with a future – evaluated the threat situation and a replacement extinguishing THINKING SAFETY« agent became available, the fire suppression was reinstalled. • New Intercom System (ICS) The old ICS no longer complies with the ergonomic requirements of the new and more strict noise control regulation. The SOTAS IP system manufactured by Thales, already available in the BOXER ATV and the PUMA IFV, is used instead. The new radio headsets with active noise suppression also help the crew to concentrate on their tasks. The upgrade also includes an external telephone junction box at the vehicle rear, which has been a requirement for quite some time. • Optimised Vehicle Electrical System The changes made to the MBT over the years with their increasing effect on the electrical system led to an imbalance in the vehicle electrical system. Although this situation could be kept under control as a result of training and procedural information for the crew, it did no longer comply with the principle of simple operation. High-performance capacitors are now used to automatically achieve a balanced electrical system. • Reduced Carbon Monoxide Levels in the Crew Compartment When weapons with gun powder are fired, carbon monoxide gas enters the crew compartment. More strict limits made the performance of tests necessary. It was found that the carbon monoxide level is too high if the tank gun and the coaxial machine gun vent are used at the same time. Changing the fan control solved the problem. • Additional Measures The upgrade is also used to implement additional smaller measures to improve operational readiness. For example, an overpres- sure valve is fitted to the MBT, which renders the complex adjust- ment procedure of the NBC protective ventilation unnecessary.

Summary

Although the total number of MBTs that are being upgraded COOPERATION IN A SPIRIT OF TRUST (20) is significantly falling short of requirements, use was made WITH CLEAR ADVANTAGES of the unique opportunity that presented itself by the return of the MBTs used by Canada on a loan basis. The LEOPARD 2A7 MBT provides the German Army with a technically well-balanced main battle tank with significantly increased capabilities in combat, sustainability and command and control compared to the previous versions. It also offers a higher level of protection. The first LEOPARD 2A7 MBT currently undergoes development testing at the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Weapons and Ammunition (WTD 91) in Meppen. After that, operational testing will be performed by the tank battalion 203 and the School of Land Systems Engineering. Delivery of the 20 MBTs was scheduled to be completed by the end of 2014. The follow-on measures in the context of adaptation to the entire task spectrum, which had already been planned at an earlier stage, must be reassessed against the backdrop of changed pro- Economic full-service concepts for the maintenance and repair of curement procedures. rescue and safety equipment for all mission critical applications Although currently not at the focus of attention, the further de- and systems – just-in-time and around the globe for maximum velopment of MBTs with regard to ammunition, combat system, mission readiness. protection and reconnaissance means must ultimately not be ignored.  Find out more at www.autoﬂ ug.de/mil0615

THINKING SAFETY  Combat

Combat Directorate – Glossary Project managed by ... Multifunctional Fuse for Mortars and Artillery K1 Joint Fire Support K1 PATRIOT (incl. Combat Efficiency Improvement) K3 MEADS K3 SysFla Air Defence System K3 NBS C-RAM (Very Close Range Air Defence System Counter – Rocket Artillery Mortar) K3 TORNADO Precision Weapons K4 EUROFIGHTER Precision Weapons K4 FUCHS Wheeled Armoured Transport Vehicle (Product Improvement Protection) K4 90mm Effector direct/indirect Fire, Special Forces K4 MELLS Weapon Station K4 Laser Target Designation System K4 MAW TAURUS 2.1 Engagement Infrastructure Target K4 RAM Block 2 Shipborne Anti-Missile Defence System K4 ESSM Shipborne Air Defence Missile K4 Ship-to-Air Standard Missile 2 (SM 2) K4 RAM Combat Efficiency Improvement K4 IRIS-T Short Range Air-to-Air Missile K4 METEOR Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile K4 PUMA Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle (AIFV) K5 WIESEL 2 K5 BV 206 S K5 FENNEK Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle K5 BOXER Armoured Transport Vehicle (GTK) K5 120mm LEOPARD 2 Tank Gun Upgrade K5 30mm KETF (Kinetic Energy Time Fuse) Cartridge K5 30mm x 173 LS Practice Round K5 120 mm x 570 HE Cartridge K5 MLG Light Naval Gun K5 Mortar Combat System Command Vehicles K6 PzH 2000 Armoured SP Howitzer K6 MARS/MLRS GMLRS K6 Rocket Launcher Combat Efficiency Preservation K6 120mm Mortar Weapon Carrier K6 155mm HE MOD 2000 Shell K6 120mm HE Mortar Shell “NG“ K6 120mm Mortar Smoke Shell, multispectral coverage K6 120mm Mortar Flare, infrared K6 155mm Projectile (multispectral smoke) K6 FENNEK Equipment K6 Mobile GFF/GTF Weapon Station K6 Machine Gun (MG) Successor Generation K6 Equipment for Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge K6

16 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Air  Air Directorate (L)

The Air Directorate of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, personic flights etc.) are the responsibility of Branch L1.3. Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw) focuses on Branch L1.4 is responsible for tasks with- the management of all aeronautical projects. When BAAINBw in the context of type 5 materiel (= Air Force) documentation as well as materiel assumed material responsibility for operational maturity on 1 January used by other major Bundeswehr organi- 2013, in-service control tasks were assumed in addition to typical sational elements within the operational and support responsibility of the German defence procurement tasks. Air Force Chief of Staff. “Software Maintenance and Modifica- tion of Flying Weapon Systems” is the or the Directorate, this meant assum- Directorate L is well prepared for han- responsibility of Branch L1.5. Fing various tasks that had previously dling its tasks and products. Branch L1.6 reflects technical compe- been the responsibility of the Air Force. The five branches of the “Economic and tence for product families specific to With the large-scale transfer of mostly Technical Affairs” Division (L1) deal with aeronautics as well as common ground military posts from all service branches the directorate’s common and cross-pro- support and test equipment and mainte- required for this purpose, the directo- ject tasks. nance depot equipment. rate’s previous posts were doubled to Branch L1.1 is responsible for system en- The “Economic and Legal Affairs” Division approximately 700 as of today. gineering aspects as well as research and L2 consists of five branches and supports The projects managed by the Air Direc- technology activities (R&T) within the “Air projects in legal and contractual issues torate comprise important major pro- and Space Systems” task area. These are (Branches L2.1 through L2.4). It performs jects as well as equipment specific to manned and unmanned aerial platform price negotiations (Branch L2.5) within aeronautics. The spectrum covers very technologies including their avionics and the context of contract establishment agile fighter jets, transport and special integration of equipment and technolo- and administration. Moreover, Division L2 aircraft, state-of-the-art helicopter sys- gies for space applications. Moreover, supports the projects within the context of tems, unmanned aerial vehicles, tactical the branch represents BAAINBw in rel- international negotiations and agreements. UAVs and space-based reconnaissance evant international bodies such as NATO1, The five other Divisions L3 through L7 of systems as well as crew escape and pro- EDA2, ETAP3 and others. the directorate are particularly geared to tection systems, simulators and training equipment. In addition, the directorate is also responsible for the operational maturity of weapon systems in service for many years or recently introduced into service. Nearly all major projects are managed in multinational, primarily Eu- (Photo: BAAINBw L3.3) ropean partnerships and management agencies. The Air Directorate supports its associated (weapon) systems during the entire project life in accordance with the amended Customer Product Manage- ment (CPM (amd.)) procedure by means of • System-related research and technology; • Participation in the analysis phase by providing support to the Bundeswehr Planning Office, and during the realisation and in-service phases; • Management and support of all ASSTA 3.1 IDS TORNADO at the ILA 2014 manned and unmanned aircraft projects as well as flying and space-based In-service use specific aspects of aircraft working in a product and/or project ori- Bundeswehr reconnaissance systems systems, technical supervision of the ented way. An essential task of Divisions and Bundeswehr Technical Center for Aircraft L3 through L7 is to support products • System engineering and integration of and Aeronautical Equipment (WTD 61) and services in the spectrum mentioned subsystems including armament. in Manching as well as tasks associated above during the entire life cycle. Furthermore, the comprehensive range with flight safety, incident handling (air- For this purpose, Division L3 is responsi- of tasks also includes high-priority pro- craft accidents/incidents) and the issu- ble for fielded transport and special air- curements within the context of “fast- ance of special flight operation-related craft, TORNADO as well as rescue, special track initiatives for operations”. permits (weekend flight operations, su- flight and parachute systems. The entire

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 17 ser. The upgrading of all 85 series aircraft is intended to be completed by 2018. In addition, the rear cockpit CRT displays dating back to the TORNADO early years will be replaced by LCD6 monitors in another upgrade to ASSTA 3.1 standard. These allow for a multicoloured display and information overlay. For economic and logistic reasons, the decision was made to use the same monitors already being incorporated in the TORNADO as pilot and navigator head-down displays within the context of ASSTA 2. Such monitors are required for an ergonomic display of MIDS functionalities that will be expanded considerably in the ASSTA 3.1 upgrade as compared to ASSTA 3.0. ASSTA 3.1 will be introduced in two steps. The first step focuses on software adaptation for controlling the new monitors in order to allow for early and hence, cost-effective hardware installation. The current upgrade programme for AS- STA 3.0 functionality will be expanded

(Photo: Bundeswehr) accordingly to include aircraft not yet Helicopter flight aimulator at the Bückeburg “Hans E. Drebing upgraded. Software for the operation of Simulator Center” the first aircraft upgraded at that time is planned to be available in mid-2015. The range of Bundeswehr helicopters/rotary certification, product improvements and second step focuses on the expansion of wing aircraft is the responsibility of Divi- weapon system modifications are com- MIDS functionalities with a significant sion L4. Division L5 is concerned with air- bined in packages. increase in MIDS/Link 16 messages. The borne and space-based reconnaissance In mid-2012, the ASSTA 3.0 software sta- pertinent software is planned to be re- systems as well as electronic warfare in- tus including the pertinent hardware was leased approximately one year later. cluding unmanned aerial vehicles. certified. This status includes the incorpo- ASSTA 3.1 software processing is per- Division L6 deals with the EUROFIGHTER ration of the MIDS (Multifunctional Infor- formed on a cooperative basis between aircraft. mation Distribution System/Link 16) data the industry and the Air Force at the Division L7 manages the A400M project. communication system, installation of an TORNADO system support centre in The Directorate Staff supports the Direc- advanced VHF/UHF4 radio in accordance Manching. The overall project responsi- tor in administrative matters. Directorate with the SATURN5 standard and a digital bility rests with Airbus Defence & Space, Controlling provides coordination and video and data recorder. Another essen- the system developer. Flight trials have advice when data are prepared with re- tial ASSTA 3.0 element was the integra- been conducted at Bundeswehr Techni- gard to a continuous time, performance tion of LJDAM (Laser Joint Direct Attack cal Center 61 since early 2014. and cost controlling. Ammunition/GBU-54) precision ammuni- At the same time, a new RADAR/IR de- Selected Directorate L projects are pre- tion that can be guided to the target by coy container including missile warning sented below so as to represent the va- means of both satellite navigation and la- device has been integrated; however, for riety of projects and the broad spectrum of project tasks.

ASSTA 3.1 TORNADO (Photo: Airbus) Software Upgrade Modernisation measures in the form of product improvements for expanding and adjusting capabilities to the current threat situation are being performed continuously for the TORNADO weapon system, in service since the early 1980s. Core element of the TORNADO weapon system’s operational capabilities is the Avionics System Software TORNADO in Ada (ASSTA). Avionics hardware upgrades and extensions always go along with ASSTA software upgrades. Due to the high testing effort required for ASSTA A400M cockpit

18 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Air 

Masthead European Security & Defence Special Issue July 2015 (Photo: Airbus DS) ISSN 1617-7983 www.euro-sd.com

Published by Mittler Report Verlag GmbH A company of the Tamm Media Group

Editor-in-Chief: Dr Peter Bossdorf (pb) Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Henning Bartels (hb) Managing Editor (Magazine): Stephen Barnard (sb) Managing Editor (Newsletter): Dorothee Frank (df) Industrial Editors: Jürgen Hensel (jh), Gerhard Heiming (gwh), Dieter Stockfisch (ds), Ulrich Rapreger (ur), Yury Laskin (yl), Dr Jan-Phillipp Weisswange (ww) The first A400M for the German Air Force (54+01) during its maiden Correspondents: Rolf Hilmes (Army Technology), Peter Preylowski (Airborne Systems) flight near Seville on 14 October 2014 Supported by the editorial team of “Europäische Sicherheit & Technik” the moment it is not linked to ASSTA. In tion with a 240° x 90° field of view). It Publishers: Rainer Metzner, Henning Bartels a cooperation with Italy, the threat detec- is identical for all simulators. The type Layout: tion capability and the capability of initi- modules can be installed and removed davis creativ media GmbH, Bonn, Germany ating countermeasures such as RADAR as required. Furthermore, it is possible to Production: and IR decoy ejection will be expanded integrate tactics modules. Among other DZA Druckerei zu Altenburg GmbH with this project. This will improve the aspects, this allows for the realistic dis- 04600 Altenburg, Germany weapon system’s self-protection against play of the employment of self-protec- Office address: missile threats. Mittler Report Verlag GmbH tion systems. Baunscheidtstraße 11, 53113 Bonn, Germany By introducing ASSTA 3.1 including the The German Federal Police use the EC 135 Phone.: +49 228 3500870, Fax: +49 228 3500871 associated hardware extension the TOR- simulators for their pilots’ initial and fol- Email: [email protected], www.mittler-report.de NADO weapon system will be updated low-on training. In cooperation with the Director of Marketing to the current state-of-the-art for the ex- German Federal Office of Civil Aviation, Jürgen Hensel (jh) Baunscheidtstraße 11, 53113 Bonn, Germany tended in-service phase. the four EC 135 simulators were certified Phone: +49 228 3500876, Fax: +49 228 3500871 in accordance with civilian guidelines in Email: [email protected] order to accept simulation hours as flying Aircraft Simulators Advertising Representatives: hours. This also enables other interested Uwe Nemeyer MBA, optiproject GmbH – Agentur für In times of increasingly scarce budget partners to co-use these simulators. sicherheitspolitische und wehrtechnische Kommunikation Von-Imhoff-Weg 5, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany funds and the associated reduction of Phone: +49 2226 909637, Fax: +49 2226 909653 flying hours, flight and combat mission CH-53G/GS/GA and UH-1D Aircraft Email: [email protected], www.optiproject.de simulators are becoming more and more Night Low-Level Flying Simulators UK/Ireland/Eastern Europe: important for the pilots’ initial and fol- The CH-53G/GS and UH-1D night low- Stephen Barnard, c/o Mittler Report Verlag GmbH low-on training. Thus, the Bundeswehr level flying simulator training systems Phone: +49 228 35 00 886 Email: [email protected] maintains simulators for most airborne display the environment in-flight as it is weapon systems. The simulators allow perceived by aircrews in the cockpit un- USA/Canada: Black Rock Media, Inc., Diane Obright, for the transfer of essential type rating der day and night conditions. For this 810 Val Sereno Drive, Olivenhain, CA 92024, USA training portions as well as realistic train- purpose, also ambient light intensifier Phone: +1 858-759-3557, ing of all in-flight and emergency proce- goggles are used. A tactics module will Email: [email protected] dures, night low-level flying in particular. be implemented for the CH-53G night Russia & CIS: There are a total of twelve helicopter low-level flying simulators with the pur- Laguk Co., Yury Laskin, General Director Krasnokholmskaya Nab., 11/15, 132, RF-109172 Moskau, flight simulators located at the Bückeburg pose of simulating the operation of the Russian Federation simulation centre for the purpose of Ar- CH-53GS helicopter self-protection sys- Phone: 007-495-911-1340, Fax: 007-495-912-1260 my Aviation and Air Force initial and ex- tem. Moreover, another two exchange- Email: [email protected] tension training. The centre operates two able CH-53GA modules will be delivered Subscription/Reader Service: night low-level flying simulators for the within the CH-53 product improvement PressUp GmbH, Postfach 70 13 11, 22013 Hamburg, Germany CH-53GS and UH-1D helicopter systems project. Phone: +49 040 41448471, Fax: +49 040 41448499 each and another eight EC 135 training Email: [email protected] helicopter simulators. The simulators are NH90 Weapon System In-Flight and European Security & Defence modular in design and have type-specific Tactics Simulator © Copyright Mittler Report Verlag GmbH variations only. Each simulator consists Two Full Mission Simulators (FMS) are The views expressed are not necessarily those of the editor or of one base, one type and one sensor available for the pilots’ basic flying train- publisher. module. The base module includes all eling at the Bückeburg Army Aviation All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission of the publisher in Bonn. ements that are not type-specific (such School simulator centre. Furthermore, as simulation computer, image generator, one FMS each for the follow-on and ex- Cover Photos: KMW, Bundeswehr (5), Airbus DS simulator control station, energy supply) tension training of combat-ready pilots is Price per issue: € 5.90 (plus postage) including motion system and an external available at the Holzdorf and Fassberg air Annual subscription rate (6 issues): € 35.60 incl. postage view display (eight-channel dome projec- bases. The NH90 simulator was imple-

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 19  Air mented as Private Finance Initiative (PFI) in two single cockpits, each including its tor of AMSL at the Wunstorf A400M na- by HTMI (Helicopter Training Media Inter- own six-axis motion system and dome tional training centre for flying training national GmbH) as an Airbus Helicopter, projection for an external view display, a purposes. The introduction into opera- CAE, RDE and Thales consortium. It is op- FLIR/NVG sensor vision system and a tac- tional service was originally planned for erated by HFTS Helicopter Flight Training tics module for the interactive simulation late 2014. Essential FFS parts are identical Services GmbH. As prime customer, the of electronic warfare sensor and weapon to the A380 simulator. However, the vi- Bundeswehr rents the required training systems. The Tiger simulators are also in- sion system is a completely new design hours at the simulator without being its terconnectable both to each other and to meeting military requirements. All cock- owner. the NH90 simulators. pit instruments are original aircraft instru- The FMS consists of a functional NH90 ments. All flight attitudes, flight condi- helicopter cockpit trainer with a six-axis Sea Lynx MK 88A In-Flight and tions and missions including low-level motion system and dome projection for Tactics Simulator flying can be simulated by means of the an external view display (240° x 60°), a German Navy training is conducted by motion system. FLIR/NVG sensor vision system and a tac- means of the international Joint Lynx tics module for the interactive simulation Simulator Training Establishment (JLSTE) Eurofighter Aircrew Synthetic of electronic warfare sensor and weapon located at Nordholz Naval Air Wing 3 af- Training Aids (ASTA) systems. An interconnection is planned ter relocation from the Netherlands. The In the Eurofighter FMS both basic training and retraining are conducted until aircrews achieve “combat ready” status. Training includes air-to-air and air- to-ground missions in dynamic tactical scenarios including airborne and ground- based threats. The simulators can be (Photo: Airbus Military) used individually as well as in formation. The FMS also allow for air-to-air refueling training. Furthermore, they serve to develop and test tactics as well as to conduct mission rehearsals. The vision system consists of 13 and 16 channels, respectively, with a 360° field of view each. The Eurofighter ASTA are installed at the Laage, Nörvenich, Neuburg and Wittmund air bases. Just like the helicopter flight simulators, the ASTA are also planned to be interconnected in the future.

A400M Airlifter

The Airbus A400M military airlifter is an all- weather capable cargo aircraft optimised for strategic and tactical air transport. The EUROFIGHTER TYPHOON ASTA simulator A400M development and procurement is one of the most important European for flight training purposes when training JLSTE is operated by Portugal, Denmark defence programmes. The A400M devel- is conducted in a flight of several heli- and Germany, which share both its use opment and procurement contract was copters. and its operational costs. The German entered into on May 27, 2003 between share is approximately 70% with regard to Belgium, Germany, France, the United UH Tiger Weapon System In-Flight both use and operational costs. A “Mem- Kingdom, Spain and Turkey – as represent- and Tactics Simulator orandum of Understanding” governs the ed by the European Organisation for Joint The Tiger pilots’ basic flying training is nations’ cooperation. All decisions are Armament Co-operation (OCCAR)7 – and conducted at the Franco-German train- taken by the Joint Executive Committee Airbus Military. Since then, the project has ing centre in Le Luc/France. For this pur- (JEC) and are implemented by Germany been managed by OCCAR on behalf of pose, four Full Mission Simulators includ- as responsible host nation. The simulator the participating nations. With the French ing a total of eight cockpits and eight configuration will be set up in accordance Air Force accepting the first airlifter into Cockpit Procedure Trainers (CPT) are with the respective version required by the service in August 2013, the go-ahead for available for German-French joint use. nation conducting the training. The work the in-service use was given. Step by step, Furthermore, the German Army has an- required for this purpose approximately the other partner nations will accept their other FMS and another CPT at the Fritzlar takes two to three hours. aircraft into service in the years to come. air base for the follow-on and extension In Germany, the A400M will, as follow- training of combat-ready pilots. The Tiger A400M In-Flight and Tactics on solution, replace the C-160 Transall simulators are manufactured by Thales Simulator military airlifter, which has been tried and and RDE. They consist of functional tan- Among others, a Full Flight Simulator tested but is also approaching the end of dem cockpit trainers that are separated (FFS) is set up by Thales as subcontrac- its service life.

20 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Air 

BAAINBw is responsible for national pro- a theatre of operations. For this purpose, enemy air combat and anti-aircraft sys- ject management as well as fielding the the A400M requires neither a paved run- tems and initiate protective measures by A400M into the Bundeswehr and will ful- way nor an existing infrastructure for in- deploying countermeasures (decoys) or fil essential in-service support manage- strument navigation. deflecting enemy fire. ment tasks in the future. Further tactical capabilities include With an expected service life of at least In the future, the German Air Force airdropping of troops and materiel as 30 years, the A400M as the most ad- will employ the A400M for both logis- well as various special roles like medi- vanced military aircraft for logistic and tic and tactical air transport operations. cal evacuation (MedEvac) and air-to-air tactical air transport of the German Air In the A400M programme, the logis- refueling. Force will contribute considerably to the tic air transport capability was already The A400M must have a sturdy, reliable Bundeswehr’s operational readiness and achieved when delivering the first aircraft and variable design to meet this wide sustainability.  to France. This capability includes both spectrum of requirements. The spectrum transportation of soldiers as well as of also comprises the capability of taking off materiel, vehicles or special cargo. Within and landing on short runways as well as 1 North Atlantic Treaty Organization the scope of the following deliveries to good flight qualities at slow speed and 2 European Defence Agency 3 European Technology Acquisition Programme the different partner nations, the tacti- rapid loading and unloading capability 4 Very High Frequency/Ultra High Frequency cal A400M capabilities are intended to on the ground. As regards the A400M’s 5 Second Generation Anti – Jam Tactical UHF Ra- be established gradually. In such tactical tactical usability, particular focus is on dio for NATO 6 Liquid Crystal Display roles, the A400M is capable of convey- the self-protection system. This system 7 Organisation Conjointe de Coopération en mat- ing personnel and materiel straight into shall be able to identify threats posed by ière d’Armement

Air Directorate – Glossary Designation managed by … Renewal of FMOD Special Air Mission Wing medium and long distance aircraft fleet L3.1 Maintenance of maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare capability until 2035 L3.2 TORNADO short-range precision weapon integration L3.3 TORNADO MIDS data radio transmission system integration L3.3 TORNADO chaff / infrared decoy container L3.3 IDS/ECR TORNADO electronic warfare upgrading L3.3 TORNADO display upgrading L3.3 TORNADO TV/TAB upgrading L3.3 TORNADO service life extension L3.3 TORNADO electro-optical target designator L3.3 CH-53 G product improvement L4.1 Light support helicopter for special forces L4.1 Basic training helicopter L4.1 CH-53 sensor-assisted landing aid L4.1 Sea Lion naval transport helicopter (NTH) L4.2 TIGER support helicopter (UHT) L4.3 NH-90 helicopter for transport and maritime operations L4.4 Airborne wide area signal intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance system L5.1 Deep theatre imagery reconnaissance system (Heron 1) L5.1 Unmanned deep theatre imagery reconnaissance and surveillance capability L5.1 Unmanned airborne close reconnaissance system (LUNA) L5.2 Reconnaissance and identification in maritime theatres L5.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar altitude high (SARah) radar satellite system for worldwide imagery reconnaissance L5.3 Optical satellite system for worldwide imagery reconnaissance L5.3 Radar jamming system for Bundeswehr aircraft L5.4 EUROFIGHTER a/c L6 AESA radar for the EUROFIGHTER weapon system L6 A400M air lifter L7 A400M DIRCM electronic warfare self-protection equipment L7

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 21  Air

the Luftwaffe. This will be completed by an Operational Suitability Test for Interview with MinR Joachim the EUROFIGHTER equipped with Sucker, previously Director of GBU-48, followed by the official ap- Directorate L, today Head proval for service use, which is planned of Subdivision AIN V, FMoD for late 2016.

ESD: What are the special challenges ESD: The CH-53 is an ageing aircraft. Do presenting themselves with regard to the Bundeswehr planners currently think enhancing the EUROFIGHTER capabili- about a future transport helicopter? ties? Sucker: Under the lead responsibility Sucker: The EUROFIGHTER weapon of the Bundeswehr Planning Office a system is a fighter aircraft developed by comprehensive study is in progress on Great Britain, Italy, Spain and Germany “Future developments in the field of for the air defence role. This weapon capabilities of rotary-wing aircraft in system has been in operational use in the Bundeswehr”. My Directorate is in- Germany without any air accident since volved in the analysis of “technological 2004. The ongoing developments (role and economical” aspects. Within this adaptation) will provide the aircraft with context we also deal with a future heavy the additional capability of being used transport helicopter. In the past, we have as platform for all-weather-capable pre- sions are made in a good time and if already carried out studies and examina- cision munitions in the air-to-ground the necessary financial arrangements for tions on potentials successors to the CH- role. In the framework of independent the project during the in-service phase 53 Medium Transport Helicopter (MTH). programmes, the IRIS-T (short-range) are ensured with regard to the necessary The findings then gained are used as and METEOR (medium-range) missiles amounts and the required distribution inputs for the current planning. are being integrated for the purpose of over the years. The final Bundeswehr Planning Office re- adaptation to future threats. This is ac- port is expected to be presented before companied by measures to improve the ESD: ... and when is the first Luftwaffe the end of this year. Interim results indi- electronic self-protection suite. Devel- EUROFIGHTER expected to have a full cate already that from the technological opment of a new radar (AESA radar) is air-to-ground capability? and economical point of view –and also in the phase of preparation. The NATO Sucker: The EUROFIGHTER weapon in other respects –replacing the CH-53, NETMA agency (NATO Eurofighter and system has so far been used by the Ger- which was introduced in 1972, with a Tornado Management Agency) realises man Air Force in the air policing and air successor helicopter would be reason- the programme on behalf of the four defence roles as well as for training pur- able. The costs of servicing, maintenance core nations, while Eurofighter Jagdflug- poses. The quadrinational “Phase 1 En- and elimination of obsolescence to keep zeuge GmbH acts as prime contractor hancements” programme serves to re- the aged equipment in service are stead- on behalf of the parent companies Air- alise for Germany the integration of the ily rising. bus Defence & Space, BAE SYSTEMS and LITENING EF laser target marker and the Alenia. all-weather-capable short-range GBU- ESD: After the first A400M has been Experience from day-to-day flight opera- 48 air-to-ground weapon as well as the handed over to the Bundeswehr, what tions and in particular findings gained adaptation of the human-machine inter- other essential steps/measures are nec- by the four nations during international face in order to support the pilot for the essary before the armed forces can be missions result in specific requirements multirole capability. given the go-ahead for use of the aircraft forwarded by the respective nations. The contracts for “Phase 1 Enhance- on operations? International harmonisation of these na- ments” as a project of four nations were Sucker: One essential measure in this tional requirements, which is designed concluded by NETMA and Eurofighter context is the “complementary com- to lead to future-oriented planning of Jagdflugzeuge GmbH in March 2007. pliance demonstration”, that is to say the further EUROFIGHTER development, Implementation was scheduled to be providing evidence of compliance as as well as the issue of cost-efficient op- accomplished by late 2014. Since the required for licensing or release of vari- eration of a complex weapon system German variant of the GBU-48 weapon ous additional capabilities and functions will constitute the main challenges in differs from the internationally inte- at the national level. For the first three the next few years. In order to be able grated design status, a supplementary A400M the logistic airlift capabilities to respond to these challenges, it will integration will be necessary afterwards. will, in a first step, be adapted to the spe- be necessary – among other measures According to the current state of plan- cific circumstances in the Bundeswehr. – to consider whether modifications of ning, the supplementary integration will This covers, for example, the transport the management structures might be be accomplished by mid-2015, as far as capacities of Bundeswehr vehicles and necessary, both at NETMA level and in the basic weapon is concerned. the types of pallets and containers the single core nations, and implement Besides the integration, especially the used in the national logistic system. In such modifications accordingly. Industry qualification and compliance demon- the course of later deliveries of A400M will have to be involved in such consid- stration of the modified GBU-48 com- aircraft, tactical capabilities, too, will erations. All this can only work if deci- ponents are pre-requisites for use by successively be validated in the frame-

22 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Air 

work of this “complementary compli- pable of receiving fuel in flight from a this newly created office. For this pur- ance demonstration”, for example the suitable tanker aircraft via a so-called pose we have established a dedicated A400M as receiver aircraft in air refu- refueling boom. “Certification” working group. eling operations. Having been validated, The procedures and rules/regulations these tactical capabilities will be released ESD: What is the experience from us- of the Bundeswehr have to be adapted for safe in-service application. For use ing the TIGER helicopter on operations? accordingly. The BAAINBw Director- of the A400M in threat areas the self- Have operational findings led to current General now has the responsibility to protection capabilities of the aircraft – projects aimed at adapting the TIGER assign the ownership of a military type the “Defensive Aids Sub-System” – will armament? certificate. All tasks related to this (of be an essential pre-requisite. Sucker: In total, four TIGER support which so far the Air Force has been in Besides the complementary compli- helicopters altogether have been em- charge) will be performed by my Direc- ance demonstration the training of the ployed in Afghanistan. A two-aircraft torate in future. A400 personnel will have to be ensured. element was constantly available to the Particularly affected by the organisa- Training of the instruction and top-level Task Force, whereas another two air- tional changes is, in my view, the Bun- personnel at the Sevilla International craft served as technical back-up. deswehr Technical and Airworthiness Training Centre has started even before Altogether, the TIGER has proven its Center for Aircraft (WTD 61), whose the delivery of the first A400M. Now mission value. The forces employed area of activity “Type Inspection” in- the training of the pilots, loadmasters in Afghanistan have very much wel- cluding the task of military type cer- and maintenance personnel is com- comed the availability of the TIGER tification is going to be incorporated ing into focus. To this end, a National during the mission. In particular, the into the Bundeswehr Aviation Office. Training Centre has been created spe- TIGER’s long endurance in the area of Although this implies that we have cifically for the A400M. Courses at this operations – compared to other sys- passed the responsibility for type in- centre, which will ensure the training of tems (e.g. Apache) – and its outstand- spection and type certification to the military and civilian personnel for day- ing flexibility met with a very positive Bundeswehr Aviation Office, WTD 61 to-day A400M operations, will start in response. will remain a reliable and competent July 2015. From the technical point of view, the partner of the Air Directorate and the Another step yet to be taken, depending mission participation of the TIGER was Bundeswehr Aviation Office in view on the type and scope of a mission, is the a great success. Despite the fact that of its expert knowledge and its con- development of logistics for deployed spare parts and equipment needed for centration on the testing of aircraft, operations. This calls for experience in operating the TIGER were available to a aeronautical equipment and accessory the technical handling of the aircraft very limited extent only and little opera- equipment. and the associated logistic procedures, tional experience was available yet, the and it requires that deployable ground requirement of constantly providing an ESD: Looking at the current use of un- support systems and ground handling operationally-ready two-aircraft TIGER manned aerial vehicles in Afghanistan: equipment as well as established spare element could be met at all times. should we continue to rely on leasing part logistics are available. We are work- None of the TIGER operational sor- solutions as far as capabilities based on ing on all these pre-requisites and they ties involved live firing. During firing unmanned systems are concerned? must be met before the first operational practice it turned out that despite high Sucker: The successful use of the Israeli mission can be undertaken. hit accuracy the effectiveness of both HERON 1 system under an operator the gun and unguided rockets against solution in cooperation with Cassid- ESD: How many of the A400M to be ground targets is insufficient in primarily ian Airborne Solutions has shown that delivered to the Bundeswehr can be sandy terrain. From this lesson learned, a leasing approach can be a reliable used as tanker aircraft for air refueling? requirements concerning future arma- solution for our armed forces. The es- Sucker: The Bundeswehr will receive ments can be derived. sential point for answering the question ten underwing adaptation kits for These requirements – e.g. the introduc- “procurement or leasing” is, however, providing the A400M with the capa- tion of a larger-calibre gun (20 – 30 mm) cost-effectiveness, with the key input bility of refueling other aircraft in the – will be examined in the framework of parameter being the planned duration air. These kits are of modular design, the TIGER Capabilities Assurance Pro- of a contract. As a rule, procurement i.e. any of the A400M delivered to the gramme (TIGER CAP), which is being of a system is more cost-effective than Bundeswehr can be fitted with them. discussed with France and Australia as leasing, if we have a long contract dura- In addition, six adaptation kits will be the TIGER partner nations. tion. In addition, issues such as certifi- procured for fitting the aircraft with a cation under aviation law, maintaining refueling station in the fuselage. Both ESD: Will the creation of the Bun- that certification over the whole con- systems enable the A400M to supply deswehr Aviation Office entail changes tract duration and, above all, the poten- other aircraft with fuel. In addition, six in the Air Directorate or the subordinate tial limitations to operational flexibility internal tank adaptation kits will be agencies of BAAINBw? imposed by the contractor or operator procured for the cargo bay in order in Sucker: By creating the Bundeswehr have to be taken into account. increase the volume of fuel that can be Aviation Office we are concentrating No general decision can be taken in fa- passed. essential issues of national military avia- vour of leasing or procurement. Rather, By the way, independently of these ad- tion in a single entity. My Directorate the preferable option will have to be aptation kits each A400M will be ca- has been actively involved in shaping selected on a single-case basis.

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 23  Air

ESD: There can be no doubt that the ject Team headed by BAAINBw is car- • The increasing demand for un- tactical unmanned aircraft systems rying out the necessary technical and manned aviation systems and the (UAS) of the German Army – KZO, economical examinations and develop- capability of the latter to participate LUNA, ALADIN and MIKADO – have ing proposals for a reconnaissance and in general air traffic; proven their worth during a number of identification system to be employed in • The need to integrate manned and operational missions since the start of a maritime area of operations. Once the unmanned systems; the last decade. Each of them has its Bundeswehr Chief of Staff has selected • The need for efficient and powerful specific capabilities which it has demon- a solution – a decision is scheduled for propulsion systems for future Bun- strated successfully and reliably. For the 2015 – we can start with the implemen- deswehr aviation systems; future, there are calls to introduce an tation. The system is planned to be used • The need to draw up a system con- unmanned aerial sensor platform in the from 2018. cept and develop technologies for a field of maritime operations, too. What potential Future Combat Air System, are the perspectives for the UAS, given ESD: What capabilities does the Bun- with different solutions still being the fact that they are getting older and deswehr currently have in the field of possible; that there are more advanced or new satellite-based reconnaissance and what • The need to increase automation, capability requirements? capabilities are planned for the future? taking crew assistance systems and Sucker: Generally one can say that – Sucker: With the SAR-Lupe radar satel- eligibility for certification into ac- largely based on findings from opera- lite system and the integrated system count, and tional missions – all the systems you have formed by SAR-Lupe and the French • The increasing importance of outer mentioned are undergoing a process of HELIOS II optical satellite system, the space utilisation and the significance technical updating in the form of product Bundeswehr currently has access both of outer space systems as critical in- modification and obsolescence manage- to radar and optical imagery of high frastructure. ment. As a result, their technical status is resolution. Both systems have been in To this end, recognised research insti- adequate and meets the requirements. operational use for several years and tutes in the aviation sector (e.g. the The acceptance of these systems among will have to be replaced successively institutes of the German Aerospace the armed forces is high. from 2018 onwards. Centre or of the Fraunhofer Society), However, mere technical modifications In order to safeguard this capability for universities or aviation industry busi- to maintain products in operational the future, development of SARah as nesses are tasked to undertake select- readiness do not turn an aged sys- the successor system to SAR-Lupe started examinations. This serves to ensure tem into a new one and do not con- ed in 2013 already. In the framework of comprehensive capabilities of analysis stitute technical progress in the sense SARah, OHB-System as main contractor and assessment and provide concrete of achieving higher performance and and AIRBUS Defence & Space (formerly inputs to capability management. Re- more effectiveness. According to cur- Astrium) are building two satellites with search & Technology also deals with rent plans, the KZO and LUNA systems a reflector antenna and one satellite technologies for product improvement will be replaced starting in 2018 with with a phased-array antenna. Launch- on fielded systems for which successor a state-of-the-art medium-range im- ing these satellites is planned for late systems will not be available in a long- aging reconnaissance system offering 2018 and early 2019 respectively. term perspective. enhanced capabilities. The main perfor- The second project to be mentioned In the sector of defence technology mance features required for a follow-on here is the “Optical satellite system for and engineering, it is indeed desirable system are a range of at least 100 km worldwide imaging reconnaissance”, for to maintain and expand specialised combined with more than ten hours of which the selection decision is scheduled solutions and isolated technologies at flight endurance and a highly advanced to be taken very soon (as of: September the national level, both for reasons of multi-sensor suite. 2014). This project is designed to satisfy competitiveness and in order to have a The ALADIN and MIKADO systems are the requirement for high resolution sat- guarantee that these technologies are scheduled to be replaced from approxi- ellite images that cannot be obtained by basically available. This does not gener- mately 2020 to 2022 onwards. Studies means of the desired continued coop- ally exclude, however, a willingness to are underway on how the related capa- eration with France (SARah and CSO as cooperate. A large share of the project bilities have to be further advanced af- the HELIOS II successor system). is carried out in cooperation with na- ter the service life of these systems has tions with comparable future capability expired. Depending on the user require- ESD: How does the Research & Tech- requirements and a corresponding in- ments, the options would be either a nology section of the Air Directorate dustrial basis. Partners are, for example, regeneration of the old systems or the contribute to the objective of preparing the European Defence Agency (EDA) or analysis of a new system in the course the Bundeswehr for future develop- the six-nation European Technology Ac- of the procurement process. ments in the military aviation sector? quisition Programme (ETAP). As far as the use of tactical UAS in the Sucker: Based on the findings gained Of course, close cooperation in the field field of maritime operations is con- during the Bundeswehr deployment of defence research and technology is cerned, the user has finalised his require- missions and on the conceptual base- being carried out across the bounda- ments to be met by such a system and line documents issued by the MOD, our ries of single tasks and, thus, across the the requirements regarding its integra- work in the “Aerospace Systems” field boundaries of Directorates. tion into the K130 corvette. On the basis of the Research & Technology task is The questions were asked by of this requirement, the Integrated Pro- mainly guided by: Ulrich Rapreger.

24 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Sea  Sea Directorate (S)

The Sea Directorate is responsible for procurement and for In order to be able to support long-term stabilization missions, the F125 was de- maintaining the operational viability of ships and boats of the German signed for in-theatre deployment periods Navy as well as of shore-based facilities and navy-specific equipment. of up to two years without planned yard periods and a considerably increased It supervises the units also after their decommissioning and on their number of 5,000 steaming hours per way from condemnation to disposal, thereby assuming materiel year. At the same time, the permanent crew was reduced to about half the size responsibility in all CPM (amended) phases. of what it had been for Classes F122 to F124, i. e. to a manning level of 120. In order to make sure that heavy use will ll in all three project divisions of the The “Navy C2 Systems” Division (S6) be possible and to implement the crew ASea Directorate handle the units assists the project managers and the Na- concept, extensive studies regarding op- afloat: vy in planning, realising and using the CCI erational procedures, system availability • Surface units (frigates and corvettes) (S3) and weapons control systems (FüWES) as and crew workload were conducted. The • Subsurface units (U212A, mines, mine well as a number of highly complex sub- results obtained were mainly implement- countermeasures, subsurface weap- systems of military relevance, including ed by choosing sturdy and low-mainte- ons)(S4) tactical data links. Apart from that the nance systems and installations with a • Support units, auxiliary vessels and S6 Division supports special cross-sec- high degree of automation. The capac- support systems (S5) tional aspects such as maritime training ity for “heavy use” will be demonstrated For each class of ship a project manager facilities, which also includes the Tactical during the construction of the vessels by is responsible from procurement to con- Training, Support and Test System of Sys- 2016. Following the acceptance of the demnation and manages the respective tems (TAUES). first ship it will be subjected by the Navy “Integrated Project Team” (IPT) during The Sea Directorate continues to have to 12 months of operational suitability all phases. both a Controlling and a Staff Directo- testing. As a result of the Bundeswehr reform, rate. The Staff Directorate (SAS) han- The F125 is equipped with innovative sen- the responsibility was extended to in- dles organisational and personnel-relat- sors and weapons providing comprehen- service weapon systems of the Navy. The ed matters, while the Controlling Di- sive surveillance, target detection, track- German Navy itself retains the “in-service rectorate (SAC) continuously prepares ing and effective target engagement ca- and supply responsibility for the mainte- relevant project data in order to support pabilities to counter asymmetric threats, nance of operational capability”. the Director. particularly at short and very short range. Apart from the three project divisions the The sensor suite includes, among other Sea Directorate has three specialist divi- Current Status of the Class things, an all-new TRS-3D NR (non-ro- sions that support the projects. 125 Frigate Project tating) radar, optoelectronic components The “Economic and Technical Affairs” for short and very short range surveil- (S1) Division prepares during the analy- The four new Class 125 frigates (F125) lance, as well as a diver detection sonar. sis phase – partly in cooperation with the have been designed for joint and com- The F125’s armament suite supports project divisions and with external sup- bined long-term military operations of gradual, selective and precise engage- port – the ship concepts as well as any low and medium intensity. Their design ment. Remotely controlled 12.7 mm technical and funding-related contribu- was dictated by several important re- heavy machine guns (HMGs) and two 27 tions. In addition, S1 coordinates the plan- quirements: heavy use, worldwide op- mm naval recoilless guns (MLG 27) are ning of all R&T activities related to naval eration and defence against asymmetric available to counter asymmetric threats. technology. In order to support concep- threats. The Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM, a tual design activities, the “Overall Design Process Model for Ships” (VORGES) was created, which helps to determine at an early stage of the analysis phase how different requirements will affect the ship’s design, as well as the costs to be expect- (Photo: Bundeswehr) ed. What is more, Division S1 provides projects during the realisation and in- service phase with specific technical and logistic support concerning shipbuilding, propulsion systems, electrotechnics and auxiliary systems engineering. The “Economic and Legal Affairs” (S2) Division is in charge of all contracting and pricing issues. Furthermore, it draws up international agreements with regard to the projects. F125 Baden-Württemberg after undocking in Hamburg

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 25  Sea

close-in weapon system) and the Multi seas as well as antisurface warfare and this context a maximum amount of capa- Ammunition Softkill System (MASS, a naval gunfire support. bilities was to be implemented (“design- decoy launcher) protect the F125 from Given the extensive task profile of the to-budget / design-to-cost”). conventional threats. For long-range en- K130 corvette, which is in particular con- There were concrete requirements for the gagement, the vessel was outfitted with tingent on the littoral warfare require- K130 combat direction system. The 76 HARPOON anti-ship missiles and Oto ment, and considering the ship’s design mm gun, the RAM system and the MLG Melara’s new 127mm/L64 gun, which al- required for this purpose, the corvette 27 mm (light naval gun) were laid down lows for naval gunfire support with high- offers only a relatively small construction from the beginning. The RBS15 Mk3 precision VULCANO ammunition. volume. (robot system) heavy antiship missile as well as the MASS decoy launcher were stipulated as well. At the same time, the maritime unmanned aerial vehicle and the POLYPHEM light antiship missile were

(Photo: Fassmer) projected and earmarked for integration. The UL5000K ESM/ECM (electronic support measures/countermeasures) system, which corresponded to the requirements, was under development at this point in time and was ready for series production. Moreover, parts of the Class 124 Frigate operational software were provided for the preparation of the K130 operational software. The construction contract on the delivery Tactical vessels for the F125 of five corvettes was concluded in De- cember 2001 between the then Federal The F125 accommodates not only two In 2001, the K130 corvette became the Office of Defense Technology and Pro- shipboard helicopters, but also four 10 m first complex weapon system which curement (BWB) and the ARGE K130. The tactical vessels. was to be procured within the context ARGE K130 was a consortium consisting ARGE F125, a joint venture of Thyssen- of competitive bidding and on the basis of the following shipyards: Blohm + Voss, Krupp Marine Systems and Fr. Lürssen of a functional statement of work with- Nordseewerke Emden and Fr. Lürssen Werft, is in charge of the construction out binding requirements with regard to Werft. of the vessels. The first Class 125 ves- technical solutions (systems/equipment). As early as during implementation, the sel, called BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG, was The aim of the then newly established ship class under construction was subject christened at the premises of Blohm + CPM (Customer Product Management) to a continuous adaptation process. The Voss in Hamburg in December 2013. procedural provisions was to provide the overall project was characterised by sig- Delivery of the first ship is scheduled for potential bidders with freedom of design nificant changes. early 2017, with the other vessels follow- in order to be able to present innovative The POLYPHEM project was not pursued ing until mid-2019. solutions. With regard to the implemen- until operational maturity was reached; tation the public customer was to focus as a result this missile was not procured. K130 Change Management on control tasks. In order to ensure the The integration of the Compact Towed during Implementation and economic efficiency of the project, a Array Sonar System (COTASS) has been Service Use strict price ceiling was specified. Within prepared as far as the platforms are con- A complex sea weapon system such us the K130 corvette is subject to continuous changes, which are primarily brought about by operational reality. Initial re-

quirements become less important or are (Photo: Bundeswehr) cancelled, while additional capabilities become necessary and already existing ones are intensified. Given the extended task profile of the German Navy it became quickly apparent that there was more to it than finding a replacement for the fast patrol boats with their foreseeable end of use. The task profile includes worldwide operation, joint and combined maritime low- and high-intensity operations as well as a high level of endurance, effective range and combat power. Moreover, the following capabilities shall be ensured: reaching in- to coastal areas while coming from high The Class K130 corvette Magdeburg

26 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 SCANTER 6000 Naval Surveillance Radar

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43403 Terma ad 210x297 [2].indd 1 17/06/15 16.36  Sea cerned (“space & weight”), but it has not missions and have been permanently de- Spare Parts Repository after been implemented due to the evaluation ployed in the UNIFIL mission since Octo- Decommissioning of currently possible operational sce- ber 2014. The spare parts supply becomes increas- narios. The same applies to the maritime As a result of the experiences gained dur- ingly difficult for all shipboard installa- unmanned aerial vehicle. ing these missions an adapted software tions and systems that have not been The implementation of the project was version is currently being prepared for regenerated at regular intervals. Thus, accompanied by various “labour pains”. the combat direction system. Moreover, it was a reasonable decision to use the One factor to be mentioned here is that heavy machine guns with ballistic protec- decommissioned units as spare parts a damage occurred at the port gear tion were retrofitted. repositories before they are eventually

Directorate Sea – Glossary

Project managed by … Class F124 frigate S3.1 Class F125 frigate S3.2 Class K130 corvette S3.3 Data processing equipment Class F122/F123 mission system S3.4 Class U212A submarines S4.1 Torpedo DM2A4 S4.2 Submarine Defence Weapon 90 UAW 90) S4.2 Underwater reconnaissance drone AUV S4.2 Sonar 90 surface vessel S4.3 Underwater detection system Class F122/F123 frigates S4.3 Combat support ship (EGV) S5.1 Class 751 defence research and evaluation vessel S5.1 ECDIS/AIS radar navigation system S5.2 MKS 180 Multi-Role Combat Ship tbd. transmission of the OLDENBURG shortly The project manager will continue to ini- condemned and disposed of. It is now before acceptance in March 2009; the tiate changes and improvements in order one of the tasks of the Sea Directorate of investigation that followed showed that to maintain operational maturity. Exam- BAAINBw to conduct spare parts acquisi- all installed boat gear transmissions ex- ples include continual adjustments of the tion and condemnation. hibited defects. combat direction and communication At the moment the four frigates KÖLN, Another factor that delayed the date of systems. In this context the integration RHEINLAND-PFALZ, EMDEN und acceptance of the boats was that the of the RAM Block 2 shall be emphasised BREMEN lie at anchor at the Naval Ar- cause of the pollution burden within in particular. The K130 corvettes will be senal Wilhelmshaven. Pursuant to the the machinery areas exceeding the limit retrofitted by means of this improved Planning Directive which was issued by values had to be eliminated. The routing close-in defence system. the Chief German Navy in 2012 the frig- of exhaust pipes through the machinery The K130 corvette is currently the most ate NIEDERSACHSEN will be added on areas and the setup of the exhaust tract modern German warship. Thanks to this 30 June 2015. Thus BAAINBw will have isolation had to comprehensively revised. ship class, the German Navy possesses a total of five frigates which shall all be The corvette ERFURT was commissioned a future-oriented means to comply with available as spare parts repositories for a at the Warnemünde Naval Base on 28 operational and Alliance commitments of period of up to two years following their February 2013 and thus the 1st Corvette the Bundeswehr. decommissioning. Subsequently, the Squadron was complete. The transition ships will be condemned and disposed of. of the project into the in-service phase The Class 122 Frigates – The preparations as regards personnel- was accomplished. the End of an Era related and logistical arrangements will In the meantime the 1st Corvette Squad- start for each unit six months prior to ron can look back on various operational On the frigate BREMEN the following was the scheduled decommissioning date by experiences: announced on 28 March 2014: “Hol‘ nied- removing it from service. From then on, The corvette MAGDEBURG was the first er Flagge und Wimpel” (Take down flag the crew number will be reduced to a rear to be used within the scope of a man- and pennant), and thus the decommis- party. The materiel drawdown will start dated mission in the Maritime Task Force sioning of the Class 122 frigate lead ship by handing over loose TOE1 materiel. The in Lebanon (MTF UNIFIL), up until the end was completed. Since then, the ship lies at related discharge of the ship’s command of 2012, followed by the BRAUNSCH- anchor at the port of construction at the is a prerequisite for decommissioning. Im- WEIG in April 2013. In spring 2014, the Naval Arsenal Wilhelmshaven and serves mediately after that the Naval Arsenal will MAGDEBURG took part in the Standing as a spare parts repository for the sister assume responsibility for the protection NATO Maritime Group 1. The corvettes ships that continue, with the help of their and surveillance of the ship. In the subse- have proven their worth during these crews, to fulfil their operational tasks. quent two years all required parts (from

28 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Sea  the RAM starter to the navigation light) handing over to the disposal organisation tarization will be finalised by dismantling will, pursuant to the preceding determi- VEBEG GmbH the materiel responsibility the hull. The process of condemnation nation of requirements, be disassembled of the Sea Directorate will end. BAAINBw and disposal is thus completed. At the and returned to the logistic chain. Dur- will finally part with the Class 122 ships. end of 2019, after the condemnation of ing this time the ships must be lighted, Condemnation must be prepared for. the frigate AUGSBURG, the frigates of aired and kept accessible. The fact that From a legal perspective the ship that is the BREMEN Class will be history as well. most of the disassembled parts are no to be condemned is waste materiel. The The frigate KARLSRUHE shall, imme- longer available by other means justifies basis for this is the EC Regulation on ship- diately after its decommissioning in this effort, though. Numerous of these ments of waste. It governs the safe and mid-2017, be handed over to the Bun- items are also used on the frigates of the environmentally sound breaking up of deswehr Technical Center for Ships and BRANDENBURG Class (F123), some of ships. This comprises a general informa- Naval Weapons, Maritime Technology them on the SACHSEN Class (F124), the tion obligation concerning “vessels and and Research (WTD 71) in Eckernförde Class 702 combat support ships and the other floating structures for breaking and used as a target for contact explo- minehunters. up”. Prior to the disposal “the existence sions. In this context, the effect of high One of the mentioned challenges con- of hazardous/prohibited substances, radi- shock levels will be measured. The frig- sists in confining the time expenditure oactive substances, appliances that emit ate KARLSRUHE will thus contribute to with regard to spare parts acquisition. ionizing or laser radiation or other signifi- the research and development of more The reason for this is the finite water area cant facts for recovery/disposal” shall be realistic shock calculations, shock simula- as well as the quay wall length of the Na- tested. The handing over of the ships to tions and, as a result, improve the design val Arsenal Wilhelmshaven. The decom- the VEBEG GmbH requires moreover that principles applied to future naval vessels. missioned Class 122 frigates are not the all US equipment is dismantled and that Though it will not escape the fate of fi- only laid-up ships being prepared here the ship is at least partly demilitarized, nal disposal, it will provide valuable find- for their disposal. All of these units claim i.e. all on-board military installations and ings gained from contact explosion tests. valuable space which is then missing as equipment have been destroyed or ren- Thus, the KARLSRUHE will still be talked far as the equipment and maintenance of dered unusable. of in 20 years. the seagoing fleet are concerned. Final Destination: Disposal Class U212A Submarine Condemnation After the handing over to the VEBEG Condemnation will be effected sub- GmbH each ship “prepared” in this way The Class 212A (U212A) submarines sequent to spare parts acquisition. By will be sold to an interested purchaser serve primarily the purpose of covert re- means of this administrative act and the and will set off for its last journey. Demili- connaissance, the engagement of targets

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By means of flat-top side antennas submerged targets can be detected in a more precise way. An active sonar may be additionally used in order to reconnoitre

(Photo: Bundeswehr) the underwater situation. By integrating LINK 11 and 16 as well as SHF2 SATCOM the communications capability has been increased in comparison to the submarines of the first lot. All of the submarines are armed with the heavy DM 2 A4 multi-purpose torpedo. There are plans to equip the submarines with a guided missile. This way, the submarines could also defend themselves against airborne hostile detection. Such a system would also offer better options U212A in the Kiel Firth in winter with regard to effectiveness, precision and escalation capability, for example above and under water as well as the well. Changes have only been performed to be able to respond appropriately to deployment of special forces. These sub- because of the extended operational re- asymmetric threats. marines are particularly difficult to detect quirements and the experience acquired The public customer’s acceptance com- and have an air-independent fuel-cell so far. mittee accepted the first submarine of propulsion, far-reaching sonars and ar- It shall be emphasised that the ships of the the 2nd lot in September 2014. The ac- mament that is adapted accordingly. The second lot have been provided with an im- ceptance of the second submarine is submarines are considered to be almost proved equipment for covert missions of scheduled for mid-2015. “invisible” since they are able to oper- special forces. An air lock hatch within the ate submerged considerably longer than conning tower speeds up considerably the Combat Support Ship BONN comparable diesel-electric powered sub- previously lengthy undocking procedure marines. Since 2014, the two submarines via the torpedo tube and also renders it With the commissioning of the combat of the second lot have been supplement- safer for the personnel involved. Depend- support ship (CSS) BONN in Wilhelmshav- ing the four submarines of the first lot. ing on the operational requirements, ma- en on 13 September 2013, the required The submarines are procured within the teriel required for operations conducted worldwide deployable logistical and context of a successful German-Italian by special forces may be carried along in medical support unit was handed over to cooperation and are jointly supported removable, pressure-tight containers. By the German Navy. during the in-service phase. With four increasing the amount of oil fuel carried For more than ten years, the CSS BERLIN German and two Italian ships of the first and by improvements in the field of hydro- and FRANKFURT AM MAIN have been lot, all in all six ships are currently com- dynamics the operational range required ensuring world-wide logistic support of missioned. for future worldwide operations will be at- the German Navy in a reliable and flex- As regards the second lot, both nations tained. By means of an appropriate adapta- ible manner. These ships, which are the have commissioned two additional sub- tion of air-conditioning terminal units and largest within the German Navy with a marines each. In order to achieve cost chilled-water plants the submarines are displacement of more than 20,000 t and reductions with regard to procurement prepared for climatic requirements of op- a length of 174 m, make it possible to as well as during the in-service phase erations conducted in tropical areas. As a extend the endurance of a mixed task and in order to establish a high level result of these measures the submarines of group consisting of four frigates to up of operational interoperability almost the 2nd lot are approximately 1.2 m longer. to 45 days. identically constructed units are aimed at within the scope of the cooperation. During the in-service phase current issues are compared and common solutions to problems encountered are being sought. (Photo: BAAINBw) Among others, spare and exchange parts are jointly stocked and software maintenance for the CCI and weapons control system will be performed jointly. In the missions conducted to date, the submarines of the first lot (U31 to U34) lived up to the Navy’s high expectations. The U212A sets new standards with regard to low-frequency acoustic detection, has excellent manoeuvring qualities and is extremely difficult to detect for an opponent. The proven design of the first lot has basically been retained for the 2nd lot as CSS BONN in front of the skyline of New York

30 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Sea 

In addition, an air transport component the performance of its tasks, the German • “Diver pressure chamber” for the sup- with two helicopters can be carried along Navy will for the first time be supported port of diving operations. and modern and comprehensive medi- by mission modules. For this purpose, For further requirements shipborne heli- cal equipment can be provided by means special mission modules and operational copters or an unmanned aerial system of the mobile naval surgical hospital components will be available on board. (UAS) can be taken aboard. Moreover, (MNSH). The requirements as to the MKS 180 in- special forces, a fleet surgical team or The commissioning of the CSS BONN clude the following mission modules: SIGINT personnel may be embarked. has not only sustainably increased the • “ASW situation picture” (Anti Subma- This kind of modularity is designated capacity and availability of combat sup- rine Warfare) including a towed sonar as shipboard component (in contrast port ships, but has also provided a CSS for the preparation of an underwater to the mission modules). Even without which has been further developed in all situation picture; these modules and shipboard compo- technical matters. The completely new • “Detention” for the preliminary de- nents the MKS 180 will provide basic design of the propulsion systems and tention of persons; capabilities that meet in particular the the power supply, significantly expanded • “MCM” (Mine Counter Measures) for standing operational commitments. medical facilities, advanced means of the individual engagement of under- These include above all the command communication and a helicopter direct- water ordnance (sea mines); and control capability in a maritime task ing radar are just a few examples of a comprehensive orientation towards current requirements and a cost-effective and environmentally sound operation of the ship. Today, after almost one year of intensive operational suitability testing by the Navy and four months of sea travel in all kinds of climatic regions around the world during which the ship was thoroughly inspected on board by special- ists of the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Ships and Naval Weap- ons, Maritime Technology and Research (WTD 71) and intensively supported by the BAAINBw project team, the following can be stated: The CSS BONN has fully met the expectations. All in all, the CSS BONN has up to now covered more than 23,000 nautical miles. WhenWhen facedfaced The CSS have not only convinced the German Navy, but also the Cana- with a cunning opponent... dian Navy, which has opted for the with a cunning opponent... CSS after a comprehensive selection procedure as well. Their future Joint Support ships of the QUEENSTON class will be built based on the CSS BONN. Following the successfully completed operational suitability testing the CSS BONN is currently going through the “warranty lay period”, which means that the CSS consortium performs the fine-tuning for a 30-year service life which is about to begin. YYourour defensedefense mustmust bebe smarter:smarter: The Multi-Role Combat RAMRAM -- RollingRolling AirframeAirframe MissileMissile Ship MKS 180 • Deployed and procured for more than 100 ships for the navies of The future maritime MKS 180 Germany, US, Korea, Greece, platform will cover a broad range Egypt, UAE and Turkey of capabilities. The most impor- • Very high firepower / Rapid salvo rate tant tasks include sea surveillance, • Passive RF and IR guidance the enforcement of embargos, • Fire and Forget the support of special forces and • Effective engagement of any evacuation operations. As regards ASM, A/C, H/C and surface threats

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 31 RAM-System GmbH 81663 München, Germany Tel. +49 (89) 60 80 03-0, Fax +49 (89) 60 80 03-16

73413-Anz-A5-ohneWWW.indd 2 19.03.10 11:22  Sea

force as well as self-defence capabilities. Its design was dictated by the heavy use requirement of the MKS 180 for in-the- Interview with EDirBAAINBw atre deployment periods of up to two Peter Grundmann, years with a simultaneous reduction of Director of Directorate S the crew size. In this context, the MKS 180 project is based upon the already ESD: What are the basic development stag- existing Class 125 frigates. es in a new shipbuilding project such as the MKS 180 project? Analysis Phase, Part 2 Grundmann: The Integrated Project Team The analysis phase part 2 began for MKS 180 (multirole combat ship) has devel- project MKS 180 after the Bundeswehr oped different proposals for solutions on the Chief of Staff had approved the docu- basis of ship designs. They range from comment “Capability gap and functional re- pletely meeting all requirements to a graduated quirement (FFF)” on 25 March 2013. The solution combined with significant cost savings. leadership of the Integrated Project Team The study on risk analysis of key armament pro- (IPT) MKS 180 was transferred from the jects, which was initiated by the Federal Minis- Bundeswehr Planning Office to BAAIN- ter of Defence, rightly points out that projects have to deal more intensively and, Bw and from there to the Sea Directorate. above all, more systematically with the risks involved. It was the aim of the analysis phase part 2 Naval shipbuilding projects have always been of highly complex nature; the concept to prepare proposals for solutions for the of building prototypes in limited numbers is not viable in this case. This complexity selection decision, to reduce existing risks calls for efficient management. In the F125 project we have already taken the right with regard to the implementation and to path with the risk management established in that project. For MKS 180 this means assess in detail the life cycle costs of the that we are going to consolidate and methodically establish this useful approach. MKS 180 weapon system. Of course, methodical risk management is not an issue that concerns the purchas- The IPT MKS has worked on several so- ing organisation only. It invariably involves the contractor as well. lutions. These range from the complete fulfilment of the FFF to a gradual solution ESD: What are the changes you experience as a result of the amended CPM? with a significant cost reduction. Grundmann: The most significant changes the amended CPM has brought for us are related to the activities in the in-service phase. Whereas in the past we were Financial Management only in charge of “armaments issues in the in-service phase”, which included prod- An essential part of the proposed solu- uct modifications for example, my directorate now additionally deals with logistic tions is the presentation of the financial tasks. Since the 1 July 2014, the Navy has a live picture of all its products via SASPF. requirements throughout the entire life The databases used so far are successively being replaced by SASPF. Furthermore, cycle from implementation and service our responsibilities within the life cycle of equipment now reach up to the point of use to disposal (life cycle costs). The MKS scrapping of entire ships. It is now part of the tasks of my personnel to ensure that 180 project pursues the aim of predicting scrapping can be implemented in an economical and environmentally sound way. the full costs by means of parametric cost estimation tools. ESD: What is the state of progress with regard to the adaptation of capabilities of Within the context of risk reduction the the Class 123 and Class 124 frigates? areas that are critical with regard to im- Grundmann: The aim of the CDS (Combat Direction System) F124 hardware plementation were analysed and evalu- regeneration is to eliminate obsolescence in the field of the command, control, ated. information and weapons control system of the F124 frigate. After the initiative called “Elimination of obsolescence of the SMART-L long-range sensor for the F124 frigate and expansion of F124 air defence capabilities” had Outlook been approved, part 1 of the analysis phase started in 2013. Approval of the FFF Following the selection decision taken by (Capability Gap and Functional Requirement) document in May 2014 marked the the Bundeswehr Chief of Staff the award end of that analysis phase. My directorate is now tasked with developing proposals procedure will be started without delay. for solutions. Following the selection of a solution next year, it will be possible to For this purpose, the preparations were initiate an invitation for bids. already under way during the analysis Capability adaption for the Class 123 frigates, on the other hand, is taking place in phase part 2, which means that a require- two steps. It is based on an advancement of the existing CDS family concept and ments model is prepared in accordance will be implemented in combination with a structure that is logically equal to the with V-Model XT. As regards the award, CDS of the Class 124 frigate and Class 130 corvettes. a period of approximately two years is In Step I the CDS is going to be refurbished in order to enable it to support existing planned, with the aim of concluding a and planned tasks as well as tasks to be expected for the future. Step II includes construction contract and handing over the measures concerning the components that are relevant for the command and the first ship to the German Navy six years control capability, especially Link 16 and IFF (Identification Friend or Foe). later.  Step I is scheduled to be completed on board the MECKLENBURG-VORPOMMERN Class 123 frigate by early 2016. Once Step I has been successfully implemented, 1 Table of organisation and equipment. The TOE upgrading of the ships 2 through 4 as well as Step II can be initiated. establishes the authorised level of personnel and materiel with regard to the units and the military The questions were asked by Dieter Stockfisch. agencies. 2 Super High Frequency

32 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Land support  Land Support Directorate (U)

The Land Support Directorate has one of the most versatile areas the central point of contact for interdisciplinary and cross-project tasks and, at the of responsibility within BAAINBw. The projects worked on in this same time, as Service Use Coordination directorate range from soldier’s personal equipment over field camp Centre (U1.1). System Aspects Policy/In- designs and military wheeled vehicles to various reconnaissance and Service Use Policy, Materiel Documenta- tion / Maintenance (project-oriented) are security components (e. g. radar, electronic warfare, robotics). covered by U1.2. Branch U1.3 is responsible for the functional supervision of WTD 41, WIS and WIWeB and for coordinating he core tasks of the Land Support In comparison to other BAAINBw direc- R&T. The required master data records TDirectorate include: Project manage- torates the Land Support Directorate are maintained by U1.4. ment in accordance with Customer Prod- covers an extraordinarily broad technical All aspects of contract management and uct Management (amended) throughout range of tasks, a very high number of price negotiations are dealt with in the Eco- the entire life cycle of the materiel, sys- projects which also include smaller ones nomic and Legal Affairs Division (U2). tems engineering and integration tasks, and distinct procurement activities, in In addition to managing the contracts for research and technology, technical sup- particular, for the Immediate Operational Divisions U3 to U6 (U2.1 to U2.4) Branch port during in-service use, contract man- Requirement. U2.5 is responsible for concluding frame- agement and price negotiations. Directorate U is supported by the Directo- work contracts on maintenance/repair, In addition, the Land Support Directorate rate Staff and the Directorate Controlling. technical logistic support, software main- exercises the general functional supervision The actual project work is done in the tenance. The field of activity of U2.6 is over the Bundeswehr Technical Center for four divisions of the directorate. These price negotiations. Automotive and Armored Vehicles (WTD are being supported in their work by the The manifold tasks of project work (im- 41) in Trier, the Bundeswehr Research Insti- two divisions Economic and Technical Af- plementation, use, condemnation) are tute for Protective Technologies and CBRN fairs (U1) and Economic and Legal Affairs reflected in the diverse projects of Divi- Protection (WIS) in Munster and the Bun- (U2). sions U3 to U6. deswehr Research Institute for Materials, Economic and Technical Affairs Divi- The tasks of Division U3 include field Fuels, and Lubricants (WIWeB) in Erding. sion (U1) with its four branches serves as camp technology, protection and logistic

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2015_06_19_AIM_anz_huntIR-MK2_176x126mm_4c_engl_final.indd 1 19.06.2015 09:49:24 Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 33  Land support

and may be worn on top of each other. The first layer is functional underwear which ensures fast redrying and basic moisture transport for all layers worn on

(Photos: Bundeswehr) top of it. As next layer a cold weather protection gear (worn underneath) made of a warm fleece material may be worn as first insulating layer at low temperatures. At extremely low temperatures during missions a suit with an insulating layer made of warm polyester fibres with high fill power provides additional warmth. This cold weather protection gear can be packed in a space-saving manner and is carried along in a compression bag. Moreover, there is a fluffy flameproof fleece jacket which is worn on top of the combat uniform and which provides additional warmth in cold climate zones. A wet weather protection gear (worn underneath) with a wind and water- Operational evaluation of the new combat clothing repellent membrane and extremely high water vapour permeability provides the support, CBRN and medical equipment, forces and to start with the project. necessary protection during moderate infantryman personal equipment and The functionalities required for Bun- rainfall. For heavy rain a wet weather clothing. deswehr missions were the key factors protection gear (oversuit) in 3-color or U4 is tasked with protected wheeled ve- for the new clothing concept. The en- 5-color camouflage print is included in hicles, special vehicles & equipment, inte- largement of the pocket volume is just the new combat clothing set. gration, protection and R&T processing. one example of the seemingly small During the development of the new Division U5 is working on projects in the details which have to be taken into ac- combat clothing set the acceptance by fields of electronic warfare, reconnais- count. Another factor which is crucial to soldiers and the compatibility with other sance, air traffic control and identifica- the design is the compatibility with bal- systems were in the focus. In the course tion. listic protection elements. In contrast to of an extensive operational evaluation Division U6 is tasked with training tech- the current field clothing the new combat soldiers had the chance to test the func- nology, simulation and robotics. clothing is also flame-retardant and has tionalities of the new combat clothing The diversity of the Directorate U projects been treated with a vector repellent. This thoroughly and to evaluate them on a is illustrated by the following examples. increases the protection of soldiers in the daily basis by means of a questionnaire. theatres of operation. In addition, the suitability of the new New Combat Clothing for The new combat clothing consists of a combat clothing has been extensively Operations Worldwide clothing set which includes more than tested in four different climate zones (El 20 different individual articles; the individ- Paso, USA; Lizum, Austria; French Gui- For its operational tasks the Bundeswehr ual protective layers are complementary ana, France; Arvidsjaur, Sweden). After needs functional clothing that provides a significant contribution to the survivability, protection and sustainability of armed forces deployed on operations worldwide. The current field clothing needs to be improved in terms of wearing comfort, protection, thermal and mechanical suitability and the suitability required by the climatic environment in the theatres of operation. At the beginning of the project it was a difficult task and a challenge to define the combat clothing functional requirements for all military services. The requirements of the respective users had to be organized and coordinated as well as verified for feasibility. Only a feasibility study by the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials, Fuels and Lubricants (WIWeB) has finally made it possible to meet all functional requirements of the armed 9 cbm tank container on a MULTI FSA truck (with protection equipment)

34 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Land support 

Protected road tank truck 8x8 with dispenser all the results of the soldiers’ survey had ties of a bulk-fuel installation. Up to this in combination with a dispenser trailer been obtained and compiled modifica- date, six tank semi-trailers have been in- equipped with filter systems to separate tion requirements were included in the troduced. water and suspended solids, may be used technical specification of the respective The STW 8x8, which also has the capabil- for helicopter refueling. 36 units of this items of clothing by WIWeB. Possible op- ity to directly discharge the fuel to the end equipment configuration have been pro- timisations are defined after consultation user, has been designed for a transporta- cured over the last few years. within the Integrated Project Team (IPT). tion capacity of up to 21,000 litres. The In addition, 9cbm tank containers (TCK The first 6,000 combat clothing sets will tank bodies of the STW 8x8 and the tank 9) which have been designed for the be delivered at the beginning of 2015. semi-trailer have both been designed as transport on protected and unprotected cylindrical, stainless steel single-chamber MULTI carrier vehicles facilitate a highly Protected Fuel Transport During Operations The fuel supply for the Bundeswehr has to be ensured under difficult climatic, geographic, infrastructural conditions and under conditions which require protection. To achieve this, the Bundeswehr relies on the cooperation with allies and partners of the host nations wherever possible. Nevertheless, the Bundeswehr prepares for temporarily performing fuel supply tasks for several simultaneous operations in selected theatres of operation using its own assets. On principle, fuel is supplied to the theatre of operations’ logistic base by making use of third-party services, while the fuel supply in the actual theatre of operation is to be ensured by own military means. Besides the storage of fuel, fuel transport Protected tractor and semi-trailer plays an important role for an effective supply of fuel during operations. In thea- pressure tanks. This design also makes it flexible combat service support. The TCK tres of operations the fuel is mainly trans- possible to obtain an authorisation for 9, thanks to its double wall tank and its ported in the largest possible transport fuel transport by seagoing vessels. Con- integrated autonomous pumping station, volume by protected road tank trucks sequently, an initial supply with fuel that can be used as filling station when it is (STW 8x8) or by tank semi-trailers with has been transported by sea would be unloaded as a roll on/roll off container protected truck tractors (6x6). possible for troops going ashore. 70 ve- using the hook and lift system. Under The tank semi-trailer has a fuel-tank ca- hicles of this type have been procured. certain conditions the TCK 9 may also pacity of up to 31,500 litres and ensures A variant of the STW 8x8 has been de- be transported with a filled tank in a the supply to the forward supply facili- signed for Army aviation units which, cargo aircraft. For this reason, the tank

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 35  Land support

munications and C2 assets to be used in acceptance inspections before the sys- an asymmetric threat scenario. tems are put into unrestricted operation. When the fuel must be supplied to the In a narrower sense, the ASR-S system, “last mile” of the area of operations in addition to the actual primary radar, smaller transport capacities with a higher is equipped with a Mode S capable sec- degree of manoeuvrability are required ondary radar including the components that have the capability to operate in necessary for analysing and displaying terrain sections which are scarcely devel- detected targets. Therefore the system oped, difficult to access and where there meets the relevant ICAO (International is an increasing need for cover and pro- Civil Aviation Organisation) Regulations tection in a terrorist threat scenario. In for civil aviation. The ASR-S covers the air- order to supply fuel to remote end users, space up to a distance of 110 km and up for instance surface-to-air missile units, to an altitude of 7,620 m. In contrast to transportable 4,600 litre refueling sys- its predecessor the ASR-S can operate as tems (TA 4600 vlb) in combination with part of a network and can provide radar ZETROS 5 ton transport vehicles are avail- data for the military radar data network able. As the TA 4600, transportable, will of the Bundeswehr (MilRADNET) and is soon reach the end of its service life, there able to interrogate by using the modern are efforts to close this arising capability Mode S radar code system. In this way, gap based on an initiative in accordance the Bundeswehr makes a contribution to with the CPM (amended) procedure. In the reorganisation of the “Single Euro- general, possible alternative solutions are pean Sky”. a flexibly usable truck-borne fuel tank Major challenges faced by the project equipped with a pumping station which management are that interfaces and can be separated from the vehicle or a systems with which the ASR-S commu- protected four-wheel transport vehicle nicates (MilRADNET and FSInfoSysBw) with a fully integrated tank body which are themselves current projects subject therefore has a larger tank volume. to constant further development. All of these activities are undertaken to meet Aerodrome Surveillance future requirements which further de- Radar Mode S (ASR-S) velopments in civil aviation management will bring about and which are subsumed Two key tasks of project division U5 are, under the term SESAR (Single European amongst others, radar technology for air- Sky Air Traffic Management Research). space surveillance and air traffic control. Moreover, a large number of different The Aerodrome Surveillance Radar with stakeholders from Bundeswehr and in- Mode S capability is, in contrast to Tac- dustry are involved in the projects and tical Air Command and Control Service have to work hand in hand. The close radars, used to control and monitor air cooperation with the persons in charge traffic in the aerodrome area. at the respective locations must be high- The ASR-S project provides for the re- lighted. Supported by the responsible placement of ASR-910 radars at 20 mili- local Bundeswehr Service Centres and tary airfields in Germany including NATO construction authorities, they have to Air Base Geilenkirchen because their arrange all infrastructural measures in maintenance is becoming increasingly good time before an ASR-S installation uneconomical. The objective is to moni- while having to accept considerable dis- tor military air traffic in the aerodrome turbances during that time, including the area, to control air traffic together with temporary discontinuation of flight oper- other systems and, in addition, to ex- ations. However, equally important is the change obtained air traffic data with the cooperation with the Government Qual- joint Bundeswehr Air Traffic Information ity Assurance Authority, the Bundeswehr The tower including installed System (FSInfoSysBw). Hence, BAAINBw Technical Centers 61 and 81 (Bundeswehr primary and secondary radar takes into account the partly different Technical Center for Information Technol- antennas was handed over to requirements of German Air Force, Ger- ogy and Electronics, Greding) and the the troops at Büchel in mid- man Army, German Navy, NATO and Bundeswehr Air Traffic Services Office. November 2014. Bundeswehr Technical and Airworthi- As the ASR-S is an air traffic control de- ness Center for Aircraft and Aeronautical vice, the site-specific approval in terms container is suitable for strategic airlift in Equipment (WTD 61). of aviation law and technical operational the A400M aircraft to provide initial sup- The procurement contract for the ASR- aspects (SLTBF) has to be granted by the ply during stability, evacuation and initial S project was concluded in mid-2008. Bundeswehr Air Traffic Services Office for operations. The first series production systems were each individual system. This approval is The vehicles described above are used by installed at Laupheim, Manching and based on the expertise of the Director the supply corps, all driver’s cabs are pro- Büchel in 2012. At these locations the Airworthiness and on extensive flight in- tected and can be retrofitted with com- systems have to pass various tests and spection campaigns.

36 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Land support 

Within the ASR-S project Directorate U will, in terms of “customers” and in terms of the technical classification between radar technology and air traffic control, introduce a cross-service/cross functional system into the Bundeswehr. Within the task spectrum of Branches U5.3 (“Tacti- cal Air Command and Control Service, IFF, Ground-Based Radar Reconnais- sance”) and U5.4 (“Air Traffic Control”) the ASR-S is also of central importance.

Off-Road Truck with Assistance Systems In the area of robotics the Bundeswehr is evaluating unmanned land systems ranging from remotely controlled reconnaissance vehicles weighing 2 kilogrammes to military trucks. For this purpose, the Bundeswehr relies on both the latest research activities of universities and institutes and well-proven industry components, in particular those of the automotive industry. The objective is to support soldiers on operational deployment with mobile land systems which partly operate Computer setup in the driver’s cab autonomously. The largest system which is currently con- • Stage 1: Passive assistance; in unexpected situations, e.g. an obstacle verted into an autonomous vehicle within • Stage 2: Assisted accelerator and suddenly appearing in front of the vehi- the project Road Transport with Robotic brake control (Active Cruise Control); cle. The system will be considered robust Assistance Systems (StrAsRob) is an MAN • Stage 3: Assisted vehicle control (au- if it is able to cope with as many differ- military truck. For the time being there tomatic vehicle and road following); ent environmental influences as possible, will always be a driver in the driver’s cab, • Stage 4: Autonomous vehicle control e.g. backlighting, dirt, rain, snow, dark- who, for safety and legal reasons is able (autonomous vehicle and road follow- ness. Only then may the system obtain to directly take over control at any time. ing). an approval for Bundeswehr use by the This truck is equipped with additional Depending on availability offered by the officially recognised expert. sensors and software which are able to system the driver may freely choose be- passively provide further information to tween the different stages. Passive assis- Possible Applications the driver and actively influence control. tance systems (stage 1) provide assistance Possible applications which have basi- Sensors include a laser range finder as well to the driver by means of warning signals cally been implemented up to this date as several optical cameras to detect ob- and additional information while the driv- include the “MULE” operational mode stacles in driving direction. All around the er remains in full control of the vehicle. (Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and vehicle radar sensors used in the automo- Depending on the degree of autonomy Equipment Vehicle) and the “Following” tive industry monitor the immediate area chosen, the control of the vehicle is partly mode. In the “MULE” mode the vehicle around the vehicle. It is planned to improve or completely transferred to the electronic is capable of autonomously driving on a night vision capability by using infrared system when using active assistance sys- programmed route repeatedly. This mode cameras. Failures of individual sensors are tems. At stage 2 the system automatically facilitates, for instance, the transporta- automatically recognised and taken into assumes the longitudinal control (i.e. no tion on known routes. In the “Following” account so that wrong sensor information steering). At stages 3 and 4 the electronic mode the vehicle accurately follows the cannot “throw the truck off its track”. In system also assumes lateral control. Nev- vehicle in front at a given distance on an addition, the central computer is designed ertheless, the driver’s full attention and unknown route. This mode may, for ex- to be redundant and monitors itself. readiness to immediately take over the ample, be applied for convoy transport. The following assistance systems from vehicle is still required at stage 3. At stage this field of technology have already been 4 the driver may, thanks to a longer ad- Way Ahead implemented: Emergency Brake Assist, vance warning to take over control of the Assistance for drivers of military vehicles Speed Limit Assistant, Traffic Sign Rec- vehicle, direct his attention to other tasks. by robotic capabilities will continue to be ognition, Adaptive Cruise Control, Lane The implementation of stages 1 to 3 is thoroughly tested in future. According to Departure Warning and Lane Recogni- envisaged for the end of 2015. current estimates, the system described tion and Automatic Vehicle Following. The implementation of the fourth stage above may be fielded in the year 2020. These assistance systems can be sub- will be a major challenge. The task here The long-term objective is to drive the ve- divided into passive and active systems. is to increase safety and robustness. The hicle entirely without a driver. In order to Within this project the following stages system will be considered safe if it is ca- achieve this objective technical and legal will be considered: pable of taking the right decisions even challenges still have to be mastered. 

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 37  Land support

Land Support Directorate– Glossary

Project managed by … Accommodation and Support in Operations, Field Camp Technology U3.1 Field Camp, Modular, Air-transportable U3.1 Modular Medical Treatment Facilities (MMTF) U3.1 Protection of Objects and Facilities, General Security Technology U3.2 Command Posts, Tents U3.2 Power Supply and Air Conditioning Technology U3.3 Test Equipment and Electronic Components, Lighting Technology U3.3 Power Management, Generation and Distribution in Operations U3.3 Military Pharmacy, Military Medical Research, Laboratory Systems U3.5 Medical Facilities and Medical Equipment U3.5 CBRN Protection U3.6 CBRN Reconnaissance Systems U3.6 Decontamination Equipment U3.6 “Future Infantryman” Combat Equipment U3.7 Clothing U3.8 Combat Clothing U3.8 Protective Clothing U3.8 Integration, Protection, R&T Processing U4.1 Protected Command and Utility Vehicles (Classes 1-4) U4.2 Protected Light and Medium Trucks U4.2 Protected Transport Vehicles U4.3 Multi A4 FSA Palletized Load System U4.3 20 ft. ISO Container, Protected, Personnel U4.3 Recovery and Loading Vehicles, Engineer Construction Equipment, Special Service Equipment U4.4 Protected Recovery and Crane Vehicles U4.4 Protected Recovery and Towing Vehicles U4.4 POL Vehicles, POL Supply Technology U4.5 Fire-Fighting Vehicles U4.5 Tools and Tool Kits U4.5 EW U5.1 ESM/SIGINT Sensor Systems, Sensor-Specific Evaluation U5.1 Signal Reconnaissance Systems U5.1 EW: Central and Common Evaluation U5.2 Tactical Air Command and Control Service, IFF, Ground-Based Radar Reconnaissance U5.3 Radar Identification Equipment, Mode S Interrogator / data network U5.3 Mode 5 Transponder U5.3 Air Traffic Control U5.4 Airfield Surveillance Radar System, Series (ASR-S) U5.4 Optics/Optronics for Ground-Based Reconnaissance U5.5 Thermal Sight and Thermal Observation Devices U5.5 “Future Infantryman” Combat equipment U5.5 Media Technology, Geoinformation U5.6 Provision of 3D Terrain Data U5.6 Training Assets, Training Technology U6.1 Live Simulation and Robotics U6.2 Virtual Simulation U6.3

38 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Land support 

The requirements regarding communications and C2 capability as well as pro- Interview with EDirBAAINBw tection against threats – including self- (ret.) Horst Minning, former defence capabilities – will be completely Director of Directorate U implemented in accordance with the Conclusive Functional Requirement. ESD: What deficits do you see as far as As to Protected Special-Purpose Vehicles the battle dress is concerned? Are there (GSF = Geschützte Sonderfahrzeuge), plans for improvements? procurement of the truck tractor 2 for Minning: The field dress used so far basi- hauling a semitrailer (payload class 70 t) cally goes back to the dress introduced in is going on in line with the funds ceilings. the nineties that had actually been de- For unprotected vehicles, regeneration is signed as a “work uniform”. For opera- planned for the near future in all payload tional missions, additional components classes. A “Permanent Working Group such as armour vests and other clothing – Ground Mobility” of the Bundeswehr items have been procured, which, how- Planning Office is analysing the future ever, have not always been adapted to prevention and crisis management opera- need for unprotected vehicles and con- each other. Technical reasons have so tions, including combat. version/adaptation kits in detail. far not allowed an integration of certain Protected command and utility vehicles The future payload classes 5 t and 15 t functions such as flame resistance and must offer adequate protection and high are in the focus of regeneration planning. vector protection in a single piece of tactical mobility to operational forces. This clothing. includes command and control (C2) capa- ESD: The “Future Infantryman- Extended The new battle dress is a set of cloth- bility as well as protection against ballistic System” has been fielded. What is the ing comprising 20 single clothing items. projectiles, mines and NBC agents. The overall planning and is there currently a The different layers of clothing – includ- measures derived from that result in opti- need for corrective interventions ? ing underwear, cold weather protection mum survivability. Minning: With the FFF (Fähigkeitslücke gear to be worn below the outer uniform The Conclusive Functional Requirement und Funktionale Forderung / Capability layer and waterproof overgarment – are defines not only the requirements regard- Gap and Functional Requirement) pa- adapted to each other and are, for the first ing mobility, protection, sustainability, per dated 18 February 2014 a follow-on time, designed as a system. Apart from survivability, C2 capability and opera- procurement project has been defined: an improved cut, this ensures an improved tional areas but also the procurement the minimum procurement volume – as wearing comfort and contributes signifi- numbers. the so-called Initial Capability – includes cantly to a better sustainability of the in- In another step, the Bundeswehr Plan- 68 platoon-level systems comprising the dividual soldier on operations. Flame re- ning Office has brought these future pro- equipment for 2,597 soldiers. This equip- sistance and vector protection have now curement requirements into line with the ment is scheduled to be procured be- been combined in a single fabric, with the funds available. In addition, reprocure- tween 2015 and 2019. result that the clothing now offers an un- ment is initiated for condemned vehicles, The 90 team-level systems already pro- precedented level of protection. e.g. vehicles lost in accidents or vehicles cured for operations abroad will be count- The new battle dress was tested in four that have reached the end of service life. ed as 24 additional platoon-level sys- climate zones with environmental tem- On the basis of the Conclusive Functional tems. The structural overall requirement peratures between -20˚ and +40˚ C. Op- Requirement “Protected Transport Ve- amounts to 416 platoon-level systems. erations-related requirements and func- hicles” (GTF = Gepanzertes Transport- A decision on procurement of a VHF tionalities were taken into account and fahrzeug), approvals for realisation have (Very High Frequency) radio set for C2 lessons learned were implemented, e.g. been issued for the respective vehicle connectivity is still pending. Such equip- an increased pocket stowage volume. classes. These approvals are being trans- ment is designed to be in conformity Special care was taken to ensure compat- ferred into follow-on documents in ac- with the IT strategy. However, we do not ibility with ballistic protection gear. cordance with the amended CPM. After expect solutions for mobile radios to be the respective selection decisions have available on the market before 2019, pos- ESD: What is the concept for future pro- been taken, procurement of protected sibly even later. Proposals for solutions do curement activities in the field of ground transport vehicles – which are assigned to exist already. Conceivable options are mobility? What protected and unpro- three classes, depending on payload (2 t, the procurement of an alternative type tected wheeled vehicles are planned to 5 t and 15 t) – is now moving into focus. of equipment that is not yet in line with be procured? Here again, the number of vehicles to be the IT strategy requirements (isolated so- Minning: The Conclusive Functional procured has to be brought into line with lution) or the use of radios without C2 Requirement “Protected Command and the financial limits determined by the Bun- connectivity until a solution in conform- Utility Vehicles” (GFF = Geschützte Füh- deswehr Planning Office and approved by ity with the IT strategy is available on the rungs- und Funktionsfahrzeuge) forms the Federal Ministry of Defence. market. The Bundeswehr Chief of Staff the basis for the future procurement of The current intention is to procure the is expected to make a decision on that protected ground mobility vehicles. This 15-t-class GTF vehicles from 2016 on- very soon. requirements paper takes account of the wards and those of the other payload The questions were asked by Bundeswehr task spectrum in conflict classes in the follow-on years. Michael Horst (October 2014).

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 39 Marketing Report: AIM Infrarot-Module GmbH

Night vision technology for reconnaissance and targeting

or the most likely operations of our To further improve identification capabil- tral range up to 2.2µm, chemical reactions Fforces, superiority in fighting at night ity, current R&D studies are focused to in the atmosphere (“night/air glow” ef- time or under degraded visibility is a key move high definition (XGA) resolution fect) provide illumination beyond what’s discriminator against asymmetric aggres- into tactical sights with even further re- available in the classical I2 range below sors for mission success, protection and duced SWaP. 1µm. By extending the spectral window effective engagement. up to >2.2µm, the illumination can be Asymmetric military missions require New image intensifiers and used most efficiently and even some faint outstanding performance of surveillance gated viewing technology thermal radiation is already available to and targeting sights. Non combatants are improve imagery. These detectors are often present. To separate them from an Driven by SWaP and cost issues, dis- operated with very little cooling and thus aggressor or to precisely identify an indi- mounted soldiers use a mix of thermal provide minimum SWaP. vidual by means of a picture ID prior to and image intensifier (I2) equipment. I2 An interesting extension is to synchronize engagement requires highest resolution. technology doesn’t “see” the passive SWIR detectors, which can be gated to Comparable to an HDTV in the hand of thermal radiation but rather needs some “see” only in a selectable short period the military leader or sniper, networked residual illumination of stars etc. Avail- of time with eye safe laser range finders to manage complex operations, and all able I2 devices, however, provide limited (LRF), invisible in standard I2 sights. Tun- this at minimum size, weight and power consumption (SWaP).

Thermal sights Photo: AIM

High-resolution thermal sights are the gold standard to detect, recognize and identify targets at night or in bad weather conditions. They do not need any illumination as they “see” the radiation, which passively is emitted by anything around us. This also significantly improves the capability to detect camouflaged targets at day time. Since 2004 the thermal targeting sight HuntIR has been fielded as WBG-HaWa- Inf for the German SMP Infanterist der Zukunft (IdZ). In 2010 the follow-up sight RangIR with laser range finder, magnetic compass and ballistics calculator was brought into service as day/night fire control unit for the 40mm HV automatic granade launcher and – extended with some extra features – also as thermal reconnaissance and targeting sight WBZG for the second phase of the SMP IdZ-2 or Gladius. Key demand for the dismounted soldier is minimum SWaP. Uncooled technology is therefore often used as a compromise New generation of targeting sights: AIM HuntIR MK 2 despite of its lower performance. To provide the dismounted soldier with superior performance in really dark areas where ing the gate time after the laser pulse is cooled sights, the BAAINBw has pushed stray light of e.g. nearby cities is missing. equivalent to tuning the distance range, the development of new IR-detector Our troops thus can be faced with entire exclusively out of which the reflected ra- chips which provide cooled performance loss of vision. diation of the LRF is detected. This gated at SWaP comparable with uncooled For several years, a new I2 technology viewing technology allows to suppress sights. Based on such technology, the has been developed, which operates in any other radiation and thus to suppress next Gen sight HuntIR Mk2 is ready for the shortwave infrared (SWIR) at a wave- e.g. smoke or fog obscuring the target being fielded. length of approx. 1.0-1.8µm. In the spec- area.

40 European Security & Defence · June 2015 Information Technology  Information Technology Directorate (I)

The defining task of the Information Technology Directorate is to for service-specific information technol- 2 ogy throughout its entire life cycle. This design, plan and introduce the mission-oriented C -relevant includes, for example, command, control, information technology for the Bundeswehr as well as to ensure its information, and weapon control systems. These systems account for the specific operational maturity. mission spectrums and concrete requirements of the individual services. Thus, n addition, provisions for the design of Electronics (WTD 81) as well as the Bun- the use of interdisciplinary components is Icommonly usable IT components (i.e. deswehr Information Technology Center. taken into consideration, but a harmonisa- IT components applicable across organi- Division “I2 – Economic and Legal Affairs” tion is not the intended aim. sational areas) are formulated to ensure concludes all contracts for Directorate I Division “I6 – Wireless Communication” uniform standards within the Bundeswehr and takes care of the required processes, plans and introduces systems for tactical IT System. Directorate I consists of six divi- e.g. price negotiations. radio communications, tactical data links sions. Division “I3 – IT Security and Cyber De- and satellite communications, and ensures Division “I1 – Economic and Technical Af- fence” deals with all project-related and their operational maturity. fairs” supports Directorate I with regard to operational issues regarding IT security With regard to all internal matters such interdisciplinary tasks. It is responsible for and cyber defence. It monitors IT security as organisation, personnel and security, the planning, coordination and execution during routine duty, exercises and missions the Director of Directorate I is supported of R&T in the functional area of Informa- abroad – always in close coordination with by a “Directorate Staff”. Furthermore, the tion Technology as well as of the devel- the military and civilian organisational ar- Director is advised by a “Directorate Con- opment, maintenance and refinement of eas of the Bundeswehr, with NATO and trolling Element” on the technical control basic procedures (V‑Model) and technical the EU as well as with partner nations. of the directorate. This element monitors standards for the national and interna- In addition, division I3 takes project and and controls the utilisation and workflow tional exchange of information concern- technical measures in order to ensure the within the directorate, the achievement of ing mission-related IT and Frequency protection of the Bundeswehr IT System. performance, scheduling and cost targets Policy & Frequency Planning. Division I1 is Division “I4 – Bw Joint CIS” aims at har- within the projects as well as the report- also in charge of the project management monising the existing service-specific ing. and the course planning of IT training at command and control information sys- The projects of Directorate I are manifold, the Information Technology Competence tems. It supports these systems during ranging from radio equipment to satellite Center (ITCC), the Central Address & Di- the remaining service life and transfers communications to IT network structures rectory Management and the technical them into the Bundeswehr Joint Com- and topologies and highly complex com- supervision of the Bundeswehr Technical mand and Control Information System. mand and control systems of the organi- Center for Information Technology and Division “I5 – Specific IT” is responsible sational areas.  ESD Spotlight

Published by New Fortnightly Newsletter

Issue 2 / 2015 European Security & Defence is escorted by the new bi-weekly newsletter ESD Spotlight which is distributed by email. ESD Spotlight is available free of charge. You can order your subscription by Procurement programmes in Sweden sending an informal email message to [email protected]. Sweden not only chairs the Nordic Defense genera- Cooperation (NORDEFCO), the Swedish Ar- tion sub- med Forces have also several procurement marines projects on schedule for 2015. The largest (NGU) Alternatively, there is a subscription order form on the magazine’s website at www.euro-sd.com. three programmes comprise the develop- for Swe- ment of the next generation of the JAS Gripen den. Content fighter system (JAS E), the development of The new the next generation submarine (NGU) and the subma- • Sweden modification of the Leopard main battle tank rines will base on the Type 612 submarines, Issue 2 / 2015 system. that Saab Kockums has built for the Royal Aus- Issue 2 / 2015 • Defence Issue 2 / 2015 tralian Navy. 2 7 • Technology Next generation of the JAS Gripen But there will be changes, since the Australi- The Swedish government ordered 60 JAS Gri- an submarine has 4,000 tonnes and the Swe- 3 • Industry pen E (plus 10 as option) with scheduled de- dish NGO programme is heading for a 3,000 defence • IDEX Preview livery from 2018 to 2027. Contrary to initial tonnes submarine with some elements of the technology plans all the future JAS Gripen E will be new- cancelled A26 programme included. gressive dive/ decisions to strengthen NAtO built fighters and not upgrades of existing Gri- The first of the five Swedish submarines is The second firing was at very close range - pull-up evasi- the size and scope of a new very high rea- The defence ministers also decided to IRIS-t SL demonstrates to the launch point to prove the missi ve manoeu- Defence) Diehl (Photo: (df) The defence ministers of the NATO diness force or Spearhead Force. “We deci- immediately establish six command and MAStheAd pen C. The first flight of the pre-production planned to be operating by 2023. full performance le´s short range engagement capabilities. vres. countries have taken several decisions to ded that this very high readiness force will control units in Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, JAS Gripen E is expected within this year. During this firing, IRIS-T SL jettisoned its IRIS-T SL is strengthen the Alliance’s collective de- consist of a land brigade of around 5,000 Lithuania, Poland and Romania. (df) With system validation completed Roketsan eSd Spotlight The JAS Gripen E will be slightly larger than Modification of the Leopard last year, Diehl Defence´s IRIS-T Surface - aerodynamic cover shortly after launch the missile fence. NATO Secretary General Jens Stol- troops. These will be supported by air, www.nato.int Email newsletter of the bimonthly magazine Launched (IRIS-T SL) SAM system demons immediately initiating a hard turn-over of the new tenberg said the decisions would “ensure sea and special forces”, said Stoltenberg. (df) Roketsan will display several new and/ the predecessors. Giving place to an increase The Swedish version of the main battle tank “European Security & Defence” (ESD) trated its full performance. All of the jet - manoeuvre towards the low flying target. IRIS-T SLM that we have the right forces, in the right He explained the Spearhead Force would or enhanced products at the IDEX 2015. tegrated and used by AH-1W Cobra helicop- of the fuselage tank with the new and bigger Leopard has additional protection, including target drones of different sizes, which per The entire engagement lasted less than 10 air defence place, at the right time”. The ministers be backed up by two more brigades “as a Very interesting is the 2.75” Laser Guided ter, AT-802 Arc Angel Border Patrol Aircraft editor-in-Chief: Dr. Peter Bossdorf system and NATO) (Photo: Missile, so called “CIRIT”, an all-up round nose bearing most of the main gear. The com- overall coverage, mine protection, an extra formed a large variety of realistic evasive seconds with a direct hit. agreed on the implementation of a so rapid reinforcement capability in case of and on EC635 Light Combat Helicopter. weapon stations, autonomous stationary/ deputy editor-in-Chief: Henning Bartels manoeuvres, were directly hit. The third firing was carried out against is planned to called Spearhead Force. a major crisis. Altogether, the enhanced missile designed to eliminate light armored, CIRIT is also integrated on vehicle mounted mobile weapon platforms, stabilized naval Managing editors: Dorothee Frank (newslet- pany Saab stated, that the new fighter has an bomblet protection for the turret, a modern The first target was engaged at a distance of a very small, fast and agile target drone - be a compo- Also the NATO Response Force will be en- NATO Response Force will count up to stationary/moving opportunity targets with weapon platforms for patrol boats and Tac- ter) and Stephen Barnard (magazine) increase of 40% in internal fuel capacity. command system and an improved fire-con- more than 30 km. The IRIS-T SL missile flight featuring high agility and extreme mano nent of the future German Air and Missile hanced. The Defence Ministers agreed on around 30,000 troops.” high precision and affordable cost. CIRIT, tical UAV. The combat proven CIRIT has a editors: Gerhard Heiming (gwh), Yuri Laski (yl) Defence System. designed as the main weapon system of Apart from this two additional weapon sta- trol system. time was about one minute reaching an alti- euvrebility. A direct hit was achieved at a quite long range with 8 km, MEMS Based tude above 12 km. Despite an evasive mano- range of 12.5 km range at an altitude of 1.5 www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence.html T-129 ATAK Turkish attack helicopter, is in- IMU, restriction-free components, Type V Layout: davis creativ media GmbH, Bonn, tions have been installed. The JAS Gripen E At the moment the Swedish Armed Forces euvre involving changing direction and alti- km even though the drone performed ag- NORdeFCO plans more cooperation border defence cooperation. Also Sweden from Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania insensitive munitions characteristics for Germany tude, a direct hit of the target was achieved. (Photo: Roketsan)warhead and rocket motor against bullet im- Photo front page: Matthias Kabel will also have a new landing gear, modern sen- plan further improvements and uses of the (df) The Nordic Defense Cooperation is pushing forward an initiative to form and Norway. te Connectivity nes and IED, which will be completed by pact and liquid fluid fire and smart launcher. sor configuratuions like the Selex Skyward-G Leopard. Especially the communication sys- (NORDEFCO), consisting of Denmark, Fin- a modular Nordic-Baltic battle group The aims of the Swedish initiatives are to guarantor of basic protection against small mine-protection-seats and spall-liners. A (df) TE Connectivity will display it’s latest www.roketsan.com.tr Published by land, Iceland, Norway and actual chaired (NBBG), that could be seen as a counter- give more protection to areas, such as Arc- infrared search and track (IRST) turret or the tems and a weight reduced armour system are Protected Bulat 6x6 for the fire and shell splinters. The V-shaped bel- remote weapon station may be fitted to electrical interconnect solutions that provi- vehicle must carry. The result of networ Mittler Report Verlag GmbH by Sweden, wants to improve the collec- part of the EU Nordic Battle Group (NBG), tic region or Baltic Sea. Russian Army ly provides protection against blast of mi- the roof. Kamaz contributes subsystems - de connectivity and high-speed data trans- king is an overall reduction in the size and A company of Tamm Media Group advanced interrogation friend-or-foe suite. in the focus. Elements of the Leopard 2A7, in tive border defence by installing a cross- that is led by Sweden with soldiers coming www.government.se (gwh) The Russian Army has ordered 50 like the Diesel power train with 191 kW in mission for networking in armored vehicles weight of systems within each vehicle, less - space savings, and a variety of options in service at the German Armed Forces, will be cluding transmissions and suspensions for - in electronic warfare and C4ISR applications. redundancy in the network, and yet great Mittler Report Verlag GmbH protected type Bulat SBA-60-K2 armoured The equipment fit inclu gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) con Next generation submarine included. personnel carriers for a crew of ten from axles and wheels. Goldstein new General Manager A system of networked ground vehicles ability for vehicles to share data and elec- nectivity to help meet tough application

Baunscheidtstrasse 11 Khlopotov) A. (Photo: Improved HAWK Officer Course at the GAF Manager des a central tire inflation system (CTIS), air NAMeAdSMA provides situational awareness for troops tronic warfare capabilities. challenges. Also on display at the booth, - 53113 Bonn, Germany The first programme on procuring modern sub- Additionally Sweden purchased three Leguan the manufacturer Zashcita. The first 15 are Air Defense School, Ft. Bliss, Texas, in 1981. & Director to be delivered before the end of 2015. conditioning, fire suppression system and on the battlefield, as well as reduces the TE will feature several rugged and flexible TE will be showcasing its compact, high- Phone: +49 228 350087-0 (df) Col. Michael T. Goldstein of the Ger- Later, Goldstein served as a platoon leader Technical In- marines to replace the four Walrus serving in bridge layers on Leopard 2 chassis. In this vari- With less than 20 tons gross weight the racks for personal weapons. number of independent systems that each end-to-end solutions that offer design speed CeeLok FAS-T connector. The CeeLok Telefax: +49 228 350087-1 man Air Force was assigned the position Hawk at the 4th Battery SAM Battalion 34 tegration on NAMEADSMA) (Photo: the Swedish Navy, known as the A26 program- ant, the Leguan is capable of laying a 26 metre vehicle features a payload of 3.5 tons www.zashchita.ru engineers modularity for easy integra- FAS-T connector among the most rugged, Email: [email protected] of General Manager of the NATO Medium in Manching, later Head of Patriot Scena- 01 July 2014 depending on the protection level. The tion, advanced components for weight and 10 GbE, field terminable I/O connectors in www.mittler-report.de me, has been cancelled in February 2014. Then bridge or two 14 metre bridges independent Extended Air Defense System Manage- rio Generation Seciton, GAFADS, Ft. Bliss, and now Ge- FN herstal all-welded steel monocoque hull is the the defence marketplace. going to test the containers with regard to ment Agency (NAMEADSMA) on 01 Febru- Texas. Other assignments included Deputy neral Mana- Managing Directors: Thomas Bantle, Dr. Peter in December 2014 an agreement between of each other, whose MLC 80 (approx. 70 ton- (df) FN Herstal will show several of it’s www.te.com ary 2015. He took over the responsibili- System Manager Patriot at the Federal Mi- ger & Direc- Bossdorf and Peter Tamm Saab and Damen Shipyards was announced nes) load capacity can be used by even heavy ners from Multicon Solar and can be used if and how solar power can be integrated modern weapon systems and firearms at fence, this highly modular system gives Smart energy container ties from Gregory Kee, who had been the nistry of Defence for almost three years. On tor Technical The company is located in Bonn as power plants for military camps and bi- with the energy supply of military camps. IDEX and also be hosting a variety of exhi- naval ships and coastguards the armament to jointly develop, offer and build the next equipment. Dorothee Frank agency‘s General Manager since Novem- 01 August 2012 Goldstein became Director Integration District Court of Bonn – HRB 18658 (gwh) The German Armed Forces have - vouacs. They are designed to replace or to - www.multicon-solar.de bits that allow attendees to view up close to be in control at all times. It can be moun- ber 2008. Goldstein joined the German Air Technical Integration at NAMEADSMA, fol- NAMEADSMA. Identification number DE 811 223 089 procured mobile containers with high per bolster fuel-operated generators. The Ger www.aleo-solar.de its equipment. On display for the first time ted on a variety of vessels, from fast patrol formance photovoltaic modules from Aleo man procurement agency BAAINBw is now Force on 01 July 1975 and completed the lowed by the position as Deputy General http://meads-amd.com/ in the Middle East will be FN Herstal’s Sea boats up to large ships, and its universal Solar. The modules are integrated in contai- deFNder remote weapon station. cradle can house an extensive range of FN Whether intercepting smugglers, running Herstal weaponry. It support for Norwegian logistics (Photo: FN Herstal) fitted to a number of the Volvo Group‘s civil 1999 for military logistics including con- repair, overhaul (MRO), and supply chain. anti-terrorism operations, or for self-de- Packed with several new features, the Sea hybrid drive system vehicles that have demonstrated pollution (gwh) The Swedish International Financial figuration management, document and The Navy’s recent decision to cover addi- deFNder also has a sight module (CCD + pad control handle, and 2-axis gyroscope reduction and consumption qualities, and Services company (IFS) has rolled out the spare parts management, maintenance, tional users means that IFS’s industry solu- (gwh) As part of an advanced design plan Defense) Trucks Renault (Photo: IR uncooled or cooled), one-hand or game to provide rock solid stability on any naval Savox Communications assigned to Renault Trucks Defense, the could now be used for military applications. IFS applications to cover additional Navy tion will empower more personnel working operation. Electer demonstrator fitted with a parallel The features of the hybrid drive system are: personnel, now supporting 2,500 users deployed on one of its vessels or on land. (df) Savox Communications will be unvei- www.fnherstal.com hybrid drive system and developed on the Booster with more than 170 kW additional Large generator delivering power of up to in the Armed Forces with mission-critical The solution is distributed between vessels ling at IDEX a new future infantry soldier nally in the Middle East, where Savox alrea- (Photo: FMV) (Photo: basis of a VAB MK III has been delivered to electrical power, thereby reducing its tac- - 15 kW for mobile internal and 70 kW for configuration management, MRO, and lo- and onshore sites, also offering integration modernisation headgear system that has dy has a number of Special Forces custo- static external use. the French defence procurement agency tical “leap forward” time. Stealth mobili gistics. with the government finance and HR sys- major applications for soldiers on tomor mers, and globally. system, IMP, on which CPIC is based. The www.renault-trucks-defense.com (DGA) on 13 January 2015. ty to move silently over more than 10 km The Norwegian Armed Forces (Air Force, tem. row’s battlefield, as well as for homeland Savox will also show the compact intercom new intercom system is suited to applica- Combining an electric machine and a Diesel through the sole use of the electric motor. Army, and Navy including the Coast Guard) www.forsvaret.no security and special ops forces, both regio-- system, CPIC. The system broadens the tions on land, for the widest B-vehicle in engine, the parallel hybrid drive system is have been using IFS Applications since www.ifsworld.com C3 capabilities of Savox’ software-defined ventory, and at sea, aboard smaller vessels, lightweight, rugged command and control such as RIBs, as well as the largest, such as - destroyers and aircraft carriers. www.savox.com

MITTLER REPORT VERLAG GMBH BaunscheidtstraßeSpecial 11 Issue · 53113 · July 2015 Bonn · European · Germany Security & Defence Fax: +49 228 35 00 871 · [email protected] · www.mittler-report.de  Information Technology

be transferred into a new common data processing centre by the end of 2015. The Interview with Commodore latter will be supplemented successively Dr Thomas Daum, Director of from 2016 onward by incorporating other Directorate I functionalities and user groups, e.g. the Multinational Joint Headquarters in Ulm. ESD: At the two IT Competence Centres The next major step – we refer to it as the (abbreviated as KIT), Bundeswehr special- second part of migration – is planned to ist IT personnel undergo training in com- lead to the harmonisation of the deploy- mercially available, commonly used infor- able command post components of the mation technology. Training courses for armed services by 2018. Again, the Air all users of office application software, on Force with the equipment for Air Com- the other hand, take place at the respec- ponent Commands and the Multination- tive user locations. Is the Bundeswehr goal Joint Headquarters in Ulm will be the ing to adhere to this model? pacemakers. Additional commands and Daum: With the KIT project launched in units will be provided with the necessary 2002 the Bundeswehr has successfully equipment from 2018 onward; however, implemented a model for high-quality as far as these plans are concerned, we and market-oriented advanced training of landscape. Within specific projects, cer- are still in the phase of identification of its specialist IT personnel. With the train- tain systems such as IFF (Identification requirements, and the same is true for the ing installations created in Koblenz and Friend/Foe) Mode 4 or MIDS (Multifunc- equipment of mobile or seagoing units. Dresden we have two extremely efficient tional Information Distribution System) training centres at our disposal, which LVT (Low Volume Terminal) are already ESD: How does this national approach have meanwhile earned themselves being replaced with a follow-on system, fit into the framework of activities re- a firm place in the overall Bundeswehr that is to say IFF Mode 5 or, in the case of garding Federated Mission Networking training and education landscape. Like- MIDS LVT, Block Upgrade 2 respectively. (FMN). After all, FMN was highlighted in wise, „on-site“ training in the field of of- There are also commonly used crypto de- the final declaration of the latest Wales fice application software has meanwhile vices, however, for example the Elcrodat NATO summit as a prerequisite for im- become an integral component. 4-2, which is installed in many weapon proving the Alliance-wide exchange of We take the steadily high course regis- systems, or the Elcrodat 5-4 as desk tel- information. tration numbers as an indication that ephone. Daum: Federated Mission Networking the training courses in their entirety are Crypto technology is a national key (FMN), that is to say jointly building up very well accepted by the Bundeswehr technology. Therefore, the commonly a command support network for a spe- members. Based on the results of a cost- used crypto systems are planned to be cific multinational mission, is the result of effectiveness analysis, the MOD decided replaced with equipment that has been the lessons learned with respect to the as early as in 2012 to carry on with this newly developed at national level and, Afghan Mission Network (AMN) used in model. Currently, we are in the process at the same time, implements the SCIP the mission in Afghanistan. Right from of newly assigning the training services (Secure Communications Interoperability the start, the NATO-wide plans for FMN for the period until 2019. Protocol) and NINE (NATO Networked have formed the design imperatives for Information Infrastructure IP Network harmonising our national command and ESD: NATO has announced to „decer- Encryption) NATO standards in order to control information systems, both regard- tify“ crypto algorithms, which means meet the requirements of international ing the standards and products used and that there will be restrictions regarding interoperability, which, of course, remains regarding the conceptual framework, e.g. their usability for encryption. How is the indispensable. For this purpose, BAAIN- operating requirements. Bundeswehr going to respond to this an- Bw has launched a crypto modernisation The just mentioned equipment for the nouncement? initiative. We are identifying – in coop- Ulm headquarters will enable the head- Daum: NATO as an organisation imple- eration with the Bundeswehr Planning quarters to form an integral part – even in ments what the NATO nations have de- Office – the necessary volume of efforts the role as lead nation – of a future mis- cided. Indeed, NATO has announced its for developing, procuring and integrat- sion network. Our conceptual ideas on decision to decertify a number of crypto ing such equipment in order to be able developments towards a German Mission algorithms, that is to say determine a date to find a financially viable solution or, in Network, which have been elaborated in from which on crypto devices must no other words, incorporate the project into cooperation with the Bundeswehr Com- longer use any of these algorithms for en- the budget planning. munication and Information Systems crypting information up to the level of SE- Command as the capability coordination CRET. The reason is, of course, that these ESD: What are the further steps of har- command for the task of command sup- algorithms are considered to be no longer monisation of the CCIS systems of all mili- port, have very much in common with technically secure. By the way, NATO has tary organisational areas and when are the FMN approach – not only as far as the not published that date, since it is treated they planned to be implemented? name is concerned. as secret information. Daum: In a first step, the functionalities of Thus, the NATO nations are faced with the Air Force CCIS, Intelligence CCIS and ESD: Besides the harmonisation of CCIS the huge task of renewing their crypto the domestic Joint CCIS are scheduled to systems, specific command, control and

42 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Information Technology 

(weapon) employment systems also fall planning to introduce the ASCA interface ESD: When can the development of SV- into the Directorate‘s area of responsibili- and are supported in this effort by Ger- FuA be expected to be completed? ty. What is the state of progress regarding many and the USA. The Netherlands have Daum: We have successfully accom- Joint Tactical Fire Support in multinational also expressed its interest in ASCA. plished the acceptance procedure for the operations? first prototypes and are currently subject- Daum: With ASCA (Artillery Systems Co- ESD: When will SAFES, the medical coming them to intensive testing. We expect operation Activities), which was success- mand, control and employment system, that development of the SVFuA baseline fully used during exercise COMBINED EN- be available for use by the Medical Ser- unit can be completed by mid-2015. De- DEAVOR 2013, the artillery forces of Ger- vice? lays caused by technical obstacles are many, France and the USA already have Daum: SAFES is ready for use already. always possible, though, in a technically a capability at their disposal that covers The software and the material are avail- highly demanding project like this one. A command and control, reconnaissance able; training started last year. The official procurement decision will be taken after and effect in multinational operations. In approval for service use was issued in July the development stage has been posi- addition, Italy and Turkey are making use 2014, marking the start of the in-service tively completed. of the interface based on a NATO stand- phase. Realisation is scheduled to be defi- The questions were asked ard. Denmark, the UK and Norway are nitely completed by 2016. by Dieter Stockfisch.

Information Technology Directorate – Glossary Project managed by … ELCRODAT 5-4 crypto phone equipment I 3.2 Bundeswehr’s mobile communications system (MobKommSysBw) I 4.2 Short-range terrestrial transmission system (TÜtrSys) I 4.2 Participant network, deployable I 4.2 Interdisciplinary Component of the Bundeswehr Communication Server (QUAKS Bw) I 4.2 Army Command and Control Information System (ACCIS/FüInfoSysH) I 4.3 ACCIS/FüInfoSysH – Lot 1 – Product improvement I 4.3 Navy Command and Control Information System – Product improvement (PV FüInfoSysM) I 4.3 Air Force Command and Control Information System – IT equipment expansion I 4.4 Air Force Command and Control System, mobile (mobile AF C2 system/MobFüSysLw) – Implementation I 4.4 of core capability Joint Command and Control Information System (JCCIS/FüInfoSysSK) – Configuration Level 1 I 4.4 Air Force Command and Control Information System – Product improvement (PV FüInfoSysLw) I 4.4 Joint Command and Control Information System – IT equipment expansion – Configuration Level 1 I 4.4 Joint Analysis System for Military Intelligence (JASMIN) I 4.4 Data Processing Equipment of the Medical Service’s Command and Control System I 5.1 Integrated Combat Unit Command, Control, Information and Weapons Control System (Integrated C²I I 5.1 System/IFIS), initial equipment Army Air Defence Surveillance and Command and Control System – Implementation Phase 1 I 5.1 (Army Aviation Combat Direction & Info Sys/FüWES HERGIS) Branch/task-specific Command, Control, Information, and Weapons Control System/Command, Control I 5.1 and Employment Systems for land-based operations (FüW(E)S-LBO) ACCS-ARS-National expansion and SMF (Software Maintenance Facility) I 5.2 Air Command and Control System (ACCS/FüSysLuSK) I 5.2 Air Operations Center – Air Command and Control System – GERMAN IMPROVED AIR Defence SYSTEM I 5.2 (GefStd FüSysLuSK GIADS) – stationary Data Processing Equipment of the Military Intelligence Data Station – Phase IIb I 5.3 Ground-to-air VHF/UHF radio transceiver SATURN (Second Generation Anti-Jam Tactical UHF Radio for I 6.1 NATO) – stationary HRM 7000/7400 radio series I 6.1 Navy Adaptive High Frequency Radio for Boats I 6.1 MIDS radio data transmission system (Multifunctional Information Distribution System) I 6.2 Joint networkable radio equipment (SVFuA) I 6.2

Joint networkable radio equipment – time-critical elements (ZKB SVFuA) Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & DefenceI 6.2 43 Bundeswehr satellite communications system – long-term solution I 6.3  Information Technology Support Information Technology Support Directorate (G)

With the establishment of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr (BAAINBw)) on 1 October 2012, the BAAINBw’s Information Technology Support Directorate (G) did not only assume the responsibility for projects and products that, before, had rested within the responsibility of the former Bundeswehr IT Office (Bundesamt für Informationsmanagement und Informationstechnik der Bundeswehr) but also took over material responsibility for the operational maturity of administrative and logistic information support applications from the organisational areas.

odern Information Technology well as other IT projects to support the mately 54,000 users are already working M(IT) is a strategically important re- Bundeswehr’s main processes. with this highly integrative system mainly source and supports all command and The structural organisation of the new based on the SAP standard software and control as well as business processes of directorate reflects the close cooperation a few other selected complementary the Bundeswehr, which makes it an es- between project management and in- products. On a global scale, the Bun- sential factor contributing to ensuring the service management in terms of the over- deswehr is one of the largest commercial Bundeswehr’s performance and capabili- all material responsibility for operational software users in this area. ties in the future. In accordance with the maturity. The main tasks are designing Not only by bringing together the respon- German Ministry of Defence’s IT strategy concepts, planning projects, introducing sibilities for implementation and use of issued on 16 January 2012, priority is placed on continuous improvement of the armed forc- Analysis phase I Analysis phase II Implementation phase In-service phase es’ operational capabilities. In CPM this regard, IT implementation, further development and op- (Source: BAAINBw) eration within the Bundeswehr are to be closely coordinated. QG1 QG2 QG3 QG4 The Bundeswehr’s process of Implemen- Transition to In-service ALM Requirement Design Optimisation reorientation required the crea- tation & test in-service use phase tion of a basis adapted to Bun- deswehr structures and processes in order to provide the best possible IT support of Bun- deswehr objectives while taking operational and financial frame- Continuously updated basis of information for processes, work conditions into account. IT systems, documentation etc.

Starting Point and QG1 QG2 QG3 QG4 General Framework Release of Release of Acceptance Transfer of solution In accordance with these re- requirements design of solution into in-service phase quirements, the IT Support Directorate has taken over the Relation between Customer Product Management (CPM), Application Life Cycle responsibilities for the imple- Management (ALM) and defined Quality Gates (QG) mentation and in-service use of administrative and logistic IT, two ele- and operating administrative and logistic SASPF but also by technically integrat- ments that had not been coordinated by IT for both operations and routine duty ing SASPF and systems in use into the the same directorate up to then, from the while taking into account relevant regula- endtoend2 responsibility of the branch former Bundeswehr IT Office, the former tions and standards, e.g. ITIL®1. Thus, the in charge will knowledge be pooled, Federal Office of Defense Technology further development of IT service man- knowledge transfer improved and syner- and Procurement as well as other civilian agement processes on the basis of these gies used. This approach of pooling re- and military agencies of almost all organi- best practices is of major importance also sponsibilities through the entire lifecycle sational areas. This comprises the stand- in the IT Support Directorate. of products and services facilitates their ard application software product families HERKULES apart, SASPF is the Bun- integration into the Bundeswehr IT sys- (SASPF), the “systems in use” (SinN) as deswehr’s central IT project. Approxi- tem also with regard to economic aspects

44 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Information Technology Support  and provides the basis for replacing other systems in use Logistical Base in Germany by SASPF. In this connection, a continuous management (Applica- Theatre tion Lifecycle Management) ensures technical system Supply om SASPF know-how. In addition to tC chain Sa Client demand analyses and solu- management tion selection, key elements LAN are the implementation and EINS in-service control by means Herat Terrestrial channels of an IT service manage- SAP Afghanistan Distribution APO ment that is adapted to the centre SAPSAP specific requirements of HHRR Farah Kabul SASPF/systems in use while SAPSAP ERP SAPSAP ERERPP taking central requirements BWBW Kandahar of the “Customer Product System Management (amended)” maintenance and Productive system regulation into account. repair centre The quality management ensures the overall system LAN quality by means of defined SAP HR – SAP Human Resources SAP BW – SAP Business Warehouse EINS Quality Gates. SAP APO – SAP Advanced Planning & Optimization This way, feedback from SAP ERP – SAP Enterprise Resource Planning SASPF users, particularly from Client Bundeswehr missions, and SASPF in theatre – terrestrial channels allow units to use the productive system in Germany; experiences gained can satellite communication is available as another option. be, better than before, efficiently integrated and implemented also centrally supports and monitors all and/or updates of the IT service man- in new developments, further develop- resources for SASPF and systems in use agement model on the basis of opera- ments and adaptations of already fielded including all funds for service providers tional processes; products. from industry contracted regarding the • Change Control Board: Prioritizing, implementation and use of SASPF and planning and authorising the imple- Divisions and Bodies within directly working within the directorate. mentation of Change Requests from the IT Support Directorate Divisions G3 (Personnel, Organisation, Demand Management which will have Individual Training), G4 (Armaments, a decisive impact on technical process- The tasks assigned to the directorate are Logistics, Infrastructure, Environmen- es and systems technology for more fulfilled by five divisions and different tal Protection) and G5 (Bundeswehr than one division; management bodies. Planning, Accounting, Controlling, • IT Architecture Board: Development G1 Division (Economic and Technical Health Care, Special Areas) have been of architecture guidelines and stand- Affairs) is the central planning hub for set up in line with the Bundeswehr pro- ards for the application and system logistic and administrative IT support as cess model. The branches of the individual architecture; well as the respective architecture and divisions assess the requirements for the • Application-Specialised Working its updates. This division is also responsi- respective main and business processes Group: Monitoring the provision of ble for IT-related demand and IT service together with the responsible process or- services by the operating organisation management and provides the necessary ganisation, develop solutions, implement (BWI) in line with the HERKULES main technical equipment and the common and roll out applications and ensure their contract; this includes account man- services related to the different applica- operational maturity, including user sup- agement, operational support param- tions which are necessary for the smooth port. They are technically responsible for eters, SASPF contract administration running of the applications. The G1 divi- the SAP modules and SAP components and software product changes of the sion also serves as the central interface to that are to be assigned to the respective systems in use. the special organization HERKULES (H) as main and business processes as well as for well as to other BAAINBw directorates, in complementary products, systems in use SASPF in Theatre particular to the directorates for Informa- and relevant interfaces. tion Technology (I), Equipment Manage- Bodies that work across the organi- The German contribution to current ment and Strategy (P) and Quality/Logis- sational structure assist Demand Man- military missions is characterised by Ger- tics (Q), whenever interdisciplinary ques- agement and help to assume responsibil- many’s international commitment within tions affecting these directorates occur. ity for the entire process and manage IT NATO including a wide range of demands G2 Division (Economic and Legal support based on the SASPF solutions/ to meet and capabilities to provide. In Affairs) is responsible for the contract systems in use which are an integral part this context, information processing and management of Directorate G taking of the Bundeswehr IT system: the availability of information in an inter- the services relating to the HERKULES • IT Service Management Board: Lay- operable setting play an essential role. contract into account. The G2 division out, implementation and introduction SASPF has been available in theatre for

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 45  Information Technology Support administrative and logistic processes of operational structures, the collection of tion of automatic identification technol- the Bundeswehr since spring 2011 and, personnel data required for the provision ogy. By means of GS1, logistic processes since winter 2013, also for personnel pro- of support to family members of person- are optimised through an accelerated cesses. nel deployed, the collection of operation- and error-free processing of the material The SASPF rollout in the theatres of op- al data as well as the secure storage of and the tracking of objects in the logistic erations and the implementation of all these data in the Bundeswehr personnel process chain is ensured. measures were completed by the end of management system. There are two application possibilities September 2014. This process was ac- Since April 2012, the “mission tool“ has for automatic identification technology: companied by the “SASPF in theatre” been initially available in Germany for all The use of readers (hand scanners) as a project team in coordination with the German contingents, observer missions means of input assistance for quick and Bundeswehr Joint Forces Operations under the auspices of the United Na- error-free acquisition of data in the form Command. An “SASPF in theatre” user tions, standby commitments, such as the of character strings as well as quick data group was set up as permanent succes- NATO Response Force and the European acquisition with simultaneous initiation sor body tasked with follow-on support Battle Group, as well as national support of certain other programme functionali- and coordination responsibilities. This forces in the mission personnel process. ties depending on the data content. This body continued to be managed by the IT After a trial phase, the “mission tool” has can result in significant efficiency gains Support Directorate executive group until been available on-site in all theatres of within the process flow. the end of 2014 in order to ensure that operations since the end of 2013. In ad- Within the scope of a first Bundeswehr the competences of the BAAINBw and dition to the mission personnel process, introduction phase, the areas of material its organisational areas were pooled in a the processing of all personnel processes identification, process support and infra- targeted and operations-related manner. in the Bundeswehr personnel manage- structure identification were implement- This group analyses all factors having an ment system introduced with SASPF in ed in the main. By means of the machine- impact on SASPF in theatre, initiates nec- Germany is now possible in the theatres readable identification of the material as essary measures if required and upon re- of operations for the first time. well as the Bundeswehr-unique identi- quest of the Bundeswehr Joint Forces Op- SASPF thus proved to be the central ele- fication of storage bins with coded bin erations Command and supervises them. ment regarding the provision of IT sup- coordinates, goods movements and as- In order to ensure operation and logis- port to operational logistics as well as to sociated stock postings can be processed tic support of airborne weapon systems personnel planning and management in in the SASPF system in one step. under SASPF, the “airborne weapon sys- theatre. New processes and operating This identification results in a significant tems rollout in theatre” coordination pro- procedures which, in most cases, are as- simplification and optimisation of the in- ject was set up. In the course of this, the sociated with organisational measures are ternal warehouse processes “goods re- entire supply management of the MES reflected by means of SASPF adaptations. ceipt, goods issue and inventory” when Air Wing at the locations of Mazar-e Sha- using the SASPF-based warehouse man- rif and Termez was transferred to SASPF Use of Automatic Identifica- agement system. at once. Afterwards, measures relating to tion Technology in the The direct online connection of the read- the in-service use of the weapon systems Bundeswehr Logistics System ers (scanners) to the SASPF system via a TIGER support helicopter (since Febru- Wireless Local Area Network is an essen- ary 2013) and NH90 transport helicopter The planning, management and supervi- tial characteristic of the solution already (Forward Air Medical Evacuation) (since sion of an adequate and timely supply of implemented. By means of this connec- June 2013) in the ISAF area of operations globally operating force contingents as tion, data is available “in real time” and were coordinated from Germany. In well as the efficient support of routine represents the current stock and require- spring 2014, SASPF was rolled out in the operations require a high transparency ments situation of the logistic facility at German MINUSMA3 contingent for the of material flows within a supply chain. all times. air transport base in Dakar, Senegal. At A machine-readable material identifica- Within the scope of the further develop- the same time, the rollout of the German tion supports the modern Supply Chain ment of functionalities, the Bundeswehr ATALANTA contingent in Djibouti was Management in the Bundeswehr. For the now focuses on the potential offline use prepared. In fall 2014, the SASPF rollout permanent marking of material by means of the scanners. The objective of the for all non-seagoing units was performed of a standardised medium (e.g. barcode) new solution is to keep incoming data there, with the focus being on the P3C of the automatic identification technol- in an intermediate file, transfer it on a Orion maritime patrol aircraft. Likewise, ogy, the Bundeswehr uses the SASPF IT case-by-case basis to a mobile handheld the coordination project supported the solution. Thus, the marking of material device via a docking station and – after rapid implementation of the decision to is ensured throughout the entire lifecycle processing – reload it to the system in the reduce the German ISAF contingent and – from production through the entire in- same manner. This offline solution is re- the planned establishment of the RESO- service period to condemnation or utilisa- quired in areas where the use of an open LUTE SUPPORT follow-on operation in tion. The use of automatic identification radio-based system is not possible due SASPF by the end of 2014. technology allows for acquiring, identify- to safety regulations or infrastructure. In In addition to the support of operational ing and locating material marked with a particular, this applies to ammunition and logistics by means of SASPF, the IT Sup- barcode in an IT based manner by means POL storage facilities as well as mission port Directorate developed a personnel of mobile readers. The time-consuming contingents. “mission tool” within SASPF in accord- and error-prone manual collection and The logistic efficiency of the Bundeswehr ance with the requirements of the Bun- output of data have become obsolete. was increased by the effective and use- deswehr Joint Forces Operations Com- Material identification in accordance with roriented application of automatic mand. The “mission tool“ comprises per- a uniform standard– in this case GS1– is identification technology. By means of sonnel planning and staffing of posts in a prerequisite for the efficient applica- the associated transparency of process

46 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Information Technology Support  flows, turnaround and picking times are among the most important goals of cost Conclusion reduced, personnel employment is opti- and performance accounting. To this end, mised, data and material flows are syn- the persons responsible are to be support- The current projects described more close- chronised, sources of error are avoided ed with relevant information for planning ly above only provide a small insight into and operational costs are reduced. and decisionmaking processes. The previ- the portfolio of the BAAINBw’s IT Support The new solution provides a modern ous corresponding reporting system was Directorate. In addition to the 170 systems Supply Chain Management, which cov- characterised by complex manual work in use, more than 100 SAP modules and ers the requirements of the complex steps; within the scope of the subproject, around 30 ongoing projects, the main Bundeswehr infrastructure in a demand-, this was to be replaced by a manageable focus is on in-service control – from op- user- and future-oriented manner. reporting process. As a result, all mis- erational logistics to salary accounting for sion costs can now be represented– in a more than 100,000 users. In Directorate Improvement, Extension largely automated way – with regard to G up to 650 BAAINBw staff and up to and Area-Wide Introduction the phases of mission preparation, mission 250 employees from industry provide reli- of SASPF Based Cost and execution and post-mission activities in a able, modern and efficient applications to Performance Accounting time-related manner. all members of the Bundeswehr for their In addition to the IT developments perfect- daily operations in all Bundeswehr areas. The Bundeswehr used the SASPF project ing the cost and performance accounting, This poses huge challenges to the IT as an opportunity to conceptually revise a second – at least equivalent – focus of the service management processes and the its cost and performance accounting and subproject was on the harmonised Bun- qualification of soldiers and employees, to change over, in principle, from absorp- deswehr-wide introduction of the SASPF- who successfully tackle them.  tion costing to variable costing. Unless based cost and performance accounting. certain elements have not already gone To this end, organisational structures and 1 ITIL: Infrastructure Library 2 In this case, “end-to-end” describes the overall view live due to integration requirements of procedures had to be redesigned, tasks of the systems involved in a process from the user’s past subprojects, the objective in the last and authorisations of approximately 300 perspective. It is not the individual system that is relevant in this regard but the interaction of all systems year was to complement functions and officials had to be assigned and a uniform involved. The “end-to-end (e2e) responsibility” com- reports still missing or to improve the ex- training had to be designed and per- prises the coordination of all measures required for the provision and optimisation of services agreed in isting ones within the scope of an own formed. Thus, the cost and performance order to ensure continuous business processes. subproject. accounting subproject can, as a whole, 3 This expression is an abbreviation of the French designation of the mission: “Mission multidi- Cost recording and cost monitoring re- be described as an organisational project mensionnelle intégrée des Nations Unies pour la garding Bundeswehr operations are rather than a mere IT project. stabilisation au Mali”.

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Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 47

ATM ComputerSysteme GmbH | +49 7531 808-4462 | [email protected]  HERKULES Special Organization The HERKULES Special Organization (SO H)

The HERKULES Special Organization of BAAINBw is not only responsible for the Bundeswehr's largest IT project; in addition to their main task of so-called "Customer Management" vis-à-vis the BWI IT company, the approx. 270 members of this organisation are also involved in more than 30 other IT projects outside HERKULES. Since April 2013, a new additional project division has been working towards a follow-on solution for the HERKULES project.

ith a contract period of ten years, Wthe HERKULES project has been the Bundeswehr's largest public private HERKULES Main contract partnership since 2007. Its aim has been (Source: BAAINBw) and still is to comprehensively modernise, standardise and economically operate the Technical administrative information technology and concepts the Bundeswehr communication networks in Germany together with a PPP operator company, the BWI IT GmbH, until the end BWI supplies Cooperation activities of 2016. This includes more than 140,000 and services by the Bundeswehr computer workstations, 300,000 tele- phones, the Bundeswehr data processing centres as well as a nationwide IT service organisation. Obviously, all measures taken by the "service provider" in order to implement the IT operations for the Bundeswehr have to be coordinated, supervised and improved. This also includes further developments, technical innovations and, last but Quality of overall performance not least, accounting. The SO H, with its locations in Koblenz, Dresden and Strausberg, is subdivided into three project divisions and the HERKULES Cooperation activities supporting staff. This staff element supports the head of the SO H in his command system as part of the reorientation of the ject division bears responsibility for the con- and control tasks in the fields of training, Bundeswehr through to central manage- ceptual guidelines of all IT security products organisation, personnel administration, in- ment responsibilities for the HERKULES and configurations for HERKULES; currently frastructure and IT as wellAb bas: controlling.2: Mitwirkunsystem.gsver hThean programmedlungen (Qmanagementuelle: BAA is INforBw the) connection of numerous networks responsible for controlling the HERKULES with different preconditions and require- The HERKULES Customer project in bodies and specialised working ments (e.g. the Heeresinstandsetzung- Management groups. Moreover, it comprises the control- slogistik GmbH (HIL), the Bundeswehr ling reporting system within the scope of a Welfare Association or the Army Combat The Project Division H1 is responsible for continuous performance review. Training Center). implementing the HERKULES IT project and The quality and IT service management Another branch is responsible for the IT ser- other IT projects for central services and branch measures and supervises the pro- vices provided for the Bundeswehr WAN, mobile work. This includes planning and vided services based on the service levels telephony as well as for the aspects of mo- implementing all IT-related activities (e.g. defined in the HERKULES manual. This bile work. Its tasks range from the respon- within the scope of IT relocations) as part helps to identify and implement potentials sibility for network expansion to measures of the reorientation of the Bundeswehr. for improvement also with respect to the relating to the Bundeswehr telephone Its main tasks are the so-called customer cooperation activities of the users. The im- network ("Next Generation Network") to management and the daily cooperation provement of agreed services is a perma- establishing the prerequisites for secure with BWI IT in operating the IT home base, nent task. network connections of "travelling users" previously called routine operation. Other fields of expertise include IT security with mobile radio and IT support. Seven branches are responsible for tasks and data protection tasks. Expert person- The "Central Services" branch comprises ranging from programme and quality man- nel have to coordinate all IT security meas- numerous IT services. This includes the agement to IT services for central services ures related to HERKULES between the control of IT services for internet/intranet, and the adaptation of the Bundeswehr IT Bundeswehr and BWI. Moreover, the pro- Bundeswehr Lotus Notes Communications

48 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Network, User-oriented Communication in the Bundeswehr and Bundeswehr Central Directory Service. Moreover, data processing centres and so-called "decentralised servers for systems in use" are supported. At present, the members of this branch are involved in the technical development of the Bundeswehr's online media, the public key infrastructure and the equipment of operational contingents with end-items for the User-oriented Communication in the Bundeswehr. Apart from the financial planning and contractual implementation of the HERKULES project, the customer management also includes budget execution and the associated efficiency analysis. The contract branch conducts contract negotiations as part of the agreed change management, takes

action in case of performance irregulari- (Photo: Bundeswehr/Hannemann) ties and demands contractual penalties. In Training of the users addition, it processes requirements relating to IT materiel maintenance, IT open-end HERKULES – was required for conducting new facilities – include measures taken on contracts and IT measures resulting from the currently more than 200,000 IT relo- IT networks, IT workstation equipment the Bundeswehr's reorientation. cations and modifications. Two branches and services as well as IT procedures for of Division 1 form the "Coordination HERKULES and Non-HERKULES IT. This Adaptation of the IT System Organization IT-SysBw – Reorientation" includes command and control informa- to the Reorientation of the (GE abbr.: “KOINBw”) which centrally tion systems, combat direction systems, Bundeswehr controls all associated modifications of SASPF (Standard Application Software the IT system: from planning to the use Product Families), Systems in Use (i.e. "leg- The effects of the Bundeswehr's reorien- of separate budget appropriations to the acy systems" which are mainly required tation on information technology were support on site by the regional manage- for administrative and logistic processes) not foreseeable when the HERKULES ment teams of BAAINBw and BWI IT. and central services like internet/intranet, contract was concluded. A separate pro- These adaptations – including the clos- Email as well as IT security adaptations. ject with additional resources – outside ing down of facilities and integration of Apart from continuous IT relocation measures, the current priorities of KOINBw IT-SysBw with IT-SysBw with include the adaptation of approx. 30 sys- HERKULES HERKULES Follow-on Project tems in use, the support of SASPF and, in particular, other extensive projects like the - "Green IT" - "Green IT" activation of the new Bundeswehr Aviation Projects Projects Newly Office with its IT elements. outside outside included HERKULES HERKULES CPM projects CPM projects I

I HERKULES

HERKULES IT Platform Equip-

ment, Desktop Management and Special Software

Project Division H2 with its four branches Follow-on Project is responsible both for the equipment of Scope of Scope of the IT platform within HERKULES and for

HERKULES work of Work projects outside the HERKULES contract. Continued HERKULES HERKULES The majority of the approx. 30 projects Main Follow- outside HERKULES is processed and con- on Project Contract trolled from here. The spectrum of tasks ranges from the procurement of COTS IT components to the support of other projects to the conceptual design and provision of IT solutions optimised for military applications. The technical control of IT services for desk- Excluded top management, associated servers and IT-SysBw IT-SysBw LAN within the HERKULES project is one of the main tasks of customer management. Particularly noteworthy is the support of Scope of work the "software distribution" IT service,

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 49  HERKULES Special Organization which comprises the centralised, automat- the as- ed distribution of software programmes to sociated the HERKULES computer workstations of efficiency all users and peripheral equipment. increase. Another branch supports the preparation The com- and execution of projects especially in the prehensive field of technology. It performs research IT support and technology (R&T) studies, market of telework- surveys as well as test and reference in- ing activities and (Photo: ESG) stallations. A universally useable test and civil-military coopera- reference environment is available for this tion is also part of the in- purpose. In addition, essential IT frame- tended enhancements expected work contracts in the field of commercially from the HERKULES follow-on project. available IT are processed and supported. The renewal of IT cable networks in Bun- In addition, the branch is responsible for deswehr facilities, however, will no longer the central application tool for planning be part of the HERKULES follow-on pro- all technical and function-related IT equip- ject. Also some previous service elements, Server segment "large" with ment in Bundeswehr agencies. which will now be implemented in future transport and storage container The Special Software Competence Center, CPM projects, are no longer part of the which has been operating as a coopera- HERKULES follow-on project. This includes tion project between BWI IT and the Bun- the extensive adaptations and further de- workplace equipment which is replaced at deswehr since 2009, plays a special role. velopments of Systems in Use (SinN), the regular intervals. After achieving the state Here, special software and hardware are implementation of SASPF functionalities of target operation, however, a few meas- adapted to the standardised Bundeswehr (including roll-out and training for the fur- ures from the integration phase still have to configuration. More than 150 existing ther expansion of SASPF) as well as the be completed. programmes receive continuous support work in other IT projects, e.g. in the field The launch of the HERKULES project did and the required release management. of Central Services. not go as smoothly as planned. After the The branch also provides advice on sub- In this context, the increased demands BWI IT had taken over the existing IT op- jects like the end-of-life of software prod- e.g. on the performance and protection eration, the Bundeswehr's IT landscape ucts as well as on alternative products and needs of individual systems must also be turned out to be far more complex than the compatibility of software products considered. The extensive changes in the anticipated during the joint intensive with new operating systems. Bundeswehr IT system as part of the reori- preparation. In addition, a familiarisation entation clearly show the importance of phase was required during which the us- Preparation of the HERKULES comprehensive and holistic planning in or- ers and superiors had to come to terms Follow-on Project der to be successful. These changes within with their new role and responsibility, ad- the scope of the reorientation of the Bun- ministrators received different tasks and The 10-year contract period of the deswehr may very well extend until 2018 the BWI employees had to get to know HERKULES IT project will expire on 27 De- and thus end about two years after the the "Bundeswehr as a customer". cember 2016. According to the decision expiry of the HERKULES main contract. A standardisation generally entails that of the Budget Committee of the German With the consistent harmonisation of the special user requests cannot always be Bundestag made in May 2014, the German Bundeswehr IT system in the home base fulfilled. Not everything available on the government will become the sole partner operation, the FMOD has already today es- market is also required for official duties. taking over the business shares of the IT tablished a sound basis for a potential in- And not everything that is nice to have is companies of the BWI service network on terministerial consolidation in the IT sector. required for the overall system. And this will 28 December 2016. The HERKULES follow-on project will thus continue to be so. An in-house company model has been have to be open for the next steps of an Starting in 2012, the ideas on the future identified as the most economical solution interministerial IT consolidation. Another performance of the Bundeswehr IT sys- for the future IT tasks. The preparatory focus of consideration is on the extended tem, to which HERKULES provides an measures for this form of continuation are interoperability even up to NATO and EU indispensable contribution, have been currently being developed. standards. formulated. The primary goal is to ensure Initially, the HERKULES follow-on project the continuous operation after expiration will have to fulfil one core task: the uninter- HERKULES Interim of the HERKULES contract period at the rupted continuation of the Bundeswehr's Assessment end of 2016 in addition to the planned IT operations. This will not be restricted to performance enhancements. The BWI just continuing today's IT support in operat- More than three quarters of the HERKULES personnel – which is more important ing the home base. The progress achieved contract period have elapsed: time to make than the individual technical element – during the HERKULES IT project shall rather an interim assessment. with their know-how will continue guar- be applied to other elements of the Bun- The HERKULES project has reached the anteeing a high-quality IT operation also deswehr IT system as well; among other state of target operation. As a result, the in the future. This personnel constitutes things, to operations-related IT elements Bundeswehr now has an excellent wide- the actual value of the later in-house (missions and exercises). This progress was area network, dependable data processing company; they will be faced with a range made in particular in the standardisation of centres, a centralised user help desk, a 24/7 of interesting new tasks. IT services, the standardisation of processes information and network service, modern- HERKULES was, is and will be a task which and the centralisation of IT operations with ised facility networks and an efficient IT hold true to its name. 

50 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Purchasing  Purchasing Directorate (E)

Within the context of the Important key principles of the newly es- This becomes evident in particular in the tablished Bundeswehr Purchasing are the organisational structure of BAAINBw's E Bundeswehr reorientation the introduction of a strategic working method Directorate. creation of a new, efficient and including an overarching central command As regards the establishment of the Bun- and control, a stringent materiel segment deswehr Purchasing strategic working homogeneous procurement management that is – in close cooperation method three systematic development stag- and in-service process was with the user – geared towards the procure- es are scheduled until the end of 2017. De- ment market, as well as a process-oriented velopment stage 1 “Set-up of Bundeswehr commissioned. organisational structure. Purchasing”, which comprises the three By establishing Bundeswehr Purchasing the pilot materiel segments, i.e. automotive en- heterogeneous operational level of the pro- gineering, office consumables and medical he new process structure of the Bun- curing agencies is expanded by a strategic technology, had almost been completed by Tdeswehr is characterised by clearly de- procurement level in the sense of an opti- 31 December 2013. fined responsibilities and decision-making mised purchasing policy exercising holistic In particular with regard to the materiel powers as well as reduced interfaces. The control. The overall responsibility for the pur- segment of automotive engineering it can resulting new procurement and in-service chasing process is exercised by division AIN be considered a success that various "de- process now consists of three pillars: The (Equipment, Information Technology and In- centralised" individual contracts have been procurement of materiel solutions in accordance with the amended Customer Product Management (CPM), Bundeswehr Purchasing – non-project procurement – as well as satisfaction of demand via Complex (source: BAAINBw) Services. Procurement and In-Service Process

The Core Tasks

The E Directorate is structured into four divi- Amended Bundeswehr Complex sions and twelve branches as well as into CPM Purchasing Services the Directorate Staff and the Directorate Controlling/Purchasing Controlling Unit. It is responsible for two out of three pillars of the procurement and in-service process – Bundeswehr Purchasing and Complex Ser- vices – within the Bundeswehr. Other task The three pillars of the Procurement and In-Service Process and their areas of the Directorate are the disposal of interaction Bundeswehr materiel as well as interdepartmental and equipment support. Service Support) III within the FMOD. This combined by means of a "central" open- is where the framework for Bundeswehr end contract. Since considerable savings are Bundeswehr Purchasing Purchasing is set, i.e. where the purchas- achieved by this measure, it will be checked Organisation ing strategy is adopted and the appropriate both in the automotive engineering ma- guidelines are issued. The Director of the E teriel segment and in the other segments The Bundeswehr Purchasing Organisation Directorate is responsible for their develop- whether further decentralised requirements is responsible for non-project procurement, ment and implementation at agency level. can be combined and fulfilled by means i.e. for commercial and Bundeswehr-specific The executive level of the Purchasing organi- of centrally concluded open-end contracts consumables and non-consumables in or- sation ensures the implementation of the and implemented – where possible and eco- der to maintain Bundeswehr operations on guidelines by all operational level agencies. nomically acceptable – in compliance with deployments, in exercises and routine duty The respective directive authority applicable public contracting law. Another focus is on using a new, holistic approach. This includes across organisational boundaries is stipu- the optimisation of requirements planning the follow-on procurement of spare parts lated in the newly established procedural in cooperation with the user. The aim here is for weapon systems/equipment in the in- provisions. to conclude successive delivery contracts for service phase, procurement via international As regards the items, the new procurement up to three years instead of frequently con- procurement channels and interministerial organisation is structured in accordance ducting tender procedures on the basis of procurement. with so-called “materiel segments” which in recurring requirements that comprise only Based on a very heterogeneous procurement turn are structured according to the eCl@ss small amounts of items. organisation, Bundeswehr Purchasing has (Multi-industry product data standard for As regards the area of office consumables, established an economically optimised pro- the classification and description of prod- it would also be possible to achieve savings curement system operating within the legal ucts and services) classification. According to by reducing the number of contracts on the framework, using modern methods in a con- a new understanding the materiel segments procurement of paper and by centralising text which comprises the entire Bundeswehr, combine supply items that have the same them. By simultaneously switching to recy- and has defined clear responsibilities. purchasing markets. cled paper the current sustainability require-

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 51  Purchasing

ment of the German Federal Government is mately 2 million items, 500,000 of which Complex Services accounted for as well. The effects achieved are almost constantly in demand. The pro- by these measures are depicted in Figure 3. curement ranges from small parts such as The PPP (public private partnerships)/Com- The current objective is to attain develop- screws, nuts, sealing gaskets, also including plex Services constitute the third pillar of ment stage 2 by the end of 2015. In this way, commercial material, to specific materiel for the procurement and in-service process and the standardisation and professionalisation equipment and complex weapon systems comprise the following core elements: of Bundeswehr Purchasing will be further such as the CH-53 medium transport heli- • Comparison of the options regarding promoted. For this purpose, decentrally copter, the frigates or the LEOPARD main the satisfaction of demand within the managed creditor and open-end contract battle tank. whole spectrum from the sovereign im- data in particular are transferred into a cen- E2 concludes contracts on POL supply i.e. plementation of public tasks through to tral data storage. An analysis conducted fuel, lubricants and other comparable prod- complete outsourcing in the sense of a with regard to the heterogeneous data land- ucts including storage, handling, pipelines contract award to external contractors; scape predominant to date clearly identifies etc. for the Bundeswehr in Germany and • Development and evaluation of these potentials for optimisation by cutting back abroad and other federal authorities and different solution models, if necessary redundancies and using synergy effects. facilities in the context of demand pooling by additional, overarching use of person- This way, for the first time a transparent and at federal level, as well as contracts on of- nel and standardised Bundeswehr database will be fice consumables (e.g. printing and photo- • Planning of migration periods (connec- generated, without which the development copying paper) and print products (service tion to Bundeswehr business processes of overarching purchasing strategies will be regulations, forms etc.), individually issued and transfer to a third party) in order to impossible. expendable items, medical supplies (medical ensure the transition from the realisation Moreover, in 2015 further materiel seg- consumables and drugs). to the in-service phase. ments (e.g. electrical engineering, energy The E2 Division is organized in materiel seg- BAAINBw's E Directorate has had award- and secondary raw materials, housekeep- ments in accordance with the eCl@ss struc- ing, contracting and economic authority ing) will be transferred into the newly estab- ture. concerning complex services in the field of lished purchasing process. By means of an This permits placing a targeted demand equipment, IT and in-service support for a additional and final development stage 3, on the procurement markets due to the long time. Bundeswehr Purchasing will be established development and implementation of spe- An additional organisational element for in all materiel segments as of 2017. cific purchasing strategies for each materiel project management which assumes the The Bundeswehr Purchasing concept, the segment. Each materiel segment is headed technical-logistic management as well as related continuous further development by a materiel segment manager who has the overall management of projects has directive authority across organisational been created with branch E3.1. It systemati- boundaries. This facilitates a standardised cally develops and implements complex ser- Core principle of disposal: Bundeswehr procurement in the materiel vice projects. Interdisciplinary cooperation segments by establishing procurement ex- across organisational areas and agencies is Materiel cognizance throughout perts for specific materiel segments and not just possible but already envisaged. This the entire life cycle leads to pooling and synergy effects. will be implemented by a specific form of Generally, Bundeswehr Purchasing has initi- cooperation – similar to the amended CPM. and the required change management ated a paradigm shift in non-project pro- The aim is to develop adjusted and econom- will be conducted by the E1 Division of curement. ic capabilities for our armed forces with due BAAINBw's E Directorate. A "Bundeswehr This constitutes a move away from thinking regard to the legal framework, in time and Purchasing Info Portal" which serves as a in terms of cost in decentralised structures in cooperation with industry. control and information tool has been es- originating in the past and towards a focus Currently, branch E3.1 assumes project tablished on the intranet. The collection and on added value in the context of centrally management tasks for the following pro- target group-oriented provision of the data defined procurement strategies. jects: package 1 NBC material (supply man- required in this context will also be effected Individual contracting authorities across agement for personal NBC protective equip- by the E1 Division. the Bundeswehr thus lose their primacy in ment and clothing of the Bundeswehr), pack- Moreover, the following tasks will be per- the procedural organisation and become age 2 NBC materiel (supply management of formed by the E1 Division: an integral part of the materiel segments. the common and weapon-system specific • Generating and providing basic pur- Their integration as early as during the de- materiel for the Bundeswehr's NBC defence) chasing information (e.g. ordering cata- velopment of materiel segment strategies and Central Bundeswehr spare parts logis- logues) as well as purchasing statistics facilitates the implementation of different tics (ZEBEL – supply of Bundeswehr-owned and reports for BAAINBw; procurement levers taking the legal frame- spare parts by a private service provider to • Drawing and design office for BAAINBw work into account. civilian and selected military maintenance and It will be essential to establish a changed facilities). • Collection of company proposals for basic understanding within the Bundeswehr Branch E3.2 manages the contracts for BAAINBw. without jeopardising the supply itself. It will the above NBC projects, the ZEBEL pro- The E2 Division procures the entire follow- not be possible, though, to break down ject and the basic driver training project on spare parts required by the armed forces structures "overnight" that have evolved (KfGA – acquisition of the license to drive for weapon systems and equipment during over decades. The core elements of a new service vehicles class D "bus license" from the in-service phase. A considerable share strategic working method including an a private company). Another E3.2 task is of the contracts are awarded on a competi- overarching central command and control, contracting and contract management tive basis and with the involvement of me- materiel segment management and process in the field of Bundeswehr transporta- dium-sized enterprises. The range of supply orientation form the driving force for longer- tion (with regard to road, rail, sea and items to be procured amounts to approxi- term organisational development. air transport), which it took over from

52 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Purchasing  the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Infra- structure, Environmental Protection and CBRN 2 Services (BAIUDBw) in January 2013. So CBRN 1 ZEBEL it assumes the role of central contracting agency for meeting Bundeswehr transport requirements both for routine duty Air traffic control and operations (e.g. follow-on supply and Transports training redeployment as regards ISAF, EUTM Mali, KfGA follow-on supply ATALANTA etc.). In this context, Division E also participates, Directorate E is in charge of the contract management for the in cooperation with the Logistics Working above-mentioned projects. Group and within the framework of international bodies (e.g. at NATO level), in ini- cannot be assigned to another area within accompanying measures of the recovery tiatives aimed at the improvement of coop- BAAINBw. organisation. eration with trade and industry and alliance Branch E4.1 supervises the disposal pro- By the successful work performed by the IPT partners. cedure with the objective of relieving the an important contribution is made towards Since the beginning of 2014, E3.2 has also Bundeswehr of unserviceable or surplus reducing the burden on logistics and the re- assumed support of the project "air traffic materiel at an early stage, minimising costs orientation of the Bundeswehr. control training of the Bundeswehr" in mat- caused by condemnation, disposal and uti- Branch E4.2 is responsible for the contrac- ters of contract award and contract law. lisation of Bundeswehr materiel and achiev- tual implementation of decisions taken with The project management for the projects ing maximum proceeds from sales of the regard to disposal. Following condemnation "Optimiertes Bekleidungsmangement materiel. In this context, special attention is within the Bundeswehr, attempts are made 2016+" (Optimised Clothing Management paid to compliance with aspects of the War to put surplus materiel to another use by (OBM 2016+)), "Bundeswehr Fuhrparkser- Weapons Control Act, the Closed Substance handing it over to friendly nations, manufac- vice" (Bundeswehr vehicle fleet (BwFPS)) Cycle and Waste Management Act and the turing companies or museums, preferably by and Heeresinstandsetzungslogistik (Army environmental law; moreover, demilitarisa- selling it. In addition to the transfer of ma- maintenance logistics (HIL)) is currently con- tion and elimination of disposal obstacles teriel to other countries (handing it over to ducted by the temporary work organisation are ensured. Materiel for which there is no friendly nations) agreements for friendly na- "PrOFHI" (project organisation for OBM recycling requirement will, if appropriate, be tions are negotiated and concluded within 2016+, BwFPS and HIL). sold to third parties via the VEBEG company the context of administrative assistance on Branch E3.4 has the economic competence (government-owned trust company for the procurement (e.g. spare parts or accessories) in the purchasing directorate. This branch is disposal of decommissioned assets for the and services (e.g. maintenance of the con- responsible for price negotiations for Divi- federal government and other public cus- tractual items). If another use is not possible, sion E3 as well as for Divisions E2 and E4. tomers). The proceeds will be returned to the respective materiel will be recycled. For Apart from supporting implemented pro- the federal budget. This does not apply to this purpose respective disposal contracts jects, Division E3 is closely involved in the war weapons and materiel that contains will be negotiated and concluded with com- development of follow-on projects and so- radioactive substances. Apart from that, panies subject to a charge. lutions. Its particular responsibilities are pro- transfers of materiel to other countries, In addition to these recovery functions ad- ject management, conducting expression of equipment aids and humanitarian support ditional tasks such as the contractual imple- interest procedures, awarding procedures as services are performed. mentation of the German Federal Govern- well as contract implementation and sup- An important forum in this context is the ment's equipment aid program, the support port. Integrated Project Team (IPT) for Condem- of approximately 50 government quality as- Thus, the technical-logistic, legal and eco- nation and Disposal, which is not an IPT in surance contracts or the processing of gov- nomic expertise for a large part of the com- accordance with the amended CPM. The ernment-to-government purchases within plex service projects in the Bundeswehr IPT for Condemnation and Disposal was the context of the US Foreign Military Sales is concentrated in Division E3. The "one founded with the aim of accelerating con- (FMS) process are assumed. Approximately source" processing concept creates access demnation and disposal of surplus materiel 300 FMS contracts represent a contract to optimisation and acceleration processes produced during the Bundeswehr's restruc- volume of more than US-$4 billion. Further in project work. turing. tasks are the preparation of contributions to Within the context of this IPT and with re- information exchange on international arms Decommissioning and Disposal gard to the entire materiel spectrum the control treaties (CFE contract, Vienna Docu- of Bundeswehr Materiel as process chain is managed and supervised ment, United Nations Register of Conven- well as Interdepartmental across organisational boundaries from tional Arms), the negotiation of contracts identification of surplus stocks to condem- for the Scientific Collection of Defense and Equipment Support nation through to disposal or utilisation. Engineering Specimens and the Technical By means of this concerted course of ac- Information Center as well as the support The E4 Division deals with a broad range of tion the burden on the Bundeswehr will of the liaison offices and the Canadian pro- tasks that is mainly characterised by the dis- be reduced both in individual cases as well curement office, among others by providing posal of materiel no longer required within as across organisational areas. Current pri- legal advice within the context of problems the Bundeswehr, government-to-govern- orities are measures taken with regard to related to contract awarding. The in-service ment purchases (Foreign Military Sales – the disbandment of agencies, the disposal support of the LEOPARD MBT and the set- FMS), interdepartmental and equipment of materiel of US origin for which end use tlement of accounts for services rendered support for friendly nations, cooperative certificates are available as well as the trans- to the partner nations supplement the task logistics and contract management which fer of workload of fixed logistic facilities by areas of the E4 Division. 

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 53  Quality/Logistics Quality/Logistics Directorate (Q)

The Quality/Logistics (Q) Directorate rests on three "pillars", namely Divisions Q1 to Q3. These divisions focus on providing comprehensive system-related and interdisciplinary support to project directorates and Government Quality Assurance Offices and assist in performing conceptual and operational tasks which are all brought together in the Logistics Directorate so it can assume responsibility for the maturity of materiel.

he technical systems that the Bun- vidual weapon systems are responsible for magnetic fields and lasers) and from the Tdeswehr uses as well as the services pro- ensuring that these requirements are met. working conditions they find themselves in vided to the Bundeswehr are characterised The engineers and scientists of Division Q1 (e.g. high workplaces, working in the dark or by a high level of complexity. Incorporating "System-Specific Protection Tasks, Defense in bad weather). Complex weapon systems various components into the smallest of Materiel of Other Nations" provide support also require an increasing level of software spaces poses major challenges at system and advice in the fields of "occupational safety. level. health and safety, environmental protec- The hazardous substance management department specifies the hazardous substances requirements as regards the devel- Ergonomic Weapon/ammunition safety Space to move opment and procurement of products and design non-project procurement and checks the available hazardous substances information

Radiation (Source: BAAINBw) Indoor and safety data sheets for substitution re- climate quirements and plausibility. As part of public procurement, the Bun- Hazardous deswehr technical supervisory body may Noise substances task and authorise engineers to inspect and examine material handling systems, pressure equipment, cranes and lifting gear that require monitoring.

Environment Emissions Environmental Protection

This area of work analyses and assesses the dangers arising for the environment from Immissions Occupational Vibration defence materiel and, above all, keeps them health and safety at as low a level as possible. To this end, the negative impact that a piece of equipment Occupational health and safety and environmental protection in has on the environment during its entire life a Bundeswehr armoured transport vehicle cycle – from its development to its disposal – is, first of all, to be identified and then As a matter of principle, the German Oc- tion and ergonomic design, meeting of re- minimised. As a general rule, preference is cupational Health and Safety Regulations quirements in the area of weapon system to be given to the material with the lowest also apply to the workplaces of soldiers safety and design safety of ammunition." risk potential. during routine operations and deployments The division chief is the safety engineer of as well as to the civilian personnel carrying BAAINBw. Ergonomic Design out trials or performance tests. Bundeswehr personnel, therefore, are entitled to health Occupational Safety Ergonomic design is about designing de- protection in the workplace and to humane fence materiel that follows ergonomic prin- working conditions in the same way as em- Occupational safety covers the areas of oc- ciples and is easy to operate. The aim is to ployees working in trade and industry. cupational and radiation safety, technical improve the commandability, operability Also, Bundeswehr weapon systems must and electrical safety, fire protection, ship and usability of items, paying particular at- not have any adverse impacts on the envi- safety and the safe handling of hazardous tention to stress factors in military opera- ronment. material as well as of weapons and ammu- tions. In this context, demographic change, Apart from these traditional task areas and nition safety with regard to the procure- i.e. changes in socio-physiological popula- because of the strong dominance of intel- ment of products in accordance with the tion parameters, needs to be taken into ac- ligent system parts in Bundeswehr weapon new Customer Product Management (CPM count, too. systems the area of "Functional and Soft- (amended)). The set-up of the workplace in particular, ware Safety" will increasingly be in the Risks in the workplace of soldiers arise from operability, seats, space to move and hand focus of the activities conducted within handling defence materiel (e.g. risks arising grasp area as well as the ways in which in- the context of system safety assessment. from moving parts, noise and vibrations, formation is perceived and processed con- The project managers assigned to the indi- hazardous substances, radiation, electro- tribute to user friendliness.

54 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Quality/Logistics 

authority works independently of project (Photo: BAAINBw) directorates and the bodies managing the contract. It exclusively answers to the executive level. This reflects BAAINBw's political will to further strengthen government quality assurance. With the in-service tasks that have now been assigned to BAAINBw, the aspect of logistics and its entailing responsibilities have been placed on a completely new footing. To this end, for example, the Q3 Division has been structured in a way as to cover, with its seven branches, all the aspects of logistics relevant to BAAINBw. Q3, therefore, is the direct point of contact for the Bundeswehr Logistics Command in all matters of logistics. Q3 is now taking on new tasks but also pool- Government Quality Assurance Representative from the Government ing responsibilities which before were scat- Quality Assurance Office in Manching attending an operational test tered along various user agencies/military during production of the EUROFIGHTER TYPHOON commands, the former Federal Office of the Bundeswehr for Information Management Flaws in ergonomic design add to the op- i.e. making sure the contractor credibly fulfils and Information Technology (Bundeswehr erator's or user's physical and mental stress contractual quality requirements, but also IT Office, in particular its Directorate A) and level and must be avoided. The Q1 Division perform quality assurance tasks for other the Service Branch T2 of the former Federal also coordinates and manages interdiscipli- government agencies. Office of Defense Technology and Procure- nary research and technology projects in the The Government Quality Assurance Offices ment (BWB). fields of materials, fuels and lubricants, oc- base their work on NATO quality assurance The spectrum of logistics encompasses con- cupational health and safety, environmental requirements, the Allied Quality Assurance ceptual work and policy matters, support of protection and ergonomic design. Publications (AQAP). The intensity and project directorates and BAAINBw agencies Furthermore, Q1 has the important task to depth of quality control with which the Gov- as well as operational and logistic tasks for analyse foreign defence materiel, thereby ernment Quality Assurance Representative that particular organisational area. obtaining valuable knowledge to iden- monitors manufacturing depends on the As a result, Q3 in particular taps synergies tify the Bundeswehr's capability gaps or to identified individual quality risk. by bringing together the areas of armament adapt the already fielded technical systems The Government Quality Assurance Offices and in-service use. to new threats. Research and technology is are not only responsible for quality assur- A few examples are: carried out in this field as well. ance, they also take care of maintenance • Bringing together logistic technical and The main responsibility of the Q2 Division, work to be carried out by industry on Bun- requirements planning for maintenance which is also known as the "Bundeswehr deswehr defence materiel, starting with de- and Bundeswehr depot level mainte- quality assurance authority", is to assure fining the scope of maintenance to issuing nance which has so far been handled by the quality of defence, mission relevant or maintenance orders and auditing invoices. the agencies of the organisational areas; fiscally relevant items and complex services Within the new "Quality/Logistics" Directo- • Bringing together in one branch the con- provided to the Bundeswehr, NATO part- rate (Q), the Bundeswehr quality assurance ceptual responsibilities of "Equipment/In- ners or friendly nations. Q2 consists of a policy branch, four technical branches and 26 Government Quality Assurance Offices (GPS), located mainly at the respective defence materiel contractor's (Photo: BAAINBw) premises. The policy branch is responsible for basic quality assurance tasks and national and international cooperation. The technical branches cooperate closely with the project directorates or the respective non-BAAIN- Bw agencies, devise contractual quality assurance requirements and provide technical assistance to the Government Quality As- surance Offices. They also perform central certification and quality assurance monitoring tasks. The 26 Government Quality Assurance Of- fices carry out quality assurance activities at Government Quality Assurance Representative from the Government the contractor's site. They do not only carry Quality Assurance Office in Kassel monitoring the factory trials on the out contractual quality assurance activities, PUMA IFV overall system demonstrator

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 55  Quality/Logistics

Service Use/Logistics Procedures and Pro- management, technical reliability and the organisational area of Equipment, Infor- cesses", the "Logistic Process Manager" application of Automated Identification mation Technology and In-Service Sup- of the organisational area of Equipment, Technology. port; Information Technology and In-Service In the fields of import, export and trans- • Standardisation. Support within the Armaments/Logistics port, Q3 is also in charge of defining tech- main process and "Standardisation" in- nical responsibilities, end-use control and Policy Matters cluding their respective representatives the Documentation Center for Loans and • Equipment/In-Service Use/Logistics ter- in international bodies; Government-Furnished Equipment within minology; • Bringing together logistic expertise from the organisational area of Equipment, In- • Automated Identification Technology the areas of Armaments and In-Service formation Technology and In-Service Sup- (AIT); Support to ensure that the material man- port. • Software license management; ager for operational maturity can fulfil Q3 serves as the central point of contact • Material information and basics; his responsibility for conceptual matters for Bundeswehr software licenses to ensure • Configuration and change management; and is able to act in all CPM (amended) that software is used in a legal and efficient • Obsolescence management; phases. manner. • Technical reliability; Q3 is responsible for determining logistics To put it in a nutshell, Q3 "Logistics" is re- • Individual tasks in the Logistics project guidelines in addition to performing policy sponsible for four main areas: element (e.g. material management, work for individual tasks in the Logistics Integrated Logistic Support-ILS/Logistic project element (e.g. material manage- Conceptual Tasks Support Analysis-LSA). ment, Integrated Logistic Support-ILS/ • Equipment/In-Service Use/Logistics Pro- Logistic Support Analysis-LSA), mate- cedures and Processes; Support Tasks rial information and basics, obsolescence • Logistic Process Manager for the Arma- • Technical and requirements planning for management, configuration and change ments/Logistics main process within the maintenance; • Depot level maintenance planning and follow-on requirement for individually issued expendable items; AIR + LAND + NAVAL + SECURITY + MEDICAL + UNMANNED • Material condemnation officer, import and export matters, end-use; • Transport matters; • Bundeswehr IMP Office (Information Procedure Material Planning Designa- tion); • Codification, preparation of logistic master data; Engage with the • Provision of expertise for logistic projects; whole defence • Transport matters. Operational Logistics (Equipment, In- formation Technology and In-Service & security sector Support) • Technical supervision of order process- at DSEI 2015 ing, material management and maintenance of agencies; • Equipment of BAAINBw and its agen- 1,500 companies representing the whole cies; supply chain, from Primes to SMEs • Infrastructure of BAAINBw and its agen- 6 dedicated areas featuring REGISTER cies; state-of-the-art solutions • Documentation Center for Loans and NOW GFE within the organisational area of Largest display of the latest defence FOR EARLY & security technology BIRD DISCOUNT Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support and agency-furnished Networking opportunities with 32,000 equipment. representatives from government, The Directorate Staff (QAS) is responsi- military, industry and academia ble for all organisational and personnel High-level seminars delivering the matters. QAS also manages initial and latest insight into the defence & security extension training, security and official markets from an international prospective trips. The Directorate Controlling Unit (QAC) assists the director with strategic controlling. The QAC aims to provide information sup- Register NOW on: porting the decision-making process so as www.DSEI.co.uk/register15 IMAGES COURTESY OF: Supacat, AgustaWestland, to enable the executive level to fulfil the Richard Seymour and THALES tasks attributed to Directorate Q in the most effective manner. 

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Platinum Gold European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Central Affairs  Central Affairs Directorate (Z)

The Central Affairs Directorate (Z) is responsible for central administrative matters of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw). Six divisions with a total number of 26 branches deal with the multi-faceted spectrum of interdisciplinary and general administrative matters. Directorate Z is thus the central service provider for the BAAINBw and its agencies.

Division Z1 Division Z2 consists of the following trally authorising all payments of the Division Z1 consists of the branches "Or- branches: Z2.1 "Budget Policy, Govern- office. In addition, specially assigned ganisational Structure / Organisational ment Claims and Allocations, Tax Af- members of the branch ensure smooth Procedures, Supervision (Z1.1), "Com- fairs, Federal Audit Office Affairs“, Z2.2 processing of existing budgetary IT pro- mercial Policies, Accounting, Organisa- "Funds Management, Investments“, Z2.3 cedures, contribute to the conceptual de- tional Studies, Manpower Requirement "Funds Management, Operation“ as well velopment of these procedures or specify Calculation“ (Z1.2), "Security, Alerts, Se- as Z2.4 "Contract Accounting“. associated new budget processes. curity Officer“ (Z1.3) and "Internal Ser- Branch Z2.1 not only processes funda- The responsibilities of branch Z2.3 com- vices“ (Z1.4). mental tax and budgetary law issues but prise the management of the funds re- This division deals with the organisational also contributes to contract review and quired for maintaining the operational and procedural overarching and general consulting in accordance with Articles maturity as well as of the funds necessary administrative matters of the office. Not 58, 59 and 63 of the Federal Budget for maintaining and conducting routine only does it determine the organisational Code (Bundeshaushaltsordnung, BHO). duty in BAAINBw and its subordinate structure of BAAINBw and its agencies In addition, it monitors all government agencies. In addition, Z2.3 manages the but it also develops regulations with re- claims (e.g. contractual penalties, inter- funds for information technology and for spect to both the administrative area and est charges), posts them accordingly and the Bundeswehr information and com- project management. Furthermore, this centrally pays taxes due for BAAINBw munication system. The task spectrum division is responsible for organisational and its agencies. Besides the review of of the branch also includes the manage- studies, manpower requirement calcula- allocations (Art. 44 of the BHO), Z2.1 also ment of funds for private operator mod- tion and commercial policies (cost and conducts unexpected materiel tests in els regarding clothing management (LH performance accounting). Moreover, di- BAAINBw and its agencies in accordance Bundeswehr Bekleidungsgesellschaft vision Z1 is responsible for personnel and with Art. 78 of the BHO. Within the scope mbH), army maintenance logistics (HIL materiel safety. The Administrative Data of utilisation, Z2.1 is responsible for the GmbH) and fleet management vehicles Protection Commissioner also belongs task of the budget officer. With regard to (BwFuhrparkService GmbH). to division Z1. The liaison office with the funds of partner countries to be admin- In addition to the accounting of con- Bundeswehr Service Center (BwDLZ) istered on trust within the scope of bina- tracts concluded by BAAINBw, the tasks for coordination and general tasks with tional or multinational agreements, Z2.1 of branch Z2.4 comprise delivery date respect to real estate and accommoda- concludes account keeping agreements monitoring, final pricing agreements and tion affairs is also part of this division. with commercial banks, manages them recovery of and interest on possible over- Postal and messenger services, registry and authorises the required payments. payments after the price review has been and BAAINBw inventory management Also, primary responsibility regarding the performed. complement the division’s task spectrum. processing of all audit projects initiated by the Federal Audit Office (Bundesrech- Division Z3 Division Z2 nungshof, BRH) and the federal regional Division Z3, "Legal Affairs“, addresses Division Z2, Finance, is characterised in its audit offices rests with this branch. the legal issues of procurement proce- structure and allocation of responsibilities The main task of branch Z2.2 is to manage dures and public contract awarding poli- by the special tasks of BAAINBw, which the funds for research and technology as cies and exercises functional supervision is not only a large procurement agency well as for development and procurement of BAAINBw agencies' award activities of the Federal Republic of Germany and of defence materiel. In addition, the shares as well as the control of the Bundeswehr thus an important public purchaser but of the funds required for fast track initia- companies with regard to accompanying also – since its establishment on 1 Oc- tives for operations as well as the German contract award law. Further tasks include tober 2012 – has the single-manager re- shares of the administrative budgets of the civil law aspects of contract consulting sponsibility for the operational maturity NATO agencies are managed here. Since and contract review. The division is also of defence materiel. In 2013, BAAINBw 2013, the branch executes the tasks of responsible for lawsuits with contractors had a total of €7.18 billion at its disposal budget item management (investments). in contractual matters, for executions for these tasks. Apart from that, the divi- During the implementation of procure- against property, insolvency proceedings sion manages the budgetary funds re- ment actions, the budget item managers and for liability and damages investiga- quired for the administrative need of the serve as interfaces between the user and tions. Furthermore, Z3 assumes tasks re- office. In 2013, a total of approximately the project manager on the one side and lating to employee inventions / service 94,000 invoices was processed for pay- planning and budget on the other. inventions, industrial property rights ment by means of available budgetary Besides the budget item management, (patents, trademarks, utility models and funds. branch Z2.2 is also responsible for cen- designs) and copyright matters within the

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 57  Central Affairs (Photo: mawibo)

Directorate Z is the central service provider for the BAAINBw and its agencies.

Bundeswehr. Moreover, the division con- Branch Z4.2 is in charge of coordinating Defence and Budget Committees meet- cludes licensing agreements covering the military personnel. ings as well as for visits (by members of marketing of Bundeswehr rights as well The spectrum of tasks covers the tradi- parliament, the Executive Group of the as contractual agreements on user rights. tional tasks of Innere Führung (leader- Federal Ministry of Defence, etc.) to the Z3 is also responsible for the conclusion ship development and civic education), office or its agencies. of project-related departmental agree- for instance the military disciplinary sys- The Scientific Collection of Defense Engi- ments (Memorandum of Understanding, tem and all administrative complaints neering Specimens (WTS, branch Z4.4) is MoU) within the scope of international proceedings, as well as the entire range a part of the training and advanced train- armaments cooperation. of military personnel affairs, reserve duty ing programme for many Bundeswehr soldier management and military train- units and for young defence engineers Division Z4 ing. working in the equipment, IT and in- Division Z4, "Coordination of Personnel, Branch Z4.2 is the most important link service support area (AIN). The scientific Parliamentary and Cabinet Issues, Scien- between BAAINBw and the central per- collection shows which possible solutions tific Collection of Defense Engineering sonnel management agencies for military in terms of design, function and concept Specimens (WTS), Technical Information personnel and all military and civilian are incorporated into a piece of equip- Center (FISt)" consists of five branches training facilities. The tasks in the area ment and how technical know-how is and is responsible for the tasks of an em- of training are, amongst others, planning used for new and further developments ploying agency for the civilian and mili- and conducting all measures to maintain within the scope of a specific project. tary personnel. the individual basic skills, i.e. maintaining With its 3,000 exhibits and a size of 7,200 Branch Z4.1 is in charge of coordinating military skills and the physical fitness of square metres the scientific collection al- BAAINBw civilian personnel affairs and soldiers. so accomplishes the task of information is thus central point of contact for Bun- Branch Z4.3 is responsible for coordinat- and education. deswehr personnel management agencies. ing and answering all cabinet and parlia- The Technical Information Center (FISt) In particular, its responsibilities include mentary inquiries (e.g. major and minor of BAAINBw (Z4.5) researches, acquires, personnel management for the BAAIN- interpellations, petitions, correspond- processes and archives technical infor- Bw as employing agency. ence with the Parliamentary Commis- mation needed for official purposes (e.g. In the context of personnel matters, sioner for the Armed Forces) in coopera- study and final reports with respect to this branch also works in coordination tion with the competent elements within defence technical tasks, publicly available with and supports the Federal Office BAAINBw and its area of responsibility. literature, regulations and standards) and of Bundeswehr Personnel Management The branch also compiles the information centrally provides them to members of (BAPersBw) and the Bundeswehr Service and documents required by the BAAIN- BAAINBw and its agencies. Bundeswehr Centers (BwDLZ). Bw Executive Group for participating in contractors obtain technical information

58 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Central Affairs  on the basis of contractually warranted dealing with policy requests regarding Division Z6 government-furnished material. Just like aspects of pricing legislation, business With division Z6, "IT Coordination AIN, Bundeswehr contractors, Bundeswehr administration and cost audits, develop- IT Security Officer AIN/IT Security Officer units deployed abroad are provided ing work instructions and guidelines for BAAINBw, SASPF Introd./In-Service Org. with service regulations via the Internet the BAAINBw price audit branches and AIN, SASPF Main Process Management Rü Regulations Portal DvWeb. Furthermore, price negotiations, model contract price (Armaments)", Directorate Z also takes over the FISt centrally assumes administra- and cost arrangements to cooperation IT equipment demand coordination as well tive tasks relating to Technical Manuals with the pricing agencies of the German as the SASPF Introduction and In-Service Or- for BAAINBw project directorates. This states, support to NATO Programme Of- ganisation (Introd./In-Service Org.) and the includes keeping equipment history re- fices and official assistance for foreign SASPF Main Process Management Arma- cords, storing file copies, initiating decree governments. The operative price audit ments/Logistics, armaments portion. The processes and the editorial review and branches Z5.2 to Z5.5 technically and division with its three branches is the central publication of special directives to main- economically evaluate, in accordance service provider to the organisational area tain operational maturity. with price law, if cost prices are appropri- AIN regarding the use of IT resources, in par- ate. For this evaluation they use detailed ticular future Standard Application Software Division Z5 cost data and documents and assess the Product Families (SASPF solutions). Division Z5 is divided into the following quantities and valuations. The tasks range from IT equipment co- branches: “Price Audit Policy/Common The Cost Competence Center supports ordination, IT user support, operational Issues“ (Z5.1), “Price Audit Airframe/En- the economic execution and implemen- support for the intranet/internet to pro- gine" (Z5.2), "Price Audit Maintenance tation of projects and organisational cess/technical specifications of future for Armed Services, Missiles, Other Aero- measures in all phases of the CPM proce- SASPF solutions (Process Organisation). nautical Equipment" (Z5.3), "Price Audit dure (amended) by means of parametric Another focus lies on coordination ef- Electronics, Sensors“ (Z5.4), "Price Audit cost estimates, cost-effectiveness evalu- forts during the on going introduction/ Weapons and Ammunition, Tracked and ations, assessments of alternative forms use of SASPF functionalities in the organi- Wheeled Vehicles, Ships and Boats, Oth- of procurement and review and staffing sational area AIN. The task spectrum of er Equipment" (Z5.5) and "Cost Compe- of phase documents. In addition, Z5.6 is division Z6 is complemented by exercis- tence Center" (Z5.6). the central point of contact in BAAINBw ing the functions/roles of the IT Security The tasks of branch Z5.1 range from in terms of life cycle cost management Officer of BAAINBw and the IT Security central control of price audit requests to matters. Officer for the organisational area AIN. 

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 59  Agencies The Agencies of BAAINBw

The key task of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support, in German abbreviated BAAINBw, is to ensure that the Bundeswehr's needs and requirements in the field of material resources are met by supplying it with state-of-the-art technology and safe equipment while observing the principle of cost-effectiveness. Development, testing and procurement of defence materiel form the core of its activities.

or the implementation of this highly A Manifold Spectrum of Services technologies for the Bundeswehr. Spe- Fcomplex task the BAAINBw project The spectrum of services provided by the cialist technical support of BAAINBw management relies on technical and sci- agencies of BAAINBw includes specialist project management helps to minimise entific investigations, tests, studies and technical inputs to all phases of the de- project risks and provides inputs in the market analyses. This specialist technical fence materiel development cycle and the form of findings from test activities. support is provided by six Bundeswehr testing/examination and specialist tech- Participation in national and national Technical Centers and two Bundeswehr nical evaluation of defence equipment armament programmes is an important Research Institutes. The Naval Arsenal, in the course of integrated compliance factor shaping the flow of work activities. the Bundeswehr IT Center and the Ger- demonstration. Preparation of expert re- Both at the national and international lev- man Liaison Office for Defense Mate- ports in the event of accidents, damage el, close cooperation with other technical riel USA/Canada complete this range of and warranty cases is another task to be and military agencies, test centres, indus- agencies that contribute essentially to ac- mentioned here. Work on research and trial companies, research institutes, uni- complishing the BAAINBw mission. technology projects opens up advanced versities and programme offices is, quite (Graphic: mawibo-media) Bundeswehr Technical Center for Ships and Naval Weapons, Maritime Technology and Research (WTD 71) German Liaison Office for Defense Materiel Bundeswehr Research U.S.A./Canada, Reston, Institute for Protective Virginia, U.S.A. Technologies and CBRN Protection (WIS)

Naval Arsenal Bundeswehr Technical Center for Information Technology and Electronics (WTD 81) Bundeswehr Technical Center for Weapons and Ammunition Bundeswehr Technical (WTD 91) and Airworthiness Center for Aircraft (WTD 61) Bundeswehr Technical Center forAutomotive and Armored Vehicles (WTD 41) Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials, Fuels and Lubricants (WIWeB) Bundeswehr Information Technology Center (IT-ZentrumBw) Bundeswehr Technical Center for Protective and Special Technolo- gies (WTD 52)

60 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Agencies  naturally, part of the work performed. The range of activities of the BAAINBw agencies is supplemented by training courses and other training activities of- (Photo: WTD 81) fered to technical personnel from the entire Bundeswehr, in some cases using own training facilities.

Survey of the BAAINBw Agencies WTD 41, the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Automotive and Armored Vehicles in Trier, is responsible for technical investigations, evaluations and trials of all vehicles (wheeled and tracked vehicles, special application vehicles as well as vehicles with various add-on structures) and vehicle components of the Bundeswehr. To handle its comprehensive tasks, WTD Fire extinguishing vehicle subjected to an electromagnetic compatibility 41 has numerous test tracks and terrain (EMC) test. courses of various soil compositions and degrees of difficulty, which are used for this WTD handles route clearance tasks tronics in Greding, the emphasis is on the conduct of mobility trials and permit as one aspect of the Counter-Improvised tasks in the fields of information trans- a broad spectrum of different investiga- Explosive Devices (C-IED) range of tasks. mission and processing, information col- tions with the aim of yielding the highest lection and electronics. possible amount of reproducible values. WTD 61, the Bundeswehr Technical The facilities which WTD 81 uses to ac- This WTD furthermore operates a tech- Center for Aircraft and Aeronautical complish its tasks include Europe's larg- nology competence centre for engineer Equipment is the Bundeswehr authority est fully shielded building for the study and general field equipment used by the tasked to ensure that – in the interest of of electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) Bundeswehr. Apart from specific techni- both the aircrew's and the population's and electro-magnetic effects and the cal tasks in the fields of hydraulics, mobile safety – all aircraft in service are safe and Center for Interoperability, Network-En- power supply systems, compressed-gas mission-capable. abled Capabilities and Simulation, in Ger- technology and air-conditioning engi- Thanks to its facilities and equipment (air- man abbreviated ZINS, which carries out neering, this centre is in charge of testing field with two runways, a drop zone and experiments across project boundaries armoured vehicle-launched bridges, dry test aircraft fitted with state-of-the-art on interoperability and efficiency in inte- gap bridges, floating bridges, amphibi- metrological equipment), WTD 61 is in a grated systems. Furthermore, the agency ous bridging systems, ferries, assault position to perform most of its test and operates a centre for multispectral tar- boats and amphibious land vehicles – to evaluation tasks on site at Manching. get and scenario simulation in one of the the extent that their amphibious capabili- largest dome structures worldwide. ties are concerned. WTD 71, the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Ships, Naval Weapons, WTD 91, the Bundeswehr Technical Situated in the Bavarian Alps, WTD 52, Maritime Technology and Research Center for Weapons and Ammunition the Bundeswehr Technical Center for with its Institute for Underwater Sound (WTD 91), is the central test and evalu- Protective and Special Technologies, and Geophysical Research, provides ation centre for weapons and ammuni- has unique infrastructure at its disposal in defence-related technical and scientific tion of the Bundeswehr. Its test range is the form of a mountain trial site located at expertise in the field of maritime research located near the town of Meppen and an altitude of more than 1,700 m above and development for the Bundeswehr. covers an area of almost 200 km², thus sea level and an underground complex For the specification and testing of mari- forming the largest instrumented ground with an extensive tunnel system. time weapon systems the agency has firing range in Western Europe. Firing Current key tasks of the agency are the technical installations – some of which tests with gun and artillery weapons of design and evaluation of passive protec- are unique – at its disposal such as fa- all calibres can be carried out there. WTD tion measures for Bundeswehr installa- cilities for magnetic measurement and 91 is responsible for testing and evaluat- tions in deployment areas and their ad- degaussing of ships, underwater and ing weapons and weapons systems, am- aptation to a constantly changing threat surface range tracking systems, torpedo munition of any type, rockets, missiles, situation. As far as indirect protection firing position and range, naval engineer- unmanned aerial vehicles, airdropped is concerned, products such as camou- ing test stands and a fleet of modern tri- ammunition, optical and optronic equip- flage patterns, camouflage sets, models al ships including the "Planet" research ment for reconnaissance and fire control, or comprehensive signature adaptation ship. acoustic equipment, meteorological, concepts for worldwide use are being de- oceanographic, geological and geodetic veloped. Another issue of operational rel- Within the scope of activities of WTD equipment. Moreover, it is in charge of the evance are non-lethal weapons, of which 81, the Bundeswehr Technical Center issues of protection of armoured vehicles, WTD 52 is also in charge. Furthermore, for Information Technology and Elec- crew protection and camp protection.

Special Issue · July 2015 · European Security & Defence 61  Agencies

WIS, the Bundeswehr Research Insti- The Naval Arsenal, another subordinate ters in Reston, Virginia, represents the tute for Protective Technologies and agency of BAAINBw, takes care of the re- German interests in matters of defence CBRN Protection in Munster, is the pair of naval ships and boats. Besides per- technology or armaments when dealing national centre of competence regard- forming maintenance tasks, the planning with US or Canadian government agen- ing CBRN and fire protection in the Bun- and execution of technical modifications cies or industry. deswehr. Use of its wide scope of techni- to Navy systems is another core responsi- cal expertise is also made to the benefit bility of the Naval Arsenal. Furthermore, Summary of other issues such as protection against the Naval Arsenal uses its capacities to electromagnetic effects, environmental support Navy seaborne missions all over The aim of all activities of the BAAINBw protection, occupational safety & health the world. The Naval Arsenal installation agencies is to ensure that the military equip- and radiation protection. The services of in Kiel will be closed down with effect ment handed over to the Bundeswehr mili- this research institute are available not from 31 December 2015, with the result tary personnel is both safe and efficient. only to the defence sector but also to that all tasks of the agency will be per- In addition, they provide expert support other government departments. formed in Wilhelmshaven. to the armed forces during the in-service phase of the equipment. In doing so, these WIWeB, the Bundeswehr Research In- The Bundeswehr IT Center, with offices agencies make use of a unique infrastruc- stitute for Materials, Fuels and Lubri- in Euskirchen, Munster, Rheinbach, Mün- ture with state-of-the-art measuring equip- cants in Erding (with branch office in Wil- ster and Ulm, is responsible for tasks of IT ment, which has been adapted to the spe- helmshaven) is the only agency within the security, system integration, project sup- cific requirements and optimised over the armaments organisation with responsi- port and tasks related to field trials. Fur- years. The wide scope of demanding tasks bility for all technical issues related to ma- thermore, it provides pooled capabilities is fulfilled by highly specialised engineers terials including fuels and lubricants. This of cyber defence within the Bundeswehr and scientists of various disciplines and includes the fields of surface technolo- in the form of the Computer Emergency highly skilled technicians working at these gies, material protection, safety of chemi- Response Team (CERTBw), which acts agencies. Thus, the Bundeswehr Technical cals, occupational safety and health and as a central instrument for monitoring, Centers and the other technical agencies environmental protection. WIWeB also maintaining and restoring IT security of the BAAINBw organisation are highly plays a key role in the field of clothing within the Bundeswehr IT system. modern research and testing sites marked and personal equipment of Bundeswehr by a high level of specialist expertise, which military personnel, giving inputs based The German Liaison Office for Defense enjoy an excellent reputation, both nation- on its technical expertise. Materiel, USA/Canada, with headquar- ally and internationally. 

European Security & Defence · Issue 5/2015

Preview September 2015 • Country Focus: United Kingdom • European Security and Defence Policy – Results of the EU Summit • Frontex – Capabilities and Operations • The Polish Armed Forces • A400M Programme Status • NATO Federated Mission Network • International MBT Developments • Current Trends in Simulation & Training • Logistic Vehicles • Geo Information Systems • NATO Military Engineering CoE • Israeli-European Defence Cooperation

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62 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · July 2015 Information Superiority.

European Security SECURIT Y POLICY Necessary Renewal of the Euro-Atlantic European Security Partnership and Defence Johannes Varwick The transatlantic relationship has become a topic of discussion. The supposed “pivot toward Asia” on the part of the USA, the alienation on both sides of the Atlantic arising from the NSA affair, and the resulting Security divergence in philosophies with regard to the role of intelligence agencies, as well as Washington’s ongoing complaints about having to shoulder an unfair share of the security burden and division of labour are all signs of the end of business as usual. Although long-term observers of transatlantic relations will • Politics view these rows with a much calmer eye, the degree of alienation is nevertheless significant. & Defence 3/2013 he role that the Ukraine crisis will play Tin all of this is currently difficult to as a result, a USA of diminished importance sess. In any case, it has visibly resulted in- in the alliance. Whether this is good news been sources of significant tension in the • Armed Forces EU. A clearly defined and explicitly spelled a revitalisation of the theory of realism, or bad news depends on the capability of which many had already written off. With Europeans to work together effectively to out concept for distribution of labour a view to the transatlantic relationship, solve international problems. has not emerged. Although the gap has realism emphasises two central dynam closed somewhat between the extreme - positions within the European states re ics for dealing with differing balances of NATO and the EU - power: balancing and bandwagoning. A garding the security roles of the EU and balancing approach would compel Ger In the course of its increasing activities in NATO, it has never been fully bridged. As • Economy a result, development of the CSDP has many to search for partners both within - foreign and security-political areas, the and outside of Europe in order to build a EU has by necessity put itself on a com taken place against the backdrop of stra - - counter-balance to reign in US American tegic ambivalence. On the one hand, all cockiness. This was the case in the Iraq crisis of 2003, the Libya crisis of 2011, and

EU) the NSA crisis of 2014. In Germany, by the • Technology way, this occurred under very different (Photo: party constellations, running the gamut from left to the centre-right. In view of the great transatlantic imbalance, particularly in intelligence and security capabilities, success in these efforts would come at an enormous expense of energy. Bandwag oning, on the other hand, would require- a gritting of teeth and a delicate continu ance of efforts to profit from American - capabilities. Just what role European security policy (CSDP) would play in this context is an unresolved issue, as it reo pens the question of the relationship with- NATO and ultimately poses the question of the USA’s role in and for Europe. If it is successful, the CSDP could over the long term bring a more European NATO and as US President Barack Obama at the EU summit in Brussels Author TECHNOLOGY petitive footing with NATO. Factors such „More Europe“ as an incomplete overlap in membership, of the EU and NATO member states have Dr. Johannes Varwick is a professor accepted the parallel nature of security for international relations and Euro the issue of distributing national resourc - activities, and that has been manifested pean politics at the University of Halle-- es among the security activities of both in various agreements (Berlin Plus and Wittenberg. organisations, and not least, the friction between the transatlantic and European others). On the other hand, strategic am Michael Ruloff - Air Defence in an Era of Changeorientation of the member states have bivalence has expressed itself as a con Continued Trilateral Development tinuation of fundamental differences in - 8 European Security and Defence in Security Policy? secondary · December weapon 2014 system on the basis of the IRIS-T air-to-air guided missile which – pursuant to an interim decision – was When the first steps into the trilateral MEADS development phase in launched as an armament project in line Germany were taken the armament effort was originally intended to with Customer Product Management (CPM) regulations in 2005. replace also the Patriot weapon system after the phase-out of Hawk and Roland systems. Development between 2005 - What had started as a national project in and 2011 1992 was continued in cooperation with- “With its tactical air defence system (Tak - Italy and the U.S.A by way of a compre It had turned out already at the end of tisches Luftverteidigungssystem – TLVS) the definition phase but ultimately up project the German Air Force is going to hensive definition phase (1996-1998) and - on completion of the risk minimisation finalise the replacement of their legacy risk minimisation phase (2001-2004). Upon entering into the tri-national De phase that the project would touch the air defence weapon systems by powerful limits of near-term feasible technology. • ISSN 1617-7983 - sign & Development (D&D) phase in 2004 state-of-the-art systems. The concept was Accordingly, an extensive development selected considering the demands for oper budget of approx. four billion U.S. dollars was earmarked up to the scheduled end-

(Pictures: MBDA) (Pictures: of the development work in 2012, fol Dedicated intelligence lowing which the procurement process 5,90 a was supposed to start. Unlike many other • projects, the MEADS project right from its start saw considerable efforts being invested in all logistic issues and in the - involvement of future users, e.g. in ques tions of handling and maintainability. - for the intelligent. During the D&D phase, modern simula tion tools were developed to cope with the special features of a largely software-- controlled system, among them, for in - Conventional Submarines Today UAS as a Capability of the Future stance, a representative test and simula tion environment (System Integration Lab Innovative technologies provide for a broad spectrum Unmanned systems for the Luftwaffe are taking on – SIL) for the overall system. - of capabilities greater significance Starting in 2008, after the successful Pre liminary Design Review of 2007, it more -

www.euro-sd.com and more emerged that this highly com also the Patriot weapon system was to be- plex development work could in no way be carried out with the given budget in - ational efficiency, mobility, air-transporta- replaced after the Hawk and Roland sys tems had been phased out in Germany. the scheduled timeframe. Now the nar bility and low personnel requirements. The row funds earmarked at the outset of the chosen concept will in particular materialize- The allocation of work is managed by the - programme were about to take their toll.- the early postulated capability of engag tri-national-staffed NAMEADSMA NATO agency in Huntsville, Alabama. Contrac A subsequent plan to remedy this down ing tactical ballistic (TBM) and aerodynamic - tor is the Medium Extended Air Defence- side byINDUSTRY restructuring the & development MARKETS (TAM) missiles“. (GE MOD, Air Staff VII 4 programme and increasing the develop Politics · Armed Forces · Procurement · Technology / System Area Weapon Systems, Military-- System (MEADS) International consor - ment budget was finished in 2010. Technical Objective of the Tactical Air De tium established with registered office in Orlando by the participating national in The design status across all development fence System, 26 May 1992) - dustries. The allocated cost percentages Mineareas was examined Countermeasures in a comprehensive, - agreed between the involved nations are several-month-long Critical Design Re Author Internationalview (CDR) which was successfully Trends com was TLVS/ as follows: USA: 58.3 percent, Italy: 16.7 LTC Michael Ruloff percent, and Germany: 25 percent. The pleted in August 2010. The following - MEADS project officer in the Weapon national companies – primarily Lockheed TedSystem Hooton Program Review was to formally System Command of the German Air Martin, MBDA Italy and MBDA Gerjmany initiate the transition to prototype pro - Force and since 2013 he has been the – are involved in the workshare. ”Outduction of sight, and testout activities. of mind“ is all too common in human thinking and, assistant branch chief, military project Germany supplemented MEADS by However, this was not to happen any - elements, Branch K3.2 in the Federal- developing and integrating the more therefore,more because, applies in to February naval 2011, thinking the as well. Since the sinking of a small USA informed its partner nations offi Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, In cost-effective Infra-Red Imaging Systemfreighter off Oman in 1991 there have been no mining incidents apart formation Technology and In-Service Tail/Thrust Vector Controlled Surface cially that it objected to an increase of Support (BAAINBw). Launched (IRIS-T SL) guided missile asfrom the recovery of unexploded ordnance.41 European Security and Defence December 2014 · Published bi-monthly as a specialist magazine and escorted by the ut the naval mine remains the hid Bden assassin posing a threat even in - peacetime and during times of tension, as demonstrated by the Red Sea Incident of 1984 and the Oman coast incidents of 1986. Navies are aware of the threat lmann)

Wil but with contracting defence budgets, r ne fortnightly online newsletter ‘ESD Spotlight’ European Security & they focus their limited capital investment on traditional, high-visibility assets such : Wer

as frigates. Yet the mine poses a serious (Photo potential terrorist threat for the covert minelaying between 1984 and 1986 was conducted from modified roll-on/roll-off Defence (ESD) reports about events, trends and developments in ships, a landing ship and small sailing craft (dhows) augmenting the traditional means such as naval vessels, submarines and aircraft.

Moored Mines the European and international defence and security environment. ESD’s edito- The weapon has developed in sophistica tion but even the most basic weapon, the- moored contact mine which first claimed victims in 1904, remains a threat. It is a spherical weapon made of sheet steel and containing up to a tonne of high ex plosive in a buoyant body attached to a - rial staff comprises professional and recognised writers who report, analyse and weight by a cable. The mine is laid and, when the weight reaches the sea bed, it is released and rises to a pre-set depth of 5-300 metres and it is detonated when the sulphuric acid in the Hertz Horn is released by con tact with a ship and runs to a battery to - comment based on accurate investigations. The magazine’s regular contribu- become an electrolyte which energises the battery and detonates the explosive. Their simplicity means they can theoreti cally be kept for long periods. However, - during trials in the late 1980s the Royal Navy discovered the explosive was dete German type DM 21 moored mine from the collection of the Wilhelms riorating leading to nitroglycerine drops - haven Naval Museum. The charge consisted of some 40 kg of TNT and tors include decision makers and experts from politics, international defence which caused spontaneous explosions was ignited electrically upon contact of the horns with a ship’s hull - Author and as a result it destroyed its stocks in Edward E. (Ted) Hooton the 1990s and never replaced them. is a non-buoyant cylinder of explosive, defence journalist specialising is a inBritish naval indeed the mines dropped by the United matters. Influence Mines States over Haiphong during the latter organisations, armed forces, ministries and subordinate offices, procurement stages of the Vietnam War were modified During the First World War a new threat aerial bombs. They are designed to fall to appeared with the influence mine which the sea bed and detonate not by contact 46 European Security and Defence but by detecting either the magnetic, or authorities, academia and associations. · December 2014

SECURITY POLICY  The magazine’s objective is to describe, explain and interpret European and Anti-Piracy Operations Prove Effective NATO Operation Ocean Shield transatlantic security policy, force development and armament efforts. Dieter Stockfisch The anti-piracy operations around the Horn of Africa, which have been ongoing since they were launched in 2008, – the NATO operation Ocean Shield, the EU-led operation Atalanta, the US-led Combined Task Force 151 and other operations by a few independent states – are proving effective. There has been a significant decline in acts of piracy there, with 75 pirate attacks recorded since 2012 (2011: 163 attacks). In the first months of 2013, ten attacks and two ship hijackings were recorded; that is 70 fewer than in the same period in 2012.

Iraq Afghanistan • Support countries with borders on the Iran affected sea areas by helping them to build their own capabilities for fight- European Security & Defence is available both in print and e-paper format. Pakistan ing piracy. Security at sea is one of NATO’s security

(Graphics: mawibo-media) UAE interests, as set out in the Alliance Mari- Saudi Arabia India time Strategy of 2011. NATO therefore provided its operation Ocean Shield with Oman a strong mandate (Rules of Engagement/ ROEs) to take offensive action against piracy, in order to be able to safeguard Yemen security at sea. The Rules of Engagement Area of operations encompass: detecting, pursuing and sinking pirate skiffs and pirate mother ships, apprehending pirates, returning Ethiopia ships captured by pirates to their rightful owners, freeing hostages, monitoring the INFORMATION · KNOWLEDGE · COMPETENCE coast and beaches of Somalia, engaging Somalia pirate bases and camps on the beaches Kenya and intercepting/combating skiffs on the beach or in coastal waters before they can reach their “hunting grounds” at sea. The naval forces deployed are provided by SNMG 1 and SNMG 2. There is usually a total of around four vessels from NATO 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 (kilometres) member states in deployment, formed of Tanzania a combination of frigates and destroy- Ocean Shield area of operations ers. The Dutch Navy even occasionally participates in the operation by provid- he first NATO anti-piracy operation its operation Allied Protector with a more ing one if its submarines for use off the off the Horn of Africa, operation Al- robust mandate for combating piracy and Somali coast for the reconnaissance of Tlied Provider, was launched in Octo- it was supported in this by Standing NA- pirate bases. ber 2008 and carried out by the Stand- TO Maritime Group 1 (SNMG 1). NATO and EU anti-piracy operations were ing NATO Maritime Group 2 (SNMG2). strengthened in 2009 by the US-led Com- The operation was launched by NATO in NATO Operation Ocean bined Task Force 151 (CTF 151) and naval response to a request from the United Shield units, predominantly from China, Rus- Nations (UN) to safeguard the ships in- sia, India, Japan and Saudi Arabia. Since Annual Subscription Rate (print format; six issues per year) volved in the UN World Food Programme In August 2009, operation Allied Protec- 2011, between 20 and 30 naval units to Somalia, and to escort them through tor became the unmanned operation from various countries have been con- the waters around the Horn of Africa, Ocean Shield, which is entrusted with the tinually involved in the fight against piracy which were threatened by pirates. At the following key tasks: around the Horn of Africa. Despite this end of 2008, the NATO operation was • Prevent/deter and combat piracy at array of force, acts of piracy increased and relieved by the EU-led European Union sea, reached a peak in 2011, with around 240 Naval Force (EUNAVFOR) and operation • Coordinate international ant-piracy attacks. The Somali pirates had extended € Atalanta. In April 2009, NATO resumed activity and their hunting grounds out from the sea European countries: 35.60 incl. postage March 2014 · European Security and Defence 15 Subscription rates outside Europe on request

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